KIS( K E E P I T S I M P L E ) From Basic Grammar to TOEFL Practice A beginner’s workbook for TOEFL Structure

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 2 W E L C O M E Keep It Simple. Satu aturan, satu contoh, satu trik, lima soal. Itu saja. Buku ini membantu pemula mengenali pola grammar dasar yang sering muncul di TOEFL Structure. Catatan Skor latihan di buku ini hanya untuk evaluasi belajar mandiri dan bukan skor TOEFL resmi. Tim Penulis Nama Bagian Maisya Chapter 1 Marta Chapter 2 dan 3 Gyda Chapter 4 Albima Chapter 5 Yola Chapter 6, pembuka, Final Review, penyuntingan akhir

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 3 D A F T A R I S I Table of Contents How to Use This Workbook Introduction: What Is TOEFL Structure? Basic Grammar Foundation Chapter 1: Subject-Verb Agreement Chapter 2: Prepositional Phrases Chapter 3: Appositives Chapter 4: Present Participles (V-ing) Chapter 5: Past Participles (V3) Chapter 6: Parallel Structure Final Review: 30 Mixed Questions Answer Key: Final Review Self-Evaluation Final Study Tips Glossary References

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 4 P A N D U A N How to Use This Workbook Workbook ini dirancang untuk pemula. Setiap chapter berisi penjelasan singkat, contoh, tips, dan lima soal latihan. Setelah enam chapter, tersedia Final Review 30 soal campuran. • Pelajari aturan dan contoh sebelum mengerjakan latihan. • Coba jawab tanpa melihat kunci jawaban. • Baca pembahasan, bukan hanya huruf jawaban. • Tandai topik yang masih membingungkan dan pelajari ulang. Cara memakai latihan Lingkari satu pilihan jawaban (A–D) pada tiap soal. Kunci jawaban dan pembahasan ada di halaman terpisah di akhir setiap chapter.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 5 I N T R O D U C T I O N Introduction: What Is TOEFL Structure? Bagian Structure menguji pengetahuan grammar bahasa Inggris tertulis. Pada TOEFL ITP, bagian Structure and Written Expression memakai soal melengkapi kalimat (Incomplete Sentences) dan soal mengenali kesalahan (Written Expression). Banyak soal berputar pada satu pertanyaan: apakah kalimat sudah punya subject dan verb utama yang benar? Tujuan Pembelajaran • Mengenali subject dan verb dalam kalimat sederhana. • Memahami enam topik grammar dasar. • Menerapkan aturan melalui latihan pilihan ganda. • Memahami alasan di balik jawaban yang benar. • Mengevaluasi topik yang perlu dipelajari ulang. Pastikan target format tesmu, karena format tes dapat berbeda.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 6 S U B J E C T A N D V E R B Basic Grammar Foundation Kalimat bahasa Inggris umumnya membutuhkan subject dan verb utama. Subject menjawab “siapa atau apa yang dibicarakan”, sedangkan verb menyatakan tindakan atau keadaan. Term Penjelasan Contoh Word Satu kata student Phrase Sekelompok kata tanpa klausa lengkap in the classroom Clause Kelompok kata dengan subject dan verb the student studies Sentence Gagasan lengkap dengan subject dan verb utama The student studies English. Find the Subject and Verb The professor handed the syllabus to the students. Subject = The professor; verb = handed KIS Tip Jangan tertipu oleh frasa tambahan. Cari subject utama dan verb yang membentuk inti kalimat. Coba sendiri 1. The students in the library study quietly. 2. My sister, a nurse, works at night. 3. The book on the table belongs to me. Jawaban: (1) Subject = students; verb = study · (2) Subject = sister; verb = works · (3) Subject = book; verb = belongs

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 7 1C H A P T E R 1 Subject-Verb Agreement Learning Goals • Menemukan subject utama dalam kalimat. • Memilih verb yang sesuai dengan subject tunggal atau jamak. Understand the Rule Subject-verb agreement adalah kesesuaian antara subject dan verb. Subject tunggal membutuhkan verb tunggal dalam simple present (the key is), sedangkan subject jamak membutuhkan verb jamak (the keys are). Frasa preposisi setelah subject tidak mengubah jumlah subject utama. Ringkasnya • Tunggal → is, was, has, verb + s • Jamak → are, were, have, verb tanpa -s • Noun di dalam frasa preposisi bukan subject utama Examples 1. The dog barks at night. Subject tunggal: the dog 2. The dogs bark at night. Subject jamak: the dogs 3. The key to the doors is in the closet. Subject utama = key, bukan doors KIS Tip TOEFL Tip

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 8 Tandai subject utama terlebih dahulu. Abaikan sementara frasa seperti “of the lectures” atau “under the table”. Waspadai Jangan memilih verb berdasarkan noun yang paling dekat dengan verb. Cari noun inti di awal kalimat.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 9 Practice C H A P T E R 1 · 5 S O A L Pilih jawaban terbaik dan lingkari hurufnya. 1. The key (to the doors) _____ in the closet. A. are B. is C. be D. were 2. The supplies for the camping trip _____ to be packed. A. needs B. need C. is needing D. has 3. The chairs under the table in the dining room _____ quite comfortable. A. is B. was C. are D. be 4. The tenants in the apartment next to mine _____ a party this evening. A. is giving B. are giving C. gives D. was giving 5. The languages of the world _____ a vast array of structural similarities and differences. A. presents B. present C. is presenting D. has present

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 10 Answer Key & Discussion C H A P T E R 1 1. B — Subject = key (tunggal), jadi is. 2. B — Supplies jamak, jadi need. 3. C — Chairs jamak, jadi are. 4. B — Tenants jamak, jadi are giving. 5. B — Languages jamak, jadi present.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 11 My Notes C H A P T E R 1

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 12 2C H A P T E R 2 Prepositional Phrases Learning Goals • Mengenali prepositional phrase dalam kalimat. • Tidak menganggap noun di dalam frasa tersebut sebagai subject utama. Understand the Rule Prepositional phrase adalah kelompok kata yang diawali preposition dan diakhiri noun atau pronoun, misalnya in the classroom, on the table, with his friend. Frasa ini memberi informasi tentang tempat, waktu, arah, atau hubungan. Dalam soal Structure, frasa ini bisa memisahkan subject dari verb sehingga noun di dalamnya tampak seperti subject. Ringkasnya • Rumus: preposition + (the/a) + noun • Preposition umum: in, on, at, to, from, with, of, for, by, under, during • Noun di dalam frasa tidak pernah menjadi subject Examples 1. The cookies [in the refrigerator] belong to my sister. Subject = cookies; verb = belong 2. [In the afternoon], the students study [at the library]. Subject = students; verb = study 3. The books [on the shelf] are very old. Subject jamak = books, jadi verb are

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 13 KIS Tip TOEFL Tip Kurung semua prepositional phrase, lalu cari subject dan verb utama di luar kurung. Jika kalimat belum punya subject, pilih noun atau pronoun, bukan frasa preposisi lagi. Waspadai Kalimat yang dibuka prepositional phrase + koma harus dilanjutkan dengan subject + verb.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 14 Practice C H A P T E R 2 · 5 S O A L Pilih jawaban terbaik dan lingkari hurufnya. 1. _____ was backed up for several hours. A. Cars B. Traffic C. In the morning D. Yesterday 2. With his friend, _____ found the movie theater. A. he B. has C. later D. when 3. To Mike, _____ was a big surprise. A. really B. the party C. funny D. when 4. In 1867, _____ Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. A. purchased the United States B. to purchase the United States C. the United States’ purchase of D. the United States purchased 5. The watch in the jewelry box _____ a new battery. A. need B. needs C. needing D. are need

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 15 Answer Key & Discussion C H A P T E R 2 1. B — Kalimat butuh subject. Traffic adalah noun tunggal yang cocok dengan was. In the morning adalah prepositional phrase dan Yesterday adverb. 2. A — With his friend adalah prepositional phrase, jadi setelah koma butuh subject: he. 3. B — To Mike adalah prepositional phrase. The party adalah subject dari was. 4. D — Setelah prepositional phrase butuh subject + verb: the United States purchased. 5. B — Subject = watch (tunggal), jadi needs.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 16 My Notes C H A P T E R 2

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 17 3C H A P T E R 3 Appositives Learning Goals • Mengenali appositive dalam kalimat. • Menemukan subject dan verb utama saat ada appositive. Understand the Rule Appositive adalah noun atau frasa noun yang diletakkan di samping noun lain untuk menjelaskan atau memberi nama lain padanya. Biasanya dipisahkan koma. Appositive bukan subject kedua dan tidak membutuhkan verb sendiri. Ringkasnya • Tengah: S, appositive, V • Awal: appositive, S + V • Akhir: S + V + O, appositive Examples 1. My brother, a doctor, works at a hospital. Subject = brother; verb = works 2. Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, is very crowded. Subject = Jakarta; verb = is 3. A talented pianist, Dewi won the national competition. Appositive di awal; subject = Dewi KIS Tip TOEFL Tip

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 18 Tutupi appositive. Jika inti kalimat masih punya subject + verb, strukturnya sudah benar. Waspadai Appositive tidak butuh verb. Pilihan yang menambah is/are pada appositive biasanya salah. Verb mengikuti subject utama.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 19 Practice C H A P T E R 3 · 5 S O A L Pilih jawaban terbaik dan lingkari hurufnya. 1. _____, a friend of mine, is attending the graduation party. A. Right now B. Because of the time C. He is George D. George 2. _____, Sarah rarely misses a shot. A. An excellent basketball player B. An excellent basketball player is C. Sarah is an excellent basketball player D. Her excellent basketball play 3. Valentine’s Day, _____, is a special holiday for sweethearts. A. February 14 B. is February 14 C. on February 14 D. they are February 14 4. John, a talented artist, _____ the piano well. A. play B. plays C. playing D. are playing 5. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, _____ up the room. A. really brighten B. really brightens C. really brightening D. are really brighten

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 20 Answer Key & Discussion C H A P T E R 3 1. D — George adalah subject; a friend of mine appositive. He is George menambah klausa baru. 2. A — Appositive di awal yang menjelaskan Sarah. B dan C menambah verb atau klausa. 3. A — February 14 menjelaskan Valentine’s Day. Appositive tidak memakai verb. 4. B — Subject = John (tunggal), jadi plays. 5. B — Subject utama = pattern (tunggal), jadi brightens. Appositive tidak menentukan verb.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 21 My Notes C H A P T E R 3

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 22 4C H A P T E R 4 Present Participles (V-ing) Learning Goals • Membedakan V-ing sebagai bagian verb dan sebagai modifier. • Memastikan kalimat memiliki verb utama. Understand the Rule Present participle adalah verb + -ing. Bentuk ini bisa menjadi bagian dari verb jika didahului to be (am/is/are/was/were), misalnya The man is talking. Bentuk -ing juga bisa menerangkan noun, misalnya the man talking to his friend. V-ing tanpa auxiliary yang sesuai tidak otomatis menjadi verb utama. Ringkasnya • be + V-ing = verb (is talking) • noun + V-ing = modifier (the man talking…) • V-ing sebagai modifier → cari verb utama di tempat lain Examples 1. The man is talking to his friend. is talking = verb phrase 2. The man talking to his friend has a beard. talking… menerangkan man; verb utama = has 3. The students studying in the library are preparing for the test. Subject = students; verb = are preparing

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 23 KIS Tip TOEFL Tip Jika menemukan V-ing, periksa apakah ada auxiliary yang membentuk verb utama dan apakah kalimat sudah memiliki subject serta verb. Waspadai Jangan menambah is/are sebelum V-ing yang sudah menjadi modifier: The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight ✘.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 24 Practice C H A P T E R 4 · 5 S O A L Pilih jawaban terbaik dan lingkari hurufnya. 1. The first _____ appeared during the last period of the dinosaurs’ reign. A. flowers are plants B. plants have flowers C. plants flowers D. flowering plants 2. Pluto’s moon, Charon, _____ in a slightly elliptical path around the planet. A. moving B. is moving C. it was moving D. in its movement 3. Techniques of breath control form an essential part of any _____ program to improve the voice. A. it trains B. train C. trains D. training 4. At around two years of age, many children regularly produce sentences _____ three or four words. A. are containing B. containing C. contain D. contains 5. The child _____ playing in the yard is my son. A. is B. now C. was D. he

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 25 Answer Key & Discussion C H A P T E R 4 1. D — Flowering plants adalah noun phrase yang menjadi subject; appeared adalah verb. 2. B — Butuh verb lengkap: is moving. Moving saja bukan verb utama. 3. D — Training menerangkan program. 4. B — Containing menerangkan sentences; verb utama = produce. 5. B — Now playing… menerangkan child; verb utama = is. Dengan is/was, kalimat punya dua verb.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 26 My Notes C H A P T E R 4

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 27 5C H A P T E R 5 Past Participles (V3) Learning Goals • Mengenali V3 sebagai bentuk pasif atau modifier. • Membedakan V3 dari verb utama yang dibutuhkan kalimat. Understand the Rule Past participle sering berbentuk V3, misalnya written, made, baked, completed. Bentuk ini dipakai dalam passive voice bersama be (is/was/were + V3) atau sebagai modifier yang menerangkan noun. V3 yang menerangkan noun tidak selalu menjadi verb utama kalimat. Ringkasnya • be + V3 = passive verb (is written) • noun + V3 = modifier (the poems written by Tim) • Modifier V3 tidak memakai be tambahan Examples 1. The poem is written by Tim. Passive verb phrase = is written 2. The poems written by Tim appear in a magazine. written by Tim menerangkan poems; verb utama = appear 3. The letter sent yesterday arrived this morning. sent yesterday = modifier; verb utama = arrived KIS Tip TOEFL Tip

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 28 Periksa apakah V3 sudah memiliki auxiliary yang dibutuhkan. Jika V3 hanya menerangkan noun, cari verb utama di bagian lain kalimat. Waspadai The food is served in this restaurant is delicious punya dua verb tanpa penghubung. Hapus is yang pertama.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 29 Practice C H A P T E R 5 · 5 S O A L Pilih jawaban terbaik dan lingkari hurufnya. 1. The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious. A. has B. was C. it D. just 2. The earliest medicines _____ from plants of various sorts. A. obtaining B. they obtained C. were obtained D. they were obtained 3. Simple sails were made from canvas _____ over a frame. A. a stretch B. stretched C. was stretched D. it was stretched 4. The Statue of Liberty, completed in Paris in 1884, _____ in New York Harbor in 1886. A. the unveiling B. to unveil C. it unveiled D. was unveiled 5. Choose the best correction: “The food is served in this restaurant is delicious.” A. The food served in this restaurant is delicious. B. The food serving in this restaurant delicious. C. The food is serve in this restaurant delicious. D. The food is served in this restaurant delicious.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 30 Answer Key & Discussion C H A P T E R 5 1. D — Just menerangkan baked; verb utama = smelled. 2. C — Were obtained adalah verb pasif yang lengkap. 3. B — Stretched over a frame menerangkan canvas. 4. D — Butuh verb utama pasif: was unveiled. 5. A — Hapus is yang pertama; served in this restaurant menerangkan food.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 31 My Notes C H A P T E R 5

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 32 6C H A P T E R 6 Parallel Structure Learning Goals • Mengenali unsur yang harus sejajar. • Memperbaiki bentuk yang tidak paralel. Understand the Rule Parallel structure berarti unsur-unsur yang dihubungkan dalam satu kalimat memiliki bentuk gramatikal yang sejajar. Perhatikan coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or) dan paired conjunctions (both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also). Ringkasnya • noun + noun • V-ing + V-ing • adjective + adjective • verb + verb Examples 1. I like singing and dancing. Dua gerund (V-ing) 2. She not only dances but also sings beautifully. Dua verb dengan bentuk sejajar 3. You can either play the guitar or play the piano. Dua pola verb sejajar

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 33 KIS Tip TOEFL Tip Lihat bagian sebelum dan sesudah conjunction. Pastikan bentuknya sejajar, misalnya noun + noun, V-ing + V-ing, atau verb + verb. Waspadai Pasangan conjunction harus tepat: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 34 Practice C H A P T E R 6 · 5 S O A L Pilih jawaban terbaik dan lingkari hurufnya. 1. The evening dress was _____ but expensive. A. beauty B. beautiful C. beautifully D. beautify 2. The student reads each chapter, takes a lot of notes, and _____ the material. A. memory B. memories C. memorizes D. memorizing 3. All day long, they were skiing, sledding, or _____ in the snow. A. played B. play C. playing D. to play 4. He either lied _____ told an unbelievable story. A. and B. nor C. or D. but also 5. The discussion was both exciting and _____. A. interest B. interested C. interesting D. interestingly

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 35 Answer Key & Discussion C H A P T E R 6 1. B — Adjective beautiful sejajar dengan expensive. 2. C — Reads, takes, memorizes sejajar sebagai verb simple present. 3. C — Skiing, sledding, playing sejajar sebagai V-ing. 4. C — Pasangan yang benar: either … or. 5. C — Exciting dan interesting sejajar sebagai adjective.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 36 My Notes C H A P T E R 6

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 37 F I N A L R E V I E W Final Review: 30 Mixed Questions Tentukan apakah setiap kalimat sudah benar (Correct) atau perlu diperbaiki (Needs correction). Jika perlu diperbaiki, tulis versi yang benar. No. Topik 1–5 Subject-Verb 6–10 Prep. Phrase 11–15 Appositive 16–20 V-ing 21–25 V3 26–30 Parallel Kerjakan tanpa melihat kunci jawaban. Catat nomor yang sulit.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 38 Final Review 1–6 1. The supplies for the camping trip needs to be packed. (Subject-Verb) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 2. The chairs under the table in the dining room is quite comfortable. (Subject-Verb) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 3. The food for the guests at the party are on the long tables. (Subject-Verb) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 4. The servers in this restaurant always does their job efficiently. (Subject-Verb) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 5. The meeting of the members of the council begin at 3:00 in the afternoon. (Subject-Verb) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 6. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria. (Prep. Phrase) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 39 Final Review 7–12 7. The doctor in the hospital gave the patient a prescription. (Prep. Phrase) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 8. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new battery. (Prep. Phrase) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 9. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as possible. (Prep. Phrase) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 10. The plane from New York circling the airport. (Prep. Phrase) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 11. The son of the previous owner, the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad changes in management policy. (Appositive) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 12. Last semester, a friend, graduated cum laude from the university. (Appositive) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 40 Final Review 13–18 13. Valentine’s Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts. (Appositive) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 14. At long last, the chief executive director, has decided to step down. (Appositive) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 15. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, really brightens up the room. (Appositive) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 16. The clothes are lying on the floor should go into the washing room. (V-ing) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 17. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners. (V-ing) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 18. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line. (V-ing) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 41 Final Review 19–24 19. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight. (V-ing) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 20. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk. (V-ing) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 21. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious. (V3) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 22. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses. (V3) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 23. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends. (V3) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 24. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs. (V3) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 42 Final Review 25–30 25. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper. (V3) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 26. The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously. (Parallel) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 27. The living room was decorated with expensive paintings and elegance lamps. (Parallel) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 28. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or played in the snow. (Parallel) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 29. To get to the office, you should go through this door, turn to the left, and continuation down the hall. (Parallel) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________ 30. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest. (Parallel) ☐ Correct ☐ Needs correction → __________________________________

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 43 F I N A L R E V I E W Answer Key: Final Review 1. ✘ …trip need to be packed. 2. ✘ …dining room are quite comfortable. 3. ✘ …the party is on the long tables. 4. ✘ …always do their job… 5. ✘ …council begins at 3:00… 6. ✘ During the week, we eat lunch… (jawaban bisa bervariasi) 7. ✔ Benar. Subject = doctor; verb = gave. 8. ✔ Benar. Subject = watch; verb = needs. 9. ✔ Benar. Subject = dishes; verb = need. 10. ✘ …New York is circling the airport. 11. ✘ …previous owner, the new owner, is undertaking… 12. ✘ Last semester, a friend graduated… (hapus koma) 13. ✔ Benar. February 14 = appositive. 14. ✘ …executive director has decided… (hapus koma) 15. ✔ Benar. Verb utama = brightens. 16. ✘ The clothes lying on the floor should go… 17. ✘ The waitress is bringing the steaming soup… 18. ✔ Benar. Verb = are walking. 19. ✘ The ship sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight. 20. ✔ Benar. needing… menerangkan letters. 21. ✘ The food served in this restaurant is delicious. 22. ✘ The courses listed in the catalogue are required courses. 23. ✔ Benar. Verb utama = showed. 24. ✘ The tree blown over in the storm was cut into logs. 25. ✔ Benar. Verb utama = are listed. 26. ✘ …but quite delicious. 27. ✘ …and elegant lamps. 28. ✘ …sledding, or playing in the snow. 29. ✘ …and continue down the hall. 30. ✘ …some juice, and some rest.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 44 S K O R B E L A J A R Self-Evaluation Bagian Benar Ulangi topik Chapter 1 __ / 5 Chapter 2 __ / 5 Chapter 3 __ / 5 Chapter 4 __ / 5 Chapter 5 __ / 5 Chapter 6 __ / 5 Final Review __ / 30 Skor hanya untuk evaluasi belajar mandiri, bukan skor TOEFL resmi.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 45 P E N U T U P Final Study Tips • Selalu temukan subject dan verb utama sebelum memilih jawaban. • Jangan mengira noun di dalam prepositional phrase adalah subject utama. • Appositive memberi informasi tambahan; biasanya bukan verb atau subject baru. • V-ing dan V3 bisa menjadi modifier; periksa apakah kalimat sudah memiliki verb utama. • Periksa apakah unsur yang dihubungkan conjunction memiliki bentuk sejajar. Keep practicing! Latihan sedikit setiap hari lebih efektif daripada belajar banyak sekali waktu.

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 46 I S T I L A H Glossary Istilah Arti Subject pelaku/hal yang dibicarakan Verb tindakan atau keadaan Preposition kata depan (in, on, at, …) Appositive noun yang menjelaskan noun lain Participle bentuk verb -ing atau V3 Modifier kata/frasa yang menerangkan noun Parallel bentuk gramatikal yang sejajar

KIS · Keep It Simple Hal 47 D A F T A R P U S T A K A References • Materi kursus Structure: STRUCTURE.pptx (Trick #1–#8). • STRUCTURE-PRE TOEFL 1-2 (Incomplete Sentences dan Written Expression). Catatan Latihan diadaptasi dari materi kursus di atas. Untuk penerbitan komersial, mintalah izin pemilik materi atau ganti dengan soal orisinal. KISKeep practicing, keep it simple. EdTech Entrepreneurship Project