3 Table of Content Title Page NSC Resource and Technology 7 Introduction to Resource and Technology 8 About The Book 9 Chapter 1 Introduction to Toy Cars and Simple Machines 10 What is A Toy Car? 11 Simple Machines in a Toy Car 12 Label Your Toy Car 13 End of Chapter Assessment 14 Chapter 2 Shapes and Solids in Cars 16 Understanding 2D Shapes 16 Understanding 3D Shapes 17 Composite Objects 19 How Shapes Affect Movement 21 End of Chapter Assessment 22 Chapter 3 How Cars Use Solids, Liquids and Gases 26 Solids In a Car 27 Liquids In A Car 27 Gases In A Car 28 End of Chapter Assessment 36 Chapter 4 Understanding Working Drawings 37 What Is A Working Drawing 37 Understanding Dimensions 38 Understanding Annotations 38 What Is An Exploded View of A Drawing 41

4 End of Chapter Assessment 43 Chapter 5 Tools and Materials 47 What Are Hand Tools 47 Materials Used To Make A Toy Car 49 End of Chapter Assessment 51 Chapter 6 Safety in Practical Tasks 52 What Is Safety? 52 Safety Rules When Using Hand Tools 53 Safety When Using Materials 53 End of Chapter Assessment 54 Chapter 7 Designing my Own Toy Car 56 What Is A Design? 56 Tools for Designing 56 Shapes In A Car 57 End of Chapter Assessment 60 Chapter 8 Mechanical Energy in Motion 62 What Is Energy? 62 Mechanical Energy 63 Kinetic Energy 64 Potential Energy 66 Pull and Push Force 67 End Of Chapter Assessment 68 Chapter 9 Collecting and Reusing Materials for a Toy Car 72 Collecting Re-useable Materials 72 Safety Reminders 74 End of Chapter Assessment 74

5 Chapter 10 Making a Toy Car Prototype 75 What Is A Prototype? 75 Understanding Chassis 75 Design Criteria 76 Using Templates and Drawings 76 Improving Your Prototype 76 End of Chapter Assessment 80 Chapter 11 Exploring Methods of Movement for a toy Car 82 Key Vocabulary 82 Elastic Band Powered Car 83 Balloon Powered Car 84 Battery & Motor Power 86 Gravity-Based Movement 87 End of Chapter Assessment 88 Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking and Tracing Designs 89 Lets Measure and Mark 89 Measuring Tools 90 Marking and Layout Tools 90 End of Chapter Assessment 93 Chapter 13 Cutting and Boring Materials to Build A Toy Car 95 Cutting Materials 96 Boring (Making Holes) 96 Why Size Matters 97 End Of Chapter Assessment 98 Chapter 14 Assembling and Constructing A Toy Car 100 Engineering Challenge 101

6 Design Your Solution 102 End of chapter assessment 107 Chapter 15 Final Touches to Your Toy Car 108 Key Vocabulary 108 Give Your Car A Name 109 Decorate Your Car 109 Plan Your Design 110 Add Decorative Features 110 Add Creative Features 110 Check Your Final Design 111 End of Chapter Assessment 111 Chapter 16 Careers in the Motor Vehicle Industry 113 What Is The Motor Vehicle Industry? 113 Let’s Explore Car Careers 114 End of Chapter Assessment 116 Chapter 17 Testing and Evaluation 117 Why Do Engineers Tests Designs 117 Toy Car Performance Tests 118 Toy Car Showcase Challenge 121 My Engineer Certificate 122 Final Reflection: Engineer’s Message 123

7 Resource & Technology (R&T) is a Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) subject that focuses on the creative and innovative use of tools, materials, equipment, knowledge, skills, and systems to solve real-life problems. It empowers students to think critically about how resources and technology are used in everyday life and how they can apply practical solutions within their homes, schools, and communities. At the primary level (Grades 4–6), R&T is taught as a discrete subject. It provides foundational exposure to a wide range of TVET disciplines through four core modules:  Business Basics  Agriculture and the Environment  Engineering and Mechanisms  Family and Consumer Management Through these modules, students develop essential knowledge, practical skills, and positive work attitudes that prepare them for further technical studies and future careers. R&T places strong emphasis on 21st-century skills, including creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, communication, and problem-solving. It integrates STEM/STEAM education and introduces students to emerging skills and career pathways. Using a project-based learning approach, the subject encourages hands-on exploration and innovation, ensuring that students build strong foundational technical competencies aligned with modern occupations and national development needs.

8 Welcome, Grade 4 students, to an exciting journey into the world of resources and technology! This section will introduce you to the basics in a fun and engaging way. Resources are things we use to make other things or provide services. They can be natural, human, or capital. Let us explore! Natural Resources: These come from nature like trees, water and minerals. Human Resources: These people work to create goods and services. Capital Resources: These are tools, machine and buildings used in production. Technology is the use of knowledge, skills, materials and tools to invent systems and outputs that solve problems and make life easier. It can be: Simple Technology: Some examples are Hammer Pencil, Pen, Ruler, scissors, stapler, paper, tape, staples, paper clips Complex Technology: Some examples are Computers, machines, internet, smartphones, tablets, and projectors. Technology helps us improve efficiency and solve complex problems, from creating new medicines to exploring space Resource and Technology is importance because it help us to: o Make things that we need and want o Solve problems and challenges o Grow businesses and create jobs o Improve lives and communities So, get ready to learn how resources and technology shape our world!

9 Keeping the Wheels Turning is a hands-on workbook that guides students through the process of designing and making a model toy car using recycled materials from their environment. Students’ progress from generating ideas and creating simple designs to selecting materials, measuring, marking, cutting, assembling, testing, and evaluating their completed toy cars. The workbook introduces students to basic engineering and design concepts, while developing practical skills in using tools and materials safely. It encourages learners to experiment, solve problems, improve their designs, and understand how the different parts of a toy car work together to produce movement. Using the STEAM approach—Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics— the workbook promotes creativity, critical thinking, innovation, and problem solving. It also encourages environmental responsibility by showing students how everyday discarded materials can be reused and transformed into functional products. By completing the activities, students develop foundational skills in engineering design, measurement, construction, safety, teamwork, creativity, and product evaluation, while experiencing how an idea can be transformed into a working product. By the end of the workbook, students will have gained foundational knowledge and practical skills in engineering design, measurement, construction, problem solving, creativity, safety, teamwork, and product evaluation. Most importantly, they will experience the satisfaction of turning an idea into a working product—keeping their creativity, curiosity, and the wheels of innovation turning.

10 Focus Question How do simple machines help a toy car move? Objectives By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:  Define a toy car  Identify parts of a car and their functions  Explain how wheels and axles help a toy car move  Create and label a simple design of a toy car  Communicate ideas using drawings and labels Let's Think! Look at a toy car.  What do you notice first?  What helps it move?  What would happen if the toy car had no wheels?

11 What is a Toy Car? A toy car is a small model of a real car that children play with. It can move by being pushed, pulled, or powered by simple materials such as elastic bands, batteries, or gravity. Toy cars help us learn about:  Motion  Force  Energy  Engineering  Design Meet the Parts of a Toy Car  Body (solid)  Wheels (solid)  Axle (solid)  Air in tires (gas)  Oil/grease (liquid) Part Function Body (Chassis) Holds all the parts together. Wheels Roll on the ground so the car can move. Axles Rods that hold the wheels and allow them to turn. Power Source Makes the car move (balloon, elastic band, battery, or a push). Decorations Make the toy car attractive.

12 Simple Machines in a Toy Car A simple machine is a tool that makes work easier. One important simple machine in a toy car is the wheel and axel Wheels and Axles  The wheel is the round part that turns.  The axle is the rod through the middle  The axle is the rod that holds the wheels together.  When wheels turn on axles, the axel turns too  Together they help the toy car move smoothly. Wheels and axles help reduce friction, making movement easier and faster

13 Why Are Wheels and Axles Important?  They help the car roll instead of slide  They make movement smoother  They allow the car to travel longer distances with less effort Activity 1 – Label Your Toy Car Look at the picture of the toy car. Write the names of these parts: □ Wheels □ Axles □ Body Activity 2 – Match the Function Draw a line to match each part with its job. Part Function Wheels Holds the car together Body Rolls on the ground Axle Connects the wheels

14 Activity 3: Think and Discuss Answer the questions: 1. What is a toy car? 2. Name one simple machine found in a toy car. 3. How do wheels help a toy car move? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Fun Fact Real cars and toy cars both use the wheel and axle, one of the oldest and most useful simple machines ever invented! End of Chapter Assessment Multiple Choice Questions. Instructions: Circle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What is a toy car? A. A real car used to drive on the road B. A small model of a car used for play or learning C. A bicycle without pedals D. A large truck 2. Which part of a toy car helps it roll on the ground? A. Body B. Wheel C. Seat D. Window 3. What is the job of the axle? A. It decorates the car. B. It connects the wheels and helps them turn. C. It makes the car fly. D. It changes the colour of the car.

15 4. Which simple machine is found on a toy car? A. Lever B. Pulley C. Wheel and axle D. Screw 5. What is the main job of the body (chassis) of a toy car? A. It helps the car float. B. It holds all the parts together. C. It makes the wheels bigger. D. It stops the car from moving. 7. A toy car is missing its wheels. What will most likely happen? A. It will roll faster. B. It will be difficult to move. C. It will fly. D. It will become bigger. 8. Why do wheels help a toy car move more easily? A. They make the car heavier. B. They reduce friction by rolling. C. They make the car taller. D. They stop the axle from turning. 9. Jamal pushes two toy cars. One has wheels that turn freely, and the other has wheels that are stuck. Which car will move farther? A. The car with stuck wheels B. The car with wheels that turn freely C. Both cars will move the same distance. D. Neither car will move. 10. Wheels and axles help a car: a) Stop moving b) Move smoothly c) Fly d) stay firm together 11. A wheel is: a) Square b) Round c) Flat d) rectangle

16 Focus Question: What shapes and solids can we find in a car, and how do they help the car work better? Learning objectives  Identify common 2D shapes found in car parts.  Identify common 3D solids found in car parts.  Explain how the use of different shapes found in a car influence its operation Choosing the Right Shapes For A car The shape of a part affects its job. Round wheels help movement, strong body shapes support passengers or other parts, and curved surfaces can help air move around the car. Understanding 2D Shapes 2D shapes are flat shapes. They have length and width, but no thickness. Common Shapes Used in Car Parts Cars include shapes such as circles, rectangles, and triangles.

17 Why 2D Shapes Are Important in a Toy Car  Circles are used for wheels because they roll smoothly  Rectangles are used for the body because they cover space well and fits into a strong frame  Squares and rectangles are used for windows and doors Activity1: Identify Shapes Fill in the table: Car Part Shape Use Wheel Window Door Understanding 3D solids 3D solids are shapes that have length, width, and height (thickness). They take up space. Common Solids Found in A car Cars also include solids such as cylinders and rectangular prisms. A wheel is like a cylinder, while the body of a simple toy car can be shaped like a rectangular prism.

18 Why 3D Solids Are Important in a Toy Car  The body of a car is like a cuboid (strong and spacious)  The wheels are like cylinders (they roll easily)  The axle is also a cylinder (helps wheels turn) Activity 1 1. Look at the picture of a simple car below. 2. Label at least three shapes you can see. 3. Match each car part to a shape or solid: wheel, window, body, headlight. 4. Tell a partner why a wheel is not made as a square. Look at the these pictures of real cars and observe the shapes  Use real toy cars or classroom models to let students observe shapes.  Encourage students to connect the lesson to cars, buses, and trucks seen in their community.

19 Composite Objects A composite object is made by putting two or more shapes or solids together. Example: Toy Car A toy car is made from:  Circles (wheels)  Rectangle (body)  Cylinder (axle) These parts work together to make the car move and function properly. Why Composite Objects Are Important  Each shape has a different job  When combined, they create a useful object Activity 5: Build a Composite Drawing Activity Jamaica has recently introduced a new school bus to help students travel safely to school across the island. Every day, the bright yellow bus picks up students from different communities and takes them to school. When you look closely at the school bus, you will see that it is made from many geometric shapes. These shapes work together to make the bus strong and easy to recognise. Today, you will design your own school bus using shapes, just like the real buses in Jamaica. Look carefully at the picture of the school bus. Did you or your classmates drive on the school bus today?

20  What shapes did you see on the school bus?  What shape do you think is best for the body of the bus?  Which shapes can you use for the windows?  What shape are the wheels?  Why do you think shapes are important when building things like a bus? On your paper, draw your own school bus using geometric shapes.  Use shapes like:

21 1. Write the name of each shape next to it in your drawing. 2. Colour your bus neatly using nice, bright colours. How Shapes Affect Movement Shapes affect how objects move, balance, and function. Key Ideas  Rolling o Circles roll smoothly o Squares and triangles do not roll well  Balance and Stability o Wide shapes help objects stay steady o Tall, narrow shapes can fall easily  Speed o Smooth, round shapes move faster Example in a Toy Car  Circular wheels allow the car to move forward easily  A flat rectangular base keeps the car stable Activity 6: Think and Explain 1. Why do wheels need to be round? ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What would happen if wheels were square? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

22 Think! Which 2D shape would you use for:  A car window? __________________  A car door? ____________________ End of Chapter Assessment Multiple Choice Questions Circle the correct answer. 1. Which of the following is a 2D shape? A. Cube B. Cylinder C. Square D. Sphere 2. A shape that has length, width, and height is called a: A. 2D shape B. flat shape C. line D. 3D solid 3. Which solid shape is best used for the wheels of a toy car? A. Cube B. Cone C. Cylinder D. Rectangular prism 4. Why are cylinders used for wheels? A. They have flat sides B. They can roll easily C. They are pointed D. They have edges

23 5. The body of a toy car is best represented by a: A. Sphere B. Cone C. Cube D. Rectangular prism 6. Which shape has no flat faces and rolls in all directions? A. Cone B. Cylinder C. Cube D. Sphere 7. A toy car made from many shapes joined together is called a: A. simple shape B. line drawing C. composite object D. flat shape 8. Which 2D shape is most suitable for drawing a car window? A. Triangle B. Circle C. Square D. Oval 9. How many wheels does a toy car usually have? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 10. Which solid shape has six equal square faces? A. Rectangular prism B. Cube C. Cylinder D. Cone

24 Short Answer Questions Answer in complete sentences 11. Name one 2D shape and one 3D solid used in a toy car. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Explain why shapes are important when building a toy car. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 1: Shape Hunt Look carefully at the picture of the route taxi. 1. Circle the shapes you can see on the taxi: o Circle o Rectangle o Oval o Square

25  Identify the shapes in the taxi: Shape Car Part You Can see Circle Rectangle Oval Square

26 Focus Question: How does a car use solids, liquids, and gases to move and function? Objective By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:  Identify solids, liquids, and gases in a car  Explain how each state of matter helps a car work Let’s Explore What is a Car Made Of?

27 A car is made of many parts—and these parts are made of different states of matter:  Solids  Liquids  Gases SOLIDS IN A CAR Solids keep their shape and are hard. Examples in a car are the car body (metal), tires (rubber), engine parts, steering wheel. Solids important as they give the car structure and strength and protect passengers. LIQUIDS IN A CAR Liquids flow and take the shape of their container. Examples of liquids in a car are:  Engine oil  Coolant (water mixture)  Brake fluid  Fuel (gasoline/diesel)

28 Liquids are important because they reduce friction (oil), cool the engine (coolant) and help the car stop (brake fluid) GASES IN A CAR Gases spread out and fill any space. Examples of gases in a car are :  Air in tires  Fuel vapour in engine  Exhaust gases Gases are important because they help fuel burn in the engine, allow tires to stay inflated and help the car move. Key Points A car works because: Solids give it shape Liquids help parts move smoothly Gases provide energy and pressure

29 Match the State of Matter i. List all the parts of the car that are solid. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ii. List all the parts that are liquid. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

30 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ iii. List all the parts of the car that are gas _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Fill in the Blanks 1.__________ helps reduce friction in the engine. 2.__________ keeps the tires firm. 3.__________ gives the car its shape. Mini Investigation Resource – Balloons  Blow air into a balloon  Press it What do you notice? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Elaboration -Challenge Task What do you think would happen if:  A car had no oil? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________  A tire had no air? _______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

32 Let’s Explore a Drawing! Trace and decorate the cars

36 End of Chapter Assessment Multiple Choice Questions (Circle the correct answer.) 1. Which part of a toy car is a solid? A. Air inside the tire B. Oil on the axle C. Wheel D. Smoke 2. What state of matter is the oil used in a car? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. None 3. What is inside the tires of a car? A. Water B. Sand C. Air D. Wood 4. Air is an example of which state of matter? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Metal 5. Which part helps the wheels turn smoothly? A. Air B. Oil C. Body frame D. Seat 6. Why is the car body considered a solid? A. It flows B. It cannot be seen C. It keeps its shape D. It fills a container 7. Which state of matter can flow and take the shape of its container? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Metal 8. Which state of matter fills the space inside the tire? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Plastic 9. What would happen if there was no oil on the moving parts? A. The car would move faster B. The parts may rub and wear out C. The car would float D. Nothing would happen 10. Which group shows all three states of matter in a car? A. Wheel, oil, air B. Air, smoke, gas C. Oil, water, juice D. Wood, plastic, metal

37 Focus Question: How can a drawing help us build a toy car correctly? Objectives By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:  Identify dimensions (length, width, height) on a drawing  Explain annotations (labels, notes, arrows)  Interpret a simple working drawing on a toy car  Use measurements to guide construction What is a Working Drawing? A working drawing is a simple plan that shows the size, shape and position of parts. It tells us:  What to make  How big it should be  What each part is called Think of it like a map for building something. Understanding Dimensions Dimensions tell us the size of something.  Length → How long  Width → How wide  Height → How tall Example:

38  12 cm = how long the car base is  5 cm = how wide the car is Understanding Annotations Annotations are notes and labels on a drawing. They help us understand:  What each part is  What material to use  Where things go A drawing may label the wheel, axel, body or show where a hole should be made. Being able to read a simple drawing, make it easier to accurately build a product. Example of A simple Toy Car Let’s Read the Drawing Look carefully at the drawing above and answer: 1. What is the length of the car? ____________________________________________ 2. What is the width of the car? ____________________________________________ 3. How many wheels are shown? ___________________________________________ 4. What part connects the wheels? ___________________________________________

39 Example of Toy Car Drawings Match the Labels Draw a line to match: Word Meaning Dimension A note that explains a part Annotation The size of something Wheel Helps the car move Axle Holds the wheels

40 Measure and Draw Draw your own toy car using the following dimensions:  Length = 10 cm  Width = 5 cm  4 wheels Use your ruler, crayon and create your design for the car. You can also conduct research on the internet to see designs for your car. Show at least 4 parts, label each part clearly Labels to include (any four):  Body  Wheel  Axle  Window  Roof

41 Colour the toy car What is an Exploded View of a Drawing? An exploded view is a type of drawing that shows all the parts of a toy car separated (pulled apart) so we can clearly see each piece and how they fit together. It is like taking the car apart and spreading the pieces out—but still showing where each part belongs. An exploded view for a toy car:  Shows each part of the toy car  Spaces the parts slightly apart  Uses lines or arrows to show how the parts connect  Helps us understand how to build or assemble the car

42 Parts You Might See in an Exploded View  Car body  Wheels  Axle (rod that holds the wheels)  Roof  Bumper Why the Exploded View is Important?  Helps us see all the parts clearly  Shows how to put the toy car together step by step  Makes building easier and more accurate

43 End of Chapter Assessment Multiple Choice Questions (Circle the correct answer) 1. What is a working drawing used for? A. To decorate a project B. To guide how something is made C. To choose colours D. To tell a story 2. Which part of a drawing shows the size of an object? A. Pattern B. Shape C. Dimension D. Colour 3. What do arrows on a working drawing usually show? A. Where to colour B. Where to cut C. The measurement direction D. The title 4. A note or label written on a drawing is called an: A. Example B. Border C. Annotation D. Pattern 5. Which toy car part helps it move? A. Roof B. Window C. Wheel D. Body 6. The wheel and axle is an example of a: A. Structure B. Mechanism C. Decoration D. Tool

44 7. Which shape is best for toy car wheels? A. Cube B. Cone C. Cylinder D. Rectangular prism 8. What does an exploded view show? A. The finished object only B. Parts broken into pieces C. Parts separated and how they fit together D. A coloured design Using the diagram below, circle the correct answer 9. What is the total length of the toy car? A. 5 cm B. 10 cm C. 15 cm D. 20 cm 10. What is the height of the car? A. 3 cm B. 5 cm C. 10 cm D. 15 cm 11. What is the diameter of one wheel? A. 2 cm B. 3 cm C. 5 cm D. 8 cm 12. Which part of the car helps it move? A. Roof

45 B. Body C. Wheels D. Bumper 13. What does the measurement “15 cm” show? A. Height of the car B. Length of the car C. Size of the wheel D. Colour of the car 14. What are annotations? A. Colours used in the drawing B. Tools used to build the car C. Labels that explain parts of the drawing D. Measurements only 15. Why are dimensions important in a drawing? A. They make the drawing colourful B. They show the size of parts C. They decorate the drawing D. They show who drew the car 16. If the wheels are made bigger, what will most likely happen? A. The car will disappear B. The car may be taller C. The car will stop moving D. Nothing will change 17. If the car body is shorter, what happens? A. The car becomes longer B. The car becomes shorter C. The wheels disappear D. The car cannot be drawn 18. Which measurement would you use to draw the wheel correctly? A. Length B. Height C. Diameter D. Colour 19. Why do engineers include both labels and measurements? A. To make drawings harder B. To decorate the page C. To help others understand and build the design correctly D. To fill up space 20. Which part connects the wheels and helps them turn? A. Roof B. Axle C. Body D. Bumper Section B: Short Answer Questions 1. What is a working drawing? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

46 2. Why are dimensions important when building a toy car? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Name one part of a toy car and explain how the drawing helps you assemble it. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why is an exploded view useful during assembly? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

47 Focus Question: What tools and materials do we need to design and build our own model car? Objectives  Classify hand tools according to use and purpose.  Prepare a tools and materials list for a model-car design. What Are Hand Tools? Hand tools are simple tools that are used by people to make, fix, or build things. Hand tools help us to:  Measure materials  Mark lines and shapes  Cut materials  Join parts together Types of Hand Tools Hand tools can be grouped by purpose. Measuring tools help us find size, cutting tools shape materials, joining tools connect parts, and marking tools help us lay out our design. A student builder must prepare before starting. A good plan includes the tools needed and the materials to be used, such as cardboard, bottle caps, straws, sticks, glue, tape, and paint.

48 Choosing the correct tool makes work safer and easier. For example, a ruler helps us measure accurately, scissors help us cut cardboard, and glue helps us join parts. 1. Measuring Tools These tools are used to measure length or size. Examples include ruler and measuring tape Uses  Measuring the length of cardboard  Checking the size of car parts 2. Marking Tools These tools are used to make lines, labels, or designs. Examples include pencil, and marker Uses  Drawing the outline of the car  Marking where to cut 3. Cutting Tools These tools are used to cut materials. Examples are scissors and knives Uses  Cutting cardboard  Cutting paper shapes 4. Joining Tools These tools are used to connect materials together. Examples are glue and tape Uses  Joining wheels to the car body  Attaching decorations

49 Materials Used to Make a Model Car Material Use Cardboard Car body Bottle caps Wheels Straws or sticks Axles Paper Decoration Glue or tape Joining parts Match Each Tool to Its Use Tool Use Ruler Measure Scissors Cut Pencil Mark Glue Join

50 Sort the Classroom Tools into Groups Measure ____________________________________________________________ Mark ____________________________________________________________ Cut ____________________________________________________________ Join ____________________________________________________ Activity: Prepare Your Own List of Tools and Materials for a Model-Car Design Circle the tools and materials you will need to build your toy car Tools 1. Ruler 2. Pencil 3. Scissors 4. Glue 5. Colouring pencils or markers 6. Stencil knifes 7. Write any other tools you will need. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Materials 1. Cardboard 2. Bottle caps (for wheels) 3. Straws or sticks (for axles) 4. Paper 5. Tape 6. Paint or coloured paper 7. Balloons 8. Batteries 9. Write any other materials you will need. __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ o Glue o Stapler o Ruler o Marker o Scissors o Masking Tape o Measuring tape o Craft knife o Crayon o Pen/pencil

51 End of Chapter Assessment Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which tool is used for measuring? a) Glue b) Pencil c) Ruler d) Scissors 2. Which tool is used for cutting? a) Marker b) Scissors c) Glue d) Tape 3. What is the purpose of glue? a) Measure b) Mark c) Cut d) Join 4. Which material can be used for wheels? a) Bottle caps b) Paper clips c) Cotton d) Leaves Short Answer Questions 1. Name one measuring tool. _______________________________________________________________ 2. Name one cutting tool. ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Why is it important to use tools safely? ___________________________________________________ 4. List two materials used to make a model car. _____________________________________________

52 Focus Question: Why is safety important when we are building and using tools? Objectives By the end of this Chapter, students should be able to: 1. Identify safety rules when using tools and materials 2. Demonstrate safe behaviour during practical activities 3. Explain why safety is important in engineering tasks⚠️ LET’S TALK ABOUT SAFETY What is Safety Safety means protecting yourself and others from harm. Safety is taking care of yourself and others by following rules, being aware of dangers, and making smart decisions to stay healthy, secure, and free from harm. To stay safe sstudents should walk calmly, listen to instructions of teachers and other responsible adults, and use tools only for their correct purpose. Safe habits help the lesson run smoothly and allow students to focus on accurate work instead of accidents and damage.

53 Safety Rules When Using Hand Tools  Carry scissors carefully with the points facing down.  When working with scissors, or a simple boring device, students must keep fingers away from sharp areas,  Keep the work area clean and organized.  Ask the teacher for help when needed.  Return tools to their proper place after use.  Never play with tools and materials  Pass tools especially those with sharp or pointed edges carefully Safety When Using Materials  Use glue neatly and avoid spilling, do not put in mouth, and avoid getting glue on fingers and clothes  Cut cardboard away from body  When handling small parts do not put in your mouth or swallow  Use a personal protective equipment (PPE) to keep your eyes safe when cutting and using chemicals. Activity 1: True or False 1. It is safe to run with tools. ______ 2. You should ask before using sharp tools. ______ 3. Glue is safe to eat. ______ 4. Playing with sharp tools is safe 5. Obeying safety rules keeps you safe Activity 2: Identify Safe Actions Circle the safe action:  Walking with scissors / Running with scissors  Listening to teacher / Ignoring teacher  Wear protective devices/ never wear protective devices  Leave sharp tools on the floor/ return tools to their storage area after use  Keep work area organized / keep work area untidy and jumbled. Activity 3: Safety Poster Create a poster showing:  Two safety rules  One picture of safe behaviour

54 Activity 4: Classroom Safety Look at the Picture: Safe Classroom Setup End of Chapter Assessment Multiple-Choice Questions: Circle the correct answer 1. What is the main message of the picture? A. How to decorate a classroom B. How to keep a classroom safe C. How to play in the classroom D. How to arrange a school party 2. Which of the following helps to keep the classroom safe? A. Blocking the walkway B. Leaving bags on the floor C. Keeping walkways clear D. Moving furniture around carelessly 3. Why should desks be kept tidy? A. To make the classroom safer B. To make them heavier C. To make them colourful D. To make the room smaller 4. What should be done with electrical cables? A. Leave them across the walkway B. Keep them safely arranged C. Throw them on the floor D. Hide them under a chair

55 5. Which item in the picture could cause someone to trip? A. A book B. A clock C. A cable on the floor D. A window True or False 6. A clear walkway helps students move around safely. _____________________ 7. It is safe to leave cables where people can trip over them. ______________________ 8. Furniture should be stable and safe to use. _______________________________ 9. A tidy classroom can help prevent accidents. _________________________________ Short-Answer Questions 12. Why is it important to keep the classroom tidy? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Think About It 13. Look carefully at the picture. What is one unsafe action you can see? How could it be corrected? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Imagine you are the teacher in the picture. What would you ask the students to do before leaving the classroom? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

56 Focus Question: How can I design my own toy car using drawing tools? Objective: By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:  Use traditional drawing tools to create a simple car design.  Identify basic shapes used in car design.  Create a digital version of their design using simple software tools.  Explain features of their car design. What is a Design? A design is a plan or drawing that shows what something will look like before it is made. Designing helps us:  Plan our ideas  Fix mistakes before building  Share our ideas with others Tools for Designing Traditional Drawing Tools You can create your car design using:  Pencil – for sketching your ideas  Ruler – for straight lines  Stencil – for shapes like circles and squares  Compass – for drawing perfect circles (like wheels) Digital Drawing Tools You can also design your car on a computer using tools such as:

57  Google SketchUp  Tinkercad  Simple drawing apps These tools help you draw neatly, undo mistakes easily and create 3D designs Shapes in a Car Cars are made from simple shapes. Shape Where you see it on a car Circle Wheels Rectangle Body Square Windows Triangle Front or design details How to Draw A Simple Toy Car 1. (b)

58 (C) Hand-Drawn Car Design Instructions 1. Use your pencil to lightly sketch your car. 2. Use your ruler to draw straight lines. 3. Use your compass or stencil to draw the wheels. 4. Add details like: o Windows o Doors o Lights 5. Outline your drawing neatly and add colours and details My Drawing Space

59 Activity 2 – My Digital Car Design Instructions 1. Open a drawing tool (e.g., SketchUp or another app). 2. Create your car using shapes. 3. Add colours and details. 4. Save your design. Reflection Was it easier or harder than drawing by hand? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Build Thinking Answer these questions: 1. What shape did you use for the wheels? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why is a ruler important? ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which method do you prefer (hand or digital)? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________ Challenge Activity Design a new type of toy car: A race car 🚗 , A truck 🚚 , A jeep 🚙 Add special features like:  Spoilers  Big wheels  Extra seats  Colour  Name

60 Creativity and Innovation Thinks of two new features you would like to add to your car to enhance the look/design and to improve the functions and features of the car. State the new design/look you want to add to the car and explain why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ State a new function/feature you want to add to the car and explain why ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ End of Chapter Assessment 1. What is a design? A. A finished product B. A plan or drawing before making something C. A type of tool D. A toy 2. Which tool is best for drawing straight lines? A. Compass B. Pencil C. Ruler D. Scissors 3. Which tool is used to draw circles for wheels? A. Ruler B. Compass C. Eraser D. Marker 4. What shape are most car wheels? A. Square B. Triangle C. Circle D. Rectangle 5. Which of the following is a digital design tool? A. Pencil B. Ruler

61 C. Google SketchUp D. Compass 6. What should you draw first when sketching a car? A. Details B. Colours C. Basic shapes D. Wheels only 7. Why should you draw lightly when sketching? A. To finish faster B. To make it darker C. To erase mistakes easily D. To use more paper 8. What comes after drawing basic shapes? A. Throw away the drawing B. Add details C. Stop drawing D. Cut the paper 9. What material is best for making a toy car model? A. Glass B. Cardboard C. Water D. Sand

62 Focus Question How do different types of energy work together to make a toy car move? Objectives By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:  Define mechanical, potential, and kinetic energy.  Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy.  Explain how potential energy changes into kinetic energy.  Identify where each type of energy is found in a toy car. What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.

63 Write one example of energy in daily life: Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy is the energy an object has because it can move or because it has stored energy. It is made up of kinetic energy (energy of movement) and potential energy (stored energy). Mechanical Energy is made up of: Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy = Mechanical Energy Think of mechanical energy as a team made up of two players:  Potential Energy – the energy waiting to be used.  Kinetic Energy – the energy of movement. When you release a stretched elastic band or inflated balloon, the stored energy changes into movement. Mechanical Energy in a Toy Car Part of Toy Car Type of Energy What Happens? Stretched elastic band Potential Energy Energy is stored in the rubber band. Inflated balloon Potential Energy Air is stored under pressure. Car begins moving Kinetic Energy Wheels begin turning. Moving wheels and axle Kinetic Energy Energy keeps the car rolling. Entire moving car Mechanical Energy The car combines stored and moving energy.

64 Mechanical energy is all around us. Here are some everyday examples: Types of Mechanical Energy

65 Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Whenever something is moving, it has kinetic energy. Example: A toy car going down a ramp. Activity 1 : Circle the things that have kinetic energy a) A parked car b) A rolling toy car c) A bouncing ball d) A book on a table e) A flying kite f) A moving bicycle g) A boat on the sea h) A lamp on a stand i) A box in the corner

66 j) A man walking to his car Potential Energy Potential energy is stored energy that is stored in an object because of its position or condition. An object has more potential energy when it is higher above the ground or stretched. Simple explanation:  A stretched rubber band has energy stored in it  A toy car at the top of a ramp has stored energy  When released, this energy changes into movement (kinetic energy Activity 2: Match the Correct Answer Draw lines to match: Column A Column B Kinetic energy Stored energy Potential energy Energy of movement Moving bicycle Example of kinetic energy

67 Column A Column B Stretched rubber band Example of potential energy Activity 3: Fill in the Blanks 1. Energy of movement is called ________________________energy. 2. Stored energy is called ______________________________energy. 3. A moving toy car has _______________________________energy. 4. A stretched rubber band has _________________________ energy. 5. Balloon is inflated ________________________________energy 6. Wheels are spinning on a car ________________________ energy 7. Car waiting at the top of a ramp ______________________energy 8. Car rolling down the ramp __________________________energy Push and Pull Forces Push and pull forces help objects move. Pushing moves something away and pulling moves something closer. STEAM Activity – Ramp Car Investigation Materials: Toy car, ramp, blocks, ruler, notebook. 1. Place the toy car at the top of the ramp. 2. Release it and measure how far it travels (test 1) 3. Raise the ramp higher and repeat. (test 2) 4. Compare distances to see how height affects speed.

68 Quiz 1. What is happens when the ramp is raised higher? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Give one example of potential energy. ______________________________________ 3. Give one example of kinetic energy. ________________________________________ 4. What happens to potential energy when the car starts moving? ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Is pushing a box an example of a force? Explain. ________________________________________________________________________ 6. Which test result was further? Test 1 ____________________ cm Test 2 _____________________ cm End of Chapter Assessment (a) Energy Detective Walk around your classroom or home. Find 5 objects that have potential or kinetic energy. Object Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Why (b) Draw the Energy Draw your toy car in the boxes. Before Release Draw the toy car with the elastic band stretched or balloon inflated.

69 Label: Potential Energy During Movement Draw the toy car moving. Label: Kinetic Energy ( c) Exit Ticket 1. Where is the potential energy in your toy car? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. When does your toy car have kinetic energy? _________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ (c) Multiple Choice 1. What is mechanical energy? a) Energy that helps objects move b) Energy from the sun c) Energy from food 2. Which device uses mechanical energy? a) Bicycle b) Notebook c) Eraser

70 3. What is velocity? a) Amount of matter b) Speed and direction c) Force 4. Which of the following use mechanical energy? a) Bicycle b) Smartphone c) Wind-up toy d) Electric fan (moving blades) e) Solar calculator 5. The toy car is sitting at the top of a ramp before it starts moving. What type of energy does the toy car have? A. Heat energy B. Kinetic energy C. Potential energy D. Sound energy 6. The toy car is released and rolls down the ramp. What type of energy does the moving toy car have? A. Potential energy B. Kinetic energy C. Chemical energy D. Electrical energy 7. A student stretches a rubber band and holds it before releasing it. The stretched rubber band stores: A. Kinetic energy B. Potential energy C. Light energy D. Sound energy 8. A ball is sitting on a high shelf. Why does the ball have potential energy? A. It is making noise B. It is moving quickly C. It has energy because of its position D. It produces electricity

71 9. Which activity shows kinetic energy? A. A stretched spring waiting to be released B. A bicycle moving along the road C. A book resting on a table D. A toy car parked on the floor 10. Which example shows kinetic energy? A. A cat lying on a mat B. A man sitting on a chair C. A flying bird D. A bottle on a table

72 Focus Question: How can we reuse and repurpose everyday materials to design and build a toy car? Objectives: By the end of the chapter, students should be able to: 1. Identify everyday materials that can be reused or repurposed to make a toy car. 2. Design and build a simple toy car using reused or repurposed materials. 3. Demonstrate safe practices when selecting materials and using tools to construct the toy car. Collecting Re-useable Materials to Make A Toy Car Many everyday items can be reused to make new things instead of being thrown away. In this activity, you will collect and organize reusable materials to help you build your toy car. Reusing materials can help to protect the environment. With the help of a parent or guardian, look around your home for safe reusable materials that can be used to make a toy car. Examples include:  Cardboard boxes

73  Bottle caps  Tissue rolls  Plastic lids  Straws  Ice-cream sticks  Buttons  Small containers  Old magazines Step 1: Collect- Gather materials that could be useful for different parts of your toy car. Step 2: Sort- Place your materials into groups. Group Materials Wheels Car Body Joining materials Decoration Materials Step 3: Think and Explain. Complete the table below Materials Collected What was it originally used for? How will you use it in your toy car Think About It! Answer the questions below. 1. Why is it important to reuse materials? 2. Which material do you think will make the best wheels? ___________________________

74 _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How does reusing materials help to protect the environment? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Safety Reminders  Only collect safe materials.  Wash materials before bringing them to school.  Ask an adult before using any item.  Handle tools carefully when building your toy car. End of Chapter Assessment Multiple-Choice Questions (circle the correct answer) 1. Which of the following materials can be reused to make the body of a toy car? A. Cardboard box B. Fresh fruit C. Cooked rice D. Ice cream 2. Which item could be repurposed to make wheels for a toy car? A. Bottle caps B. Plastic bag C. Sheet of paper D. Piece of string 3. What should you do before building your toy car? A. Start cutting materials immediately B. Draw and plan your design C. Throw away all materials D. Paint the materials first 4. Which action demonstrates safe use of tools? A. Running while carrying scissors B. Pointing scissors at a friend C. Using tools as instructed by the teacher D. Leaving sharp tools on the floor 5. Why should we reuse or repurpose materials when making a toy car? A. To create more waste B. To protect the environment by reducing waste C. To make the car impossible to use D. To use as many new materials as possible

75 Focus Question: How can we design and build a toy car prototype? Objectives: At the End of the chapter, students will be able to: 1. Design a simple toy car prototype using a labelled drawing with measurements. 2. Select and use suitable recycled or everyday materials to construct the toy car. 3. Construct a working toy car prototype by following their design safely. 4. Demonstrate safety by using tools and materials correctly while designing and constructing the toy car. What Is a Prototype? A prototype is a first model or sample used to test an idea before making the final product. Engineers and designers create prototypes to:  Test ideas  Check sizes and shapes  Improve designs  Solve problems In this activity, you will create a cardboard mock-up (prototype) of a toy car body. Understanding the Chassis The chassis is the base frame of the toy car. It supports the:  Wheels  Axles  Car body

76 Your car body must fit properly on the chassis so the toy car can move correctly. Design Criteria Your toy car prototype should: 1. Fit properly on the chassis 2. Be made from cardboard or reusable materials 3. Have a neat and attractive design 4. Include wheels and axle spaces 5. Be strong enough to hold its shape 6. Show creativity and originality Using Templates and Drawings Before building the prototype:  Use the toy car body template from the previous activity.  Trace or redraw the basic shape onto cardboard.  Cut carefully along the outline.  Fold and join sections where needed. Your drawing will guide the shape and size of your mock-up. Improving Your Design You can improve your design by:  Looking at pictures in magazines and newspapers  Observing real cars in your community  Watching a video about model cars  Discussing ideas with classmates Think about:  Shape  Colour  Style  Speed appearance  Decoration

77 E-Design Process Activity 1: Define the Problem Children need a safe, durable, and attractive toy car that can move smoothly during play. The toy car must be made from suitable recycled materials, be easy to use, and be cost-effective to produce. Design a toy car that is safe, durable, attractive, and able to move efficiently for children aged 6–10 years. Activity 2: Research and Gather Information - Explore Toy Car Designs Look at pictures of cars in magazines, newspapers, or online videos shown by your teacher. Discuss:  What shapes do you notice?  Which designs look fast?  Which designs look strong?  What features make the car attractive? Activity : 3 Specify requirements: Review Your Body Template As a class, discuss:  What makes a good toy car design?  Which designs would fit best on a chassis?  How can designs be improved?  Safe for children  Attractive appearance Activity 4: Generate Possible Solutions  Racing car design  Sports car Check: ✔Is the body wide enough for the chassis? ✔ Is the body balanced? ✔ Is there space for wheels and axles? ✔ Is the design neat and symmetrical?

78 Select the Best Solution Evaluate ideas and choose the most suitable design. Include improvements from any previous designs. Choose the design that is neat, attractive and safe. Activity 5: Develop Prototype- Create a Cardboard Mock-Up Materials  Cardboard  Pencil  Ruler  Scissors  Glue or tape  Toy car body template Step 1: Trace your car body template onto cardboard. Step 2: Cut out the cardboard shape carefully. Step 3: Fold the sections where needed. Step 4: Join the parts using glue or tape. Step 5: Place the body on the chassis to test the fit. Step 6: Make adjustments if needed. Design Enhancement Decorate your prototype using:  Coloured paper  Magazine cut-outs  Markers or crayons  Labels or racing numbers Activity 6: Prototype Testing & Evaluation Test your toy car prototype by checking:  Does the body fit the chassis?  Can the wheels move freely?  Is the body strong and balanced?  Does the design look attractive? Record your observations below.

79 Test Yes No Fits the chassis properly Wheels can move freely Body is strong Design is attractive Think About It! 1. Why is it important for the body to fit the chassis properly? 2. What changes did you make to improve your design? 3. Which recycled materials worked best for your prototype? Activity 7: Redesign and Improve Modify the design based on test results. Example:  Reduce weight for better speed.  Strengthen wheel attachments.  Improve appearance with better finishing. Activity 8: Communicate the Solution Present the design and findings. Final toy car demonstration Safety Reminder  Use scissors carefully.

80  Keep your work area tidy.  Handle glue properly.  Ask for help when needed. End-of-Topic Summary  A prototype is a test model used to improve a design.  The chassis supports the body and wheels of the toy car.  A successful design must fit correctly on the chassis.  Templates and drawings help guide construction.  Recycled materials can be reused creatively.  Designers test and improve their work before making a final product. End of Chapter Assessment Circle the correct answer for each of the following questions 1. What is the first step when designing a toy car prototype? A. Paint the car B. Draw a design C. Test the wheels D. Add decorations 2. Which part of a toy car helps it to roll? A. Wheel B. Seat C. Window D. Roof 3. Which material could be reused to make the body of a toy car? A. Cardboard box B. Glass bottle C. Fresh food D. Wet paper 4. Why is it important to include measurements in a toy car design? A. To make the car colourful B. To know the size of each part C. To make the car heavier D. To make the car noisy 5. Which action shows safe construction of a toy car? A. Running while holding scissors B. Leaving tools on the floor C. Using tools as instructed D. Pointing scissors at a friend

82 Focus Question: How can different sources of energy and motion used to make a toy car move? Objectives: By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:  Explain how different methods of movement make a toy car move.  Identify the energy source used in each method.  Compare the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of movement.  Predict which method will move a toy car the farthest or fastest.  Investigate different methods of movement through simple experiments.  Select the most suitable movement system for constructing a functional toy car. Key Vocabulary Review words  Motion Force  Push Pull  Friction Gravity  Elastic Energy Air Pressure  Electrical Energy Potential Energy  Kinetic Energy Motor  Axle

83 A. Elastic Band Powered Car Science Application How it works: An elastic band stores potential energy when it is twisted or stretched. When released, the stored energy changes into kinetic energy, causing the axel and wheels to turn. Design idea:  Attach elastic band to axle  Twist rear wheels to store energy  Release to propel car forward Advantages:  Simple  No electricity needed Limitations:  Short travel distance Materials  Elastic band  Cardboard  Bottle caps  Wooden skewer  Straw  Glue How to Build 1. Attach wheels to axles. 2. Secure one end of the elastic band to the frame. 3. Attach the other end to the rear axle. 4. Twist the wheels backwards. 5. Release the car.

84 B. Balloon Powered Car (Air Propulsion) Science Application How it works: Air rushing out of the balloon pushes the car forward. Design idea:  Attach balloon to straw  Tape the balloon securely to bottle/ car body  Inflate the balloon  Release air through straw Advantages:  Fast movement  Fun to test Limitations:  Limited control

85 Critical Thinking What happens if the balloon is larger? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

86 C. Battery and Motor Power Science Application How it works: The battery provides electrical energy. The motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. A small motor powered by batteries rotates the wheels. Design idea:  Connect motor to axle using rubber band or gear  Attach battery pack securely to car body Advantages:  Continuous movement  Real-world engineering concept Limitations:  Requires electrical components Step-by-Step Guide: Constructing a Battery-Powered Toy Car

87 Safety  Adult supervision required.  Never connect batteries incorrectly.  Disconnect batteries after use. D. Gravity-Based Movement Science Application How it works: A toy car placed at the top of a ramp has potential energy. The car moves down a slope using gravity, the gravity changes into kinetic energy. Design idea:  Build lightweight car  Test on ramp or incline Advantages:  No energy source required Limitations: Only works on slopes Critical Thinking Skills: Will the car travel farther from: ☐ Small ramp ☐ Medium ramp ☐ High ramp Explain why. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Video Demonstrations These official YouTube channels provide clear demonstrations suitable for classroom use:  Elastic Band Powered Car: Science Buddies YouTube Channel  Balloon Powered Car: NASA STEM Engagement YouTube Channel  Battery and Motor Powered Car: STEMpedia YouTube Channel

88  Gravity Powered Car and Ramp Investigation: Kiwico YouTube Channel End of Chapter Assessment Multiple-Choice Questions: Circle the correct answer 1. Which energy source can make a toy car move when air is released from a balloon? A. Wind energy B. Solar energy C. Sound energy D. Light energy 2. Which method uses stored elastic energy to move a toy car? A. Battery-powered motor B. Rubber-band propulsion C. Solar panel D. Hand painting 3. Which is an advantage of a battery-powered toy car? A. It cannot move on its own B. It can provide continuous movement while the battery has energy C. It requires wind to move D. It only moves downhill 4. A student tests a balloon-powered, rubber-band-powered, and battery-powered toy car. Which is the best way to determine which travels the farthest? A. Compare the colours of the cars B. Measure the distance travelled by each car C. Compare the size of the wheels only D. Count the number of decorations 5. A student wants to build a toy car that moves quickly and steadily for a longer distance. Which movement system would be most suitable?A. Battery-powered motor B. Pushing the car by hand C. Blowing on the car D. Rolling the car down a slope

89 Focus Question: How do we measure and mark materials correctly to build our designs? Objectives: By the end of this Chapter, students should be able to: 1. Measure layout dimensions using appropriate tools 2. Identify basic layout indicators (lines, points, marks) LET’S LOOK AT MEASURING AND MARKING Before cutting and boring holes in materials to create the toy car, you must measure and mark out the design to ensure that all the parts of the car can be assembled accurately. Let us quickly review measuring and marking tools we will use.

90 Measuring Tools These tools help us get accurate sizes. Some tools used for measuring are: Ruler – measures length Set square – checks straight edges and angles Tape measure – measures longer lengths Marking and Layout Tools Tools used for marking are: Pencil – draws lines

91 Ruler – guides straight lines Marker – highlights lines Layout Indicators Layout indicators are marks drawn on a material before it is cut, drilled, or assembled. They help us measure accurately, reduce mistakes, and make sure all the parts fit together properly. Examples are:  Straight lines  Dots (drill points)  Arrows (direction of cut) 1. Straight Lines Straight lines are long, even lines drawn with a ruler. They are used to:  Show where to cut the material.  Help make the edges neat and straight.  Ensure all parts are the correct size. 2. Dots (Drill Points) Dots are small marks placed where holes need to be made. They are used to:  Show where to drill or punch holes.  Help place the axles in the correct position.  Make sure the wheels are lined up evenly. 3. Arrows (Direction of Cut) Arrows point in the direction you should cut or move. They are use to:  Show the direction to cut.  Help prevent cutting the wrong section.  Guide safe and accurate cutting. Activity 1 1. Which layout indicator tells you where to cut? ☐ Dots ☐ Straight lines ☐ Wheels

92 2. Which layout indicator shows where to make holes? ☐ Arrows ☐ Dots ☐ Squares 3. What do arrows tell us? ☐ Where to paint ☐ The direction to cut ☐ Where to glue 4🔍 THINK ABOUT IT 4. Why are layout indicators important? ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. Why is it important to measure before cutting? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6. What could happen if your measurements are not correct? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Activity 2: Fill in the Blanks A __________ is used to measure length A __________ is used to draw lines A_________ help guide cutting

93 Activity 3: Measure and Mark (a) Measure and draw a rectangle Length: 10 cm and Width: 5 cm (b) Label the length and width (c)Trace a simple shape onto cardboard End of Chapter Assessment Multiple-Choice Questions: Circle the Correct answer 1. Which tool is best used to measure the length of a piece of cardboard for the toy car? A. Scissors B. Ruler C. Hammer D. Screwdriver 2. Which tool can be used to make straight lines before cutting the materials for the toy car? A. Ruler B. Pliers C. Paintbrush D. Glue gun 3. Why is it important to measure the materials before cutting them? A. To make the materials colourful B. To make sure the parts are the correct size C. To make the car heavier D. To make the car move faster

94 4. Which tool would be most useful for drawing a circle on cardboard to make the toy car's wheels? A. Compass B. Ruler C. Tape measure D. Level 5. A student needs to mark the same distance on four pieces of material. Which tool would help the student measure accurately? A. Measuring tape B. Ruler C. Pencil D. Scissors

95 Focus Question How do we safely cut materials and make holes to build a working toy car? Objectives By the end of this Chapter, students should be able to: 1. Cut materials to the correct size based on a design 2. Create holes of the correct diameter using simple boring tools 3. Follow safety rules when using tools 4. Explain why accuracy is important in building

96 CUTTING MATERIALS ✔ Tools Used:  Scissors  Craft knife ✔ What is Cutting? Cutting means shaping materials to the correct size and form 🔹 Steps for Cutting: 1. Measure the material 2. Mark the cutting line 3. Cut slowly along the line 4. Check size after cutting BORING (MAKING HOLES) ✔ What is Boring? Boring means making holes in materials ✔ Tools Used:  Hand drill  sharp pointed tool 🔹 Steps for Boring:

97 1. Mark the point where the hole will go 2. Hold material steady 3. Carefully make the hole 4. Check the size of the hole WHY SIZE MATTERS 👉 The hole must be the right diameter so the axle can fit.  Too small → axle won’t fit  Too big → axle will be loose⚠️ SAFETY RULES Reminders  Always ask before using sharp tools  Keep fingers away from cutting area  Use tools slowly and carefully  Work in a safe space Activity 1: Match the Tool Tools Use Scissors Hand drill Pencil

98 craft Knife Activity 2: True or False 1. You should cut before measuring. ________________________________________ 2. Holes must be the correct size. ___________________________________________ 3. It is safe to rush when using tools. ________________________________________ Activity 3: Fill in the Blanks 1. Cutting helps shape ____________________________________________________ 2. Boring makes _________________________________________________________ 3. The hole must match the ________________________________________________ HANDS-ON ACTIVITY (EXPLORE PHASE) Build Your Car Part  Cut a rectangular base (10 cm × 5 cm)  Mark 2 points for axle holes  Carefully create holes 👉 Check:  Are holes straight?  Are they the correct size? Activity: THINK Critically Why must holes be the correct size for wheels?

99 ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ End of Chapter Assessment Multiple-Choice Questions: Circle the correct answer 1. Which tool is best used to cut cardboard when making a toy car? A. Ruler B. Scissors C. Pencil D. Tape measure 2. Why should you mark the material before cutting it? A. To make it colourful B. To make it heavier C. To show where to cut D. To make it softer 3. Which tool can be used to make a hole in cardboard for the axle of a toy car? A. Boring tool B. Ruler C. Paintbrush D. Sandpaper 4. What should you do when using a sharp tool to cut or make holes in materials? A. Work quickly without checking B. Point the tool toward yourself C. Follow safety rules and use the tool carefully D. Hold the material in your hand while cutting 5. Why must the holes for the toy car's axles be made carefully? A. To make the car colourful B. To help the wheels and axles move properly C. To make the car heavier D. To make the cardboard softer

100 Focus Question: How can we design and build a toy car that moves using recycled materials? Objectives: By the end of this Chapter, students will be able to:  Apply the engineering design process  Identify different methods of motion in a toy car  Use recycled materials to construct a functional model In this chapter, you will design and build a working toy car using recycled materials. You will explore different ways to make the car move using simple mechanisms such as elastic bands, air pressure, gravity, and battery power.

101 Engineering Challenge Challenge Statement: Design and Construct a Functional Toy Car You have been hired as a junior engineer by an eco-friendly toy company. Your task is to design and construct a toy car using recycled materials. The car must move independently using one of the methods of motion studied in class and demonstrate the steps of the engineering design process. Task Working individually or in pairs, students will: 1. Investigate o Examine examples of toy cars and discuss different methods of motion (push, balloon- powered, rubber band-powered, gravity-powered, or battery-powered). o Identify suitable recycled materials for construction. 2. Plan o Draw a labelled design of the toy car. o List the materials and tools required. o Explain which method of motion will be used. 3. Create o Construct the toy car using recycled materials such as cardboard, bottle caps, straws, wooden skewers, plastic containers, or small boxes. o Ensure the wheels rotate freely and the car is sturdy. 4. Test o Test the toy car on a smooth surface. o Measure the distance travelled. o Observe any problems affecting movement. 5. Improve o Modify the design to improve stability, speed, or distance. o Record the changes made and explain why they improved the car. 6. Present o Demonstrate the toy car to the class. o Explain how the engineering design process was used. o Describe the method of motion and evaluate the effectiveness of the final design. Materials (Recycled) You may use:  Plastic bottles (body of car)  Bottle caps (wheels)  Drinking Straws (axles)  Wooden skewers or sticks (axles support)  Elastic bands  Cardboard  Small DC motor (optional)  Batteries (AA or AAA)

102  Tape / glue  Balloons  Paper clips  Old CDs/DVDs (as wheels) Tools  Scissors  Hole punch or awl or hand drill  Ruler  Markers, pencil, paint Reflection Questions 1. Which step of the engineering design process was the most challenging? 2. What method of motion did your toy car use? 3. What changes did you make after testing your car? 4. If you built another toy car, what would you do differently? 5. How did using recycled materials help protect the environment? Performance Assessment Criteria (20 Marks) Criteria Marks Engineering design plan (drawing and labels) 4 Appropriate use of recycled materials 4 Construction quality and craftsmanship 4 Toy car functions and demonstrates motion 4 Explanation, testing, and reflection 4 Total 20 Design Your Solution Design and build a toy car from recycled materials. Choose one way to make your toy car move such as an elastic band, a balloon, batteries, or a push by hand. Test your car to see how far it can travel. Your car must:  Move at least 1 metre  Be stable and balanced  Use mostly recycled materials  Be safe for demonstration

103 Planning Your Design Sketch your design below: (Include labelled diagram of your toy car) Materials I will use: My chosen method of movement: ☐ Elastic band ☐ Balloon ☐ Battery motor ☐ Gravity Explain why: ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

104 Practical Application Step 1: Gather Your Materials: Collect all the materials you need to assemble your car Materials  Plastic bottle or cardboard (car body)  Bottle caps (wheels)  Straws  Wooden skewers or sticks (axles)  Ruler  Pencil or marker  Glue or tape  Scissors (with teacher supervision) Step 2: Collect all the tools and resources you need to construct your toy car Step 3: Measure and Mark Use a ruler to measure where the holes for the axles will go.

105 Activity: ✔ Measure equal distances from the front and back of the car body. ✔ Mark the spots with a pencil or marker. Step 4: Make the Holes Carefully make holes where you placed the marks. Activity: ✔ Ask your teacher for help if needed. ✔ Check that the holes are straight. Step 5: Prepare the Axles Cut the skewers or sticks to the correct length. Activity: ✔ Measure the axle length. ✔ Ensure the axle is longer than the width of the car body. Step 6: Insert the Axles Push the axles through the holes or straws. Activity: ✔ Check that the axles can turn freely. Step 7: Attach the Wheels Make holes in each bottle cap. Fix a bottle cap to each end of the axles. Activity: ✔ Make sure all four wheels are secure. ✔ Spin the wheels to see if they turn. Step 8: Test the Toy Car Place the car on a flat surface. Activity: ✔ Push the car gently. ✔ Observe how it moves.

106 Step 9: Improve Your Car Think about how to make the car move better. Activity: ✔ Are the wheels straight? ✔ Does the car roll smoothly? ✔ What changes can you make? Reflection Questions 1. Which tool did you use to measure your toy car? 2. Why is it important to measure before cutting? 3. What part of the toy car helped it move? 4. What would you improve if you built another toy car? Step 10: Add a Way to Make Your Car Move Choose one way to make your toy car move. Option A: Elastic Band Power 1. Attach one end of the elastic band to the back axle. 2. Attach the other end to the body of the car. 3. Twist the axle to tighten the elastic band. 4. Place the car on the floor and release it. Option B: Balloon Power 1. Attach a balloon to a straw using tape. 2. Secure the straw to the top of the car. 3. Blow up the balloon. 4. Let the air out and watch the car move. Option C: Battery Power 1. Attach the battery holder to the car. 2. Connect the battery to the motor. 3. Attach the motor to the axle or wheel. 4. Turn on the motor and observe how the car moves.

107 End of Chapter Assessment Multiple Choice Questions: Circle the Correct answer: 1. What is the first step in the engineering design process when making a toy car? A. Test the car B. Identify the problem C. Paint the car D. Take the car apart 2. Which method of motion can make a toy car move when a rubber band is twisted and released? A. Wind power B. Rubber-band power C. Solar power D. Water power 3. Which of the following is a recycled material that could be used to make the body of a toy car? A. Cardboard box B. Fresh food C. Glass of water D. Soil 4. Why should you test your toy car after building it? A. To see if it works properly B. To make it heavier C. To use more materials D. To remove the wheels 5. A student builds a toy car using bottle caps for wheels and cardboard for the body. The car does not move well. What should the student do next? A. Throw away the car B. Ignore the problem C. Test the car and improve the design D. Add more decorations

108 Focus Question How can we use creativity, design skills, and careful finishing techniques to improve the appearance and performance of our toy car? Objectives By the end of this chapter, students will be able to: 1. Identify the importance of finishing and decorating a prototype to improve its appearance and presentation. 2. Apply creative design ideas to personalize and enhance the appearance of their toy car. 3. Select suitable materials, colours, and decorations that are safe and appropriate for the toy car design. 4. Demonstrate proper techniques for attaching decorative elements without affecting the movement of the car. 5. Evaluate their completed toy car based on: o Appearance o Creativity o Functionality o Strength and durability A well-designed product is not only built to work but should also look attractive and show creativity. The final stage of your toy car project is called finishing. During this stage, you will add decorations, make improvements, and prepare your car for testing and presentation. .Key Vocabulary  Prototype – an early model of a product used for testing.  Design – a plan or drawing showing how something will look or work.  Decoration – materials added to improve appearance.  Innovation – creating new ideas or improving existing designs.  Evaluation – checking the quality and effectiveness of a design.

109 Decorate Your Toy Car You have already assembled your car, now it is time to decorate and personalize it to you liking. 1. Give your toy car a name. Design Challenge: Give Your Car a Brand Every successful product has a name and identity. My Toy Car Brand Name: ____________________________________________________________________________________ My Logo Design: 2. Use coloured paper, markers, paint, or stickers to decorate it. 3. Add windows, doors, headlights, and other details. 4. Make your design neat and creative. 5. Share your finished toy car with the class.

110 Decorating Your Toy Car Step 1: Plan Your Design Before decorating, think about: ☐ What theme will my car have? ☐ What colours will I use? ☐ What materials can I use safely? ☐ Will my decorations affect how the car moves? Step 2: Add Decorative Features Body Design ✓ Paint or colour the cardboard body ✓ Add patterns, stripes, or logos ✓ Create a name for the car Step 3: Add Creative Features Ideas: 🚗 Driver figure 🚗 Racing number 🚗 Flags 🚗 Stickers 🚗 Headlights 🚗 Windows 🚗 Spoilers 🚗 Company logo Remember: Decorations should be lightweight so the car can still move.

111 Check Your Final Design Toy Car Quality Checklist Question Yes Not Yet Is my car decoration securely attached? ☐ ☐ Can my car still move freely? ☐ ☐ Did I use materials carefully? ☐ ☐ Does my design show creativity? ☐ ☐ Is my car strong and neat? ☐ ☐ End-of-Chapter Assessment: Final Touches to Your Car Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer 1. What is the main purpose of adding final touches to your toy car? A. To make the car heavier B. To improve its appearance and function C. To remove the wheels D. To make the car difficult to move 2. Which material is best for adding colourful designs to a cardboard toy car? A. Paint B. Sand C. Soil D. Water 3. Before adding decorations to your car, what should you check? A. That the car is working properly B. That the car is very heavy C. That the wheels are removed D. That the car is covered with paper

112 4. Your car moves to one side instead of moving straight. What should you do? A. Add more decorations B. Check and adjust the wheels and axles C. Remove the body D. Make the car heavier 5. Which is the safest way to add final touches to your car? A. Use tools carefully and follow safety rules B. Run while carrying scissors C. Use glue without adult guidance D. Leave sharp edges on the car True or False 6. Decorations should make the car look attractive without stopping it from working properly. True / False 7. It is not necessary to test the car after making changes to its design. True / False 8. Recycled materials can be used to add creative final touches to a toy car. True / False C. Short-Answer Questions 9. Name two final touches you could add to your toy car. 10. Why is it important to test your car after making changes?

113 Focus Question Who designs, builds, and repairs vehicles, and what skills do they need? Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:  Identify careers in the motor vehicle industry.  Describe the work done by people in the motor vehicle industry.  Explain which career interests you and why. Have you ever wondered who designs, builds, paints, sells, and repairs cars? Many people work together to make vehicles. These workers use different skills to help create safe and reliable cars, trucks, and buses. The motor vehicle industry provides many exciting career opportunities. What is the Motor Vehicle Industry? The motor vehicle industry includes all the people and companies involved in:  Designing vehicles  Building vehicles  Testing vehicles  Selling vehicles  Repairing and maintaining vehicles

114 1. An automotive engineer designs vehicles and improves how they work. They research, develop and design the technical systems in vehicles such as vehicle’s navigation, warning, control and fuel systems. 2. Auto Mechanic repairs and services vehicles. They carry out routine maintenance, diagnostic testing and mechanical repairs. They work on motorized components including engines, drive belts, power steering, brakes and transmissions. 3. Auto Electrician repairs electrical systems in vehicles. They inspect, repair and maintain a vehicle’s headlights, dashboard warning lights, alarm system, circuit boards and starter motor. The auto electrician plugs the computerized diagnostic system into the car to determine the issue and develop a plan to fix it. 4. Auto body repair technicians fix car frames, suspensions, dents, windows and wheel alignment after a vehicle has been damaged. They focus on the exterior, non-mechanical components of the vehicle and make them look new again. 5. A vehicle painter prepares and paints vehicles. 6. Tire technicians service, repair and replace car tires to create a fuel-efficient and smooth ride for the driver. They are knowledgeable about various tire types 7. Auto designers are responsible for developing the appearance of the interior and exterior of the car. They combine art, engineering and business to make the car visually pleasing, aerodynamic, functional and cost-effective. 8. Car Sales Representative helps customers choose and buy vehicles. Skills needed include communication, customer service, confidence and product knowledge Activity 1: Match the Career Draw a line to match each career Career Job

115 Automotive Engineer Repairs vehicles Auto Mechanic Designs vehicles Vehicle Painter Paints vehicles Car Sales Representative Helps customers buy vehicles Activity 2: My Favourite Career Which career would you like to have in the motor vehicle industry? Select from the list above or write one that you know that is not on the list. Please say why you like that career? List some of the skills you will need to do well in this career Conduct research online or offline to identify other careers in the automobile industry. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

116 End of Chapter Assessment Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer 1. Who repairs and replaces vehicles tires ? a) Engineer b) Tire Technician c) Painter 2. Who repairs electrical systems in the vehicle? a) Designer b) Mechanic c) Auto Electrician 3.Which skill is important for an automotive engineer? a) Creativity b) Sleeping c) Dancing 4.Which person works on the outside of the vehicle to make them look good? a) Auto Body repair Technician b) Mechanic c) Sales Representative 5. Which of the following is not a career in the Motor Vehicle industry? a) Mechanic b) Dressmaker c) Vehicle Painter

117 Focus Question How can testing and evaluation help engineers identify problems, improve designs, and create better products? Objectives By the end of this chapter, students will be able to: 1. Explain the importance of testing a prototype before it is considered complete. 2. Conduct a fair test to determine how well their toy car moves and functions. 3. Measure and record the performance of their toy car using simple data collection methods. 4. Identify strengths and weaknesses in their toy car design. 5. Suggest improvements that could make the toy car safer, stronger, faster, or more efficient. 6. Evaluate their final product using a design evaluation checklist or rubric. 7. Reflect on the engineering design process and describe what they learned from building their toy car. Why Do Engineers Test Designs? Engineers do not build a product once and assume it will work perfectly. They build, test, improve, and test again. Testing helps designers discover what works well and what needs to be changed. Your toy car is now ready for its final challenge. You will test how well it moves, evaluate your design, and share what you have learned. Your toy car may be powered by:

118 Balloon Power – air force pushes the car forward Battery and Motor Power – electrical energy turns the wheels Elastic/Rubber Band Power – stored energy turns the axle and wheels Toy Car Performance Test Part 1: My Toy Car Information Name of My Toy Car: _______________________________________________________ My Power Source: ☐ Balloon Power ☐ Battery and Motor Power ☐ Elastic/Rubber Band Power My Design Goal: I wanted my toy car to: ☐ Travel a long distance ☐ Move quickly ☐ Move smoothly ☐ Have an attractive design ☐ Be strong and durable Part 2: My Prediction Before testing my car, I predict: My car will travel approximately: __________ cm I think my car will perform well because: ____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Part 3: Toy Car Performance Test Testing Instructions 1. Place your toy car at the starting line. 2. Use the same testing surface each time. 3. Activate your power source (Rubber band, Balloon or battery ) 4. Release the car

119 5. Measure how far your car travels. 6. Repeat the test three times. 7. Record your observations. Toy Car Testing Record Car Name: ___________________________ Part 4: Mathematics Application Calculate My Average Distance Add the three distances and divide by 3. Trial 1 + Trial 2 + Trial 3 ÷ 3 My average distance: __________ cm Part 5: Observe Your Car’s Performance Place a check (✓) beside the statements that describe your car. My Toy Car Performance ✓ My car moved forward successfully. ☐ My wheels turned properly. ☐ My power system worked as expected. ☐ My car travelled in a straight line. ☐ My car was stable while moving. ☐ My design was strong and durable. ☐ Part 6: Engineer’s Evaluation Think Like an Engineer Trial Distance travelled Time Taken (seconds) Did the car move smoothly What Happened Trial 1 Yes/No Trail 2 Yes/No Trial 3 Yes/No

120 After testing your car, answer the questions below. My Observations 1. Did my toy car move as expected? Why or why not? 2. What part of my car worked well? 3. What problem did I notice during testing? 4. What change could improve my car? Part 7: Improve Your Design Engineers use test results to make improvements. My Improvement Plan Problem Identified Changes I will Make Expected Result Part 8: Final Toy Car Evaluation Use the rubric to evaluate your completed toy car. My Final Design Check Circle one rating for each area.

121 Design Feature Excellent ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Good ⭐⭐⭐ Needs Improvement ⭐⭐ Beginning ⭐ My design is creative and attractive ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐ ⭐ My decorations are secure ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐ ⭐ I can explain how my car moves ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐ ⭐ I tested and improved my design ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐ ⭐ My car can be improved ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐ ⭐ Part 9: Engineering Design Reflection What Did I Learn? Complete the sentences: The power source I used was __________________________. The energy changed from __________________ to __________________ to make my car move. Before building my toy car, I thought… During the project, I learned… The most challenging part was… One improvement I would make is __________________________. If I built another toy car, I would… Part 10: Toy Car Showcase Challenge

122 Design Expo: Present Your Creation Students will participate in a classroom Toy Car Showcase. Each student or team will present: 1. My Design  Name of my toy car  Materials used  Special features 2. My Engineering Process  Problem I wanted to solve  How I designed my car  How I tested my car  Improvements I made 3. My Science Connection Explain: How does the rubber band/battery/balloon make the car move? ____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ My Engineer Certificate Congratulations! You have completed the Toy Car Design and Construction Project. I am now a Junior Engineer!

123 Final Reflection: Engineer’s Message Successful t engineers are not afraid of mistakes. They use challenges as opportunities to learn, improve, and create better designs. Every test helps you become a better problem-solver and inventor and create better solutions Successful engineers do not expect their first design to be perfect. They test, learn from mistakes, make improvements, and create better solutions.

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