NATIONALISM IN INDIA CBSE Class 10 Social Science • History Chapter 2 — Comprehensive Handwritten Master Notes 🎯 Target: 100% Board Exam Score 📌 Full Syllabus + Map Work + High-Yield Q&A ⚡ NCERT Keyword Highlighted 1. MASTER CHRONOLOGY TIMELINE (1915 – 1934) Having an accurate chronological timeline is vital for CBSE MCQs, 3-mark sequence questions, and map marking. Jan 1915 Return of Mahatma Gandhi to India from South Africa after pioneering Satyagraha. 1917 Champaran Satyagraha (Bihar): Against oppressive indigo plantation system. 1917 Kheda Satyagraha (Gujarat): For revenue relaxation due to crop failure and plague epidemic. 1918 Ahmedabad Cotton Mill Strike (Gujarat): Demanding a 35% wage hike for mill workers. March 1919 Rowlatt Act passed & Khilafat Committee formed in Bombay (Muhammad & Shaukat Ali). 6 April 1919 Nationwide Hartal against the Rowlatt Act; launch of Rowlatt Satyagraha. 13 April 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (Amritsar): General Dyer opened fire on peaceful gathering. Sept & Dec 1920 Calcutta Session (Sept): NCM proposal adopted. Nagpur Session (Dec): NCM programme finalized. Jan 1921 Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement launched across towns, countryside, and plantations. Feb 1922 Chauri Chaura incident (Gorakhpur, UP): 22 policemen killed. Gandhi abruptly withdrew NCM. Jan 1923 Swaraj Party formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru to enter legislative councils. 1928 Simon Commission arrives in India: Greeted with "Go Back Simon". Lala Lajpat Rai assaulted. Dec 1929 Lahore Congress Session: Jawaharlal Nehru presides; Purna Swaraj resolution passed. 26 Jan 1930 Celebrated as the First Independence Day with a national pledge for complete freedom. 12 Mar – 6 Apr 1930 Salt March (Dandi March): 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi. Launch of Civil Disobedience. 5 March 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed: CDM suspended; Gandhi agrees to attend 2nd Round Table Conference. Sept 1932 Poona Pact: Agreement between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on reserved seats for Dalits. 1934 Civil Disobedience Movement completely loses its momentum and ends. 2. FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT & THE IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA 🎯 CBSE 5-MARKER HOT TOPIC: HOW DID WORLD WAR I CREATE A NEW ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SITUATION IN INDIA? Surging Defense Expenditure: The British government financed the war by taking huge war loans and raising taxes ( custom duties increased and income tax introduced ). Extreme Price Rise: Between 1913 and 1918, prices of essential commodities doubled, leading to extreme hardship for common people. Forced Recruitment (Begar): Villages were pressured to supply soldiers for foreign fronts, creating widespread rural fury and resentment. Crop Failures & Famines: In 1918–19 and 1920–21, severe crop failures hit several parts of India, creating acute food shortages. Influenza Epidemic: According to the 1921 Census, 12 to 13 million people died due to famines and epidemic diseases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ⭐ TOPPER'S MASTER REVISION NOTES CBSE Class 10 History • Chapter 2: Nationalism in India Page 1 of 7

The Idea and Philosophy of Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi introduced Satyagraha as a novel method of mass agitation based on pure moral force: Core Concept: Emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Principle of Non-Violence (Ahimsa): Suggested that if the cause was true and the struggle was against injustice, physical force was not necessary. A satyagrahi could win the battle without vengeance or aggression by appealing directly to the conscience of the oppressor. Universal Dharma: Gandhi believed that this message of Ahimsa could unite all Indians across religious and caste boundaries. Early Satyagraha Experiments by Mahatma Gandhi (1917–1918) 📍 1. Champaran (1917) Location: Bihar Cause: Oppressive tinkathia indigo plantation system. Result: Inspired peasants to struggle; forced inquiry into planter oppression. 📍 2. Kheda (1917) Location: Gujarat Cause: Peasant crop failure & plague epidemic. Demand: Relaxation of land revenue collection. Result: British agreed to suspend revenue for poor peasants. 📍 3. Ahmedabad (1918) Location: Gujarat Cause: Cotton mill workers plague bonus & inflation. Demand: 35% wage hike. Result: Successful hunger strike; mill owners granted the 35% increase. 3. THE ROWLATT ACT (1919) & JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE ⚡ THE ANARCHICAL & REVOLUTIONARY CRIMES ACT (ROWLATT ACT 1919) Hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite unanimous Indian opposition. Gave enormous powers to the police to repress political activities. Allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for up to 2 years. Gandhi organized a nationwide hartal on 6 April 1919 with rallies, shop strikes, and rail protests. 🩸 JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (13 APRIL 1919) Location: Amritsar, Punjab (Baisakhi Day). Crowd gathered to protest arrest of leaders (Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew & Dr. Satyapal) and celebrate Baisakhi. General Dyer blocked the narrow exit and ordered open firing on the unarmed crowd. Hundreds died. Dyer's Goal: To "produce a moral effect" and strike terror into satyagrahis. Khilafat Issue & Unification of Mass Movements The Grievance: After the First World War, the Ottoman Empire was defeated. Rumors spread that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Khalifa (the Ottoman Emperor, spiritual head of the Islamic world). Khilafat Committee: Formed in Bombay (March 1919) by young Muslim leaders Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhi's Vision: Gandhi saw this as a golden opportunity to bring Hindus and Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. Calcutta Congress Session (Sept 1920): Gandhi convinced Congress leaders to support Khilafat along with Swaraj through Non-Cooperation. Nagpur Congress Session (Dec 1920): After intense debate, the Non-Cooperation programme was formally ratified. 4. DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1921–1922) The movement was launched in January 1921. Various social groups joined with their own distinct aspirations of Swaraj. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ⭐ TOPPER'S MASTER REVISION NOTES CBSE Class 10 History • Chapter 2: Nationalism in India Page 2 of 7

Social Strand Key Activities & Methods Internal Conflicts / Limitations 1. In Towns & Cities (Middle Class) • Students left govt-aided schools/colleges; lawyers quit courts. • Council elections boycotted (except Madras by Justice Party). • Foreign cloth burnt in bonfires; liquor shops picketed. • Foreign cloth imports halved: ₹102 Cr (1921) → ₹57 Cr (1922). • Khadi cloth was much more expensive than British mill cloth; poor could not afford it. • Lack of alternative Indian institutions forced students, teachers, and lawyers to slowly drift back to British institutions. 2. Peasant Movement in Awadh (Countryside) • Led by Baba Ramchandra (a sanyasi, former Fiji indentured laborer). • Demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive talukdars. • Nai-Dhobi Bandhs organized by village panchayats. • Oudh Kisan Sabha set up in Oct 1920 by Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra (over 300 branches within a month). • Peasant movement turned violent in 1921: houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards taken over. • Local leaders told peasants that Gandhi declared no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed. 3. Tribal Guerrilla Movement (Gudem Hills, Andhra Pradesh) • Tribals enraged because colonial govt closed large forest areas, stopping cattle grazing and firewood gathering. • British forced tribals into unpaid begar for hill road construction. • Led by Alluri Sitaram Raju: claimed miraculous healing powers, bullet survival, and astrological foresight. • Raju praised Gandhi and urged people to wear Khadi and stop drinking, BUT insisted India could only be freed by force/violence , not non-violence. • Rebels attacked police stations and attempted to kill British officials. Raju was captured and executed in 1924. 4. Swaraj in Plantations (Assam Tea Gardens) • Plantation workers were restricted under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 (not permitted to leave tea gardens without permission). • For them, Swaraj meant the right to move freely and maintain ties with their home villages. • Thousands defied authorities, left plantations, and headed home. • Stranded on the way due to railway and steamer strikes. • Caught by the colonial police and brutally beaten up. 🛑 CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT & WITHDRAWAL OF MOVEMENT (FEBRUARY 1922) At Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh), a peaceful peasant procession clashed with police. The agitated mob set fire to a police station, burning 22 policemen alive. Mahatma Gandhi realized that satyagrahis were not adequately trained in non-violence and immediately called off the Non-Cooperation Movement. 5. TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE (1922 – 1930)🏛️ INTERNAL CONGRESS DEBATE 1. Swaraj Party (Jan 1923): Formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru. They argued for participating in provincial council elections (set up under the GoI Act 1919) to oppose British policies from within the council chambers. 2. Radical Young Leaders: Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose opposed council politics, pushing for radical mass agitation and complete independence (*Purna Swaraj*). 📉 TWO FACTORS SHAPING POLITICS (LATE 1920S) 1. Worldwide Great Depression: Agricultural prices plummeted from 1926 and completely crashed after 1929. Peasant exports collapsed, making it impossible to pay revenue demands. 2. Simon Commission (1928): Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon sent to review India's constitution. It had NO Indian members. Greeted everywhere with black flags and "Go Back Simon" slogans. Lala Lajpat Rai died following a brutal lathi charge in Lahore. ⭐ TOPPER'S MASTER REVISION NOTES CBSE Class 10 History • Chapter 2: Nationalism in India Page 3 of 7

🚩 LAHORE CONGRESS SESSION (DECEMBER 1929) — LANDMARK DECISION Presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru. Formalized the historic demand for Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) . Declared 26 January 1930 as Independence Day, where citizens were urged to take a pledge to struggle for complete severance from British rule. 6. THE SALT MARCH & CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930–1934) 🧂 WHY DID GANDHI CHOOSE SALT AS THE ULTIMATE SYMBOL OF RESISTANCE? On 31 January 1930, Gandhi sent an 11-point ultimatum to Viceroy Lord Irwin. The central demand was the abolition of the Salt Tax. Salt was an indispensable item of food consumed equally by the rich, poor, Hindus, Muslims, and all castes. The British monopoly over salt manufacturing and the tax levied on it revealed the most inhuman and oppressive face of colonial exploitation. The Historic Dandi March (12 March – 6 April 1930) Starting Point & Destination: From Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram (Ahmedabad) to the coastal village of Dandi (Gujarat). Distance & Duration: 240 miles covered in 24 days (about 10 miles per day) with 78 trusted volunteers. Breaking the Law: On 6 April 1930, Gandhi reached Dandi, picked up a lump of natural salt from the shore, boiled seawater, and violated the British monopoly, marking the official launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement . 🎯 High-Yield 5-Marker: Difference Between NCM and CDM Feature Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) Primary Objective Redressal of Punjab & Khilafat wrongs + Swaraj. Attainment of Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence). Method of Struggle Refusal to cooperate with British administration (boycott of titles, schools, courts, goods). Breaking colonial laws (Salt law, Forest laws, non-payment of land & chowkidari taxes). Muslim Participation Massive and enthusiastic due to the Khilafat alliance. Significantly low due to distrust and Hindu- Muslim estrangement. Women's Involvement Limited outdoor and picket involvement. Large-scale active participation (salt making, picketing liquor shops, courting arrest). Legal Violations Did not involve active law-breaking. Direct violation of state laws across the country. • • • • • • • • ⭐ TOPPER'S MASTER REVISION NOTES CBSE Class 10 History • Chapter 2: Nationalism in India Page 4 of 7

7. PARTICIPATION OF SOCIAL GROUPS IN CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Social Group Why They Joined (Notion of Swaraj) Why They Felt Disappointed / Withdrew 1. Rich Peasants (Patidars of Gujarat, Jats of UP) • Hard-hit by trade depression and falling crop prices. • Unable to pay government revenue. • For them, Swaraj was a fight against high revenue demands. • Deeply disappointed when movement was called off in 1931 without revenue rates being revised. • Many refused to participate when relaunched in 1932. 2. Poor Peasants & Tenants • Small tenants rented land from landlords. • Depression made paying cash rent impossible. • Wanted unpaid rent to be remitted ("no-rent" campaigns). • Congress was reluctant to back "no-rent" campaigns because it did not want to alienate rich peasant landlords. 3. Business & Industrialists (G.D. Birla, Purshottamdas) • Wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. • Demanded favorable Rupee-Sterling exchange ratio. • Formed Indian Industrial & Commercial Congress (1920) and FICCI (1927). • After the failure of Round Table Conference, they grew anxious about militant disruption, prolonged trade strikes, and growing socialist trends inside Congress. 4. Industrial Working Class • Mostly boycotted the movement, except in Nagpur. • Railway workers (strike in 1930) and dockworkers (1932) struck work. • Chotanagpur tin-mine workers wore Gandhi caps and picketed. • Congress hesitated to integrate workers' demands into its programme, fearing it would alienate industrialists. 5. Women • Participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. • High-caste urban women and rich peasant rural women saw service to nation as a sacred duty. • Gandhi believed women's primary duty was looking after home, hearth, and children. • Congress long hesitated to grant women positions of authority in the organization. 8. THE LIMITS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE (DALITS & MUSLIMS) ✊ 1. DALIT PARTICIPATION & POONA PACT For long, Congress ignored Dalits (*Untouchables*) fearing conservative high-caste Hindus (Sanatanis). Gandhi's Stand: Called them Harijan (Children of God), organized satyagrahas for temple entry, and cleaned toilets to dignify sanitation work. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Organized Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association (1930). Demanded separate electorates for Dalits at the 2nd Round Table Conference. Poona Pact (Sept 1932): Gandhi fast unto death in Yervada Jail. Ambedkar agreed to drop separate electorates in return for reserved seats in provincial & central legislatures elected by a general electorate. 🕌 2. MUSLIM ALIENATION & DISTRUST After Khilafat waned, Muslims felt increasingly alienated from Congress. Congress became visibly associated with Hindu religious groups like the Hindu Mahasabha. Communal clashes and riots worsened trust between both communities. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to surrender separate electorates if Muslims got reserved seats in Central Assembly and proportional representation in Bengal & Punjab. All hopes crashed in 1928 when M.R. Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed compromises. When CDM started, large Muslim sections stayed aloof. 9. THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING (CULTURAL PROCESSES) Nationalism spreads when people discover shared historical experiences, cultural symbols, and collective identity. • • • • • • • • • ⭐ TOPPER'S MASTER REVISION NOTES CBSE Class 10 History • Chapter 2: Nationalism in India Page 5 of 7

🖼️ 1. Bharat Mata Image • Created first by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay who wrote 'Vande Mataram' (1870s) in Anandamath. • Painted by Abanindranath Tagore (1905): portrayed as an ascetic, calm, divine, and spiritual goddess figure. 📜 2. Folklore Revival • Nationalists recorded village folk songs, ballads, and fairy tales. • Rabindranath Tagore led Bengal folk revival. • In Madras, Natesa Sastri published 4-volume The Folklore of Southern India as national literature. 🇮🇳 3. National Flags • Swadeshi Flag (1905, Bengal): Tricolour (red, green, yellow) with 8 lotuses (8 provinces) & crescent moon. • Swaraj Flag (1921): Gandhi designed tricolour (red, green, white) with central Charkha (spinning wheel). 📖 4. Reinterpretation • British portrayed Indians as primitive, divided, and incapable. • Nationalist writers rediscovered ancient Indian advancements in science, art, mathematics, architecture, philosophy, and maritime trade. 10. MANDATORY CBSE BOARD MAP-WORK GUIDE (100% EXAM GUARANTEE) CBSE consistently asks 2–3 marks from this chapter for map identification and location pointing. Memorize these exact locations: Location & State Historical Significance / Event How to Locate on India Outline Map MAP Champaran (Bihar) Movement of Indigo Plantation Peasants (1917 Satyagraha). Northern part of Bihar, near the Nepal border. MAP Kheda (Gujarat) Peasant Satyagraha for revenue relaxation (1917). Central Gujarat, just south-east of Ahmedabad. MAP Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha (1918). Central-western Gujarat, north of Kheda. MAP Amritsar (Punjab) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919). North-western Punjab, near India-Pakistan border. MAP Chauri Chaura (Uttar Pradesh) Calling off of Non-Cooperation Movement (Feb 1922). Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Gorakhpur district. MAP Dandi (Gujarat) Civil Disobedience Movement / Salt March termination (6 April 1930). South Gujarat coastal line, near Navsari/Surat. MAP Calcutta Session (West Bengal) Congress Session in Sept 1920 (NCM resolution mooted). Southern West Bengal, near the Ganges delta. MAP Nagpur Session (Maharashtra) Congress Session in Dec 1920 (NCM programme formally adopted). Central India / north-eastern part of Maharashtra. MAP Madras Session (Tamil Nadu) Congress Session in 1927 (Decision to boycott Simon Commission). Coastal north-eastern Tamil Nadu (modern Chennai). MAP Lahore Session (Punjab/Pakistan) Congress Session in Dec 1929 (Purna Swaraj resolution passed). North-western border, historically in undivided Punjab. 11. TOP CBSE 3-MARK & 5-MARK QUESTIONS (WITH MODEL BULLETS) 3 MARKS Q1. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement? Give three reasons. Model Answer: Repressive British Measures: Outrage over the arbitrary Rowlatt Act (1919) and the brutal Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar. Khilafat Issue: Gandhi wanted to support Ottoman Khalifa and forge united Hindu-Muslim brotherhood. Belief in Swaraj: Gandhi wrote in Hind Swaraj (1909) that British rule survived solely due to Indian cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule would collapse within a year. • • • ⭐ TOPPER'S MASTER REVISION NOTES CBSE Class 10 History • Chapter 2: Nationalism in India Page 6 of 7

5 MARKS Q2. Explain the main features of the Gudem Hills tribal peasant movement in Andhra Pradesh. Model Answer: Causes of Discontent: Colonial forest acts prevented tribals from entering forests for grazing cattle and collecting fuel; the colonial state forced them to do unpaid begar for road construction. Role of Alluri Sitaram Raju: Raju claimed divine powers, urged tribals to wear Khadi and give up drinking, but advocated violent struggle instead of pure non-violence. Methods Used: Gudem rebels organized guerrilla warfare, attacked police stations, and tried to assassinate British officials. Outcome: Raju was captured and executed in 1924, becoming an enduring folk hero for Indian tribal resistance. 5 MARKS Q3. How did the sense of collective belonging develop in India during the nationalist movement? Model Answer: Image of Bharat Mata: Bankim Chandra's literary personification and Abanindranath Tagore's spiritual painting created a tangible identity of the motherland. Revival of Indian Folklore: Collecting regional folk tales and ballads (Tagore in Bengal, Natesa Sastri in Madras) revived genuine national identity free from colonial corruption. National Flags: Tricolour flags (1905 Swadeshi flag with 8 lotuses and 1921 Swaraj Charkha flag) symbolized self-reliance and national unity. Reinterpretation of History: Highlighting ancient Indian brilliance in sciences, mathematics, architecture, and statecraft instilled self-confidence against colonial inferiority propaganda. 12. TOPPER'S MNEMONIC CHEAT-SHEET FOR INSTANT RECALL 💡 GOLDEN MNEMONICS FOR FAST MEMORY RETENTION Early Satyagrahas: "CAKE" → Champaran (1917) ➔ Ahmedabad (1918) ➔ Kheda (1917) ➔ Experiments. Congress Sessions Trio: "C-N-L" → Calcutta (Sept 1920: NCM proposal) ➔ Nagpur (Dec 1920: NCM adoption) ➔ Lahore (Dec 1929: Purna Swaraj). Collective Belonging 4 Pillars: "F-I-L-M" → Folklore revival ➔ Image of Bharat Mata ➔ Learning/Reinterpreting History ➔ March/National Flags. 🏆 Master these structured points, dates, and keywords to score a flawless 100% in CBSE Class 10 History! • • • • • • • • • • • ⭐ TOPPER'S MASTER REVISION NOTES CBSE Class 10 History • Chapter 2: Nationalism in India Page 7 of 7