SKIA REFERENCES: Development of the Crookes Tube & Cathode Ray Experiments Crookes, W. (1879). On Cathode Rays and the Radiant State of Matter. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 170, 135–164. Royal Society Archives. (1919). Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased: Sir William Crookes, O.M. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 96(680), i–ix. Eisenberg, R. L. (1992). Radiology: An Illustrated History. Mosby Year Book. Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Röntgen, W. C. (1896). On a New Kind of Rays. Nature, 53(1369), 274–276. Nobel Media AB. (1901). The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography. NobelPrize.org. General: Glasser, O. (1993). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Early History of the Roentgen Rays. History of Radiology Series, Norman Publishing. Founding of the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) American Roentgen Ray Society. (1950). The American Roentgen Ray Society: 1900–1950. ARRS Centennial History Records. Robarts, H. (1900). The Roentgen Society of the United States. The American X-Ray Journal, 6(5), 741–745. Bruwer, A. J. (1989). Classic Descriptions in Diagnostic Roentgenology. Charles C Thomas Publishing.

SKIA REFERENCES: Clarence Dally & The First Documented Radiation Fatality Percy, B. (1904). In Memoriam: Clarence Madison Dally. Archives of the Roentgen Ray, 9(6), 138–140. Brown, P. (1936). American Martyrs to Science Through the Roentgen Rays. Charles C Thomas Publishing. Sansare, K., Khanna, V., & Singh, B. (2011). Early victims of X-rays: a tribute and current perception. Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology, 40(2), 123–125. Albert Einstein & Radiation Physics Foundations Snook, H. C. (1907). An Interrupterless X-Ray Current Transformer. Transactions of the American Roentgen Ray Society. Electrical World. (1942). Obituary: Homer Clyde Snook. Electrical World, 118, 128. Sprawls, P. (1993). Physical Principles of Medical Imaging (2nd ed.). Aspen Publishers. 1913: Niels Bohr’s Planetary Model of the Atom

SKIA REFERENCES: CLARENCE DALLY Iddins, C. J., DiCarlo, A. L., Ervin, M. D., Herrera-Reyes, E., & Goans, R. E. (2022). Cutaneous and local radiation injuries. Journal of Radiological Protection, 42(1), 10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8785213/ International Atomic Energy Agency. (2001). Radiological protection of patients in diagnostic and interventional radiology, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy: Proceedings of an international conference held in Malaga, Spain, 26–30 March 2001. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1113_scr/Pub1113_scr1.p df WILLIAM COOLIDGE: COOLIDGE TUBE Bell, D. J. (2024, February 6). Key figures in the history of radiology. Radiopaedia.org. https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-69574 Kearsley, E. (2018, January 29). The dueling designs for the modern X-ray tube in World War I. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. https://www.americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/dueling-designs-modern-x-ray- tube-world-war-i National Academy of Sciences. (n.d.). William David Coolidge—Biographical memoir. https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/william-coolidge-tw3wxz/

SKIA REFERENCES: AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF RADIOLOGICAL TECHNICIANS American Society of Radiologic Technologists. (n.d.). History of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists. https://www.asrt.org/main/about-asrt/museum-and-archives/asrt-history Boice, J. D., Dauer, L. T., Kase, K. R., Mettler, F. A., & Vetter, R. J. (2020). Evolution of radiation protection for medical workers. The British Journal of Radiology, 93(1112), Article 20200282. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200282 BRITISH X-RAY AND RADIUM PROTECTION COMMITTEE British Journal of Radiology (1921). “Preliminary Report of the X-Ray and Radium Protection Committee.” https://doi.org/10.1259/are.1921.0003 British Journal of Radiology (1953). “The British X-ray and Radium Protection Committee.” https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-26-311-553 Nature (1921). “Protective Measures against X-rays and Radium.” https://doi.org/10.1038/107557a0 ARRS ADVANCES EARLY PROTECTION Boice, J. D., Dauer, L. T., Kase, K. R., Mettler, F. A., & Vetter, R. J. (2020). Evolution of radiation protection for medical workers. The British Journal of Radiology, 93(1112), Article 20200282. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200282 Henshaw, P. S. (1958). Radiologists and protection from radiations. Radiology, 69(1), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1148/69.1.114

Taylor, L. S. (1964). X-ray measurements and protection, 1913–1964. U.S. National Bureau of Standards. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-ba743a2ed2906d750b0082cc5e7f2 85a/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-ba743a2ed2906d750b0082cc5e7f285a.pdf

SKIA REFERENCES: First Automatic Film Processor (PAKO) Studocu. (n.d.). Chapter 12: Processing the latent image - Automatic film processing. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/riverside-college/radiologic-technology/ch apter-12-processing-the-latent-image-automatic-film-processing/140687815 Studocu. (n.d.). Chapter 12: Processing the latent image. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/lorma-colleges/radiologic-technology/cha pter-12-processing-the-latent-image/60709383 Image Intensifier Coltman, J. W. (1952). Fluoroscopic image intensification and the X-ray image intensifier. Radiology History Online. https://radiology-history.online/papers/fluoro-coltman-O.pdf Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity. (n.d.). Image intensifier converter tube. Oak Ridge Associated Universities. https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radiology/x-ray-and-imaging-e quipment/image-intensifier-converter-tube.html’ United States Patent Office. (1952). Image intensifier tube (U.S. Patent No. 2,606,299). https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/8d/d4/77/930615b1b688c7/US2606 299.pdf Introduction of Xeroradiography Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Chester Floyd Carlson. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chester-F-Carlson

SKIA REFERENCES: National Inventors Hall of Fame. (n.d.). Chester Carlson. https://www.invent.org/inductees/chester-f-carlson Xerox Corporation. (n.d.). Chester Carlson and the invention of xerography. https://www.xerox.com/en-us/innovation/insights/chester-carlson-xerography SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) Engineering and Technology History Wiki. (n.d.). Kuhl & Edwards produce CT scan. https://ethw.org/Kuhl_%26_Edwards_Produce_CT_Scan Jaszczak, R. J. (2014). The early years of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). https://www.sprmn.pt/pdf/pmb6_13_r07_SPECT_%28RJ_Jaszczak%29.pdf Rahmim, A., & Zaidi, H. (2008). SPECT versus PET: Strengths, limitations and challenges. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00259-013-2606-5 The Evolution of Imaging Technology. (n.d.). David E. Kuhl. https://www.theevolutionofimagingtechnology.com/david-e-kuhl/

SKIA REFERENCES: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Allan MacLeod Cormack | American physicist |Britannica. (2019). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Allan-MacLeod-Cormack Bhattacharyya, K. B. (2016). Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield (1919–2004). Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 19(4), 448–450. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.194414 Cancer Council WA. (2026, July 8). CT scan | What to expect and possible side effects. https://cancerwa.asn.au/about-cancer/cancer-treatments/ct-scan/ Center for Devices and Radiological Health. (2023, May 1). Computed Tomography (CT). U.S. Food And Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/computed- tomography-ct?utm CT scan safety: a radiation reality check | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. (2025, July 1). https://www.mskcc.org/news/scan-safety-radiation-reality-check Diagnostics, F. (2026b, April 9). Is CT scan safe? What you need to know before getting one. Focus Diagnostics. https://focusdiagnostics.in/blog/is-ct-scan-safe Liu, L. (2026, June 27). The evolution of global CT technology: new beginnings, swaying, flourishing, and blossoming. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/evolution-global-ct-technology-new-beginnings-s waying-li-liu-rahrc/

SKIA REFERENCES: Professional, C. C. M. (2026, May 22). CT (Computed Tomography) scan. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/4808-ct-computed-tomography-s can Tojjar, D. (2024, October 1). What ALARA really means and how to read a CT radiation dose. Reading the Evidence. https://readingtheevidence.org/articles/alara-and-reading-ct-radiation-dose/ MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Center for Devices and Radiological Health. (2017, December 9). Benefits and risks. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/mri-magnetic-resonance-imagin g/benefits-and-risks?utm#:~:text=But%20while%20there%20are%20no%20kno wn%20health,medical%20professionals%20if%20those%20objects%20become %20projectiles. Dreizen, P. (2004). The Nobel prize for MRI: a wonderful discovery and a sad controversy. The Lancet, 363(9402), 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15182-3 Minasyan, S. (2023, August 26). Raymond Damadian – inventor of the first MRI scanning machine. Armenian-History.com. https://armenian-history.com/raymond-damadian-inventor-of-the-first-mri-scannin g-machine/

SKIA REFERENCES: Paul Lauterbur | American chemist | Britannica. (2020). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Lauterbur Rederer, M. (2024, June 3). Exploring the history of the MRI: How Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur, and Peter Mansfield revolutionized medicine. RITE Advantage. https://riteadvantage.com/exploring-the-history-of-the-mri-how-raymond-damadia n-paul-lauterbur-and-peter-mansfield-revolutionized-medicine/ Sir Peter Mansfield | British physicist | Britannica. (2019). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Mansfield Website, N. (2026, June 8). MRI scan. nhs.uk. https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/ SPIRAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Canon Inc. to acquire Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation shares and make it a subsidiary | Canon Global. (n.d.). Canon Global. https://global.canon/en/news/2016/20161219.html?utm#:~:text=As%20clearance %20has%20been%20obtained%20from%20the,and%20make%20the%20compa ny%20a%20Canon%20subsidiary.

SKIA REFERENCES: Canon Medical Sistemler Turkey A.Ş. (2026, February 14). History | Corporate Information | About us | Canon Medical Systems. Canon Medical Sistemler Turkey a.Ş. https://tr.medical.canon/about-us/corporate/history/?utmi#:~:text=1987.%20Achie ved%20production%20of%20the%2020%2C000th%20X%2Dray,Europe%20B.V. %20established.%201979.%20Nasu%20Operations%20established. Cooper, R. (2025, July 23). Does Toshiba still exist? Unraveling the mystery of a legacy brand - easy Tech Solver. Easy Tech Solver. https://easytechsolver.com/does-toshiba-still-exist/ Hsieh, J., & Flohr, T. (2021). Computed tomography recent history and future perspectives. Journal of Medical Imaging, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jmi.8.5.052109 Imaging, V. (2026, July 30). What is helical spiral CT scanning? Varex Imaging. https://www.vareximaging.com/blogs/what-is-helical-spiral-ct-scanning/?utm TWIN SPIRAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Australia, T. (2025, March 18). Establishment of “Elscint”, the first Israeli company whose shares were issued on the NASDAQ stock exchange, by Technion scientists. https://austechnion.com/cool_timeline/establishment-of-elscint-the-first-israeli-co mpany-whose-shares-were-issued-on-the-nasdaq-stock-exchange-by-technion-s cientists/

SKIA REFERENCES: Diagnostic Imaging - Radiology News, Imaging Expert Insights. (2020, November 13). Elscint takes aim at cardiac CT. Diagnostic Imaging - Radiology News, Imaging Expert Insights. https://www.diagnosticimaging.com/view/elscint-takes-aim-cardiac-ct Diagnostic Vision. (2023, October 25). Elscint Twin Flash Spiral CT. Diagnostic Vision. https://diagnosticvision.com/ct/elscint-twin-flash-spiral-ct Elscint Ltd. | Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/elscint-ltd The eclectic history of medical imaging. (2021, October 3). Imaging Technology News. https://www.itnonline.com/article/eclectic-history-medical-imaging

SKIA REFERENCES: Digital Subtraction Fluoroscopy Kruger, R. A., Mistretta, C. A., Crummy, A. B., Sackett, J. F., Goodsitt, M. M., Riederer, S. J., Houk, T. L., Shaw, C.-G., & Fleming, D. (1977). Digital K-edge subtraction radiography. Radiology, 125(1), 243–245. https://doi.org/10.1148/125.1.243 Mistretta, C. A. (2011). Sub-Nyquist acquisition and constrained reconstruction in time resolved angiography. Medical Physics, 38(6), 2975–2985. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3589132 Radiopaedia.org. (n.d.). Radiopaedia.org: The peer-reviewed collaborative radiology resource. https://radiopaedia.org/ University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Radiology. (n.d.). Department of Radiology. https://www.radiology.wisc.edu/ PACS System Andriole, K. P. (2022). SPIE Medical Imaging 50th anniversary: History of the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems Conference. Journal of Digital Imaging. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9558896/ Duerinckx, A. J. (2003). Introduction to two PACS ’82 panel discussions edited by André J. Duerinckx, M.D., Ph.D.: “Equipment manufacturers’ view on PACS” and “The medical community’s view on PACS.” Journal of Digital Imaging, 16(1), 29–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-002-6009-6 Howard University Hospital. (n.d.). Howard University Hospital | Washington, D.C. https://www.huhealthcare.com/

SKIA REFERENCES: Fujifilm: Laser-Stimulable Phosphors for Computed Radiography Miyahara, J., Takahashi, K., & Kato, H. (1984). New computed radiography utilizing photostimulated luminescence of BaFX²⁺ (X = Cl, Br, I) phosphors. In International Conference on Luminescence—1984: Technical Digest Series (Paper TuD23). Optica Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1364/ICOL.1984.TuD23 Jouan, B. (1999). Digital mammography performed with computed radiography technology. European Journal of Radiology, 31(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0720-048X(99)00065-0 Higgs Boson Discovered at CERN's LHC CERN. (2012, July 4). CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson. https://home.cern/cern-experiments-observe-particle-consistent-with-long-sought -higgs-boson/ CERN. (n.d.). The Higgs boson. https://home.cern/science/physics/higgs-boson/ University of Edinburgh, School of Physics and Astronomy. (n.d.). School of Physics and Astronomy. https://www.ph.ed.ac.uk/

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SKIA REFERENCES: https://www.radiologyandphysicalmedicine.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/TRABAJO_ SPECT_FINAL_ESP.pdf’ TIMELINE A timeline of our profession: Highlights of the History of Radiologic Technology - ARRT. (n.d.). https://www.arrt.org/pages/arrt-timeline Radiography. (2026, May 9). History of Radiology — Radiography 101. Radiography 101. https://radiography101.org/history IMAGES https://alchetron.com/cdn/william-d-coolidge-d08e2ba5-02b0-48f8-94e5-b3e46d92c5e-resize-75 0.png https://i.pinimg.com/originals/dd/89/5f/dd895f775373a4a885c17e93069e6e0c.jpg https://cdn.britannica.com/64/20964-004-80386569/Wilhelm-Conrad-Rontgen.jpg https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/0/0/7/88007_cw0415_classickit_f1_30 0m.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-clinical-xray.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-curie-radioactivity.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-fluoroscopy-contrast.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-nuclear-medicine.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-ultrasound.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-ct-scanner.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-mri-development.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-pet-digital.jpg https://radiography101.org/assets/history-mdct-3d.jpg

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