Ministry of Works Malaysia STRATEGIC PARTNERS: Principal Partner Prlatinum JOINTLY ORGANISED BY: IN COLLABORATION WITH: IN ASSOCIATION WITH: SUPPORTED BY: Gold Bronze Executive Venue Partner: A JOHN DEERE COMPANY

Content 1 CONTENTS Preface ii Meet Our Team: Technical Programme Committee iii PARALLEL SESSION 1: Transportation Engineering 1. User Perception of Hard Shoulder Running (Smart Lane) Implementation in Malaysia: Implications for Safety and Operational Policy 1 By: Nusayba Megat Johari 2. Intelligent Transport System (ITS) Deployment and Future Applications in Malaysia - Challenges and Issues 3 By: Dato’ Sri Ir. Ismail Salleh 3. A Framework for Evaluating Third-Party Access to Controlled- Access Highways: A Traffic Engineering Perspective 5 By: Ir. Noorfakhriah Yaakub 4. Assessing Readiness of AI-based Autonomous Shuttle Integration in Malaysia’s First-and Last-Mile Transport Network 7 By: Sathiaseelan A/L Perumal 5. TyreGates: Infrastructure Based Tyre Monitoring for Fleet Safety and Operational Efficiency 9 By: Kevin Prescott PARALLEL SESSION 2: Pavement Engineering 1. Laboratory-based Fatigue Performance and Cracking Potential of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash-Modified Asphalt Binders. 10 By: Krishna Prapoorna Biligiri 2. Field Evaluation of Tensile Strength Ratio of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt for Long Term Performance Effectiveness in Malaysia 11 By: Samsul Jaharudin

Content2 3. Re-Engineering Malaysian Pavement Durability: Integrating QASTALANI HiMA Binder Technology, Structural Design and Lifestyle Economics 13 By: Garrick Chong 4. Rutting, Moisture Susceptibility, Durability and Cost Savings of Natural Rubber Modified Asphalt (NRMA) with RAP 15 By: Ir. Kamaruddin Othman 5. Development and Research of a Novel Asphalt Anti-Sticking Isolation Agent 17 By: Li Qinghua 6. Advances in Research and Application of Rubberized Asphalt Technology in China 19 By: Hongwei Chen PARALLEL SESSION 3: Bridge Engineering 1. Evaluating the Safe Commuting of Exclusive Motorcycle Lanes (EMCL) for Motorcycle Riders using Exposure-Based Crash Analysis: A Case Study of Jambatan Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah 22 By: Ts. Mohd Azahar Bin Awang 2. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) Composite Bridge under Urban and Coastal Exposure Conditions: A Case Study of the Setiawangsa-Pantai Expressway Bridge, Malaysia 24 By: Dr. Ng Hui-Teng 3. Bridge Condition Assessment and Maintenance Prioritization Using Inspection Data in Malaysia 26 By: Ahmad Shakirin Muhamad Ruzlan PARALLEL SESSION 4: Smart Technology 1. Development and Implementation of an Autonomous Solar-Powered IoT Flood Early Warning System 30 By: Prof. Ir. Dr. R. Badlishah Ahmad

Content 3 2. Comparative Analysis of VISSIM and SIDRA on Signalised Intersection at Tanjung Malim 31 By: Ir. Nor Azilawati Binti Abu Talaha 3. Pave-TM in Combination with Super-Ski: Practical Sensor-based Thickness Control for Improved Asphalt Pavement Quality 32 By: Alexander Wahlmann 4. A Mini Review of Autonomous Last-Mile Delivery Systems to Transform the Country Through Future Ready Roads 34 By: Abdullah Alazemi 5. Smart Traffic Light Implementation in Malaysia: Policy Alignment and Cost–Benefit Analysis under ITS Roadmap 2030 35 By: Ir. Mohd Fairuz Bin Mamat @ Muhamad 6. Reducing Motorcycle Risk in Malaysia Through AI-Powered Rider Assistance and Telematics: The Role of RideHawk™ 36 By: Richard Hanowski PARALLEL SESSION 5: Road Forensic Engineering 1. Sustainable Pavement Asset Management and Redesign: A Data- Informed Framework Integrating SEIA for Resilient Road Infrastructure 38 By: Javed Bari 2. Structural Integrity and Serviceability Evaluation of Bridges Using Ambient Vibration Testing 40 By: Ir. Ts. Gs. Mohammad Hafizi Bin Ghazali 3. Developing a Classification Framework for Culvert-Associated Road Failures in Malaysia Through Comparative Analysis of Forensic Investigation Cases 42 By: Ir. Ts. Leong Geok Teng 4. Integration of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Geotechnical Methods for Subgrade Failure Investigation: A Case Study of Recurrent Road Damage in Malaysia. 43 By: Romziah Binti Azit

Content4 5. Interpreting Pavement Condition Assessment Results for Riding Performance and Driving Mode Screening: A Case Study of FT003, Malaysia 45 By: Anuar Adamuddin PARALLEL SESSION 6: Environment & Sustainability 1. Role of Functional Additives in the Storage Stability and High- Temperature Behaviour of SBS/rHDPE-Modified Bituminous Binders 47 By: Xingchi Wu 2. Cost-Effectiveness of Geosynthetic Infrastructure Solutions Driven by ESG Practices 49 By: Khoo Cheng May 3. Utilization of Ceramic Sludge Waste (CSW) as a Potential Mineral Filler (MF) in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) 51 By: Ir. Ts. Hidra Hasbee Bin Jamil 4. Advancing Sustainable Pavements: Warm Mix Asphalt ACWC20 with 30% RAP Using GTL-Based Saraphalt Additive 52 By: Cham Peir Jer 5. A Case Study on Advancing Towards Net Zero Through Operational Excellence: Insights from PLUS Malaysia Berhad 54 By: Ts. Mohd Rosnizam Zailan 6. Evaluation of Food Waste-Derived Organic Compost Fertilizer for Sustainable Landscape Management 56 By: Nursyazwani Abd Rashid PARALLEL SESSION 7: Slope & Geotechnical Engineering 1. Debris Flow: PWD Malaysia’s Experience in Road Infrastructure Protection 57 By: Dr. Mohamad Niizar Bin Abdurahman 2. Field Implementation of an Automated Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing System for Real-Time Landslide Monitoring 58 By: Ir. Ts. Muhammad Farid Bin Ghazali

Content 5 3. In-Situ Evaluation of Shaft Friction and End Bearing Resistance of Large Diameter Caisson Foundations Using Ring Friction and Plate Bearing Tests 59 By: Mohd Hafiz Bin Shafie 4. Performance Evaluation of High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction for Engineered Fill Platforms Using Plate Bearing and Mackintosh Probe Tests in Malaysian Soil Conditions. 60 By: Ir. Qusanssori Noor Bin Rusli PARALLEL SESSION 8: Pavement Engineering 1. A Comparative Study on Laboratory UV Aging, Natural Exposure Aging, and PAV Aging of VG-40 61 By: Adyasha Mohanty 2. Performance Evaluation of Pavement Rehabilitation Using IRI and FWD Indicator 62 By: Muhammad Qayyim Bin Suhaimi 3. Effectiveness of Warm Mix Asphalt at Pavement Service Temperature 63 By: Prof Ir. Dr. Ratnasamy A/L Muniandy 4. Development of Individual Functional Pavement Indices for Pavement Condition Assessment 64 By: Ts. Nur Faezah Binti Yahya 5. High-Modulus Asphalt Pavement Technology in China: Research Progress, Standardization, and Future Perspectives 66 By: Chao Han Parallel Session 9: Highway Engineering 1. Construction of an Intelligent Highway Traffic Data Analytics Platform: From Multi-Source Data Integration to Value-Added Monitoring Dashboards 69 By: Hsu Chih-Ling 2. SAHEL: Scalable Road Condition Monitoring for Diverse Networks Using Rugged Vehicle-Based Sensing 70 By: Kevin Prescott

Content6 3. Climate Resilient Infrastructure Design: A Case Study of the Morava Corridor Motorway Project 71 By: Ozger Inal 4. The Use of Rubberized Fiber Mixtures to Reduce Noise on Highways Kerinchi Link, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 72 By: Ir. Dr. Shakor Ramat Bin A. Badaruddin 5. Evaluating Multi-Speed Deflectometer (MSD) as a Continuous Alternative to Conventional Structural Testing on PLUS Expressways 73 By: Ts. Siti Afzakaswani Binti Ahmad Farouk PARALLEL SESSION 10: Slope & Geotechnical Engineering 1. Riverbank Erosion as An Underlying Hazard Contributing to Occupational Accidents in Bridge Construction at Sg Air Tawar, Selangor: A Mangrove Based Risk Control Case Study 75 By: 2. Application of High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction (HIEDYC) for Foundation Improvement of Reinforced Earth (RE) Wall on Saturated Ground at Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan 76 By: Iradatul Hanis Binti Abd Hamid 3. Early Detection of Potential Debris Flow from Weathered Granitic Slopes: Correlating UAV Inspection, Geospatial Analysis and Rainfall Data (Gunung Chante — KM303.0 SB, NSE, Malaysia) 78 By: P. Geol. Ts. Abdul Qayyum Bin Jalal 4. Acid Mine Drainage-Enhanced Internal Erosion as A Mechanism of Slow-Lane Subsidence in A Tropical Highway Embankment: An ERT-Based Forensic Case Study from KM362.8, Pan Borneo Highway, Sarawak, Malaysia 79 By: Dr. Br. Hj. Azrin Ahmad Parallel Session 11: Road Safety 1. Risk-Based Clear Zone Design Guidelines 82 By: Sofokli Cakalli

Content 7 2. Road Safety and Human Rights 83 By: Blessing Sai 3. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Integrated Motorcycle Safety Countermeasures: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Fatality Reduction in Malaysia 84 By: Ir. Ts. Dr. Muhammad Marizwan Bin Hj. Abdul Manan 4. A Case Study on the Movement of Pavement Milling Waste Lorries During Entry and Exit Lane Closures to Prevent Accidents with Highway Users 85 By: Ir. Ts. Muhamad Hafiz Bin Abdul Rahim 5. Road Safety Improvement in Malaysia and the Asia-Pacific Region Through MASH and EN 1317 Crash-Tested Interlocked Precast Concrete Barriers 86 By: Ir. Olivier Keutgen 6. Safer Commuting for Motorcycle Riders: Investigating the Relationship Between Road Environmental Factors and Motorcycle Crash Injury Severity 88 By: Dr. Lilis Surienty Abd Talib PARALLEL SESSION 12: Bridge Engineering 1. Field Implementation and Performance of UHPC Link Slabs in Malaysia 91 By: Dr. Milad Hafezolghorani Esfahani 2. Design and Construction of Precast Segmental Long Span Girder Bridge 92 By: Ir. Nur Syahidah Binti Jamaludin 3. Enhancing Structural Integrity of Penang Bridge Stay Cables Via Advanced Real-Time Structure Health Monitoring System (SHMS) 93 By: Ir. Ts. Azrul Md Din 4. Assessment of Transmission Length in Prestressed Concrete Beams: Effects of Hooked End Steel Fiber Type and Reinforcement with Comparison to Design Code Predictions 94 By: Ibrahim Magira Tom

Content8 PARALLEL SESSION 13: Smart Technology 1. From Energy Crisis to Pavement Resilience: Integrating AI-Based Road Monitoring and HiMA Thin Pavement Design for Sustainable Malaysian Roads 96 By: Garrick Choong 2. From Data to Decisions: Leveraging Twinsights Command Centre and AI for the Next Generation of Malaysia’s Road Infrastructure Management 97 By: Dionnald Beh 3. Kaohsiung Smart Dashboard for Large-Scale Event Monitoring and Management: An Application Results Report 98 By: Po-Cheng Tsui 4. A Data-Driven Workflow for Road Corridor Mapping and Construction Integration Using Mobile LiDAR and Trimble Solutions 99 By: Lim Chin Hooi PARALLEL SESSION 14: Pavement Engineering 1. Modeling Fatigue Life of Incineration-Based Fly Ash-Modified Asphalt Pavement Systems: Laboratory-based Performance Criterion Development 101 By: Krishna Prapoorna Biligiri 2. Roller Compacted Concrete Containing Recycled Materials: Fatigue Life and Performance 102 By: Alabbaas Alhazmi 3. Multi-Scale Characterization and Fuel Resistance of Super Fiber Mix- Full Reinforcement (SFM-FR+) for Asphalt Pavements 103 By: Aina Salahuddin 4. Development and Application of Durable and Maintenance-Free Noise-Reducing Asphalt Pavement 105 By: Fengwei An 5. Influence of Waste Soda-Lime Glass Filler Micro-Angularity on the Resilient Modulus of Fine-Aggregate Mastic Mixtures 106 By: Ganesh A/L Pillaiyan

Content 9 6. Performance Evaluation and Field Application of a Polyurethane– Steel Slag Ultra-Thin Skid-Resistant Surfacing 108 By: Jinyu Xu PARALLEL SESSION 15: Asset Management 1. Implementation of a Lifecycle-based Maintenance and Inspection Management System for Traffic Facilities in Kaohsiung City 109 By: Po-Yen Yu 2. Final Evaluation of the Performance-Based Contract For Routes FT001, FT003, And FT005 (Southern Zone, Malaysia) 110 By: Ir. Ts. Chandiramohan A/L Ranjithan 3. Enhancing Highway User Expectation Through Inclusive of Prayer Room Design at Laybys: A PLUS Highway Initiative 112 By: Ts. Mohamad Rifa’i Bin Mohamad Adini 4. Understanding Stakeholder- Risk Dynamics in Road Infrastructure Projects: A Risk Attribute Perspective 114 By: Ir. Mohamad Amir Bin Jusoh 5. From Design Capacity to Lifecycle Performance: Rethinking Urban Flood Mitigation Under Asset Degradation 116 By: Ir. Br. Noor Iza Binti Bahari 6. Twelve-Month Post-Construction Performance of Full Depth Reclamation Using Bitumen Emulsion (FDR-E): Proof-of-Concept Field Trial on Malaysian Highway 117 By: Mohd Azli Ayob PARALLEL SESSION 16: Environment & Sustainability 1. Latex Bonding Effect with Recycled Plastic to Optimize Performance of Asphalt Mixture 119 By: Liew Pei Wen 2. Sustainable and Impact-Resilient Greenguard Precast Concrete Barrier for Malaysia's Highway Infrastructure 121 By: Noor Mohd Hazeem Bin Halin

Content10 3. Feasibility of Waste Plastic Modified Asphaltic Mix For New Pavement Constructions in Malaysia 123 By: Ir. Dr. Hj. Ahmad Shukri Bin Hj. Abd Rashid 4. Characterization of Waste Engine Oil Modified Bitumen based on Physical and Rheological Properties 125 By: Raza Mehmood 5. Recycled Plastic Modified Bitumen for Sustainable Road Construction: A Case Study on A Trial Road in Pahang Malaysia with Critical Factors 127 By: Ir. Phoon Chee Hoe 6. The Impact of Energy Poverty Factors on the Academic Performance of University Students in Klang Valley 129 By: Hanis Naimi Binti Hasli PARALLEL SESSION 17: Smart Technology 1. From Paper to Platform: Sovereign Digital Governance for Freight in Syria 131 By: Raya Arafat 2. Comparative Analysis of Actual and Simulated Traffic Volume Using VISSIM on Signalized Intersection 132 By: Ir. Ts. Dr. Abdul Razak Bin Ali 3. Understanding Parking Reservation Adoption and Electric Vehicle User Charging Behaviour Using a Bayesian Approach 134 By: Prof. Ir. Dr. Khoo Hooi Ling 4. A Data-Driven Speed-Flow-Density (S-F-D) Model for Intra-Urban Expressways Using Advanced Radar Technology 135 By: Syed Khairi Syed Abbas 5. Road User Charges – Mobility Transformation and Evolution of Infrastructure Funding Framework 137 By: Ir. Lee Choy Hin 6. Conceptual Design of a Distributed Acoustic Sensing-Based Vehicle Weight Monitoring Framework for Smart Road Infrastructure 139 By: Muhammad Yusoff Bin Mohd Nasir

Content 11 PARALLEL SESSION 18: Road Forensic Engineering 1. Improving Pavement Asset Management Through Integration of AI-Based Functional Assessment and Structural Evaluation 141 By: Ahmad Ashraf Alauddin 2. Laboratory Investigation of the Combined Recycled Plastic Waste Addition on Mechanical Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt 143 By: Christian Hadhinata 3. Foamed Bitumen Full Depth Reclamation for Rapid Rehabilitation: A Comparative Study of Early-Life and Time-Dependent Performance 144 By: Ts. Azmil Zakaria 4. Enhancing Functional and Structural Performance of Damaged Composite Pavements in Meru Tunnel, Section N5 Using Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Overlays and Sub-Surface Drainage Improvement 146 By: Mohd Zamir Mohd Zoraini PARALLEL SESSION 19: Road Safety 1. Data-Driven Identification of High-Risk Intersections in Chattogram: A Practical Framework for Urban Road Safety Improvement 148 By: Javed Bari 2. Enhancing Road Safety in Malaysia through the Road Accident Management System Malaysia (RAMS) 150 By: Ir. Ts. Mohd Fairuz Bin Jamal 3. Spatial Analysis of Traffic Risk Using GIS for Road Hazard Mapping 152 By: Imran Amin Farid 4. Expressway Safety Enhancement: Proof of Concept for Greenguard, The TL-5 Precast Concrete Median Barrier on PLUS Expressway 153 By: Rino Effendy Abu Haris 5. An Initial Expert Judgement Approach for Developing a Safe Intersection Road Design Index in Malaysia 155 By: Ir. Raja Nurulhaiza Binti Raja Nhari

Content12 6. Delivering Sustainable Development (Transport & Mobility-place): Safer Roads Culture – Speed Paradigm Renewal 157 By: Alan Thien Len Wong PARALLEL SESSION 20: Pavement Engineering 1. Mechanistic-Empirical Design of Flexible Pavement Incorporating Fibre Mastic Asphalt (FMA) with Parametric Analysis of Key Influencing Factors 158 By: Nur Atiqah Halim 2. Bond Strength Failure Mechanism and Performance Trends of Compacted Asphalt Mixture Under Moisture Effect 160 By: Ir. Diana Humaira Binti Luke Embah 3. Strategic Selection of Plastomer and Elastomer Modified Asphalt for Future-Ready Pavements in Malaysia 161 By: Ir. Norliza Binti Abdullah 4. Enhancing Modified Asphalt Performance Using Benzophenone-Zinc Layered Hydroxide (BZLH) Nanocomposite: A Pavement Engineering Approach 162 By: Dr. Ts. Herda Yati Binti Katman PARALLEL SESSION 21: Road Forensic Engineering 1. Advancing Sustainable Construction Using GFRP Reinforcement in Structure & Infrastructure Applications 164 By: Huang Mei Si 2. Life-Cycle Assessment of Fiber-Reinforced Asphalt Pavement: A Case Study of Improved Durability and Reduced Carbon Emissions 166 By: Nurul Nadiah Zakaria 3. Acoustical and Microstructural Properties of Porous Asphalt Used in Malaysian Roadways 167 By: Zulhakim Bin Ab Aziz

Content 13 4. Full Depth Reclamation Using Polymer-Modified Cementitious Stabilisation for Soft Ground Pavement Rehabilitation: Field Performance and Preliminary Mechanistic Characterisation 169 By: Ir. Khairul Anuar Ahmad Affandi PARALLEL SESSION 22: Slope & Geotechnical Engineering 1. Advanced Moisture Management in Pavement Systems: A Review Integrating Wicking Geotextiles for Future Infrastructure 171 By: Dantes Siow Kaei Te 2. UAV-Based Automated Slope Defect Detection for Highway Asset Management: A Case Study on PLUS Highway 173 By: Nurul Atiqah Asram 3. Coupling Advanced Geospatial Data Analytics and Deep Learning for Landslide Hazard Assessment Along a Highway Corridor in a Geologically Challenging Environment. 175 By: P.Geol. Mohamad Faruq Syahmi Bin Md Aripin PARALLEL SESSION 23: Highway Engineering 1. From Mix Design to Highway Application: High Permeable Concrete as a Dual Function Pavement and Stormwater System 177 By: Bashar S. Mohammed 2. Enhancing Mechanical Performance and Crack Resistance of Concrete Using Aramid Fibers (0–1.5%): Experimental and SEM– EDX Investigation 179 By: Faraj Mohammed Salim Ali 3. A Case Study on Improving Machinery Efficiency in Pavement Rehabilitation Works 181 By: Ir. Ts. Noor Shazlina Ahmad 4. Innovative Design Approach and Best Practice Implementation of Fiber Reinforce Concrete Pavement along PLUS Expressway 183 By: Ts. Muhamad Fauzan Bin Muhamad Fadzil

Content14 PARALLEL SESSION 24: Smart Technology 1. Integrated Flood Mitigation And Real-Time Monitoring System (RTMS) For Critical Infrastructure: A Case Study Of The Shah Alam Interchange And Toll Plaza 185 By: Ts. Norfajrul Fitri Bin Norhashim 2. A Mobile Data-Driven Approach for Urban Travel Pattern Analysis and Origin–Destination (O-D) Modelling – A Case Study at Kuala Lumpur 186 By: Jonathan Gan Jia Jiun 3. Interpreting Pavement Condition Assessment (PCA) Indicators for Riding Performance and Driving Mode: Implications for Connected, Automated, and IoT-Enabled Road Transport 188 By: Anuar Adamuddin PARALLEL SESSION 25: Asset Management 1. Assessment of Optimum Shell’s Binder Additive in the Performance of Hot-Mix Asphalt 189 By: Nur Alya Qistina Mohd Zaidi 2. Development of a Highway Patrolling Strategy Based on Pothole Occurrence Considering Heavy Commercial Vehicle Traffic and Rainfall Effects 191 By: Asyraf Naim Jamal Shahid Gurdial 3. Transitioning to Data-Driven Pavement Maintenance: A Pavement Condition Assessment (PCA) Framework for Federal Road Network in Peninsular Malaysia 193 By: Ir. Nur Qistina Abdullah

PREFACE بسمهللاالرحمنالرحيم Every road tells a story of progress, and your insights write the next chapter. Welcome to the 13th Malaysian Road Conference & Exhibition 2026. Hosted by the Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM) and our collaborative partners, this flagship event stands as the definitive platform for advancing national and regional transportation networks. Your presence, insights, and unique perspectives are what transform this conference into a dynamic forum for breakthrough ideas. This year’s theme, “Transforming the Nation Through Future-Ready Roads” highlights a major shift: road and infrastructure engineering can no longer be viewed as mere physical asset or passive tarmac and concrete. In today’s volatile global environment, Malaysia is not spared from transforming its road into active, sustainable ecosystems. Through our major national corridors, the nation acts as a physical testing ground for seamless multimodal logistics and state-of-the-art construction. On behalf of the Technical Paper Committee, I am honoured to invite participants to explore this Compendium Abstract Booklet. Through shared technical papers, collaborative debates, and site visits, we are forging the cross-border partnerships required to transform bold ideas into physical corridors of progress. Together, we are tasked with integrating smart materials, building climate-resilient networks and deploying AI-driven intelligent transport systems to guarantee seamless mobility as we confront the realities of rapid urbanisation, climate shifts, and technology revolution. Our sincere thanks go to everyone behind this booklet: our esteemed reviewers for their meticulous evaluation, our contributing authors for sharing invaluable insights and our global partners for their steadfast support. Let us embrace this opportunity to exchange knowledge, challenge old assumptions, and collectively reshape road development for a safer, smarter, and more sustainable future. Thank you. Ir. Dr. Fairul Zahri bin Mohamad Abas Chairman Technical Programme Committee 13th Malaysian Road Conference & Exhibition 2026 And 6th IRF Global Asia-Pacific Regional Congress

CHAIRMAN Prof. Ir. Dr. Khoo Hooi Ling Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman PARALLEL SESSION 1: Transportation Engineering

54 PARALLEL SESSION 1 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Transportation Engineering 1 User Perception of Hard Shoulder Running (Smart Lane) Implementation in Malaysia: Implications for Safety and Operational Policy Siti Nurul Hana Kusnina, Megat-Usamah Megat-Joharib*, Nusayba Megat- Joharic, Nur ‘Atirah Muhadid a Central Region, Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia. b Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. c Centre of Road Engineering and Environment, Malaysia Institute of Road Safety Research, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. d Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: megatusamah@upm.edu.my Contributing author email: nurul@llm.gov.my; nusayba@miros.gov.my; nuratirah@upm.edu.my; Abstract: Malaysia is facing increasing traffic congestion, particularly on expressways, with a 24% rise in registered vehicles between 2021 and 2023. This rapid growth in vehicle ownership, coupled with recurrent congestion, has prompted transportation authorities to introduce various operational traffic management strategies, including hard running shoulder, locally implemented as Smart Lane (SL). This strategy allows smaller vehicles to use the shoulder as an additional travel lane to increase capacity during peak hours. However, as the SL is relatively new in Malaysia, public acceptance of this measure remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate public perception of SL implementation through a survey of expressway users, focusing on their awareness, understanding, and experiences. A total of 151 respondents from diverse demographic backgrounds participated in the study, with 97% reporting awareness of SL and 89% indicating familiarity with its usage. The majority of respondents perceived the SL as an effective strategy for reducing traffic congestion. However, several concerns were raised regarding its safety, with an average of 17.4% of respondents reported that they felt unsafe when using SL. This concern is further underscored by the reported occurrence of crash or near-

2 Transportation Engineering crash incidents, with 21.2% of respondents reporting that they had experienced or witnessed such incidents on SL, while 25.2% reported similar experiences on the adjacent lane. These findings highlight the need for refinements in SL design and operations and inform recommendations for both existing and future SL implementations. Ultimately, this study provides early empirical insights into public opinion on hard shoulder running in Malaysia, providing preliminary evidence to support future SL design and communication strategies aimed at improving safety and efficiency. Keywords: Hard Shoulder Running; Traffic Management; Smart Lane; Public Perception

Transportation Engineering 3 Intelligent Transport System (ITS) Deployment and Future Applications in Malaysia- Challenges and Issues Dato’ Sri Ir. Hj. Ismail bin Md Salleha* a President, ITS Malaysia. Abstract: Malaysia public and private sectors have been actively participating in ITS regional and world ITS conferences as a member of the Asia-Pacific ITS Forum with the Secretariat in Tokyo, over the decades. This conference and exhibition platform provided global insight and information on the advancement of ITS. Malaysian government published various policy documents that provide the direction in ITS related program, such as the "National ITS Blueprint", "National Transport Masterplan" , "Cellular veh-to-everything (c-v2x) System Architecture and Specifications" Technical Note (MCMC 2025) etc. These policy documents generally describe the government's vision and action plan to build a smart, safe, green, efficient and use-friendly national network aimed at achieving low carbon footprint target. With rapid technology uptake, the mission is to uplift ITS initiatives driven by AI, 5G and Big Data. As frequently announced by the Malaysian government, the key initiatives of ITS deployment include smart city, green mobility, smart and AI driven urban traffic management. Though the government has clear policy in the direction of ITS deployment, there are inevitably various issues and challenges faced, e.g. issues on development of mobility programs to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, implementation and funding, as well as coordination of multi-facet agencies to move forward in tandem to achieve the vision and mission of ITS deployment. This paper will discuss the various challenges moving forward by assessing the effectiveness of key ITS components in Malaysia, namely the Integrated Transport Information System (ITIS) launched by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall, National Intelligent Traffic Management Centre (NITMC) speared- headed by the Highway Planning Division of the Ministry of Works, and the long delayed Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) etc. The issue is not about technology, but more of ensuring the systems across agencies from Federal level to the local authorities in a way that communications can be maintained to achieve the objectives as set. With ITS, Malaysia is moving away from isolated,

4 Transportation Engineering siloed systems towards fully integrated national transport ecosystem. Keywords: Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS); Integrated Transport Ecosystem; Artificial Intelligence; Smart Mobility; Multi-Agency Coordination.

Transportation Engineering 5 A Framework for Evaluating Third-Party Access to Controlled-Access Highways: A Traffic Engineering Perspective Ir. Noorfakhriah Yaakuba, Ir. Maizatul Zaila Kamarol Zamanb a Deputy senior Manager, Special Projects, Planning & Development, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat Persada PLUS, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. b Head, Special Projects, Planning & Development, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat Persada PLUS, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Abstract: Controlled-access highways are designed to provide high levels of mobility, safety, and operational efficiency through the regulation of access points. With increasing development in urban and sub-urban areas, highway operators are receiving a growing number of third-party proposals for new or enhanced access connections to their new developments. While these proposals can improve connectivity, stimulate economic development, and contribute to traffic growth, they may also affect mainline traffic performance if not carefully assessed. This paper outlines a structured traffic engineering framework adopted by a Malaysian toll highway operator to evaluate such proposals. The framework includes review of Traffic Impact Assessments (TIA) and Road Safety Audit (RSA) reports, focusing on network-level performance evaluation, operational analysis of merging and weaving sections, and safety considerations. A generalised case study demonstrates the application of the framework in assessing a proposed access connection to an urban expressway. The assessment identified weaving performance and merge operations as the primary operational constraints, leading to design refinements including improved lane configurations and targeted mitigation measures to maintain acceptable Levels of Services and minimise impacts on the mainline. The study also highlights recurring challenges encountered during the review process, particularly the variability of traffic forecast assumptions and uncertainty in future demand. The findings demonstrate that a structured and consistent evaluation framework supports informed decision-making by balancing development aspirations with the long-term operational performance and safety of controlled access highways

6 Transportation Engineering Keywords: Controlled Access Highway, Traffic Impact Assessment, Access Management, Network Performance, Level of Service, Capacity Analysis

Transportation Engineering 7 Assessing Readiness of AI-based Autonomous Shuttle Integration in Malaysia’s First-and Last-Mile Transport Network Sathiaseelan Perumala, Ratnasamy Muniandyb, Fauzan Mohd Jakarnic, Salihudin Hassimd, Faizal Mustaphae a Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. b Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 434 00 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. c Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. d Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. e Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: gs63897@student.upm.edu.my Contributing author email: ratnas@upm.edu.my; fauzan.mj@upm.edu.my; hsalih@upm.edu.my; faizalms@upm.edu.my Abstract: Rapid urbanization and increasing road congestion in major cities have intensified the need for alternative and sustainable transportation solutions. Rising population demand, coupled with the environmental impacts of private vehicle usage, is prompting a shift in travel behaviour and necessitating more efficient public transport systems. At the same time, transport networks are becoming increasingly complex due to evolving mobility patterns and the integration of emerging technologies. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the development of autonomous vehicles, particularly shared autonomous vehicles, which offer significant potential for public passenger transport, especially for first- and last-mile connectivity. Although autonomous shuttle systems have been successfully tested in various urban and suburban settings worldwide, establishing an autonomous shuttle platform in Malaysia requires a comprehensive evaluation framework that accounts for local infrastructure and operational conditions. This study aims to establish an autonomous shuttle platform tailored for Malaysia. This study has assessed 34

Transportation Engineering8 feeder routes serving 9 KTM Komuter stations in the Klang Valley based on a multi-stage evaluation comprising traffic-operational compatibility, geometric feasibility, and road configuration, as well as infrastructure readiness across the physical, digital, and communication domains. The study has identified several pilot routes for implementing autonomous shuttles, key infrastructure gaps, and proposes indicative upgrade pathways to support future deployment. A digitized evaluation framework is proposed to assist policymakers and planners in future assessments of investment prioritization and projections, ultimately contributing to a more efficient, sustainable, and intelligent public transportation system in Malaysia. Keywords: Autonomous Shuttle; Shared Autonomous Vehicles; Infrastructure Readiness.

Transportation Engineering 9 TyreGates: Infrastructure Based Tyre Monitoring for Fleet Safety and Operational Efficiency Kevin Prescotta* a Hodos Media Ltd, United Kingdom * Corresponding author email: kevin.prescott@hodosmedia.com Abstract: This paper introduces TyreGates, an infrastructure based approach to tyre condition monitoring using fixed, drive-through sensing at locations such as fleet depots and logistics hubs. The objective is to provide a scalable method for identifying tyre related risks without requiring hardware installation on individual vehicles. The system shifts monitoring from in-vehicle systems to shared infrastructure. As vehicles pass through a controlled sensing point, tyre condition is observed using a combination of sensing methods, including thermal and optical techniques. This enables detection of indicators such as abnormal heat build up, wear patterns, and potential defects under repeatable conditions. A key advantage of the approach is the ability to capture consistent measurements over time. By linking observations to specific vehicles, and to individual wheel positions, the system supports longitudinal assessment of tyre condition. This allows gradual changes and emerging issues to be identified before they result in failure. The work reflects patent pending, feasibility stage development and testing of drive-through sensing configurations. Results indicate that tyre related signals can be detected using cost effective technologies, while also highlighting constraints related to environmental conditions, calibration behaviour, and vehicle operating state. The paper discusses how such an approach can support earlier identification of tyre related issues, reducing safety risks, unplanned downtime, and operational disruption. It also considers integration into existing fleet operations and deployment across high throughput environments. Keywords: Tyre Condition Monitoring; Drive-Through Sensing; Fleet Safety; Predictive Maintenance; Thermal and Optical Inspection.

PARALLEL SESSION 2: Pavement Engineering CHAIRMAN Prof. Dr. Meor Othman Hamzah Associate Jurutera Perunding Warisan efhpartment of Civil Engineering,

9 PARALLEL SESSION 2 PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

Pavement Engineering10 Laboratory-based Fatigue Performance and Cracking Potential of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash-Modified Asphalt Binders Krishna Prapoorna Biligiria* a Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, India * Corresponding author email:bkp@iittp.ac.in Abstract: Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA), a by-product generated from the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) has recently emerged as a promising modifier in improving the performance of conventional asphalt binders. While the current state-of-the-art indicates MSWIFA as a promising modifier, its capacity to endure repeated bending without fracture is yet to be thoroughly understood. The objective of this study was to present the findings of laboratory investigations on the fatigue performance of MSWIFA- modified asphalt binders, chiefly to ascertain the influence of MSWIFA incorporation on their long-term service life. Rheological studies indicated that increasing the MSWIFA content up to 20% by weight of the asphalt binder progressively enhanced the stiffness of the asphalt binders across various temperature-frequency combinations, demonstrating increased deformation resistance and elastic recovery potential. Further, MSWIFA dosages in the range of 10-20% also exhibited augmented fatigue resistance, as evidenced by an increased number of loading cycles to fatigue failure based on the linear amplitude sweep test. In the low-cycle loading domain such as fewer than 200 cycles, crack propagation behavior was largely invariant across both the unmodified and MSWIFA-modified binder specimens. However, in the high- cycle loading regime, MSWIFA-modified asphalt binders exhibited reduced crack length compared to the unmodified asphalt binder, indicating a restraining effect on fracture progression under prolonged cyclic loading. It is envisioned that this study will contribute to the development of durable roadway infrastructure and promote environmental sustainability by incorporating MSWIFA and concurrently alleviating the harmful impacts associated with stockpiling and landfilling of MSWIFA. Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash; Modified Asphalt Binder; Fatigue Resistance; Rheological Performance.

Pavement Engineering 11 Field Evaluation of Tensile Strength Ratio of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt for Long Term Performance Effectiveness in Malaysia Samsul Jaharudin a* , Ekarizan Shaffie b,c , Norshahirah Bahari d a Kemakmuran 2000 Sdn. Bhd., 47180 Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. b Institute for insfrastructure Engineering & Sustainable Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. c School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. d K2 Bitumen Sdn. Bhd., 47180 Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: samsul@kemakmuran2000.com.my Contributing author: eka@uitm.edu.my Abstract: The use of recycle materials in pavement construction and maintenance has become increasingly important in supporting Malaysia’s goal of sustainable road development and reducing adverse environmental impact by the road construction industry. In Malaysia, Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt (CRMA), has been implemented by the Public Works Department (JKR), as an environmentally friendly and durable alternative in asphalt pavement application. In the district of Kuantan, CRMA has been applied continuously in road maintenance works since 2019, creating an opportunity to evaluate its field performance over multiple years of service. This study aims to establish a baseline field database on the moisture susceptibility performance of CRMA based on Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) data obtained from in-service pavements. Core samples were collected from CRMA road sections maintained between 2019 and 2025 using 50mm Mill and Pave and 50mm Overlay treatments. The extracted samples were tested for dry and wet Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and TSR values were determined in accordance with AASHTO T283. The results provide an initial indication of the variation in TSR performance among CRMA pavement subjected to different years of installation, service conditions and maintenance treatment. The study offers a field-based reference for assessing the moisture resistance of CRMA under actual traffic and environmental conditions in Kuantan. The result of the TSR values of samples ranges from 36.5% to 85%. The Marshall stability data obtained from the

Pavement Engineering 12 samples are above the required minimum values even after 7 years in service. The results of the Marshall stability and TSR indicated that CRMA performs in tropical environment like Malaysia. The findings are expected to support the road authority future decision-making on the selection of suitable road sections for CRMA application, while contributing to improved pavement durability, reduced maintenance requirements costs and a more impactful sustainable road asset management. Keywords: Sustainable Road Development; CRMA; Kuantan; TSR; ITS; AASHTO T283.

Pavement Engineering 13 Re-Engineering Malaysian Pavement Durability: Integrating QASTALANI HiMA Binder Technology, Structural Design and Lifestyle Economics Garrick Chonga*, Dato’Ir. Hj. Razani Bin Ab Lazida a Qastalani Sdn. Bhd., 70300 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia * Corresponding author email: garrickchong82@hotmail.com Abstract: The Malaysian roads face a variety of problems in terms of high pavement surface temperature (>60 °C), heavy axle loading, slow moving traffic, and frequent intense rainfall. The rapid transition between hot sunny conditions and sudden rain can cause repeated heating and cooling of the pavement, accelerating rutting, fatigue cracking, moisture damage, and eventually pothole formation. Conventional binders such as penetration grade bitumen 60/70 and standard polymer modified binders may not provide sufficient durability under these demanding climatic and traffic conditions. This paper proposes a methodology combines four (4) assessment stages: first, binder rheology evaluation using Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) and temperature sensitivity assessment using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) temperature-sweep testing. Second, mixture performance evaluation for rutting, fatigue, stiffness, and deformation resistance. Third, structural performance interpretation based on available mixture indicators such as marshall stability, resilient modulus, and creep modulus. Forth, lifecycle cost analysis considering initial construction cost, maintenance frequency, rehabilitation timing, and long- term pavement ownership cost. The results show that QASTALANI HiMA provides high elasticity, high recovery, and low non-recoverable creep compliance, with MSCR values of R₃.₂ > 90% and Jnr₃.₂ < 0.1 1/kPa, indicating strong resistance to rutting under heavy traffic conditions. The resilient modulus results further demonstrate that QASTALANI HiMA mixtures improved load spreading capability compared with conventional binder mixtures, making it an important practical indicator for pavement design interpretation. These findings support the use of HiMA as a same thickness life extension solution for critical pavement zones where conventional binders are more vulnerable to early deterioration. The study concludes that QASTALANI HiMA is best applied as a targeted, high value engineering solution for critical pavement zones such as

Pavement Engineering 14 expressways, industrial corridors, port access roads, toll plazas, and heavily trafficked intersections, supporting Malaysia’s transition toward performance driven and lifecycle-based pavement design. Keywords: Highly Modified Asphalt; Qastalani HiMA; Lifecycle Cost Analysis, MSCR.

Pavement Engineering 15 Rutting, Moisture Susceptibility, Durability and Cost Savings of Natural Rubber Modified Asphalt (NRMA) with RAP Kamaruddin Othmana, Nur Izzi Md Yusoff b, Suhana Kotingc, Faridah Hanim Khairuddind, Mohd Zahri Semana a Center of excellence for engineering and technology (CREaTE), JKR Malaysia, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia b Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor. c Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia d Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Petahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract: Increasing traffic loads, weather-induced stress and fluctuating natural rubber prices have led natural rubber-producing countries to use natural rubber as a bitumen modifier. Various types of natural rubber and different types of additives have been combined to produce natural rubber modified asphalt (NRMA) with satisfactory engineering performance. This situation combined with limited economies of scale, has increased the production cost of NRMA compared to the conventional asphalt, limiting its broader use. Hence, this research aims to investigate the rutting resistance, moisture susceptibility, durability, and cost savings of NRMA produced using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as a recyclable material. Using 6% cup lump natural rubber as a modifier, five asphalt mixes were prepared with 0% (control sample), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% RAP. Resilient modulus, tensile strength ratio (TSR) and mass loss test were conducted to evaluate the engineering performance of the mixtures. Cost savings were compared based on construction price rates approved by the Malaysian Public Works Department (PWD). The findings showed that all mixtures produced have good rutting resistance. While the moisture susceptibility and durability performance showed that the use of natural rubber has maintained good performance up to 50% RAP use before performance degradation can be observed. Cost comparison using conventional asphalt showed positive returns obtained starting at 50% RAP utilisation,

Pavement Engineering 16 equivalent to 44.6% RAP binder replacement. Overall, NRMA produced with up to 50% RAP as a recyclable material can produce quality asphalt and reduce the impact of increased costs associated with the use of natural rubber. Keywords: Natural Rubber Modified Asphalt; Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement; Engineering Performance; Cost Savings.

Pavement Engineering 17 Development and Research of a Novel Asphalt Anti- Sticking Isolation Agent Li Qinghuaa, An Fengweib, Han Chaoc, Wei Wujud a Senior Engineer, Road Science & Industrial Technology Division, JSTI Group Co.,Ltd, 210019 Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China. b Senior Engineer, Road Science & Industrial Technology Division JSTI Group Co.,Ltd, 210019 Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China. c Deputy General Engineer, Road Science & Industrial Technology Division JSTI Group Co.,Ltd, 210019 Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China. d Director, Road Science & Industrial Technology Division, JSTI Group Co.,Ltd, 210019 Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China. Abstract: This novel asphalt anti-sticking isolation agent is specially designed for isolating asphalt from construction equipment during the compaction and transportation of asphalt mixtures. It is prepared using oils, polyols, emulsifiers and water as the main components through compounding, emulsification and solubilization processes. This isolation agent can effectively separate hot asphalt and asphalt mixtures. It adheres uniformly to equipment surfaces to form a liquid film, enabling repeated isolation for asphalt mixtures. Compared with conventional oil-based isolation agent, which feature strong dissolution effect on asphalt and exert considerable adverse impacts on the pavement performance of asphalt roads, this isolation agent adopts raw materials that exhibit moderate dissolution toward asphalt yet have little influence on asphalt properties. Meanwhile, it possesses the advantages of environmental friendliness and non- toxicity. Based on the performance requirements and evaluation methods of the isolation agent, this paper elaborates on the selection of raw-material ratios and processing technologies. The preparation procedure and optimal ratio of the isolation agent are finally determined. Validation is carried out in terms of asphalt adhesion performance, spreadability, solubility, viscosity, environmental performance of the isolation agent, as well as its influences on the properties of asphalt and asphalt mixtures. This isolation agent is odour-free and possesses good water-solubility. With moderate viscosity, it can be easily sprayed. The maximum demoulding cycles for rubber moulds are twice that of conventional

Pavement Engineering 18 oil-based isolation agent. Meanwhile, it shows low asphalt-dissolving capacity and has negligible effect on the strength of asphalt mixtures, and will not impair pavement strength. Keywords: Isolation Agent; Asphalt Adhesion; Environmental Friendliness.

Pavement Engineering 19 Advances in Research and Application of Rubberized Asphalt Technology in China Fengwei Ana,b, Hongwei Chena,b, Chao Hana,b,c, Wuju Weia,b, Rongji Caoa,b, Meng Yuana,b a NERC-ARM, National Engineering Research Center of Advance Road Materials, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Provice. b JSTI.Group, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province. c Chang’an University, Highway Institute, Xi’an City, Shanxi province. Abstract: Rubberized asphalt, produced by incorporating waste tire crumb rubber into asphalt binders, offers a sustainable approach to waste valorization and pavement performance enhancement. This systematic review synthesizes high-quality publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and CNKI databases over the past decade, supplemented by representative engineering practices and industry standards in China. A four-dimensional analytical framework is adopted, covering material characteristics and modification mechanisms, technological evolution, engineering applications, and sustainable development pathways. In terms of material characteristics and modification mechanisms, crumb rubber swells and partially devulcanizes in hot asphalt, forming a composite binder system in which rubber particles act as the skeleton and asphalt serves as the continuous phase. This system significantly improves the high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature cracking resistance, fatigue resistance, and noise reduction performance of asphalt. Regarding technological development, the wet process remains dominant, while high-dosage rubberized asphalt containing 30~40 wt.% crumb rubber and warm- mix technologies have emerged as important developments for improving material performance and reducing energy consumption and emissions. In large- scale engineering applications, rubberized asphalt has been applied to thousands of kilometers of expressways and national/provincial highways in more than ten provinces in China, demonstrating comprehensive benefits including extended maintenance cycles, reduced life-cycle costs, energy savings, and emission reductions. Furthermore, the implementation of transportation industry standards and the guidance of green highway policies have effectively promoted the industrialization of this technology. Despite these advances, challenges remain

Pavement Engineering 20 in storage stability, production energy demand, and the uniform dispersion of rubber particles. Under China's “Dual Carbon” strategy, future efforts should focus on low-carbon warm-mix technologies, activated and composite modification approaches, life-cycle sustainability assessment, and intelligent manufacturing to promote the broader and greener application of rubberized asphalt technology. Keywords: Rubberized Asphalt; Modification Mechanism; Wet Process; High- Dosage Modification; Warm-Mix Technology; Engineering Application.

PARALLEL SESSION 3: Bridge Engineering CHAIRMAN Dato’ Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin Arshad Former Senior Director Civil, Structural and Bridge Engineering Public Works Department of Malaysia

21 PARALLEL SESSION 3 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Bridge Engineering22 Evaluating the Safe Commuting of Exclusive Motorcycle Lanes (EMCL) for Motorcycle Riders using Exposure-Based Crash Analysis: A Case Study of Jambatan Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Awang, M.Aa, Surienty, Lb a Jambatan Kedua Sdn. Bhd., Batu Kawan, Penang 14100, Malaysia b Universit Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia. Abstract: Motorcyclists constitute one of the most vulnerable groups of road users because of their limited physical protection and high exposure to severe injuries in traffic crashes. To improve motorcycle safety, Malaysia has implemented Exclusive Motorcycle Lanes (EMCLs) on selected expressways and bridge facilities to physically separate motorcycles from larger vehicles. This study evaluates the characteristics and risk of motorcycle accidents occurring within the Exclusive Motorcycle Lane (EMCL) and outside the EMCL at Jambatan Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (JSAHMS), Penang, Malaysia, using twelve years of accident records from 2014 to 2025. During the study period, 1,300 road traffic accidents were recorded, including 496 motorcycle accidents, representing 38.15% of all reported crashes. Of the motorcycle crashes, 255 accidents (51.41%) occurred within the EMCL and 241 accidents (48.59%) occurred outside the EMCL. Although the crash frequencies were comparable, motorcycle traffic exposure differed substantially. Approximately 500,000 motorcycles per year travelled within the EMCL, compared with 50,000 motorcycles per year travelling outside the EMCL. Based on these traffic volumes, the estimated crash rate was 4.25 crashes per 100,000 motorcycles within the EMCL and 40.17 crashes per 100,000 motorcycles outside the EMCL, indicating that motorcyclists travelling outside the EMCL experienced an estimated 9.45 times higher crash risk than those using the dedicated motorcycle lane. Fatality analysis further demonstrated the safety benefits of the EMCL. Of the 19 fatal traffic accidents recorded during the study period, 15 (78.95%) involved motorcycles. Among these motorcycle fatal crashes, only 3 (20%) occurred within the EMCL, whereas 12 (80%) occurred outside the EMCL, despite the substantially lower motorcycle traffic volume on

Bridge Engineering 23 the non-EMCL roadway. These findings indicate that motorcycle crashes occurring outside the EMCL are disproportionately associated with both higher crash frequency relative to exposure and greater crash severity. Study highlights the importance of maintaining and enhancing dedicated motorcycle infrastructure, strengthening rider compliance with EMCL usage, and implementing targeted enforcement and engineering measures to improve motorcycle safety on high-speed bridge facilities. The findings provide practical evidence to support infrastructure planning and road safety policy for expressways and major bridge crossings in Malaysia. Keywords: Exclusive Motorcycle Lane (EMCL); Motorcycle Safety; Crash Risk; Exposure-Based Analysis; Motorcycle Accidents; Jambatan Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'Adzam Shah; Malaysia

Bridge Engineering24 Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) Composite Bridge under Urban and Coastal Exposure Conditions: A Case Study of the Setiawangsa-Pantai Expressway Bridge, Malaysia Ng Hui-Tenga*, Mila Hafezolghranib, Tan Jhen Shenc, Balamurugan A.Gopald, Voo Yen Leie,f,g a PhD, Senior R&D & QAQC Executive, Dura Technology Sdn. Bhd. 31200, Chemor, Perak, Malaysia. b PhD, Head of QAQC and Product Innovations, Dura Technology Sdn. Bhd. 31200, Chemor, Perak, Malaysia. c Ir., Head of Engineering Department, Dura Technology Sdn. Bhd. 31200, Chemor, Perak, Malaysia. d PhD Dato. Ir., Director of Education Work Branch, Public Works Department, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. e PhD Ir., Director & Chief Technology Officer, Dura Technology Sdn. Bhd. 31200, Chemor, Perak, Malaysia. f Adj. Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia g Adj. Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: htng@dura.com.my Abstract: Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a sustainable construction material with exceptional strength, durability, and the ability to achieve long spans, making it well-suited for segmental precast bridge construction. Its application has increased in Malaysia and India, particularly for urban and river-crossing bridges, where longer spans reduce or eliminate the need for intermediate piers. This paper presents an existing bridge (Setiawangsa- Pantai Expressway project, Malaysia) in an urban environment as a case study to compare the sustainability of UHPC and high-performance concrete (HPC). The bridge is evaluated under its actual urban exposure condition, XC3 (corrosion induced by carbonation in a moderately humid environment), and a hypothetical coastal exposure condition, XS1 (corrosion induced by airborne chlorides from seawater), to assess the performance of the same bridge in a marine

Bridge Engineering 25 environment. Under XC3, the UHPC bridge design reduces structural mass by 20.4% and global warming potential (GWP) by 8.1%, with only a 1% increase in embodied energy (EE), while improving concrete structure environmental performance potential (CSEPP) by 24% compared with the HPC design. Under XS1, the UHPC bridge design reduces structural mass by 19.4%, EE by 0.3%, and GWP by 8.8% compared with the HPC design. However, CSEPP could not be evaluated for XS1 because the calculated design life of other bridge components was less than 100 years, outside the applicability of the CSEPP formulation. Overall, UHPC demonstrates superior sustainability and durability compared with HPC, supporting its use in long-lasting bridge infrastructure under diverse exposure conditions. Keywords: Bridge Application; Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC); Sustainability; Urban Exposure Condition; Coastal Exposure Condition;

Bridge Engineering26 Bridge Condition Assessment and Maintenance Prioritization Using Inspection Data in Malaysia Ahmad Shakirin Muhamad Ruzlana, Ir. Hj Ahmad Kamelb, Anuar Adamuddinc a Assistant Manager, Selia Selenggara Engineering Sdn Bhd, Ayer Keroh, Melaka (75450), Malaysia b Chief Operating Officer, Selia Selenggara Engineering Sdn Bhd, Ayer Keroh, Melaka (75450), Malaysia c Acting Assistant General Manager, Selia Selenggara Engineering Sdn Bhd, Ayer Keroh, Melaka (75450), Malaysia Abstract: Bridges are critical components of Malaysia’s road network and require systematic inspection and timely maintenance to ensure structural safety and serviceability. This paper presents a data-driven approach to bridge condition assessment and maintenance prioritization using inspection data from approximately 200 Medium Traffic Bridges (MTBs) located along rural roads in Johor, Malaysia. The dataset comprises bridge inventory records, condition ratings of primary and secondary components, defect images for higher-severity elements, and selected drone inspection outputs. The study analyses condition- rating distributions to identify deterioration patterns in key bridge elements, including superstructure and substructure components. Results indicate that 73% of primary components were rated in good to satisfactory condition (Ratings 1– 2), while 22.5% were classified as moderate to severe (Ratings 3–5). Secondary components exhibited greater deterioration, with 71.5% receiving Ratings 3–5 and 48% classified as Rating 3. Parapets and drainpipes were the most frequently identified secondary elements requiring maintenance attention, while abutments, piers, beams, and decks were the primary structural components most commonly associated with higher-severity ratings. A maintenance prioritization framework is proposed by integrating primary structure condition ratings with bridge risk assessment scores. The risk assessment considers both consequence and likelihood factors, including traffic volume, surrounding development, and bridge location relative to highways and rivers. Bridges are systematically ranked according to structural condition and risk level, enabling priority intervention for assets with the highest condition and risk ratings. This

Bridge Engineering 27 approach supports more effective allocation of maintenance resources and improves decision-making for rural bridge management. The proposed methodology provides a practical and scalable solution for transitioning from routine inspection reporting to risk informed, data-driven maintenance planning, enhancing the safety and sustainability of bridge assets in Malaysia. Keywords: Bridge Condition Assessment; Risk-Based Maintenance Prioritization; Medium Traffic Bridges (MTB); Bridge Risk Assessment; Bridge Asset Management

PARALLEL SESSION 4: Smart Technology

Smart Technology28 PARALLEL SESSION 4 SMART TECHNOLOGY

Smart Technology30 Development and Implementation of an Autonomous Solar-Powered IoT Flood Early Warning System Prof. Ir. Dr. R. Badlishah Ahmad a a THB Maintenance Sdn. Bhd Abstract: Flooding poses significant threats to infrastructure and community safety, demanding robust, early-stage mitigation strategies. This paper presents the development of an autonomous, industrial-grade Internet of Things (IoT) flood early warning system designed for mission-critical environmental monitoring. The platform integrates multi-sensor telemetry including hydrostatic and ultrasonic water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and ESP32-CAM live visual stream feeds to deliver precise, real-time data to a central management dashboard. Powered by off-grid monocrystalline solar infrastructure and LiFePO4 battery storage, the system ensures uninterrupted, grid-independent operation across challenging topographies. Encrypted cellular communications (4G LTE/NB-IoT) transmit telemetry data directly to the cloud, enabling automated alerts via Telegram, SMS, and public sirens upon detecting critical water thresholds. Operational progress reveals 100% completion of core sensing and visual streaming systems, with ongoing calibrations focusing on solar power management efficiency, GPS map plotting, and automated emergency notification configurations. Ultimately, the architecture offers a scalable, low-maintenance solution for proactive disaster management. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT); Flood Early Warning System; Real-Time Telemetry; Autonomous Monitoring.

Smart Technology 31 Comparative Analysis of VISSIM and SIDRA on Signalised Intersection at Tanjung Malim Nor Azilawati Binti Abu Talahaa*, Abdul Razak Bin Alib, Muhammad Ammar Bin Anuar Lotpib, Sitti Asmah Binti Hassanc a Traffic Engineering Division, Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. b Prima Reka Trafik, 31350 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. c Department of Geotechnics & Transportation, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia * Corresponding author email: azilawati@jkr.gov.my Contributing author email: arazak01@yahoo.com; sasmah@utm.my; Abstract: Traffic simulation software has become an essential tool for evaluating intersection performance and supporting effective traffic management planning. This study aims to compare the performance of VISSIM and SIDRA in analysing a signalised intersection located at Taman Bahtera, Tanjung Malim. Traffic data, including traffic volume, intersection geometry and signal timing, were collected during peak hour conditions. These data were used to develop simulation models in both VISSIM and SIDRA. Intersection performance was evaluated based on average vehicle delay, and the simulation outputs were validated against observed field data using Mean Error analysis. The results show that the Mean Error for VISSIM and SIDRA is 9.87% and 10.19%, respectively. Both software tools demonstrate acceptable accuracy in representing real traffic conditions. Overall, the findings suggest that VISSIM is more suitable for detailed and microsimulation-based traffic analysis, whereas SIDRA is more appropriate for rapid assessment and planning-level evaluation of signalised intersections. This study provides practical insights to assist traffic engineers in selecting the most suitable software for intersection analysis and traffic management applications. Keywords: Signalised Intersection; Traffic Simulation; Average Delay; Mean Error; VISSIM; SIDRA

Smart Technology32 Pave-TM in Combination with Super-Ski: Practical Sensor-based Thickness Control for Improved Asphalt Pavement Quality Raghu Thiyagarajana*, Alexander Wahlmanb a Regional Sales Manager Asia Pacific, MOBA Mobile Automation AG, Kapellenstraße 15, 65555 Limburg, GERMANY. b Sales Director, Regional Sales Manager Asia Pacific, MOBA Mobile Automation AG, Kapellenstraße 15, 65555 Limburg, GERMANY. * Corresponding author email: raghu@moba.de Abstract: Consistent asphalt layer thickness and surface smoothness are key factors influencing pavement performance, durability, and lifecycle costs. In daily paving operations, achieving these targets remains challenging due to changing base conditions, material variations, and limited real-time feedback for machine operators. This paper presents a practical ultrasonic-based approach for continuous asphalt layer thickness monitoring using the Pave-TM system, both as a standalone solution and in combination with the Super-Ski leveling system. Pave-TM continuously measures the actual asphalt layer thickness throughout the paving process, allowing operators to identify deviations immediately rather than relying on manual spot measurements. When integrated with Super-Ski, Pave-TM combines accurate thickness measurement with long range reference sensing to evaluate layer thickness in direct relation to surface leveling performance. Based on ultrasonic technology, the system enables real- time monitoring of asphalt thickness while supporting improved control of long waves to achieve optimum surface smoothness. Field applications demonstrate how continuous thickness information helps stabilize paving processes, reduce material over- and under-consumption, and improve thickness uniformity across the entire jobsite. The combination of thickness control and leveling performance provides a holistic approach to pavement quality, contributing to improved International Roughness Index (IRI) values and enhanced road performance. By delivering clear, real-time information to paving crews, Pave- TM improves process transparency, supports better decision-making on site,

Smart Technology 33 and enables measurable quality improvements. This approach aligns with the goals of modern construction technology by transforming sensor data into practical benefits for road quality, operational efficiency, and long-term pavement performance—while creating a foundation for future autonomous paving solutions. Keywords: Intelligent Paving, Pavement Thickness Measurement, pave-TM, Super-Ski, Road Quality, Asphalt Thickness, Autonomous Paving

Smart Technology34 A Mini Review of Autonomous Last-Mile Delivery Systems to Transform the Country Through Future Ready Roads Abdullah Alazemi a*, Muhamed Nazri bin Borhana,b a Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43650, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia b Smart and sustainable Township Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Build Enviroment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43650, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: As cities grow and online shopping become more common the demand for faster and reliable last-mile delivery has increased. A problem identified in recent studies is that conventional delivery depends mainly on human drivers and light commercial vehicles; which can increase congestion, curbside conflict, emissions and delivery delay. In this case autonomous last- mile delivery can be used as future mobility solution. This mini review examined English language studies published from 2019 to 2026 using Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and selected transport sources. Studies were included when they focused on autonomous delivery technologies, road infrastructure, smart mobility, logistics, safety, sustainability, urban planning or policy. The selected 25 studies were grouped into 5 themes as technology types, benefits, barriers, infrastructure needs and policy implications. This study links autonomous delivery directly with future-ready road planning, not only logistics efficiency. Keywords: Autonomous last-mile delivery; Future-ready roads; Smart road infrastructure; Urban logistics; Delivery robots; Smart cities

Smart Technology 35 Smart Traffic Light Implementation in Malaysia: Policy Alignment and Cost-Benefit Analysis under ITS Roadmap 2030 Ir. Mohd Fairuz Mamat@ Muhamada, Ir. Ts. Amir Izzuddin Hasani Habiba, Ir. Mohd Harizam Ibau Nuia, Ir. Melati Mudzaffar Alia, Ir. Amirul Hafees Zahira a Highway Planning Division, Ministry of Works, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia * Corresponding author email: sub_bpj@kkr.gov.my Contributing author email: amirih@jkr.gov.my Abstract: Malaysia’s Intelligent Transport Systems Roadmap 2030 document (ITS Roadmap 2030) outlines a strategic transition towards an integrated, data- driven, and intelligent transportation ecosystem. Among the key operational initiatives supporting this vision is the implementation of Smart Traffic Light (STL) initiative by the Ministry of Works (MOW/KKR) and Public Works Department (PWD/JKR) This paper examines the STL initiative from a policy and cost–benefit perspective, positioning it as an alternative, scalable and cost- effective solution to traffic congestion. Drawing upon national implementation data and reported outcomes from the 2023 and 2024 rollout phases across 130 federal road signalised intersections, the study evaluates the effectiveness of STL in improving traffic flow by reducing travel time and generating broader socio-economic benefits. The findings indicate that Smart Traffic Light (STL) deployment reduced average travel time by 25.3% to 34.2% across 25 major corridors. Compared with conventional road widening, STL also required significantly lower capital investment while delivering substantial operational benefits. The paper further discusses the alignment of STL implementation with related national policies which is Malaysian ITS Roadmap 2030. It is concluded that smart traffic light initiative represents a critical component in Malaysia’s transition towards future-ready smart road infrastructure. Keywords: Smart Traffic Light; Intelligent Transport Systems; Cost–Benefit Analysis; Transport Policy; Traffic Management; Public Infrastructure Investment.

Smart Technology30 Reducing Motorcycle Risk in Malaysia Through AI- Powered Rider Assistance and Telematics: The Role of RideHawk™ Richard Hanowskia* a Founder and CEO, Motorcycle Safety Solutions, United States. * Corresponding author email: Rich@motorcyclesafetysolutions.com Abstract: Motorcycle safety remains one of Malaysia’s most urgent mobility and public safety challenges, with motorcyclists accounting for the majority of road fatalities nationwide. Despite ongoing national road safety initiatives, scalable and affordable interventions specifically designed for motorcycles remain limited. This presentation examines how RideHawk™, an AI-powered Advanced Rider Assistance System (ARAS), can support motorcycle safety outcomes in Malaysia through real-time collision alerts, rider behaviour monitoring, and telematics-driven risk analytics. RideHawk integrates forward collision sensing, audio-visual rider warnings, mobile connectivity, and cloud- based analytics to provide proactive safety interventions for riders, employers, insurers, and policymakers. The presentation introduces RideHawk and highlights findings from both academic and corporate deployments in Malaysia. In a pilot study conducted by the Malaysia Institute of Transport Research (MITRANS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), RideHawk demonstrated measurable safety benefits among riders carrying pillion passengers. Most riders recorded lower alerts per kilometer during the intervention phase, while all riders showed reductions in hard-braking events after real-time audio warnings were activated. Rider and pillion feedback also indicated improved safety perception, increased confidence, and support for wider implementation. In parallel corporate deployments, RideHawk recorded approximately 33% reductions in unsafe riding behavior within Volvo Malaysia operations and safety improvements of up to 75% in selected Nippon Express Malaysia fleet deployments, demonstrating applicability across occupational and commercial riding environments. The presentation further discusses how motorcycle telematics platforms can support the broader Malaysian road safety ecosystem through behavioral analytics, rider coaching, insurance innovation, objective licensing, and data-driven safety interventions. Keywords: Advanced Rider Assistance System (ARAS); RideHawk; Motorcycle Safety

PARALLEL SESSION 5: Road Forensic Engineering

33 PARALLEL SESSION 5 ROAD FORENSIC ENGINEERING

Road Forensic Engineering38 Sustainable Pavement Asset Management and Redesign: A Data-Informed Framework Integrating SEIA for Resilient Road Infrastructure Javed Baria a North South University, Bangladesh. * Corresponding author email: javed.bari86@gmail.com Abstract: Efficient and sustainable management of road infrastructure requires integrated approaches that combine engineering performance, socio- environmental considerations, and cost-informed decision-making. This paper presents a data-informed framework for sustainable pavement asset management and redesign, integrating Social and Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA) with engineering and economic evaluation. The framework is demonstrated through a post-construction assessment of two regional highways (Z5503 and Z5504) in Joypurhat, Bangladesh, which serve as critical links for regional connectivity and cross-border trade. The proposed framework systematically links updated traffic demand analysis, pavement performance evaluation, and socio-environmental considerations with cost implications to support evidence- based infrastructure planning. Revised pavement designs are developed using updated Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) projections, explicitly accounting for project delays and evolving loading conditions. These redesigned alternatives are compared with original Development Project Proforma (DPP) designs to evaluate structural adequacy and expected service performance. To enhance analytical robustness, alternative design approaches, including AASHTO 1993 and Roads and Highways Department (RHD) methods, are applied for comparative assessment. A Bill of Quantities (BoQ)-based cost analysis, using current rate schedules, quantifies the economic implications of design and implementation choices. The application reveals critical mismatches between planned and executed works, including the absence of appropriate pavement types in freight-intensive segments, with implications for durability and lifecycle performance. The study demonstrates how integrating SEIA with data-driven redesign and asset management practices can enhance infrastructure resilience, investment efficiency, and sustainability. The proposed framework offers scalable insights for developing adaptive and resource-efficient road systems in similar contexts.

Road Forensic Engineering 39 Keywords: Sustainable Pavement Asset Management; Social and Environmental Impact Assessment; Pavement Redesign; Life-Cycle Performance; Cost Analysis.

Road Forensic Engineering40 Structural Integrity and Serviceability Evaluation of Bridges Using Ambient Vibration Testing Mohammad Hafizi Bin Ghazalia*, Sakhiah Abdul Kudusb a Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. b Institute for Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management (IIESM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia * Corresponding author email: hafizighazali90@gmail.com Contributing author email: sakhiah@uitm.edu.my Abstract: Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) has gained increasing adoption in pedestrian bridge construction due to its high strength durability and suitability for slender lightweight structural systems. As the use of UHPFRC composite bridges expands accurate evaluation of their in service dynamic behaviour becomes essential to ensure structural safety serviceability performance and pedestrian comfort. This study presents an integrated numerical and experimental investigation of the dynamic characteristics of a UHPFRC composite pedestrian bridge located at Jalan Kapar FT005 Klang Selangor Malaysia. The research framework combines finite element modal analysis with in situ ambient vibration testing to characterise the global dynamic response of the structure under operational conditions. A detailed three dimensional finite element model was developed using Abaqus to represent the composite interaction between the UHPFRC primary members using the UBG1500 system and the reinforced concrete deck. The model incorporates realistic material properties geometric configuration mass distribution and boundary conditions reflecting the as built bridge configuration. Modal analysis was conducted to extract the natural frequencies and mode shapes governing vertical bending and torsional behaviour. Field measurements were carried out using fourteen accelerometers to record vertical acceleration responses induced by environmental and operational excitations. The measured signals were processed using Operational Modal Analysis techniques implemented in ARTeMIS Modal Pro including Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD), Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) and Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI). These output only approaches

Road Forensic Engineering 41 enable reliable identification of modal parameters without artificial excitation providing a realistic representation of in service behaviour. The bridge consists of two simply supported spans of 38.85 m and 16.26 m and span dependent dynamic characteristics were clearly observed. Numerical and experimental results showed strong agreement for fundamental vertical bending modes with discrepancies of 1.19 percent and 2.19 percent for the longer and shorter spans. Keywords: Ambient Vibration Test (AVT); Operational Modal Analysis (OMA); Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD); Finite Element Analysis; Structural Vibration.

Road Forensic Engineering42 Developing a Classification Framework for Culvert- Associated Road Failures in Malaysia Through Comparative Analysis of Forensic Investigation Cases G.T.Leong a*, A.I.F. Abdul Aziz a , C.H.J. Bong b a Public Work Department Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan 50582, Malaysia b UNIMAS Water Center(UWC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract: Culvert-associated road failures remain a significant challenge to road infrastructure in Malaysia due to the interaction of hydraulic, structural, geotechnical, design, construction, and maintenance related factors. Although the Public Works Department (JKR) has conducted numerous forensic investigations on culvert-associated road failures, a systematic framework for classifying these failures is currently lacking. This study analysed 23 forensic investigation cases involving culvert associated road failures across different terrain conditions in Malaysia to identify recurring failure mechanisms and develop a systematic classification framework. A comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the failure characteristics, contributing factors, and dominant engineering failure mechanisms of each case. The analysis identified five principal failure categories, namely Hydraulic Failure, Structural Failure, Geotechnical Failure, Design and Construction Deficiency, and Poor Asset Management, with Geotechnical Failure being the most frequently observed category. Based on these findings, a Classification Framework was developed to support the systematic organisation of forensic investigation findings and facilitate the identification of dominant engineering failure mechanisms. The proposed framework provides a practical reference for forensic investigations and supports more consistent inspection prioritisation, rehabilitation planning, and asset management of culvert infrastructure. The findings establish a foundation for future development of risk-based assessment methodologies and proactive infrastructure management in Malaysia. Keywords: Culvert Failure; Forensic Engineering; Classification Framework; Asset Management; Risk Assessment.

Road Forensic Engineering 43 Integration of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Geotechnical Methods for Subgrade Failure Investigation: A Case Study of Recurrent Road Damage in Malaysia Romziah Azita*, Zuraini Zainalb, Nurul Eilmy Zainuddinc, Sharan Kumar Nagendrand a Centre of Excellence for Engineering and Technology (CREaTE), Public Works Department (JRR) Malaysia, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia. b Policy and Corporate Management Branch, Public Works Department (JKR) Malaysia, 50582 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. c Geotechnical Engineering Branch, Public Works Department (JKR) Malaysia, 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. d Public Works Department (JKR) Bagan Datuk, Hutan Melintang, Perak Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: romziah@jkr.gov.my Abstract: Recurrent pavement distress in Malaysia is often treated by resurfacing even when the controlling mechanism lies below the pavement. This study evaluates an integrated forensic framework combining two-dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) with trial pits, boreholes, Standard Penetration Tests (SPT), Mackintosh Probe (MP) testing and laboratory index tests. Three damaged federal road sections were investigated: FT003 at Setiu, Terengganu; the FT005 Sungai Bernam bridge approaches, Selangor; and FT283 in Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang. Four Gradient-XL ERT lines were acquired at each site using an ABEM Terrameter LS2 and processed with RES2DINV. Survey lengths of 80–120 m and effective depths of approximately 16–24 m provided continuous subsurface images calibrated against geotechnical data. Zones below approximately 200 Ωm generally corresponded to saturated, clay rich or weak materials, whereas values above approximately 450 Ωm commonly represented pavement, embankment or other resistive construction materials. At Setiu, a compressible decayed-wood layer occurred at 9–12 m depth, with moisture contents of 130–268%. At Sabak Bernam, boreholes confirmed approximately 28 m of very soft marine clay with SPT N-values not

Road Forensic Engineering44 exceeding 5. At FT283, marine clay with N-values not exceeding 8 extended to approximately 8 m and was associated with road and drainage settlement. The results show that ERT is most effective as a reconnaissance and interpolation method. Integration with direct geotechnical verification improves anomaly interpretation, borehole targeting and mechanism-based rehabilitation planning. Keywords: Electrical Resistivity Tomography; Subgrade Failure; Soft Soil; Geophysical Investigation; Road Maintenance.

Road Forensic Engineering 45 Interpreting Pavement Condition Assessment Results for Riding Performance and Driving Mode Screening: A Case Study of FT003, Malaysia Ir.Hj Ahmad Kamel Abdul Malika*, Anuar Adamuddinb a Chief Operating Officer, Selia Selenggara Sdb.Bhd. Melaka, Malaysia b Assistant General Manager, Selia Selenggara Sdb.Bhd. Melaka, Malaysia * Correponding author email: kamel@seliagroup.com Contributing author email: anuar_adamuddin@seliagroup.com Abstract: Pavement Condition Assessment (PCA) indicators are normally reported as engineering measures for maintenance planning, although the same indicators also describe how road users experience the pavement. This paper proposes a practical framework that translates roughness, rutting and cracking results into riding performance and driving mod screening. A 19.4 lane-km FT003 dataset comprising 194 consecutive 100 m sections was analysed. International Roughness Index (IRI), mean rut depth, crack extent, surface macrotexture and recorded road events were used. A Driving Mode Index (DMI) was formulated as a weighted combination of normalized IRI, rut depth and a study-specific surface distress proxy, PCI*, derived from the supplied crack and rut condition classes. The mean IRI was 2.85 m/km, with 41.8% of sections classified Good, 38.7% Fair, 14.4% Poor and 5.2% Bad. Rutting was predominantly Good (93.8%), while cracking was Good for 84.5% of the sections. The DMI classified 91.2% of the network as Normal, 5.7% as Comfort-Limited, 2.1% as Stability Limited and 1.0% as Avoidance-Limited. The highest DMI values occurred at chainages 0+300-0+400 and 0+100-0+200, where severe roughness coincided with significant cracking and, in one case, excessive rutting. The analysis shows that roughness governs network-wide ride quality, whereas rutting and cracking identify localized stability and avoidance risks. The proposed approach provides an explainable screening layer for pavement management, but it must be validated against vehicle acceleration, operating speed, wet-weather and road-user behaviour data before use as a predictive driving model.

Road Forensic Engineering46 Keywords: Pavement Condition Assessment; International Roughness Index; Rutting; Cracking; Ride Quality; Driving Mode Index; FT003; Pavement Management.

PARALLEL SESSION 6: Environment & Sustainability

47 PARALLEL SESSION 6 ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABILITY

Environment & Sustainability 47 Role of Functional Additives in the Storage Stability and High-Temperature Behaviour of SBS/rHDPE- Modified Bituminous Binders Xingchi Wua, Dr.Euniza Juslia,b, Dr.Vivi Anggrainia,b a Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia. b Monash Climate-Resilient Inftastructure Hub (M-CRInfra), School of Engineering, Monash Univeristy Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia. Abstract: High styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) contents can improve the cohesion and high-temperature performance of bituminous binders but increase polymer demand and may negatively affect storage stability. This study directly compared ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), maleic-anhydride-grafted high-density polyethylene (MHDPE), and maleic-anhydride-grafted high- density polyethylene wax (MHDPE-W) within the same SBS/recycled high- density polyethylene (rHDPE) binder system. Softening point, rotational viscosity, hot-storage stability, temperature-sweep rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were evaluated. Partial replacement of SBS with rHDPE increased the softening point and improved the rutting factor by 37.8– 58.1% over 64–82 °C but substantially worsened hot-storage stability, with the softening-point difference reaching 35.6 °C. EVA moderately improved storage stability, whereas MHDPE maintained high rutting resistance but produced negligible improvement in hot-storage stability. MHDPE-W exhibited the most balanced performance, reducing the softening-point difference by 84.8% and the viscosity at 135 °C by 24.0% relative to the uncompatibilised SBS/rHDPE binder, while maintaining a rutting factor of 1.92 kPa at 82 °C. All rHDPE- containing binders exhibited polyethylene-related melting peaks between 118.7 and 120.7 °C, confirming the presence of crystalline polyethylene-rich domains. This direct comparison demonstrates that additive molecular structure governs the balance among stiffness, workability, and storage stability. MHDPE-W therefore provides a practical pathway for incorporating rHDPE, reducing virgin SBS demand, and developing more resource-efficient bituminous binders.

Environment & Sustainability48 Keywords: SBS-modified bitumen; recycled HDPE; polymer compatibiliser; storage stability; rutting resistance; MHDPE wax.

Environment & Sustainability 49 Cost-Effectiveness of Geosynthetic Infrastructure Solutions Driven by ESG Practices Khoo Cheng May a a CEO, DJX Enineering Sdn. Bhd., Unit 5-3 Dataran Mutiara, Jalan 7/4, Serdang Jaya, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Abstract: Conventional road networks frequently face recurrent failures—such as reflective cracking, deep rutting, and soft subgrade sinking—demanding costly, resource-intensive rehabilitations. This multiple-case study aims to evaluate the structural performance and cost-effectiveness of integrating advanced geosynthetics as Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) driven infrastructure solutions. From an ESG perspective, utilizing elastomeric polymer-coated glass fibre grids (GlasGrid) and polypropylene geogrids welded on non-woven geotextiles (Combigrid) actively minimizes raw material extraction by safely reducing aggregate base thicknesses, lowers carbon emissions, and drastically limits public disruption. Crucially, rural and plantation roads can be constructed quickly, connecting villages to main highways at a significantly lower cost and with remarkably fast turnaround times. This geosynthetic base reinforcement also addresses the invisible costs of construction access roads, which traditionally eat up crusher run aggregate ravenously as stones sink into soft subgrades, drastically cutting resource waste. For targeted maintenance, resource-efficient ESG practices utilize composite waterproof seals for exceptionally fast turnaround times on pothole repairs, eliminating recurring, wasteful interventions. Furthermore, combining elastomeric polymer-coated glass fibre grids with these composite waterproof seals creates a highly efficient and lasting bridge joint system allowing for the fast reopening of lanes. The methodology encompasses Dynamic Cone Penetration (DCP) subgrade testing, laboratory rutting evaluations, and long- term Pavement Condition Assessments (PCA) across sites including the Senai Desaru Expressway (SDE), SILK Highway, amongst others. Results demonstrate GlasGrid delays reflective cracking by 2.4 times and improves field rut resistance by over 50% after eight years in service. Combigrid successfully stabilizes extremely weak subgrades, maintaining unpaved road serviceability even after severe flooding. Furthermore, composite waterproof patching eliminates recurrent failure traps, unlocking projected municipal savings of RM

Environment & Sustainability50 45.1 million over two years. Conclusively, adopting these engineered reinforcement systems provides a highly sustainable, ESG-compliant solution that maximizes structural durability and reduces pavement lifecycle maintenance costs by up to 200%. Keywords: Geosynthetics; ESG practices; Pavement reinforcement; Reflective cracking; Sustainable infrastructure; Lifecycle cost reduction

Environment & Sustainability 51 Utilization of Ceramic Sludge Waste (CSW) as a Potential Mineral Filler (MF) in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Hidra Hasbee Jamila*, Kamaruddin Othmana, Mohd Zahri Semana, Aida Khalida, Anizam Sanifa, Hafizuddin Othmana, Aifa Nabiha Shaharuddina, Muhammad Mustaqim Mohammad Azmana a Centre of Excelllence for Engineering and Technology (CREaTE), JKR Malaysia, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka Malaysia Abstract: The production of ceramic sludge waste (CSW) from the ceramic manufacturing industry poses significant environmental challenges particularly in rapidly developing nations like Malaysia, where demand for ceramics is rising. In line with global efforts toward sustainable construction, previous studies have highlighted the potential of industrial waste in asphalt pavements to improve sustainability and pavement performance. This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing CSW replacement for conventional mineral fillers in hot mix asphalt (HMA) and evaluated its impact on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of the resulting mixtures. Ceramic sludge was collected from a ceramic manufacturing factory, specifically from the milling and polishing processes. The waste was dried, pulverized, and sieved to obtain filler- sized particles passing through a 75 μm sieve. In the first stage, the Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) was determined using conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as the control mineral filler. Subsequently, CSW was incorporated as a replacement for cement at levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Results demonstrated that CSW possesses suitable physical and mechanical properties for use as an asphalt filler. Asphalt mixtures with 60–80% CSW replacement exhibited comparable or improved Marshall stability, reaching values up to 12.8 kN. Furthermore, mixtures with 100% replacement showed a 3.03% increase in average resilient modulus compared to conventional OPC, indicating enhanced stiffness and resistance to deformation under repeated loading. Based on the results obtained, CSW has strong potential to be utilised as an alternative filler to support environmental sustainability. Keywords: Recycling; Mineral Filler; Hot Mix Asphalt; Ceramic Sludge Waste; Sustainability

Environment & Sustainability52 Advancing Sustainable Pavements: Warm Mix Asphalt ACWC20 with 30% RAP Using GTL-Based Saraphalt Additive Puah Boon Pinga, Kay Kian Heea, Ronny Dauda, Teh Sek Yeeb, Mohd Azli Ayobb, Mohammad Riad Ramzib, Dini Dayana Mustaffa Kamalb a Shell MDS (Malaysia) Sdn.Bhd., Menara Shell, Jalan Tun Sambathan, 50470 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. b UEM Edgeta Research & Development Centre, Pavememnt Research Centre(PRC), Jalan Kamunting, Bukit Beruntung, 48300 Rawang Selangor, Malaysia. Abstract: Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technology has gained significant attention for its ability to reduce asphalt production temperatures by 20–50°C compared to conventional hot mix asphalt. These reduced temperatures deliver meaningful economic, environmental, and operational benefits including lower fuel consumption, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and decreased fume generation, thereby improving air quality and construction safety. In addition, WMA enhances mixture workability, allows longer haul distances, and facilitates better compaction under marginal conditions. Importantly, WMA also supports the incorporation of higher proportions of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), enabling more resource-efficient and sustainable pavement practices by conserving raw materials and reducing waste. Building on these advantages, this study investigates the combined use of 30% RAP and Shell GTL Saraphalt WMA additive in the production of Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (ACWC20). A modified binder was produced by blending 2% Saraphalt with 60/70 penetration grade bitumen using a high-shear mixer. The resulting mixture Saraphalt WMA ACWC20-30%RAP was evaluated against a conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) ACWC20 control mix of the same aggregate. Optimum WMA production temperatures were identified as 135°C for mixing and 115°C for compaction, reflecting a significant reduction relative to HMA, typically mixed at 160°C and compacted at 140°C. A comprehensive laboratory testing program assessed moisture susceptibility, stiffness, rutting resistance, and fatigue performance through Immersion Index, Indirect Tensile Strength, Resilient Modulus, Dynamic Creep, Indirect Tensile Fatigue, and Wheel

Environment & Sustainability 53 Tracking tests. These evaluations were designed to capture the mechanical behaviour of the WMA-RAP mixture under temperature variations, moisture exposure, and traffic loading representative of expressway conditions. Results showed that Saraphalt WMA ACWC20-30%RAP met or exceeded all key performance criteria of conventional HMA ACWC20. The mixture exhibited superior dynamic creep resistance, higher resilient modulus, and improved fatigue performance, while RAP addition helped offset the cost of the Saraphalt additive. The reduced production temperatures provided additional gains in energy efficiency and emissions reduction, supporting more sustainable and cost-effective asphalt paving operations. Overall, the findings confirmed the technical viability and performance benefits of integrating WMA technology, 30% RAP, and GTL-based Saraphalt additive into ACWC20 production. This approach presented a high-performance, environmentally responsible, and economically advantageous pavement solution suitable for long-life expressway applications and aligned with broader industry goals of sustainability, resource conservation, and resilient transportation infrastructure. Keywords: Warm Mix Asphalt; Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement; Shell GTL Saraphalt; ACWC20; Fischer Tropsch wax; sustainable pavement

Environment & Sustainability54 A Case Study on Advancing Towards Net Zero Through Operational Excellence: Insights from PLUS Malaysia Berhad Ts. Mohd Rosnizam Zailana, Noor Fatihah Mahmodb a Deputy Senior Manager, Maintenance & Projects(MEE), PLUS Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia b Senior Engineer, Maintnance & Projects (MEE) PLUS Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Abstract: The highway infrastructure sector plays a vital role in supporting national economic growth and connectivity. However, its operations are associated with significant energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As Malaysia advances towards its Net Zero emissions target by 2050, highway concessionaires are increasingly required to balance operational reliability, cost efficiency, and environmental sustainability. In response, PLUS Malaysia Berhad (PLUS), the country's largest highway concessionaire, has embedded decarbonisation into its business strategy through a phase-based approach driven by Operational Excellence, with a commitment to achieving Net Zero emissions for Scope 1 and Scope 2 by 2050. Based on the 2017 baseline, purchased electricity (Scope 2) accounted for approximately 93% of PLUS's total Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, making electricity consumption the primary focus of its operational decarbonisation strategy. This paper presents PLUS's experience in reducing Scope 2 emissions through a structured Operational Excellence approach that emphasises continuous improvement, systematic implementation, performance monitoring, and data-driven decision- making. The analysis draws on electricity billing records, the MyUtilities energy monitoring system, and project implementation reports to evaluate energy performance before and after the execution of key initiatives across the highway network. The decarbonisation programme was implemented in phases and comprised large-scale LED lighting retrofits at mainline, toll plazas, Rest and Service Areas (RSAs), Lay-bys, tunnels, and other operational facilities,

Environment & Sustainability 55 complemented by the installation of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and continuous optimisation of electricity consumption through digital energy monitoring. As of 2025, these initiatives have collectively reduced electricity consumption by approximately 34% compared with the 2017 baseline, resulting in significant reductions in Scope 2 GHG emissions while improving operational efficiency and long-term cost effectiveness. The findings demonstrate that a phase-based Operational Excellence framework provides a practical, scalable, and replicable pathway for decarbonising highway infrastructure operations while supporting long-term Net Zero ambitions. Keywords: Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Net Zero; Operational Excellence; Sustainability; Decarbonisation; Energy Performance.

Environment & Sustainability56 Evaluation of Food Waste-Derived Organic Compost Fertilizer for Sustainable Landscape Management Nursyazwani Abd Rashida* a Technical Executive, Routine Maintenance Civil, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, MALAYSIA. * Corresponding author email: nursyazwani.rashid@plus.com Abstract: Food waste from PLUS RSAs and Lay-bys can be converted into compost for landscape maintenance. This study evaluated compost as a supplementary fertilizer against the Bio Organic fertilizer (Exisiting). Laboratory analysis by MCL, Universiti Putra Malaysia, showed high organic carbon for soil improvement but lower nitrogen content. A monthly application of 250 kg compost + 175 kg Exisiting fertilizer could reduce existing consumption by ~50% (2,400 kg/year), supporting sustainable highway landscaping and circular economy practices Keywords: Food Waste Compost; Sustainable Landscape Management; Supplementary Fertilizer; Soil Improvement; Circular Economy.

CHAIRMAN Dato’ Ir. Dr. Gue See Sew Board of Governors Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology PARALLEL SESSION 7: Slope & Geotechnical Engineering

57 PARALLEL SESSION 7 SLOPE & GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering 57 Debris Flow: PWD Malaysia’s Experience in Road Infrastructure Protection Dr. Mohamad Niizar Bin Abdurahmana a Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun, Ibu Pejabat JKR Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50582, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: mniizar@jkr.gov.my Abstract: Debris flows pose a significant threat to road corridors in mountainous terrain, particularly during prolonged rainfall when failed slope material, boulders, woody debris and sediment can be rapidly mobilised along confined drainage paths. This paper presents the experience of the Public Works Department Malaysia (PWD/JKR) in investigating and mitigating a major debris-flow incident at FT185 Section 61.0, Lojing–Gua Musang, Kelantan. The event, which occurred on 3 January 2021, involved upstream slope failures and debris accumulation along the valley, resulting in obstruction of the waterway, overflow and extensive damage to the road infrastructure. PWD’s engineering assessment included site reconnaissance, topographic survey, soil investigation, debris-flow assessment, riverbank stability analysis and structural design. The findings showed that localised slope repair alone would not adequately address the hazard because the debris source and transport path extended beyond the immediate road corridor. An integrated mitigation strategy was therefore adopted, incorporating a Sabo Dam, debris-flow barrier, slope and riverbank stabilisation, drainage improvement and associated road works. The completed works demonstrate a shift from reactive repair towards a source–path–receptor approach, where debris is intercepted and its energy reduced before reaching critical road infrastructure. The case highlights the importance of integrating geotechnical, hydrological and structural considerations in managing debris- flow risk and improving the resilience of road infrastructure in mountainous terrain. Keywords: Debris Flow; Sabo Dam; Slope Failure; Road Infrastructure; Geohazard Mitigation; Road Resilience.

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering58 Field Implementation of an Automated Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing System for Real-Time Landslide Monitoring Muhammad Farid Ghazalia, Hisham Mohamada,b, Afiqah Binti Mohd Nasria, Muhammad Yusoff Mohd Nasirb a Civil a Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia b Small Ifrastructure Modelling and Monitoring Centre,Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia Abstract: Accurate monitoring of subsurface deformation is essential for landslide early warning and geotechnical risk management. Conventional inclinometers remain widely used, but their manual operation and discrete depth measurements limit spatial continuity and temporal resolution. This study presents an automated Distributed Optical Fibre Strain Sensing (DOFSS) inclinometer for high-resolution subsurface deformation monitoring. The system uses Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis (BOTDA) to acquire distributed strain profiles along with an instrumented inclinometer casing. Differential strain is converted into curvature and numerically integrated to reconstruct lateral displacement, while an automated MATLAB workflow performs data trimming, baseline correction, smoothing, reconstruction, visualisation, and record management. Laboratory validation showed strong agreement with reference measurements, with R² = 0.997. The displacement difference ranged from 1.0 mm to 2.4 mm, with an average difference of approximately 1.90 mm and an average percentage difference of approximately 2.17%. Field deployment at an active landslide site in Sungai Rual, Malaysia confirmed that the system captured deformation patterns consistent with conventional inclinometers. Under moderate deformation, displacement differences remained below 4%, and both systems identified the same active shear zone at depths of 6–9 m. The results demonstrate that the automated DOFSS inclinometer improves spatial continuity, monitoring efficiency, and long-term subsurface deformation interpretation for geotechnical applications Keywords: Distributed Optical Fibre Strain Sensing (DOFSS); Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering 59 In-Situ Evaluation of Shaft Friction and End Bearing Resistance of Large Diameter Caisson Foundations Using Ring Friction and Plate Bearing Tests Ahmad Shukri Abd Rashida, Ian Chongb, Bun Pin Teec, Mun Fai Chongb a Jabatan Kerja Raya Unit Project Khas Zon Utara (1), Cawangan Jalan, Kuala Lumpur, b Dynamic Pile Testing Sdn. Bhd., 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, c Smart Sensing Technology Sdn. Bhd., 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Abstract: Large-diameter hand-dug caisson foundations are commonly adopted for bridge and heavy infrastructure projects where high axial load capacity is required. Accurate assessment of shaft friction and end bearing resistance is therefore essential to verify design assumptions and ensure reliable foundation performance. This paper presents the methodology and field application of in situ caisson ring friction tests and end bearing tests conducted to evaluate the load transfer characteristics of caisson foundations. The caisson ring friction test is performed by applying controlled hydraulic loading to a designated test ring while reaction forces are provided by adjacent caisson rings or surrounding ground. Axial displacement is monitored using multiple Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) distributed evenly around the ring. The mobilised unit shaft friction is determined from the applied load and the nominal contact surface area of the caisson ring. For the end bearing evaluation, a plate bearing arrangement is installed at the caisson toe. Load is applied incrementally through a hydraulic jack and measured using a calibrated load cell, while settlement is recorded using precision displacement gauges. The resulting load displacement behaviour enables estimation of the mobilised end bearing resistance. The testing programme incorporates controlled load increments and multiple loading cycles to ensure reliable mobilisation of soil resistance. Results demonstrate that the proposed in situ testing approach provides a practical method for evaluating both shaft friction and end bearing performance of large diameter caisson foundations and offers valuable data for validating geotechnical design parameters. Keywords: Caisson Foundation; Ring Friction Test; End Bearing Test; In Situ Load Testing; Foundation Performance.

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering60 Performance Evaluation of High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction for Engineered Fill Platforms Using Plate Bearing and Mackintosh Probe Tests in Malaysian Soil Conditions Qusanssori Nor Bin Roslia, Iradatul Hanis binti Abd Hamida, Muhamad Munif Bin Mt Zina a Infra Tech Projects Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Petaling Jaya, Selangor 47301, Malaysia. Abstract: High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction (HIEDYC) is a ground improvement method used to enhance the engineering performance of fill materials by increasing density, stiffness and bearing capacity while reducing voids and post-construction settlement. This paper presents the performance evaluation of HIEDYC at two Malaysian project sites: the Batik Air Inflight Catering Facility at Tech Park, Bandar Enstek, and the Kota Puteri Industrial Park Development in Gombak. The sites comprised heterogeneous fill and variable subsoil conditions, including soft clayey deposits at Bandar Enstek and thick engineered fill containing Boulder Bed or bimrock-derived materials at Kota Puteri. HIEDYC was applied in controlled passes to densify the fill and form a more uniform load-bearing platform. At Bandar Enstek, comparison of pre- and post-treatment Mackintosh Probe results showed a consistent increase in penetration resistance within the treated zone. At Kota Puteri, the treated fill was validated using 587 Field Density Tests and 32 Plate Bearing Tests. The field density results generally achieved 95% to 99% of the maximum dry density, while all Plate Bearing Tests sustained a maximum applied pressure of 400 kPa, with recorded settlements ranging from approximately 0.8 mm to 8.8 mm. The results demonstrate that HIEDYC can improve variable fill materials into a more uniform engineered-fill platform with an allowable bearing pressure of at least 200 kPa. The method also reduces void-related compression and residual shrinkage settlement within the fill, thereby supporting more economical foundation solutions and reducing long-term geotechnical risk. Keywords: High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction (Hiedyc); Ground Improvement; Fill Compaction; Engineered Fill; Bearing Capacity Improvement; Settlement Reduction.

PARALLEL SESSION 8: Pavement Engineering

61 PARALLEL SESSION 8 PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

Pavement Engineering 61 A Comparative Study on Laboratory UV Aging, Natural Exposure Aging, and PAV Aging of VG-40. Adyasha Mohantya* a School of Infrastructure, IIT Bhubaneswar, India. * Corresponding author email: a22ce09017@iitbbs.ac.in Abstract: Aging is a fundamental characteristic of asphalt; however, the conventional evaluation primarily considers the thermo-oxidative pathway, often overlooking the photo-oxidative effects. India is exposed to high ultraviolet (UV) radiation; hence, understanding UV-aging of asphalt is essential. This study investigates the long-term aging of VG-40 under UV exposure and compares it with thermo-oxidative aging using the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) of different thicknesses, along with natural exposure aging (NEA-6m) conditions of 6 months. 500 μm thin films of short-term aged VG-40 were subjected to UV-A radiation (365 nm, 15.91 W/m²) at 70°C for 14 days, while another set underwent NEA. PAV aging was conducted as per ASTM standard with different bitumen film thicknesses, which included standard 50 grams and 500 μm thickness (PAV-0.5). After aging, chemical characterization using FTIR revealed increased sulfoxide and carbonyl indices, confirming oxidative aging of laboratory and NEA samples. Rheologically, keeping the long-term aging by standard PAV as a base, an increase in complex shear modulus (G*) due to laboratory UV aging, PAV-0.5 aging, and NEA-6m was 2.3, 4.9, and 1.7 times, respectively. The non-recoverable creep compliance decreases by 26 % and 84 % for laboratory UV-aged and PAV-0.5, respectively, and increases by 58 % for NEA-6m. The fatigue life (Nf) of standard PAV, laboratory UV-aged samples, PAV-0.5, and NEA-6m was in the range of 10^5, 10^4,10^3, and 10^5 cycles, respectively. Jnr of NEA-6m attributed to environmental cycles. Overall, this study suggests UV aging and PAV-0.5 pathway as a more realistic approach for long-term aging of asphalt. Keywords: Asphalt Aging; Ultraviolet Aging; Pressure Aging Vessel; Natural Exposure Aging; Rheological Properties.

Pavement Engineering62 Performance Evaluation of Pavement Rehabilitation Using IRI and FWD Indicator Ir. Hj. Ahmad Kamel Abdul Malika, Anuar Adamuddinb, Muhammad Qayyim Suhaimic*, a Chief Operating Officer, Selia Selanggara Sdn Bhd Melaka, Malaysia b Senior Manager, Selia Selanggara Sdn Bhd Melaka, Malaysia c Senior Engineer, Selia Selanggara Sdn Bhd Melaka, Malaysia * Corresponding author email: mqayyim.su@seliagroup.com Abstract: Pavement performance is commonly assessed using either functional or structural indicators, while studies that combine both indicators over several rehabilitation cycles remain limited. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the long-term performance of flexible pavement along Federal Route FT001, from Johor Bahru to Negeri Sembilan, through an integrated functional and structural assessment. Functional performance was evaluated using the International Roughness Index (IRI) collected by road survey vehicles, while structural capacity was assessed using Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing, with particular focus on the central deflection parameter, D0. A time- series approach was applied using five pavement assessment cycles between 2020 and 2025. The first assessment represented the pavement condition before rehabilitation and served as the baseline. From the second to the fifth assessment cycles, rehabilitation treatments were implemented, including Mill and Pave at depths of 50 mm, 110 mm and 200 mm, as well as full reconstruction. Network- level pavement assessments were conducted at the end of each assessment year to monitor changes in pavement condition along the corridor. The IRI, D0 and rehabilitation records were analysed to examine the relationship between functional and structural performance and to compare pavement responses under different treatment methods. Variations in post-rehabilitation performance may be influenced by traffic loading, construction workmanship, existing pavement condition and Malaysia’s tropical climate. The study provides an understanding of pavement performance following repeated rehabilitation works and highlights the importance of combining functional condition, structural capacity, treatment history and external factors in pavement maintenance planning, treatment selection and asset management decision-making. Keywords: International Roughness Index; Falling Weight Deflectometer; Pavement Rehabilitation Performance.

Pavement Engineering 63 Effectiveness of Warm Mix Asphalt at Pavement Service Temperature Ratnasamy Muniandya, Dhiyetul Husnahb, Fauzan Jakarnic, Salihudin Hassimd a Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author email: ratnas@upm.edu.my Contributing author: dhieyatul@gmail.com, fauzan.mj@upm.edu.my, hsalih@upm.edu.my Abstract: Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is gaining widespread acceptance as an environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), owing to its reduced production temperatures and comparable mechanical performance. Typically produced at temperatures between 110°C and 140°C, WMA requires 20–40°C less heating than HMA, which is commonly manufactured at 150°C–180°C. However, the WMA’s performance at the 60°C pavement service temperature needed a more extensive study. As such Universiti Putra Malaysia undertook a study to investigate the capability of WMA to perform under heavy load and 60 °C Celsius. Several WMA designs were developed using two binder sources of 60-70 penetration and PG 76 and two different additives including Sasobit and Evotherm. The performance evaluations indicated that the WMA engineering properties are equivalent to or better than traditional HMA. The optimum asphalt contents were observed to be 6.14% for the control mix while the mixtures with Sabobit and Evotherm showed values of 5.45% and 5.40% respectively. The stability values were 12.37 kN and 13.06kN respectively as compared with the control mix of 9kN. The creep modulus strength of WMA with PG76 and Sasobit showed the highest value at the pavement temperature of 60°C as compared with other samples. This study confirms that Warm Mix Asphalt provides a robust balance of environmental, economic, and structural benefits. WMA represents a transformative advancement in sustainable pavement technology and a compelling solution for future transportation infrastructure development. Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement; Warm Mix Asphalt; Marshall Mix Design; Mechanical Performance; Sustainable Pavement

Pavement Engineering64 Development of Individual Functional Pavement Indices for Pavement Performance Condition Assessment Nur Faezah Yahyaa*, Nur Izzi Md. Yusoffa, Shamsuni Salleha, Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazidd, Abdualmtalab Abdualaziz Alidd a Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia b Intelligent Construction Centre (IConstC), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia c KL-Kuala Selangor Expressway Berhad, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia d Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Azzaytuna University, Tarhuna, Libya Abstract: This study presents a systematic framework for developing functional pavement indices to address inconsistencies in current highway practices, where pavement performance indicators are evaluated using different condition classifications and threshold ranges. These inconsistencies make it difficult to consistently interpret pavement condition across multiple performance indicators. To overcome these inconsistencies, the proposed framework harmonises the condition classifications into a standardised five- level rating system and transforms the raw pavement variables into a unified 0– 100 scale, enabling consistent pavement condition assessment across multiple performance indicators. The framework incorporates skid resistance, texture depth, International Roughness Index (IRI), cracking, rutting, and pavement condition index to represent the key aspects of pavement functional performance, including safety, surface characteristics, ride quality, structural distress, and overall pavement condition. This process facilitates the development of six individual functional pavement indices, including the Riding Quality Index (RQI), Rutting Depth Index (RDI), Surface Cracking Index (SCI), Skid Resistance Index (SRI), Texture Depth Index (TDI), and Pavement Distress Index (PDI). Power, exponential, and sigmoid regression models were evaluated

Pavement Engineering 65 and validated to determine the best-fit model for each pavement indicator. The results indicate that sigmoid regression provides the best representation for RQI, SRI, and TDI, whereas exponential regression is the most appropriate model for RDI, SCI, and PDI. The developed functional pavement indices provide a consistent basis for pavement condition assessment, supporting improved pavement performance evaluation and pavement management decision-making. Keywords: Pavement Performance; Regression Modelling; Index Normalisation; Network-Level Assessment; Pavement Management Systems

Pavement Engineering66 High Modulus Asphalt Pavement Technology in China: Research Progress, Standardization and Future Perspectives Chao Hana,b,c, Fengwei Ana,b, Jinyi Xua,b, Wuju Wei1a,b,Rongji Caoa,b, Rui Shana,b a NERC-ARM, National Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Road Materials, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China. b JSTI.GROUP, Naning City, Jiangsu Province. c Changán University, Highway Institute, Xián City, Shanxi Province. Abstract: High-modulus asphalt pavement（HMAC） technology has become an important approach for improving rutting resistance, structural load-bearing capacity, and pavement structural efficiency under heavy-duty traffic, high- temperature climates, and premature asphalt pavement distress. This review summarizes the development and application of high-modulus asphalt mixtures and high-modulus asphalt pavements in China over the past decade, covering technical principles, material systems, mixture design, performance evaluation, structural application, construction control, and standardization. The review shows that China has developed diversified technical routes. These technologies have been applied in demanding service conditions such as heavily trafficked expressways. China’s technical system has also evolved from early reference to European experience, particularly French high-modulus asphalt concrete technology (EME2), toward localized design methods, performance indicators, construction specifications, and standards adapted to Chinese traffic loading, climatic conditions, material sources, and pavement structures. Field applications indicate that HMAC can effectively improve resistance to permanent deformation and structural bearing capacity. However, challenges remain in balancing high modulus with low-temperature cracking resistance, ensuring fatigue durability under repeated loading, reducing performance variability among material systems, controlling construction temperature sensitivity, and environmental benefits. Future research should focus on establishing an integrated material-structure design system, improving classification and grading standards, strengthening long-term performance monitoring, and incorporating low-carbon materials and life-cycle assessment into the technological development pathway for high-modulus asphalt pavements. Keywords: High Modulus Asphalt Pavement; Standardization; Review.

PARALLEL SESSION 9: Highway Engineering CHAIRMAN Prof. Madya Dr. Fauzan Bin Mohd Jakarni Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia

67 PARALLEL SESSION 9 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Highway Engineering 69 Construction of an Intelligent Highway Traffic Data Analytics Platform: From Multi-Source Data Integration to Value-Added Monitoring Dashboards Hsu Chih-Linga* a Planner, THI Consultants Inc., Taiwan. * Corresponding author email: ivyhsu@thi.com.tw Abstract: With the rapid advancement of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), highway management has shifted toward a big data-driven paradigm. This study develops and implements the "Traffic Data Intelligent Analytics Platform (TDIAP)," proposing a comprehensive data pipeline that spans collection, integration, value-added processing, and visualization. The system utilizes data Extract transform and Load process to ensure data high availability while integrating multi-source heterogeneous data from Electronic Toll Collection (TDCS) systems and Vehicle Detectors (VD). The core of the platform lies in its complex processing engine, which aggregates raw sensor data to generate structured summary tables. We perform real-time value-added analysis and calculations on vast amounts of raw data, enabling data queries for analyzed items in as little as 15 minutes. This transformation facilitates high-level data value-added applications, converting multi source traffic data into information that can be used and viewed directly. Furthermore, by analyzing data such as traffic flow, speed, and travel time, users are provided with more diverse data analysis results. For example, mainline traffic volume analysis, ramp volume analysis, and other related thematic analyses such as heavy car analysis and speeding car analysis. To address the dynamic operational challenges during peak periods, the study develops specialized visualization dashboards. These tools allow administrators to monitor real-time traffic fluctuations and congestion trends, particularly during national holidays. The platform significantly enhances the efficiency of data-to-decision conversion. By establishing a robust framework for data real-time monitoring, this research provides a scientific foundation for intelligent highway maintenance and strategic traffic management. Keywords: Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS); Traffic Data Analytics; Big Data; Real-time Traffic Monitoring; Data Visualization.

Highway Engineering70 SAHEL: Scalable Road Condition Monitoring for Diverse Networks Using Rugged Vehicle-Based Sensing. Kevin Prescotta* a Hodos Media Ltd, United Kingdom. * Corresponding author email: kevin.prescott@hodosmedia.com Abstract: This paper presents SAHEL, a scalable approach to road condition monitoring designed for large and diverse road networks, including secondary and rural roads that are often under-monitored. The approach focuses on enabling practical network visibility without reliance on high-cost survey systems or continuous connectivity. The system uses purpose-equipped vehicles fitted with rugged, low-cost sensing hardware to capture indicators of road surface condition during structured survey operations. This enables repeatable data collection across geographically distributed networks while maintaining control over data quality and coverage. A key feature is the ability to operate in environments with variable connectivity. Data is managed using store-and- forward techniques combined with opportunistic transmission and satellite communications, allowing monitoring to extend into areas where conventional mobile network coverage is limited or unreliable. The paper examines how raw sensor data is transformed into structured information for decision-making. Signal processing, aggregation, and machine learning techniques are used to derive condition indicators that support maintenance prioritisation and resource allocation. The system is designed to integrate with Road Asset Management Systems, enabling direct use in planning processes. Implementation considerations include sensor calibration, survey design, data consistency, and interoperability with existing systems. The approach supports incremental deployment, allowing road authorities to expand coverage progressively. The work outlines a practical pathway from feasibility to deployment, demonstrating how low-cost sensing and structured data handling can improve asset management across varied network conditions. Keywords: Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC); Pavement Strengthening; Heavy Truck Traffic; Load-Carrying Capacity; Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD)

Highway Engineering 71 Climate Resilient Infrastructure Design: A Case Study of the Morava Corridor Motorway Project Ozger Inala* a ENKA Insaat ve Sanayi A.S., Turkey. * Corresponding author email: oinal@enka.com Abstract: This document presents case study that includes the measures in infrastructure design against disasters that may occur due to climate change and increasing precipitation rates related to climate change within the scope of the Morava Corridor Motorway Project. Climate change, changing weather events, and variations in regional precipitation regimes have made disaster preparedness more important in transportation projects. Therefore, modernization requirements caused by climate change have become mandatory in newly designed motorway projects. The Morava Corridor Motorway Project, which is currently under construction in Republic of Serbia, is an important infrastructure project designed in accordance with this approach and can be presented as a significant example. The project alignment follows the Morava River basin, which has a high flood risk. Therefore, flood protection systems have been developed against possible disasters. River regulation works, dykes, and motorway slope protections have been designed to ensure both the protection of the motorway infrastructure and to prevent surrounding settlements from being negatively affected by possible disasters, considering the pre-project conditions. Structures along the motorway were designed by considering high rainfall discharges affected by climate change. Internal and external drainage hydraulic modelling was carried out during the design development phase by taking flood propagation into account, and the structures were designed to be resilient to these conditions. The Morava Corridor Project is an important example for the development of infrastructure projects that are compatible with climate change and resilient to possible disasters by considering flood management, hydraulic design, and the environmental effects of disasters. Keywords: Concrete Pavement; Maintenance; Durability; Sustainability; Fiber Reinforcement; Best Practice.

Highway Engineering72 The Use of Rubberized Fiber Mixtures to Reduce Noise on Highways Kerinchi Link, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ir. Dr. Shakor Badaruddina* a P.ENG CEO, Elcorp Technology Sdn Bhd. * Corresponding author email: drshakor@gmail.com Abstract: Noise from road surfaces due to tyre-pavement interaction can be annoying, and prolonged exposure could be very stressful. This is particularly so for elevated highways that cut through residential areas, which were once very quiet and serene. One such highway, constructed in 2001 was the Kerinchi Link connecting traffic entering the Federal Highway to Damansara near Bangsar, as part of a traffic dispersal scheme and congestion mitigation plan, by the authorities. The requirement by the authorities was for a new road surface that would reduce noise by 2 dB per vehicle, when driving on the road surface, compared to normal road. Thus a new mix with crumb rubber and Fiber was developed by the author in-house, and implemented on the road surface successfully, which reduced 4dB per vehicle, thus meeting the requirements set. This new mix was first tested on real road network in a sun-urban and urban setting in Kuala Lumpur, and certified by sound engineering experts from the Faculty of Engineering, University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Once the test results were approved by the authorities, the design mix was produced and laid on the Kerinchi Link in 2002, and by 2010 was still standing over 80% of the area a full 10 years since construction. This paper gives detail aspects of the mix design, construction, and performance with site photos showing excellent road riding conditions Keywords: Tyre–Pavement Noise; Crumb Rubber; Fibre-Modified Asphalt; Low-Noise Pavement; Kerinchi Link; Pavement Performance.

Highway Engineering 73 Evaluating Multi-Speed Deflectometer (MSD) as a Continuous Alternative to Conventional Structural Testing on PLUS Expressways Siti Afzakaswani Ahmad Farouka*, Md Yunus Ab. Wahaba, Azizul Faiz Bin Abdul Aziza, Asmaniza Asanana, Adlin Khalilb a Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15 Lebuhraya baru Lembah Klang. b AHN Vertex Sdn.Bhd., 13-2, Jalan Elektron J U16/J, Denai Alam, 40160 Shah Alam, Selangor Abstract: As the premier concessionaire for 1,130 km of Malaysian highways, PLUS Berhad is transitioning from traditional road testing to more innovative and safer methods. Currently, road strength is monitored using the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). However, this conventional method requires 2- to 3-minute intermittent stops at each test point, necessitating extensive traffic management and posing safety risks on high-volume expressways. This paper evaluates a 2025 Proof of Concept using the Multi-Speed Deflectometer (MSD) as a continuous, non-destructive alternative. The study was conducted in two phases: a consistency trial on the Seremban-Port Dickson Highway (SPDH) at various speeds, and a large-scale network survey covering 528 lane-kilometers of the North-South Expressway (NSE). The goal was to determine if the MSD could provide reliable structural data at traffic speeds, thereby eliminating intermittent stops and hazardous lane closures. In the SPDH trial, MSD data collected at operating speeds of 20, 40, and 60 km/h were benchmarked against stationary FWD central deflections at 50-meter intervals. At the network level, the MSD was calibrated against historical 2024 FWD data. Results demonstrated that the MSD is a highly effective tool for asset management. In controlled trials, the MSD achieved a strong coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.9) against traditional FWD data. At the network level, the correlation remained strong, ranging between 0.6 and 0.8. Although slight variations arose from historical road repairs, the MSD successfully captured high-resolution structural profiles without disrupting traffic flow. Operating the MSD with a 10-tonne truck eliminates the need for roadside stops and significantly reduces operational costs. In conclusion, the MSD provides reliable deflection data that aligns with

Highway Engineering74 industry standards, offering a faster, safer methodology for proactive pavement maintenance and digital asset management across the PLUS network. Keywords: Pavement Structural Testing, Multi-Speed Deflectometer (MSD), Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), Deflection Correlation, Traffic Management Safety, Asset Management, PLUS Expressways

PARALLEL SESSION 10: Slope & Geotechnical Engineering

PARALLEL SESSION 10 SLOPE & GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering 75 Riverbank Erosion as an Underlying Hazard Contributing to Occupational Accidents in Bridge Construction at Sg Air Tawar, Selangor: A Mangrove Based Risk Control Case Study Ahmad Shukria, Muhammad Elyas Shahb, Hasya Shazwanib a Unit Projek Khas Zon Utara 1, Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR Malaysia, Tingkat 15, Blok F, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50480 Kuala Lumpur b BBSB Holdings Sdn.Bhd., B-03-30, Block B, Mechant Square No.1, Jalan Tropicana Selatan 1, PJU 3, Tropicana, 47410 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia Abstract: Bridge construction in riverine environments presents significant occupational safety challenges due to the interaction between geotechnical conditions, riverbank erosion and construction activities. This study aims to investigate the relationship between riverbank soil characteristics, erosion processes and occupational safety risks in bridge construction and to develop an integrated mangrove-based risk management framework for sustainable riverbank management. A qualitative case study was conducted at the Sungai Air Tawar Bridge Project, Selangor, Malaysia, through the analysis of Site Investigation (SI) reports, soil erosion records, occupational risk assessment documents and existing control measures. The findings indicate that the riverbank is predominantly underlain by very soft soil layers extending beyond 40 m depth, as indicated by consistently low Standard Penetration Test (SPT) values, resulting in limited bearing capacity and significant challenges for conventional structural erosion control measures. These conditions increase the potential for ground instability and consequently elevate occupational safety risks during construction activities. Although mangrove ecosystems contribute to long-term riverbank stabilisation through sediment retention and root reinforcement, their effectiveness depends on site-specific geotechnical conditions and should therefore be considered as a complementary rather than standalone erosion control strategy. The proposed framework integrates geotechnical assessment, occupational safety risk management and mangrove- based Nature-Based Solutions to support sustainable riverbank management while enhancing construction safety in erosion-prone bridge projects. Keywords: Nature-based Solutions (NbS); Mangrove Ecosystems; River Embankment Erosion; Bio-engineering; Risk Assessment.

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering76 Application of High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction (HIEDYC) for Foundation Improvement of Reinforced Earth (RE) Wall on Saturated Ground at Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan Iradatul Hanis Binti Abd Hamida, Qusanssori Noor Bin Ruslia, Wan Noramira Nabila Binti Wan Mohd Zamria a Infra Tech Projects Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Petaling Jaya, Selangor 47301, Malaysia Abstract: The performance of Reinforced Earth (RE) walls depends on the strength and stiffness of the supporting foundation, particularly when constructed on saturated ground. This paper presents a case study on the application of High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction (HIEDYC) for foundation improvement of an RE wall at Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan. The project site comprised engineered fill overlying saturated soft subsoil with low bearing capacity and high compressibility. To improve the engineering properties of the foundation, HIEDYC was implemented following localized removal and replacement of unsuitable materials. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated using Plate Bearing Tests (PBT) and Mackintosh Probe (MP) tests conducted before and after ground improvement. The PBT recorded a maximum settlement of 11.52 mm at an applied pressure of 250 kPa, which is well below the project acceptance limit of 25 mm, confirming that the treated ground achieved the required allowable bearing capacity. The MP results also showed a significant increase in penetration resistance, indicating improved soil density and stiffness after treatment. The findings demonstrate that HIEDYC is an effective ground improvement method for improving the foundation performance of Reinforced Earth (RE) walls constructed on saturated ground. Keywords: High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction (Hiedyc); Ground Improvement; Fill Compaction; Engineered Fill; Bearing Capacity Improvement; Settlement Reduction.

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering 77 Early Detection of Potential Debris Flow from Weathered Granitic Slopes: Correlating UAV Inspection, Geospatial Analysis and Rainfall Data (Gunung Chante — KM303.0 SB, NSE, Malaysia) P. Geol. Ts. Abdul Qayyum Jalala*, Ir. Lailatul Akmar Binti Ahmad Aliasa, Ts. Amir Shahid Bin Adnana, EUR ING Ir. Ts. Azizul Faiz Bin Abdul Aziza a Maintenance & Asset Management Department, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad (PLUS), 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: qayyum@plus.com.my Abstract: The development of the North–South Expressway (NSE) traverses a wide range of geological conditions, including mountainous morphology, weathered materials and complex drainage systems, presenting significant geological risks and challenges. Malaysia’s equatorial tropical climate receives abundant annual rainfall and is characterized by extensive residual soil deposits. Historical debris flow or landslide events at KM303.8 SB (1996) and KM303.0 SB (2004) disrupted traffic and damaged highway infrastructure, emphasizing the need for proactive geohazard management. Early detection of geological hazards, particularly debris flows, plays a vital role in ensuring highway user safety. Conventional slope monitoring techniques, such as periodic visual inspections, have progressively been complemented by advanced methods including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys, geospatial analysis and remote sensing technologies. In parallel, rainfall data has been extensively recorded and is recognized as a primary triggering factor for slope failures in tropical regions, where prolonged and high-intensity precipitation can significantly reduce soil shear strength and induce mass movement. This study focuses on KM303.0 Southbound in the Gunung Chante–Gua Tempurung corridor, Perak, where steep granitic slopes, shallow soil layers and intense rainfall conditions significantly increase susceptibility to debris flow hazards. The investigation establishes a systematic framework for identifying early instability signs, assessing potential debris flow pathways and correlating slope behaviour with rainfall patterns. Based on this framework, an initiation failure was successfully detected on Gunung Chante in November 2024 through UAV monitoring. This observation was correlated with the highest monthly

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering78 cumulative rainfall recorded in October 2024, which peaked at 620.2 mm as captured by the PLUS Real-Time Monitoring System (RTMS). Early detection of potential debris flow has led PLUS Berhad to install debris flow barriers integrated with monitoring systems, providing an effective preventive and mitigation measure for geologically sensitive areas, thereby safeguarding highway users and ensuring a reliable highway network as Malaysia's interconnectivity system. Keywords: Debris Flow; UAV; Slope Failure; Early Detection; Geospatial Analysis; Rainfall Correlation.

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering 79 Acid Mine Drainage-Enhanced Internal Erosion as A Mechanism of Slow-Lane Subsidence in A Tropical Highway Embankment: An ERT-Based Forensic Case Study from KM362.8, Pan Borneo Highway, Sarawak, Malaysia A. Ahmada* a Maltimur Aktif Unggul JV Sdn Bhd for Sarawak-Sabah Link Road Phase 2, Sarawak, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: azrin@maltimur.com.my Abstract: This paper presents a forensic geotechnical investigation into progressive pavement subsidence affecting the northbound slow lane of the Pan Borneo Highway at KM362.8, Sarikei District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Visual reconnaissance at three survey positions identified a shallow wedge-type geological displacement coincident with a longitudinal drainage corridor, while a nearby bench drain showed no lateral or vertical displacement, indicating that the deformation is confined to a shallow subsurface horizon. A 200 m two- dimensional/three-dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) survey (KM362.700–KM362.900) resolved an extremely low-resistivity anomaly (0.04–1.17 Ω·m) within the upper 3 m of the embankment, interpreted as elastic silt containing massive sulfide minerals (pyrite/marcasite). Applying the ICOLD Bulletin D-6 (2019) internal erosion framework, the failure is classified as concentrated leak erosion (scour) through the embankment core, chemically enhanced by acid mine drainage (AMD) generated from in-situ pyrite oxidation. Derived geotechnical parameters (undrained shear strength 1–13 kPa; plasticity index 8–20%) confirm a highly erodible, chemically degraded material. A modified D-6 probabilistic event-tree analysis estimates a cumulative probability of failure of approximately 42% over a 10-year horizon under a passive- drainage-only scenario, with a conservative breach timeline of 3–15 years depending on rainfall intensity. The paper presents the resistivity-derived material zonation, the failure event tree, and quantitative progression-rate modelling, and concludes with a tiered remediation programme spanning immediate pavement sealing and monitoring, short-term subsurface grouting and

Slope & Geotechnical Engineering80 chemical neutralisation, and long-term embankment reconstruction or permeable reactive barrier installation. The case demonstrates the diagnostic value of ERT in identifying chemically active subsurface anomalies that are not detectable through visual or conventional geotechnical survey alone, and offers a transferable methodology for AMD-susceptible highway corridors underlain by sulfide-bearing residual soils in humid tropical settings. Keywords: Acid Mine Drainage; Internal Erosion; Electrical Resistivity Tomography; Highway Embankment Subsidence; Icold D-6; Pyrite Oxidation; Tropical Residual Soils; Road Forensic Investigation.

PARALLEL SESSION 11: Road Safety CHAIRMAN Assoc. Prof.Ts Dr. Siti Zaharah Binti Ishak Director-General Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS)

Transportation Engineering82 PARALLEL SESSION 11 ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety 83 Road Safety and Human Rights Blessing Saia* a Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. * Corresponding author email: saibl2001@gmail.com Abstract: Traffic safety research previously focused on the traditional pillars of road safety that are education, engineering and enforcement. Usually, research operated strictly under these pillars that were set up as silos. The advert of the Safe System Approach that also encompassed the Vision Zero strategy ignited the need for an integrated approach to road safety. This need for an integrated approach can be argued to be an instrument that arouses the need for the creation of an approach that merges road safety with human rights. There are few approaches that tried to merge road safety with human rights. This is a new concept that needs much research for policy makers, researchers and enforcers to realise that road safety is heavily linked to human rights. A snapshot of the three basic International Human Rights Instruments, which are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, shows that road safety is intrinsically linked to human rights. Examples in the UDHR include articles 13 (freedom of movement), article 3 (right to life, liberty) and article 5 (inhuman or degrading treatment). ICCPR also has articles that have similar relevant rights to those in UDHR (articles 6 and 7). ICESCR has examples of rights related to road safety that include articles 7b (safe and healthy working conditions), 11 (improvement of living conditions), and 12 (enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health). Keywords: Road Safety; Human Rights; Safe System Approach; Vision Zero; International Human Rights Instruments.

Road Safety84 A Comprehensive Evaluation of Integrated Motorcycle Safety Countermeasures: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Fatality Reduction in Malaysia Muhammad Marizwan bin Abdul Manana, Zarir Hafiz Bin Zulkiplia, Mohd Khairul Alhapiz Ibrahima a Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Abstract: Motorcyclists consistently account for over two-thirds of Malaysia’s total traffic fatalities. This study uses a multi-source data triangulation approach—integrating Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) crash records, Malaysian Highway Authority (LLM) operational data, and empirical literature within the Safe System Framework to prioritize ten strategic motorcycle safety countermeasures by crash-reduction efficacy and Benefit-Cost Ratios (BCR). High-impact structural, infrastructural, and exposure-limiting measures demonstrate the greatest effectiveness. Selective time-location highway access restrictions (Rank 1) eliminate exposure along high-speed corridors with a 6.6× lethality multiplier without capital expenditure. Physically separated exclusive motorcycle lanes (Rank 2) substantially drop highway lethality, mandatory Anti- lock Braking Systems (ABS) (Rank 3) directly mitigate single-vehicle loss-of- control crashes, and targeted Road Safety Audits (Rank 4) deliver high returns with BCRs up to 20:1. Conversely, soft behavioral programs, traditional licensing, and voluntary visibility initiatives yield minimal direct crash reductions when implemented in isolation. Without strategic policy interventions, national projections estimate 25,150 motorcycle deaths between 2025 and 2029, resulting in a RM 78.47 billion economic loss based on the Value of Statistical Life. The findings provide a definitive strategic roadmap, urging decision-makers to transition from voluntary behavioral campaigns toward high-return physical segregation, mandatory vehicle safety technologies, and targeted exposure management. Keywords: Motorcycle Safety; Safe System Framework; Fatality Reduction; Traffic Enforcement; Infrastructure Engineering

Road Safety 85 A Case Study on the Movement of Pavement Milling Waste Lorries During Entry and Exit Lane Closures to Prevent Accidents with Highway Users Ir. Ts. Muhamad Hafiz Bin Abdul Rahima*, Ts. Muhammad Zaffri Bin Saada, Mahadzir Bin Maso'da a Northern Region Office, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, KM120.4, Persimpangan Bertingkat Bertam, Jalan Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Seberang Perai Utara, Pulau Pinang, MALAYSIA *Corresponding author email: hafiz.abdulrahim@plus.com.my Abstract: Highway pavement rehabilitation activities, particularly pavement milling operations, require the removal and transportation of milling waste using heavy vehicles such as lorries. These operations frequently involve the movement of lorries entering and exiting work zones during lane closure implementations, which may create potential conflicts with active highway traffic and increase the risk of accidents if not properly managed. This study presents a case study on the movement of pavement milling waste lorries during entry and exit operations in lane closure area to prevent accidents involving highway users. The study aims to evaluate the operational movement of milling waste lorries within the work zone, identify potential safety hazards associated with their interaction with live traffic, and evaluate the effectiveness of existing traffic management practices. Data were collected through site observations, assessment of traffic control arrangements, and analysis of vehicle movement patterns during milling operations. The findings indicate that inadequate coordination between construction vehicles and traffic control measures, limited visibility, and improper timing of lorry movements may increase the likelihood of traffic conflicts. The study highlights the importance of implementing systematic traffic management plans, effective communication between traffic controllers and lorry drivers, and strict adherence to safety guidelines during lane closure operations. The results suggest that improved operational procedures and enhanced traffic control strategies can significantly reduce accident risks and improve overall safety for both construction workers and highway users during pavement milling activities. Keywords: Smart Asset monitoring; Automated highway asset management; pavement maintenance and artificial intelligence

Road Safety86 Road Safety Improvement in Malaysia and the Asia- Pacific Region Through MASH and EN 1317 Crash- Tested interlocked Precast Concrete Barriers Ir. Olivier Keutgena a Deltabloc International GmbH, Wollersdorf 2752, Austria Abstract: Improving road safety is a priority across Malaysia and the wider Asia-Pacific region, where run-off-road and cross-median crashes remain a leading cause of fatalities and serious injuries on both new and upgraded highway networks. Vehicle restraint systems reduce crash severity by containing and redirecting errant vehicles, yet in many jurisdictions safety barriers are still specified through descriptive geometric criteria rather than verified crash performance. Internationally harmonized performance-based standards, the U.S. Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) and the European Standard EN 1317, define common full-scale crash-testing, evaluation, and classification procedures that allow road authorities and operators to specify barriers by certified containment level, impact severity, and working width, enabling objective comparison between competing systems regardless of construction material. This paper reviews the MASH and EN 1317 frameworks and their equivalence in terms of impact energy, then presents the technology of interlocked precast concrete safety barriers, a family of systems that couple individual precast segments through a steel interlocking mechanism to achieve containment levels up to EN 1317 H4b (equivalent to more than MASH TL-5) while remaining flexible enough to protect passenger-car occupants. Practical applications relevant to Malaysian conditions are discussed, including free- standing and pinned median barriers, slim barriers for work-zone and permanent lane separation, bridge parapets, and combined noise-and-safety barriers, together with innovative solutions such as the &quot;2-in-1&quot; temporary- to-permanent method for road-widening projects, integrated light-mast foundations, and rapid emergency-opening gates. Finally, the paper discusses local precast manufacturing as a technology-transfer model already implemented in more than 45 countries and outlines the resulting benefits for public authorities and road operators in terms of certified safety performance, reduced installation time, and long-term maintenance costs.

Road Safety 87 Keywords: Road Safety Barriers; Crash Tests; EN1317; Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH); Interlocked Precast Concrete Barriers; Vehicle Restraint Systems.

Road Safety88 Safer Commuting For Motorcycle Riders: Investigating The Relationship Between Road Environmental Factors And Motorcycle Crash Injury Severity Lilis Surientya*, Kunimoto Asanob, Farhana Akterc a Associate Professor, School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11080, Penang, Malaysia. b Chief Executive Officer, Boon Siew Honda Sdn. Bhd., 721, Persiaran Cassia Selatan 1, Kawasan Perindustrian Batu Kawan, 14100 Simpang Ampat, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. c Maters Candidate, School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11080, Penang, Malaysia. * Corresponding author Email: lilis@usm.my Contributing author email: kunitomo_asano@bswhonda.com.my, farhanafariha627@usm.my Abstract: Traffic crashes should be a public health issue worldwide and in Malaysia, as it contributes to substantial mortality, injury, and socioeconomic burden. In Penang, the issue is particularly concerning because the state records a higher proportion of motorcycle fatalities compared to the national average, indicating a distinctive road safety risk environment. Despite growing research on road traffic crashes, limited studies have specifically examined the contribution of environmental factors associated with road accidents in Penang. This study aimed to examine the relationship between these environmental factors and accident severity in Penang. The dataset covered 283 reported accident cases from 2018 to 2025, obtained from employees riding motorcycles to work in an industrial park in Penang. The findings showed that most accidents occurred on dry, tar, non-highway, non-junction, under daylight conditions, and on clear weather. Frequently, these accident sustained a minor injury (67.8%), which means a medical certificate of less than 14 days. However, Chi-square analysis showed that only road surface, lighting condition, and type of road were significantly associated with levels of injury severity. Specifically, accidents sustaining minor injury happened under dry road conditions, clear lighting conditions, and on non-highways type of road. Road surface type (Tar or Non

Road Safety 89 Tar), road shape (Junction or Non-Junction), and weather condition (Wet or Dry) were not found to be significant toward injury severity. These findings may assist in improving road safety management strategies and guiding future research locally. In addition, specific environmental factors can be identified for targeted interventions in reducing the number of accidents and the accident severity in Penang. Keywords: Motorcycle Traffic Crashes; Environmental Factors; Accident Severity

PARALLEL SESSION 12: Bridge Engineering CHAIRMAN Ir. Sundraraj A/L A. Krishnasamy Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia

Bridge Engineering90 PARALLEL SESSION 12 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Bridge Engineering 91 Field Implementation and Performance of UHPC Link Slabs in Malaysia Hafezolghorani Ma*, Ng H Ta, Tan L Bb, Voo Y La, Tan J Sa a Dura Technology Sdn. Bhd., Lot 304993, Jlana Chepor 11/8, Pusat Seramik Fasa 2, Ulu Chepor, 31200 Chemor, Perak, Malaysia b Public Works Department, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: milad@dura.com.my; Cotributing author : htng@dura.com.my; lbtan@jkr.gov.my; vooyenlei@dura.com.my; jassontan@dura.com.my Abstract: Bridge expansion joints are commonly associated with durability and maintenance problems, primarily due to water ingress, material deterioration, and repeated traffic loading. Link slabs have been introduced as a jointless alternative; however, those constructed using conventional concrete are often limited in terms of crack control and long-term performance. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), with its high tensile strength and durability, offers a viable alternative material for such applications. This study presents the implementation of 15 cast-in-situ UHPC link slabs constructed between 2023 and 2026 across multiple bridge projects in Malaysia. The link slabs were installed at both abutments and piers under different structural configurations. The UHPC mixture was proportioned to achieve high early-age strength, enabling reopening to traffic within 24 hours, while maintaining low shrinkage; construction was carried out using standard site practices. Based on site observations and periodic inspections, all link slabs have exhibited stable performance, with no visible signs of leakage, distress, or significant cracking to date. Overall, the findings indicate that UHPC link slabs can be consistently implemented under field conditions and provide a reliable and durable alternative to conventional expansion joints. Keywords: Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC); Link Slab; Bridge Expansion Joint; Durable

Bridge Engineering 92 Design and Construction of Precast Segmental Long Span Girder Bridge Nur Syahidah Binti Jamaluddina, Ir. Dr. Low Hin Foob a Senior Structural Engineer, OSD Consultant (M) Sdn. Bhd. b Principal Engineer, OSD Consultants (M) Sdn. Bhd. Abstract: Precast prestressed concrete girders are widely used for highway bridges with spans up to 45 m because of their structural efficiency, durability and ease of construction. Advances in high-strength concrete, prestressing technology and structural analysis have enabled longer-span precast girder systems capable of spanning approximately 60m, reducing the need for intermediate supports while improving constructability and minimising disruption to traffic and the surrounding environment. This paper presents the development, structural design and implementation of a 60m precast segmental Long Span Girder (LS Girder) system for highway bridge applications in Malaysia. The study presents the principal design considerations adopted in developing the girder, including optimisation of the cross-sectional geometry, bottom flange stability, web thickness, end-block detailing, segment configuration, prestressing layout, reinforcement detailing and segmental shear key design. The girder was developed using high-strength concrete and bonded post-tensioning, with segment dimensions selected to satisfy structural performance, transportation constraints and construction requirements. Particular attention was given to the segmental joints to ensure reliable load transfer, structural continuity and zero tensile stress at splice joints under service loading. A representative case study from the Central Spine Road (CSR) Package 4C – Bridge 11 project demonstrates the application of the developed LS Girder system and its construction methodology, including precast fabrication, transportation, segment assembly, post-tensioning, grouting and girder launching. Although the discussion is based on a single bridge project, the LS Girder system has since been successfully implemented in multiple highway bridge projects, demonstrating a practical, reliable and efficient solution for long-span highway bridge construction. Keywords: LS Girder; High Strength Concrete; Precast Segmental Beam; Beam Design; Beam Production.

Bridge Engineering 93 Enhancing Structural Integrity of Penang Bridge Stay Cable via Advanced Real-Time Structure Health Monitoring System (SHMS) Ir. Ts. Azrul Md Dina*, EUR ING Ir. Ts. Azizul Faiza, Nadhira Qasreena Mohd Luftia, Muhammad Syafiq Mohd Jmmania a Maintenance & Asset Management Department, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad (PLUS Berhad), 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor * Corresponding author email: azruldin@plus.com.my Abstract: Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) are essential engineering tools used to maintain infrastructure safety and performance through the detection of characteristic structural signatures and defects. This project presents the systematic implementation of an advanced Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) at the main span stay cables of the Penang Bridge, Malaysia. Following a 2022 structural assessment that identified 16 out of 20 existing load cells as faulty or inaccurate, a comprehensive replacement and installation program was initiated to restore monitoring reliability. The project scope includes the replacement of monostrand load cells for tensional force measurement and the installation of 32 EverSense® acoustic sensors designed to detect wire breakage and abnormal structural behavior. The methodology involves complex temporary works, including heavy-duty scaffolding and passenger hoists, followed by sensor bonding, coaxial cabling to a Data Acquisition Unit (DAU), and system commissioning. By integrating Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) technologies such as cloud computing and the EverSense® Software Suite, the project transitions bridge maintenance from manual inspections to a web-based, AI-automated monitoring framework. This integrated approach enhances productivity and minimizes structural risk through real-time data hosting and automated alarm verification. Keywords: Penang Bridge; Structure Monitoring; Early Detection; Risk Management.

Bridge Engineering94 Assessment of Transmission Length in Prestressed Concrete Beams: Effects on Hooked End Steel Fiber Type and Reinforcement with Comparison to Design Code Predictions Ibrahim Magira Tom a, Roslli Noor Mohamed a, Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim b a Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia. b Centre For Forensic Engineering (CFE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia. Abstract: Transmission length in prestressed concrete beams governs bond performance and effective prestress transfer at both immediate and long-term stages. This study presents an experimental assessment of transmission length, focusing on the effects of hooked-end steel fiber type and the presence of reinforcement, with comparison to design code predictions. A total of six beams were tested, using conventional concrete and steel fiber-reinforced concrete with 3D and 5D hooked-end fibers, each cast with and without reinforcement. Transmission length was determined using the Average Maximum Strain (AMS) method, based on strain measurements along the beam surface at the level of the embedded strand at multiple ages, with emphasis on prestress release and later- age behaviour. At release, fiber-reinforced beams exhibited lower transmission lengths than conventional concrete, indicating improved bond performance. The presence of reinforcement further reduced transmission length, with 5D hooked- end fibers demonstrating superior performance compared to 3D fibers and conventional concrete. While the inclusion of fibers alone significantly improved bond behaviour, their combined use with reinforcement produced a more pronounced reduction and enhanced stability, indicating a synergistic interaction. Over time, conventional concrete beams showed greater increases and fluctuations in transmission length, whereas fiber-reinforced beams demonstrated more stable behaviour. Reinforcement further enhanced this stability, producing smoother transmission length profiles. At later ages, the combined use of fibers and reinforcement resulted in the greatest reduction in transmission length relative to the control beam. Comparison with design code

Bridge Engineering 95 predictions revealed notable discrepancies, with some codes unable to accurately predict the transmission length even for conventional concrete. This indicates that current provisions may not fully capture prestress transfer behaviour, particularly when extended to fiber-reinforced systems. These findings provide insight into prestress transfer mechanisms and support the need for improved predictive models. Keywords: Prestressed Concrete; Transmission Length; Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete; Hooked-End Steel Fibers; Design Code Predictions

PARALLEL SESSION 13: Smart Technology CHAIRMAN Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr. Che Khairil Izam Bin Che Ibrahim Dean Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA

Smart Technology96 PARALLEL SESSION 13 SMART TECHNOLOGY

Smart Technology96 From Energy Crisis to Pavement Resilience: Integrating AI- Based Road Monitoring and HiMA Thin Pavement Design for Sustainable Malaysian Roads Garrick Chonga*, Dr. Jia Lub a Bitumen Technology Officer, Qastaani Sdn. Bhd. b Pavement AI Monitoring System Advisor, Rocloud Technology Pte Ltd Abstract: The recent energy crisis at the international level has shown that Malaysia is very susceptible to changes in the prices of diesel and bitumen, resulting in delays in projects, more use of short-term repair work, and increased expenses in the long run. Traditional approaches based on the use of optimal thickness of the pavement and its maintenance have now become inadequate. This paper presents an integrated approach to enhance pavement resilience and reduce energy use by combining QASTALANI HiMA thin pavement technology with AI-based road monitoring. The methodology combines a targeted review of official data, research, Malaysian project and laboratory records, and external AI deployment evidence. Malaysian project data shows that reducing pavement thickness by 10 mm can achieve 14%–21% savings in asphalt usage, plant operations, transport, and machinery, while lowering diesel consumption. AI-powered pavement inspection combines precise positioning and advanced algorithms to detect over 80 pavement defects in real time, including cracks, rutting and surface damage. Using data from more than 140,000 km across over 70 cities and 10 million images, the system supports timely intervention and material selection while reducing energy use. FT209 and PLUS Highway case studies report that QASTALANI HiMA thin pavements achieved up to 1.5 times the durability of conventional AC14 while maintaining structural performance. Combined with AI-based road prioritization, the approach supports timely, energy-efficient maintenance, with Singapore providing a relevant tropical precedent. These findings provide Malaysia a practical way to improve pavement resilience, reduce lifecycle costs and limit energy dependence during global disruptions. Keywords: RO Cloud AI,Qastalani HiMA, AI-Road Scanning, Energy crisis

Smart Technology 97 From Data to Decisions: Leveraging Twinsights Command Centre and AI for the Next Generation of Malaysia’s Road Infrastructure Management Dionnald Beha a Digile Sdn. Bhd. Abstract: Malaysia’s road networks are expanding in scale, complexity, and operational expectations—yet the data required to manage them remains fragmented across agencies, contractors, systems, and reporting workflows. The Twinsights Command Centre addresses this challenge by unifying geospatial intelligence, project execution data, asset performance insights, and AI-driven analytics into a single operational environment designed for real-time decision- making. This paper demonstrates how the Twinsights Command Centre transforms road infrastructure management through an integrated digital twin approach. With satellite and GIS layers, IRI and condition overlays, thematic risk mapping, and live progress monitoring, stakeholders gain a holistic view of every active and upcoming project across the network. Its AI-powered operational assistant—Twinsights AI Chat—goes beyond traditional dashboards by understanding spatial context, asset relationships, timelines, and compliance workflows. Users can simply “ask” for insights, highlight risks, generate summaries, retrieve inspection histories, or predict maintenance needs, enabling faster, more confident decisions. For Malaysia’s road authorities, concessionaires, and engineering teams, this capability represents a shift from reactive reporting to proactive, intelligence-led operations. The session will showcase how the Command Centre supports lifecycle management from planning to construction to maintenance, strengthens accountability, and enhances safety and service levels across national and state road networks. Attendees will gain a clear understanding of how AI-enabled digital twins can elevate infrastructure governance and prepare Malaysia’s road ecosystem for a data-driven future. Keywords: Twinsights; Road Infrastructure Management; GIS layer; Risk Mapping; Road Ecosystem.

Smart Technology98 Kaohsiung Smart Dashboard for Large-Scale Event Monitoring and Management: An Application Results Report Po-Cheng Tsuia* a THI Consultants Inc., Taiwan. * Corresponding author email: erefddd@thi.com.tw Abstract: In recent years, Kaohsiung has positioned smart city development and sustainable development as its key strategic goals. With a total of 90 concerts held in 2025, a large volume of visitors has concentrated within short periods of time, posing significant challenges to urban transportation management and public transit systems. To address these issues, the “Kaohsiung Smart Dashboard” was developed to tackle traffic management and digital governance challenges arising from large-scale events. To achieve the objectives of safety, order, ecological sustainability, user-friendly services, and operational efficiency, the system integrates multiple data sources, including MRT, LRT, parking, pedestrian volume, and shuttle bus. It also incorporates user demographic attributes such as age and gender to construct key indicators, including real-time in-venue occupancy, capacity utilization rates, user characteristics, and transportation mode trends. The system further provides a smart dashboard with functions such as trend analysis, hotspot distribution, visualization interfaces, and demand forecasting to support real-time monitoring and decision-making during large-scale events. In practical applications, the system has successfully supported traffic management and pedestrian volume control for major concerts such as BLACKPINK and TWICE. It is capable of facilitating the evacuation of approximately 80,000 people within 60 to 90 minutes after event completion. The results demonstrate that the system not only effectively improves the efficiency of large-scale event traffic management and urban operational resilience but also contributes to the realization of smart city development and sustainable governance objectives. Keywords: Smart City; Smart Dashboard; Large-Scale Event Management; Urban Mobility; Traffic Demand Forecasting.

Smart Technology 99 A Data-Driven Workflow for Road Corridor Mapping and Construction Using Mobile LiDAR and Trimble Solutions Lim, C.H.a*, Nurul Shahida Sulaimanb , a General Manager, AllTera (M) Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47650, Malaysia b Assistant Technical Support Manager, AllTerra (M) Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47650, Malaysia * Corresponding author email: chinhooilim@allterra.com.my Contributing author email: shahida@allterra.com.my Abstract:The transformation towards future-ready road infrastructure requires timely and reliable geospatial information to support planning, construction, and lifecycle asset management. Conventional road corridor surveys and manual feature extraction are labour-intensive and often delay engineering decision- making for large transportation projects. Thus, this paper presents and evaluates a data-driven workflow that integrates mobile Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) acquisition with deep learning-based point cloud classification, and digital construction workflows to generate engineering-ready road corridor models for machine control applications. The workflow was evaluated on an urban road corridor using the Trimble MX60 Mobile Mapping System. The acquired LiDAR data were processed in Trimble Business Center (TBC), where deep learning-based semantic classification was applied to automatically extract pavement surfaces, terrain, roadside assets, and vegetation, thereby minimising manual point cloud interpretation and improving the consistency of feature extraction across large-scale road corridor datasets. The classified datasets were transformed into digital terrain and corridor models before being integrated into Trimble Roadworks to support construction machine control workflows. The workflow was evaluated in terms of processing efficiency, completeness of automated feature extraction, engineering suitability of the generated terrain models, and readiness for downstream machine control applications. The results indicate that the deep learning-assisted workflow substantially reduces manual point cloud editing while producing engineering-ready terrain and corridor models suitable for digital construction. The findings demonstrate that

Smart Technology100 integrating mobile LiDAR, deep learning-based point cloud classification, and digital construction workflows provides an effective framework for generating engineering-ready road corridor models, supporting more efficient planning, construction, and lifecycle asset management of future-ready road infrastructure. Keywords: Mobile Lidar; Deep Learning-Based Point Cloud Classification; Road Corridor Mapping; Digital Construction.

PARALLEL SESSION 14: Pavement Engineering CHAIRMAN Prof. Dr. Ratnasamy Muniandy Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia

101 PARALLEL SESSION 14 PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

Pavement Engineering 101 Modeling Fatigue Life of Incineration-Based Fly Ash- Modified Asphalt Pavement Systems: Laboratory- based Performance Criterion Development Krishna Prapoorna Biligiria* a Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, India. Abstract: Modified asphalt binders are engineered to enhance key performance characteristics such as rutting, fatigue cracking, and moisture damage. Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) represents one such promising modifier that has demonstrated significant improvement in the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binders and mixtures. However, MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixture design is still an evolving process ascribed to the limited understanding of its fundamental properties, encompassing theoretical models and laboratory / field validations thereof. The main objective of the study was to establish a performance criterion to design the MSWIFA-modified asphalt pavement system through a fatigue model developed by integrating fracture mechanics principles with the laboratory- based material characterization tests. In this direction, dense-graded aggregate gradation was blended with MSWIFA-modified asphalt binder to produce MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures, which were characterized using the state- of-the-art laboratory tests, including |E*| dynamic modulus, indirect tensile fatigue, and fracture-fatigue crack-propagation tests, entailing in establishing the laboratory-based fatigue model. A single-axle dual-wheel load of 80 kN was applied to the 3D finite-element multilayered pavement model in Abaqus®, and the resulting horizontal tensile strains beneath the asphalt layer were extracted and analyzed. Further, the fatigue lives of MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures were estimated using the existing mathematical formulations as well as the newly developed fatigue relationships consequential of identifying the calibration / shift factor. The findings indicated that laboratory standard procedures grounded in fracture mechanics covering crack initiation and propagation were effective tools for developing reliable material-specific fatigue equations for the MSWIFA-modified asphalt materials. Keywords: MSWIFA-Modified Asphalt; Fatigue Modelling; Fracture Mechanics; Finite Element Analysis; Pavement Performance.

Pavement Engineering102 Roller Compacted Concrete Containing Recycled Materials: Fatigue Life and Performance Alabbaas Alhazmia* a Roads General Authority, Ministry of Transport and Logistic Services, Saudi Arabia. * Corresponding author email: alabbaas.alhazmi@mot.gov.sa Abstract: Sustainable road maintenance in Saudi Arabia increasingly relies on the integration of advanced construction materials to enhance pavement durability and reduce costs. Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) is approved for use within asphalt pavement layers. The ingratiation of recycled materials within the RCC were considered in promoting sustainability, energy efficiency, and environmental responsibility in minimizing landfill burden. Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) were added to RCC at levels of 50% and 30%, respectively. RCC mix designs were performed at 14% Portland cement content (Type I) and polypropylene fibers were added. RCC 28-days compressive strength was 30Mpa. RCC Modulus of Rupture was set at 3.8-4.2Mpa. Phase one of this investigation involved the comprehensive evaluation of the RCC materials and designs. Among RCC evaluated parameters are compressive strength, rupture module and indirect tensile strength. Phase 2 included testing of paved sections involved RCC using Heavy Vehicle Simulators (HVS). Paved sections were constructed with various RCC layers (100% virgin, 50% RCA, and 30% RAP). RCC Thickness was 20cm. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) with thickness of 13cm was paved on top of RCC, simulating the Road General Authority (RGA) expressways. Strains were evaluated at the top and bottom of the asphalt layers. Vertical stresses were monitored below the RCC layer. The performance of RCC sections containing RCA and RAP were found to be comparable to that of the reference ones. Analysis for Load carrying capacity (Total Equivalent Single Axle Load, ESALs) of pavement involved RCC layer were found to be 160×106. Keywords: Roller-Compacted Concrete; Recycled Concrete Aggregate; Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement; Heavy Vehicle Simulator; Sustainable Pavement.

Pavement Engineering 103 Multi-Scale Characterization and Fuel Resistance of Super Fiber Mix-Full Reinforcement (SFM-FR+) for Asphalt Pavements Aina Salahuddina,*, Ir. Zulakmal Sufianb, Prof. Emeritus Ir. Dr. Robiah Yunusc, Irzati Ibrahimd, Abdul Hafiz Abdul Hamide, Abdul Hamid Othmanf a Head of R&D, AHN Vertex Sdn. Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia. b Chairman, AHN Vertex Sdn. Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia. c Professor Emeritus, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. d Engineer, AHN Vertex Sdn. Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia. e Chief Operating Officer, AHN Vertex Sdn. Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia. f Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director, AHN Vertex Sdn. Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author e-mail: aina.ahnvertex@gmail.com Abstract: Fuel spillages on roads not only pose a severe risk of environmental contamination but also trigger a rapid decline in skid resistance and a subsequent compromise of the pavement durability. According to the similarity– intermiscibility principle, asphalt binder will dissolve when exposed to petroleum-based fuels. This study investigates the fuel resistance of Super Fiber Mix-Full Reinforcement+ (SFM-FR+), modified with synthetic aramid- polyolefin fibers (0.05% by weight of mix) and polymeric blend (FRA, 2.0% by weight of bitumen) on a multi-scale level. Performance was evaluated against RON 97 gasoline, B10 diesel, and Jet A1 kerosene at immersion durations of 1 and 7 days. Results demonstrate that SFM-FR+ achieved significant improvements in fuel resistance compared to control mix, specifically 61% and 55% for diesel at 1 and 7 days respectively, and 66% and 40% for kerosene across the same intervals. Additionally, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was utilized to analyze the fuel damage mechanism via surface morphology. The results indicated that the fiber and FRA combination successfully preserved microstructural continuity by mitigating fuel-induced degradation and suppressing micro-fracture propagation within the asphalt binder. Furthermore, SFM FR+ exhibited superior aging characteristics as measured via Dynamic Shear Rheometer, where the rutting factor indicated a

Pavement Engineering104 one-step increase in the Superpave Performance Grade (PG). The SFM-FR+ modification also improved the softening point of base bitumen by 27.8%, the flash point by 6.06% and reduced penetration values by 36.5%. Although the initial construction cost for SFM-FR is 20% higher than conventional mixtures, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) for just one-year service period proved that the use of SFM-FR+ in the wearing course layer already results in significant cost savings of 60% for the road authorities in Malaysia. Keywords: Fuel-Resistant Asphalt; Aramid-Polyolefin Fiber Reinforcement; Life Cycle Cost Analysis; Pavement Durability

Pavement Engineering 105 Development and Application of Durable and Maintenance-Free Noise-Reducing Asphalt Pavement Fengwei Ana,b, Chao Hana,b,c, Wuju Weia,b, Yang Zhenga,b, Xuejun Yuea,b a NERC-ARM, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Road Materials, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province. b JSTI.GROUP, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province. c Chang’an University, Highway Institute, Xi’an City, Shanxi Province. Abstract: With the increasing emphasis on people-oriented development and sustainability, green, low-noise, and comfortable pavement has become an important trend in urban road construction. In pavement engineering, high-air- void asphalt mixtures, such as open-graded friction course (OGFC) and porous asphalt (PA), are commonly used to provide drainage and noise-reduction functions, with air void contents generally ranging from 18% to 25%. However, engineering practice shows that the air voids of these mixtures are easily clogged during long-term service, leading to a gradual reduction in noise- reduction performance. Therefore, durable noise-reducing pavement technologies are urgently needed. In this study, a durable and maintenance-free noise-reducing asphalt pavement is developed using elastic noise-reducing materials and a semi-open gradation. The pavement is designed by adjusting the surface texture depth and air-void characteristics, while improving pavement elasticity. Laboratory tests and field applications show that the developed noise- reducing asphalt mixture has an air void content of 6%–14% after 50 blows of double-sided Marshall compaction. The dynamic stability at 60 °C and 0.7 MPa is greater than 5000 cycles/mm, and the freeze–thaw splitting strength ratio is higher than 80%, good construction workability is also achieved. When the mixture is used as the surface layer of asphalt pavement, the in-vehicle noise is reduced by 3–4 dB compared with conventional SMA-13 pavement under a passenger-car test speed of 80 km/h. Meanwhile, the environmental noise is reduced by 4–5 dB. The development and application of this technology provide a new technical option for environmentally friendly pavement construction and further enrich the material system of asphalt pavement. Keywords: Noise-Reducing Asphalt Pavement; Durable And Maintenance- Free; Elastic Noise-Reducing Material; Semi-Open Gradation; Asphalt Surface Layer

Pavement Engineering106 Influence of Waste Soda-Lime Glass Filler Micro- Angularity on the Resilient Modulus of Fine- Aggregate Mastic Mixtures Ganesh Pillaiyana,*, Ratnasamy Muniandyb, Salihudin Hassimc, Fauzan Mohd. Jakarnid a Civil Engineering Department, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. b Professor of Civil Engineering Department, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. c Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Department, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. d Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Department, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author email: gs58429@student.upm.edu.my Contributing author email: ratnas@upm.edu.my; hsalih@fauzan.upm.edu.my; mj@upm.edu.my Abstract: Mineral fillers play a critical role in determining the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt mastics, which govern the performance of asphalt mixtures, particularly Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA). Although previous studies have extensively investigated the effects of filler chemical composition, mineralogy, particle size distribution, and specific surface area, the influence of filler particle micro-angularity remains poorly understood and is rarely considered in filler characterization or asphalt mix design. This is primarily because microscale particle morphology has only recently become quantifiable through advances in imaging and digital image analysis. This study investigates the influence of filler particle micro-angularity on asphalt mastic stiffness using conventional granite filler and waste soda-lime glass processed into angular and spherical particle morphologies. Filler morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and digital image analysis. Asphalt mastics were prepared at filler-to-binder ratios of 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0, representing the practical range adopted in SMA mixtures, using an 80/100 penetration grade binder and a PG76 performance grade binder. Mastic stiffness was evaluated using repeated load testing. Increasing filler micro-angularity

Pavement Engineering 107 significantly enhanced asphalt mastic stiffness across all filler-to-binder ratios and both binder grades. Compared with spherical glass filler, angular glass filler increased mastic stiffness by approximately 3–38% for the 80/100 penetration grade binder and 2–20% for the PG76 performance grade binder. The enhanced stiffness is attributed to improved mechanical interlocking and stronger particle– binder interactions. These findings identify filler micro-angularity as a key parameter governing asphalt mastic stiffness and provide a mechanistic basis for incorporating particle morphology into asphalt mastic design. Further validation through asphalt mixture and field performance studies is required before confirming benefits for SMA pavements. Keywords: Filler Micro-Angularity; Waste Soda Lime Glass; Particle Morphology; Asphalt Mastic; Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA); Deformation Resistance.

Pavement Engineering108 Performance Evaluation and Field Application of a Polyurethane–Steel Slag Ultra-Thin Skid-Resistant Surfacing Jinyu Xua,b, Xuejun Yuea,b, Chao Hana,b,c, Wuju Weia,b, Meng Yuana,b, a NERC-ARM, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Road Materials, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province. b JSTI.GROUP, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province. c Chang’an University, Highway Institute, Xi’an City, Shanxi Province. Abstract: Conventional thin anti-skid surfacing often suffers from inadequate interlayer bonding and limited durability. To address these limitations, a polyurethane(PU)–steel slag ultra-thin skid-resistant surfacing with a thickness of only 3~5 mm was developed. A single-sized steel slag aggregate (2~3 mm) was adopted, and the mixture proportion was optimized based on skid resistance and interlayer bonding performance. Laboratory tests, field validation, and life cycle assessment (LCA) were conducted to evaluate its engineering performance. The results showed that the proposed surfacing achieved a texture depth(TD) of 1.30 mm, a British Pendulum Number (BPN) exceeding 85, and an interlayer pull-off strength of 2.18 MPa, representing improvements of 52.9% and 7.6% in TD and BPN, respectively, compared with a conventional epoxy- based anti skid surfacing. The material also exhibited excellent durability under water immersion and abrasion conditions. After two years of field service in the Nanjing Yingtian Avenue Tunnel, no noticeable pavement distress was observed, and the sideway-force coefficient (SFC) remained above 55. Moreover, the proposed surfacing reduced CO₂ emissions by more than 60% compared with a conventional hot-mix ultra-thin wearing course. Overall, the developed polyurethane-steel slag ultra-thin skid-resistant surfacing offers a durable, sustainable, and practical solution for tunnel pavement skid-resistance rehabilitation. Keywords: Polyurethane; Steel aggregate; Ultra-thin skid-resistant surfacing; Skid resistance; Durability; Field application;

PARALLEL SESSION 15: Asset Management CHAIRMAN Ir. Sharifah Azlina Bt. Raja Kamal Pasmah Board Member Board of Engineers Malaysia

109 PARALLEL SESSION 15 ASSET MANAGEMENT

Asset Mangement 109 Implementation of a Lifecycle-based Maintenance and Inspection Management System for Traffic Facilities in Kaohsiung City Po-Yen Yua* a THI Consultants Inc., Taiwan. * Corresponding author email: poyen@thi.com.tw Abstract: This project aims to transition the management of Kaohsiung’s extensive traffic infrastructure—comprising over 5,800 signalized intersections and 700 roadside devices—from legacy manual processes to a centralized digital platform. The primary objective is to enhance operational efficiency and infrastructure resilience against natural disasters through digitized workflows and real-time monitoring. The system integrates a "Lifecycle Analysis Module" designed to model asset performance by tracking key indicators such as "Mean Time To Failure (MTTF)" and average service life. By leveraging historical maintenance records and automated fault detection, the system shifts the management paradigm from reactive repair to preventive replacement strategies. Furthermore, optimization is achieved through an intelligent inventory management module that uses predictive modeling to set inventory thresholds based on seasonal risk factors (e.g., typhoon seasons), ensuring critical spare parts availability for emergency repairs. The project delivers significant benefits in digital governance and sustainability. Real-time mobile reporting and automated alerts have drastically reduced response times for equipment failures. The statistical dashboard enables evidence-based decision support, identifying fault hotspots and evaluating vendor performance. Ultimately, the system achieves "Smart Management" by extending asset service life, minimizing operational costs, and realizing environmental goals through paperless digitalization. Keywords: Infrastructure Asset Management; Collaborative Contracting; Lifecycle Management; Risk Allocation; Data-Driven Decision- Making.

Asset Mangement110 Final Evaluation of The Performance-Based Contract for Routes FT001, FT003, And FT005 (Southern Zone, Malaysia) Ir. Ts, Chandiramohan Ranjithana,* , Ir. Sufiyan Zakariab, Iskandar Abdul Halimb, Ahmad Amir Akmal Ahmad Shaifuddin b a Pasukan Projek Khas 1, JKR Malaysia b Road Facility Maintenance Branch, JKR Malaysia * Corresponding author email: chandiramohan@jkr.gov.my Contributing author email: Sufiyanz@jkr.gov.my, iskandar.halim@jkr.gov.my, amirakmal@jkr.gov.my Abstract: Malaysia’s 18,117 km Federal Road network is a critical economic and social lifeline. Under the governance of the Ministry of Works (KKR) as the public asset owner and the Public Works Department (JKR) as the technical agency managing the network, these roads have traditionally been maintained via a hybrid system of output-based routine and periodic maintenance. However, budget constraints and traditional schedule-of-rates structures often limit the efficiency of this hybrid model, straining its ability to meet rising public expectations. To address these challenges, KKR introduced a proactive, Performance-Based Contract (PBC) framework, where concessionaire payments are tied directly to predefined road condition standards rather than work volume, forcing early intervention before structural failure occurs. In June 2022, a PBC Concession Agreement was signed for a 748.1 km pilot project covering routes FT001, FT003, and FT005 across Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, and Johor. This study aims to evaluate the performance and viability of this PBC pilot framework over its entire concession period. Data shows that the PBC model successfully optimized network conditions, as the actual IRI consistently beat target curves, hitting 3.20 m/km in 2024 against a 3.31 m/km target and stabilizing at 3.22 m/km by 2025. This improvement directly elevated the commuter experience, lifting average customer satisfaction from a 68.6% baseline in 2022 to over 84.4% by 2025. These outcomes prove that shifting to a performance-linked model optimizes asset longevity and public satisfaction, offering a highly scalable blueprint for future road governance in Malaysia.

Asset Mangement 111 Keywords: Performance-Based Contracts (PBC), Road Asset Management, International Roughness Index (IRI), Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), Federal Roads Malaysia, Infrastructure Governance

Asset Mangement112 Enhancing Highway User Expectation Through Inclusive of Prayer Room Design at Laybys: A PLUS Highway Initiative Ir Norhadziana Jamal a,b, Ts Mohamad Rifa’i Mohamad Adania, Mohd Ezree Abdullahb a Project Delivery Department, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, MALAYSIA. b Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA Abstract: The provision of inclusive, user-oriented facilities within highway infrastructure plays a critical role in enhancing travel experience, wellbeing, and social responsibility. In Malaysia, where the majority of highway users are Muslim, the availability of properly designed prayer facilities at layby areas is not merely an amenity but a necessity to support religious observance during long-distance travel. This paper presents the planning, design, and implementation of newly developed surau facilities at selected laybys along the PLUS Highway network, specifically at Behrang (Northbound), Sungai Bakap (Northbound and Southbound), and Juru (Northbound). These locations were previously identified as high-demand rest points yet lacked dedicated prayer spaces, thereby limiting users’ ability to perform obligatory prayers conveniently and with dignity. The project adopts an inclusive and design-driven approach emphasizing Qiblah-oriented planning, open spatial configurations, and adequate capacity for both male and female users. Universal accessibility principles in compliance with MS 1184 are central to the design, incorporating wheelchair-accessible prayer areas, dedicated ablution facilities for persons with disabilities (PwDs), barrier-free circulation, and elderly-friendly features. Environmental comfort is enhanced through passive design strategies such as natural ventilation, optimized daylighting with privacy integration, and energy- efficient artificial lighting. Beyond functional performance, the architectural language integrates subtle Islamic and natural motifs to foster spiritual calmness and a sense of place. This approach aligns with Islamic principles that emphasize ease, inclusivity, and the removal of hardship in daily religious practice. The initiative demonstrates how highway laybys can evolve from

Asset Mangement 113 functional stopovers into holistic environments that support the physical, spiritual, and emotional needs of users. The project provides a scalable and replicable model for inclusive public amenity design within highway asset management frameworks. Keywords: Smart Asset monitoring; Automated highway asset management; pavement maintenance and artificial intelligence

Asset Mangement114 Understanding Stakeholder-Risk Dynamics in Road Infrastructure Projects: A Risk Attribute Perspective Mohamad Amir Jusoha,b*, Nurul Elma Kordib, Siti Hamidah Abdull Rahmanb, Rosmawati Mamatb and Samri Embonga, a Engineer, Geomatic Operation, Maintenance & Projects (Civil), Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. b Head, Geomatics Operation. Maintenance & Projects (Civil), Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Abstract: Highways serve as the primary arteries for transportation, facilitating travel from one end to another. Consequently, they require periodical inspection and monitoring of the roads to ensure pavement surfaces remain in optimal condition, given that the highway industry is one of the main contributors to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad (PLUS) manages 5365 lane kilometers in Peninsular Malaysia. The maintenance process of highway pavement surfaces can be enhanced by integrating of automation systems and artificial intelligence into periodic inspections and monitoring processes. The proposed method in this study involves the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to automate pavement periodical inspections, thereby reducing the response time for repair or rectification works. This approach entails deploying high-resolution sensors to autonomously detect defects or scan pavement surfaces for cracks, capturing detailed imagery in near real-time along the highway. The main objective of developing the system is to modernize highway asset inspection and monitoring, ensuring high accuracy of data and fast execution without compromising the engineering standard. This new advanced approach for pavement inspection will enhance the current process and provide accurate defect detection results that benefit and offer road users a safe driving experience. A total of 15 detectable defects can be identified such as potholes,

Asset Mangement 115 surface cracks, road patches and fading pavement markings. Furthermore, the more the database grows, the more effective and efficient the system will be. In the future, the system can be used as a tool for proactive and preventive maintenance. This will enable the maintenance team to identify potential pavement defects and their root causes through historical data. This method will enhance the response time taken to attend to the maintenance work and eventually prolong the life of the pavement. Keywords: Smart Asset Monitoring; Automated Highway Asset Management; Pavement Maintenance And Artificial Intelligence.

Asset Mangement116 From Design Capacity to Lifecycle Performance: Rethinking Urban Flood Mitigation Under Asset Degradation Noor Iza Baharia, Nuryazmeen Farhan Harona, Wardah Tahira, Taofig Samatb a Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia. b TBS Consulting Engineer, Sungai Petani, Kedah 08000, Malaysia. Abstract: Urban flood mitigation strategies have traditionally prioritised design capacity and hydraulic efficiency under ideal operating conditions. However, increasing evidence from rapidly urbanising regions indicates that such systems frequently underperform over time, despite compliance with established design standards. This discrepancy suggests a critical oversight in current practice: the neglect of asset degradation and its dynamic impact on system performance. This paper develops a conceptual synthesis on how degradation mechanisms including sedimentation, clogging, and structural deterioration alter the functional behavior of urban flood mitigation systems. Drawing from interdisciplinary literature on stormwater engineering and infrastructure asset management, the study critiques prevailing modelling approaches that assume static system conditions. A conceptual framework is proposed to link asset condition, system performance, and flood risk, introducing a lifecycle-based perspective to urban flood management. The framework highlights how degradation processes reduce storage capacity, disrupt flow conveyance, and amplify peak discharge, ultimately increasing flood vulnerability. The study argues for a paradigm shift from design-based to performance-based flood mitigation, where maintenance and asset condition are explicitly incorporated into system evaluation. This perspective provides a foundation for more resilient and adaptive urban infrastructure, particularly in tropical environments characterised by high rainfall variability and rapid urbanization. Keywords: Asset Degradation; Flood Mitigation Performance; Urban Drainage Systems; Infrastructure Maintenance; Stormwater Management.

Asset Mangement 117 Twelve-Month Post-Construction Performance of Full Depth Reclamation Using Bitumen Emulsion (FDR-E): Proof-of-Concept Field Trial on Malaysian Highway Teh Sek Yee a, Nordin Bin Yunusb, Stephane Charmot c, Mohd Azli Ayoba, Mohammad Riad Ramzi a, Dini Dayana Mustaffa Kamal a, Pok Sum Loong d a United Engineers Malaysia Edgenta (UEMEd) Research & Development Centre, Pavement Research Center (PRC), No. 21, Kawasan Perindustrian Jalan Kamunting, Bukit Beruntung, 48300, Selangor. Malaysia. b Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama (PLUS) Berhad, Menara Korporate, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301, Petaling Jaya Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. c Ingevity Corporation, 5255 Virginia Avenue, North Charleston, SC 29406. USA. d Wirtgen (M) Sdn Bhd, 12A Jalan Mandolin 33/5 Seksyen 33, Shah Alam Premier Industrial Park, 40400 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Abstract: Full-Depth Reclamation (FDR) is a sustainable in-situ pavement rehabilitation technique that involves recycling the full thickness of the existing asphalt pavement to produce a stabilised base course. In September 2024, a Proof-of-Concept (POC) field trial incorporating Full-Depth Reclamation with bitumen emulsion (FDR-E) was constructed on the slow lane between KM12.40 and KM11.40, East Bound, Section S1D, Seremban Port Dickson Highway (SPDH), Malaysia. The pavement was rehabilitated to a depth of 160 mm using FDR-E containing 100% reclaimed materials and overlaid with a 50 mm ACWC20 wearing course. This paper presents the twelve month (Month-12) post-construction performance of the FDR-E section undergoing the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), Multi Laser Profiler (MLP), Asphalt Coring, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), Resilient Modulus and Dynamic Creep tests. At Month-12, FDR-E recorded a central deflection of 429 × 10⁻³ mm (Fair condition) with rutting, cracking and Pavement Condition Index (PCI) within Good condition. Laboratory testing of extracted cores found an unconditioned ITS of 0.446 MPa, a Tensile Strength Ratio of 79.9%, a resilient modulus of 3,498 MPa at 25°C and a dynamic creep modulus of 35 MPa, all test results

Asset Mangement118 satisfied the ARRA FDR Type-1 requirements and remained consistent with those obtained during the Month-1 and Month 6. These findings demonstrate that FDR-E provides a structurally reliable, durable and sustainable pavement rehabilitation solution capable of maintaining stable structural, functional, and mechanical performance throughout the first twelve months of service under tropical highway conditions. Keywords: Full-Depth Reclamation; Bitumen Emulsion (FDR-E); Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP); Pavement Performance Monitoring; Sustainable Road Rehabilitation.

PARALLEL SESSION 16: Environment & Sustainability CHAIRMAN Dato' Ir. Haji Zulakmal Bin Haji Sufian Director GPMM Technical Consultancy Sdn. Bhd. (former Deputy Director General Infra, PWD Malaysia)

119 PARALLEL SESSION 16 ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABILITY

Environment & Sustainability 119 Latex Bonding Effect with Recycled Plastic to Optimize Performance of Asphalt Mixture Liew Pei Wena*, Ratnasamy Muniandya, Fauzan Mohd. Jakarnia, Salihudin Hassima a Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. *Coresponding author email: jacqueline.liew@hotmail.com Contributing author email: ratnas@upm.edu.my; fauzan.mj@upm.edu.my; hsalih@upm.edu.my Abstract: The increasing demand for sustainable pavement materials has driven the use of recycled waste materials in asphalt pavements to improve performance while reducing environmental impact. This study focuses on recycled plastic processed into stranded plastic beads, designed to enhance the interlocking mechanism within asphalt mixtures. The bead-shaped plastic particles are intended to improve aggregate interaction and mixture stability. However, poor adhesion between asphalt binder and plastic material remains a key challenge that may limit performance. Therefore, this study investigates the use of latex as a bonding additive to improve compatibility and adhesion between asphalt binder and recycled plastic beads. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of latex in enhancing the bonding characteristics and engineering performance of asphalt mixtures containing stranded recycled plastic beads. Asphalt specimens were prepared with selected plastic bead contents and varying latex dosages. Laboratory performance tests were conducted, including Marshall stability and flow, resilient modulus, and dynamic flexural toughness test. The results were compared with those of conventional asphalt mixtures and mixtures containing plastic beads without latex. The findings show that mixtures without latex exhibited weaker binder- plastic adhesion and reduced flexural deformation resistance. Mixtures containing both latex and plastic beads demonstrated higher Marshall stability and improved tensile properties compared to untreated mixtures. The latex treated mixture achieved a Marshall stability of 14.3 kN, representing a 36.2% increase compared to the control mix, indicating enhanced load-bearing capacity. Additionally, the incorporation of latex reduced flexural strain by 55.7%. In conclusion, latex is an effective bonding agent for overcoming

Environment & Sustainability120 adhesion issues between asphalt binder and recycled plastic beads. The combined use of latex and interlocking plastic beads presents a promising sustainable solution for producing high-performance asphalt mixtures while supporting plastic waste reutilization in road construction. Keywords: Latex; Recycled Plastic; Binder-Plastic Adhesion; Flexural Deformation

Environment & Sustainability 121 Sustainable and Impact-Resilient Greenguard Precast Concrete Barrier for Malaysia’s Highway Infrastructure Rino Effendy Abu Harisa, Hannah Lyana Lee Abdullaha, Noor Mohd Hazeem Halina, Salwati Mohd Sukria, Sahruzi Saharia a Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad (CIMA), Annex 2, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Abstract: GREENGUARD® is a sustainable, high-performance precast concrete barrier designed to enhance median safety along Malaysia's North- South Expressway (NSE), replacing galvanized steel guardrails. Developed to meet Test Level 5 (TL-5) of the NCHRP Report 350 standards, GREENGUARD integrates environmental responsibility through material optimization, waste reduction, and alignment with circular economy principles. Manufactured using 0.15% glass fiber-reinforced Grade 30 (G30) concrete and a cementitious content of 290 kg/m³ (130 kg/m³ of Supplementary Cementitious Materials, SCMs), GREENGUARD reduces reliance on virgin materials, fostering the reuse of industrial by-products. Concrete is produced with CIMA’s NS OptimoCrete cement, which offers performance similar to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) but has a 12% lower carbon footprint of 0.80 kg CO₂ per kg of cement resulting from reduced clinker use and increased alternative fuel use. Steel reinforcement is reduced by 53%, improving material efficiency, while glass fiber reinforcement enhances durability, extends service life, reducing maintenance requirements, and minimizing future replacements. Each 3-meter- long barrier uses an advanced anchorage and rebar coupling system for zero breach of the barrier line, improving installation efficiency and stability. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Abaqus Software crash simulations simulate 36- tonne truck impacts at 80 km/h and 15° angles, validating the impact deflection and energy absorption per TL-5 standards. Enhanced drainage openings and visibility contribute to long-term serviceability. Proof of Concept (POC) involving 742 units of GREENGUARD installed on the North Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE) avoided 207 metric tonnes of CO₂ emissions and aligned

Environment & Sustainability122 with SDGs 9, 12, and 13, demonstrating the potential of circular-economy- driven barriers. Keywords: Precast Concrete Barrier; Circular Economy; Material Optimization; Sustainable Infrastructure; Carbon Emission Reduction; Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs); Test Level 5 (TL- 5); Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

Environment & Sustainability 123 Feasibility of Waste Plastic Modified Asphaltic Mix For New Pavement Constructions in Malaysia Ahmad Shukri Abdul Rahsida, Muhamad Safwan Puteh @ Shaarib, Azhar Azmic, Mohd Yazip Matorid a Project Director, Unit Projek Khas Zon Utara 1, Cawangan Jalan, JKR Malaysia. b Assistant Project Director, Unit Projek Khas Zon Utara 1, Cawangan Jalan, JKR Malaysia. c Senior Lecturer, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia d Technical Advisor, Kumpulan IKRAM Sdn Bhd. * Coresponding author email: ShukriAR@jkr.gov.my Abstract: Waste plastic modified asphaltic (WPMA) mix utilizes a sustainable construction method by recycling waste plastic into asphaltic mix. In the context of Malaysia, an initial trial section utilizing waste plastic additives as part of an asphaltic overlay works in 2021. Since then, there have been approximately 100 pavement rehabilitation projects, of which ten research sites out of these rehabilitation works have been selected for intensive monitoring. From the observations and testing that at these sites, it was found that the WPMA pavement has been performing well with no extensive cracks, and suitable for pavement overlay works. However, the application of WPMA has yet to be implemented on new road construction in Malaysia. A new road construction was proposed using WPMA mix, in which a key information required is the structural strength of this type modified asphaltic layer. Due to insufficient data, for the purpose of pavement design the elastic modulus strength selected is based the conventional hot mix. Therefore, a study is needed to address the selection of strength parameter values input, particularly for the design elastic modulus strength. Indirect Tensile Strength Modulus tests were carried out on WPMA samples to obtain their stiffness for input as elastic modulus of WPMA pavement design assumption. Based on the laboratory analysis, the average resilient modulus of plastic waste modified asphalt was found to be 5750 MPa, which is higher than the conventional design elastic modulus of 2000 MPa at 25°C. Therefore, the conventional design assumption is sufficient to cater for the

Environment & Sustainability124 new pavement design using WPMA. For further optimization the design assumption could adopt a higher elastic modulus for WPMA layer. In conclusion, new pavement construction using WPMA is both feasible and potentially cost saving due to the reduction in asphaltic layer thickness. Keywords: Waste Plastic Modified Pavement; Sustainable Pavement; Pavement Material

Environment & Sustainability 125 Characterization of Waste Engine Oil Modified Bitumen Based on Physical and Rheological Properties Raza Mehmooda, Fauzan Mohd Jakarnia, Ratnasamy Muniandya, Salihudin Hassima, Nik Norsyahariati Nik Dauda, Anwaar Hazoor Ansarib a Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences, 87300 Quetta. Abstract: The extensive usage of non-renewable bitumen in flexible pavement construction presents environmental and economic challenges to the pavement sector. Although waste engine oil (WEO) offers a potential route for waste reutilization, its softening effect may reduce the high-temperature performance of bitumen. Therefore, this study intended to evaluate the physical and rheological performance of bitumen modified with a novel waste engine oil material (NWEOM). NWEOM was prepared at a hardener/WEO ratio of 40/60 by heating at 155–160 °C for 60 min, followed by cooling and grinding. It was incorporated into 60/70 penetration-grade bitumen at dosages of 2–10% by weight and blended at 1500 rpm and 160 °C for 45 min. The modified binders were evaluated using penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer temperature-sweep, and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. The temperature sweep was conducted from 40 to 82 °C at 1.59 Hz, while the MSCR test was performed at 70 °C under stress levels of 0.1 and 3.2 kPa. At 10% NWEOM, penetration decreased from 61.3 to 42.2 dmm (31.2%), softening point increased from 47 to 63 °C (approximately 34%), and viscosity at 135 °C increased from 0.375 to 1.745 Pa.s. At 8% NWEOM, the failure temperature increased from 68.3 to 78.1 °C, upgrading the high-temperature performance grade from PG-64 to PG-76. At 0.1 kPa, 8% NWEOM reduced non-recoverable creep compliance from 5.84 to 1.25 kPa-1 and increased recovery from 1.64% to 18.1%. Although 10% produced the lowest creep compliance, it failed the stress- sensitivity criterion. Therefore, 8% NWEOM provided the best acceptable

Environment & Sustainability126 MSCR performance. Overall, NWEOM improved the high-temperature and permanent-deformation resistance of bitumen while supporting WEO reutilization and reducing reliance on virgin bituminous materials. Keywords: Bitumen, Waste Engine Oil; Novel Waste Engine Oil Material; Physical Properties; Rheological Properties; Sustainability.

Environment & Sustainability 127 Recycled Plastic Modified Bitumen for Sustainable Road Construction: A Case Study on A Trial Road in Pahang Malaysia with Critical Factors Chee Hoe Phoona*, Ratnasamy Muniandyc, Fauzan Mohd Jakarnic, Salihudin Hassimc,Mohammad Syamzari Rafeenb, Mohamad Fakhrul Ridhwan Samsudinb, Yong Cheun Kuaha a Group Technology & Commercialisation (GT&C), PETRONAS, 50088 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia b PETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd, Lot 3288 & 3289, Off Jalan Ayer Hitam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia c Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author email:cheehoe.phoon@petronas.com Abstract: The increasing accumulation of plastic waste and its improper disposal continue to pose significant environmental challenges, particularly in rapidly developing regions. Globally, approximately 400 million tonnes of non- segregated plastic waste, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are generated annually, much of which ends up in landfills or waterways. In parallel, conventional asphalt binders used in road construction often exhibit performance limitations when subjected to demanding environmental and logistical conditions, especially in highland regions characterised by lower ambient temperatures and high moisture exposure. While recycled plastic modified bitumen (RPMB) has shown promising laboratory performance, field-scale evidence under such challenging conditions remains limited. This paper presents a case study of a 200-meter trial road segment constructed using Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA20) incorporating a proprietary recycled plastic modified bitumen (RPMB) from PETRONAS at Pahang, Malaysia. The study aimed to evaluate constructability, early field performance, and post-construction behaviour over a monitoring period exceeding 2 years, with specific emphasis on identifying critical factors influencing performance under severe site constraints. Unlike typical road trials conducted on relatively flat terrain under warm ambient temperatures and short

Environment & Sustainability128 haul distances (approximately 30min – 2 hours from premix plant to site), the trial location represents a demanding environment even for conventional binders. Key site challenges included an elevated location with lower average pavement temperatures of approximately 14°C to 24°C, high annual rainfall averaging 3,108 mm/year, extended haul distances of 3–4 hours from quarry and premix plant, and existing pavement distress associated with long-term maintenance deficiencies. Although the terrain was geometrically manageable, it was environmentally demanding, with road gradients reaching in between 25 to 35 degrees. The RPMB used in this study was characterised as Performance Grade PG 76. Construction monitoring focused on mixing control, specialised transport measures to maintain mixture temperature, site temperature management during paving, and adapted laying techniques for sloped sections. Post-construction performance was assessed using International Roughness Index (IRI), skid resistance, dynamic friction measurements, manual surface condition surveys, and coring conducted after 2 years to verify in-service performance. The results indicated that RPMB exhibited improved resistance to temperature-related deformation compared to conventional binders. Construction was successfully executed despite extended haul distances and variable weather conditions. Field monitoring over more than three years demonstrated stable performance with no abnormal distress, indicating resilient behaviour under sustained environmental and logistical stresses. The findings highlight that the successful application of RPMB depends not solely on material properties but on effective management of critical factors, including temperature sensitivity, weather window control, logistics, and plant–site coordination. These outcomes provide practical insights for sustainable road construction in low ambient temperatures and environmentally sensitive regions, supporting the role of recycled plastic modified binders within a circular economy framework when deployed under controlled conditions. Keywords: Plastics; Recycle; Sustainable Construction; Sustainable Pavement.

Environment & Sustainability 129 The Impact of Energy Poverty Factors on The Academic Performance of University Students in Klang Valley Hanis Naimi binti Haslia,*, Nurul Wahilah binti Hj. Abdul Latifb a Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia b Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author email: hanisnaimi@gmail.com Contributing author email: nurulwahilah@uniten.edu.my Abstract: Energy availability is an essential requirement for university students due to the increasing reliance on electricity and digital technologies for learning and academic communication. However, rising costs and unequal access to energy-related resources may expose students to energy poverty, which potentially can affect their academic performance. Despite the rising attention on the matter, limited studies have examined its impact on university students in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of energy poverty factors, such as energy affordability, accessibility to technology for learning, and comfort in accommodation, on the academic performance of university students in Klang Valley. The primary data were collected from 400 students across six universities in Klang Valley using a structured questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis in IBM SPSS Version 30. The findings indicate that all three energy poverty factors are positively associated with students' academic performance. Accommodation comfort emerges as the strongest predictor, followed by energy affordability and accessibility to technology for learning. The regression model explained above 70% of the variation in students' academic performance, indicating that these factors significantly influence academic outcomes. The study concludes that improving students' living conditions, access to affordable energy, and learning technologies can enhance their academic performance. The findings contribute to the growing literature on student energy poverty and provide evidence for

Environment & Sustainability130 universities and policymakers to develop targeted initiatives that reduce energy- related barriers and promote equitable access to higher education. Keywords: University students; Energy affordability; Technology accessibility; Accommodation comfort; Academic performance; Klang Valley.

PARALLEL SESSION 17: Smart Technology CHAIRMAN Prof. Ir. Dr. Raizal Saifulnaz Bin Muhammad Rashid Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia

111 PARALLEL SESSION 17 SMART TECHNOLOGY

Smart Technology 131 From Paper to Platform: Sovereign Digital Governance for Freight in Syria Raya Arafatia* a Syrian Ministry of Transport, Syria. *Corresponding author email: raya.arafat@gmail.com Abstract: This paper examines the National Cargo Management Platform (NCMP) as a feasibility-informed case study in digital freight governance, showing how regulated platforms can strengthen visibility, compliance, and enforcement in contexts of institutional recovery. When freight flows cannot be adequately observed, verified, or enforced, regulatory authority over critical supply chains erodes. The paper argues that Syria’s freight sector can be restructured through a sovereign digital concession: a regulated digital platform that replaces fragmented paper-based control with an enforceable governance system. Drawing on a national survey of 612 sector participants, operational data from freight offices, and a comprehensive feasibility study, the evidence shows that the main governance bottleneck is not freight demand, but visibility, compliance, and control. Current paper-based processes capture only 22–41% of actual freight activity. NCMP addresses this gap by anchoring enforcement at high-visibility nodes — ports, border crossings, and weigh stations. These nodes feed a digital governance layer centered on electronic registration, real-time tracking, interoperable data exchange, and structured compliance workflows. AI is positioned as a future augmentation layer for anomaly detection, demand forecasting, and risk-based screening once sufficient high-quality data is accumulated. The model is deliberately pragmatic: offline-first, low-friction for frontline users, and designed for fragile institutional environments, with the state retaining full ownership of data and enforcement logic. This paper contributes to Track 3 by showing that digital infrastructure, when designed around sovereignty and enforcement rather than pure market efficiency, can serve as a powerful instrument for rebuilding regulatory authority in contexts of institutional recovery. Keywords: Digital Freight Governance; National Cargo Management Platform; Regulatory Enforcement; Freight Visibility; Digital Sovereignty.

Smart Technology 132 Comparative Analysis of Actual and Simulated Traffic Volume Using VISSIM on Signalized Intersection Ir. Ts. Dr. Abdul Razak Bin Alia , Prof. Madya Ir. Dr. Sitti Asmah Binti Hassanb , Akmal Arif Bin Mohamad Anuarc, a Director, Prima Reka Konsultan, 31350 Ipoh, Perak Malaysia b Department of Geotechnics & Transportation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor. c Traffic Engineer, Prima Reka Konsultan, 31350 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. Abstract: Traffic simulation models are widely used in transportation engineering to analyse traffic operations and evaluate roadway performance without disrupting real-world traffic conditions. VISSIM is a microscopic traffic simulation software commonly used to model vehicle movements and traffic behavior at signalized intersections. The reliability of microsimulation outputs depends on appropriate calibration and validation against observed traffic conditions. Reliable validation is essential to establish confidence in the application of simulation models for traffic operational assessment and infrastructure planning. This study evaluates the accuracy and consistency of VISSIM-simulated traffic volumes against observed field data at a signalized intersection along the Tanjung Malim–Slim River corridor under varying traffic conditions over a 12-hour period, with particular attention to model performance during peak and off-peak periods. Traffic volume data were collected from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM using CCTV observation. A microsimulation model was developed using VISSIM based on the geometric and operational characteristics of the study intersection. The comparison between observed and simulated traffic volumes was evaluated using percentage error and the GEH statistics. The results show that the simulated traffic volumes reasonably represent the observed field data, with error percentages ranging from 3% to 13%. The GEH values for all assessed directional movements ranged from 0.5 to 1.8, remaining below the acceptable threshold of 5.0. Higher discrepancies were observed during peak hours compared with off-peak periods, which may be attributed to increased traffic demand, greater vehicle interactions, and fluctuations in traffic flow. Overall, the validated VISSIM model demonstrates satisfactory reliability

Smart Technology 133 in representing observed traffic conditions and can be applied for future scenario testing and operational assessment at signalized intersections. Keywords: Traffic volume; Manual traffic count; Artificial intelligence; Pre- recorded video; Traffic counting accuracy; Vehicle classification.

Smart Technology 134 Understanding Parking Reservation Adoption and Electrical Vehicle User Charging Behaviour Using a Bayesian Approach Khoo Hooi Linga,*, Lim Zhi Xuena a Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: khoohl@utar.edu.my Abstract: The growing number of electric vehicles (EVs) has created greater demand for parking facilities that can also support vehicle charging. This underscores the importance of the understanding on how EV drivers charge their vehicles and whether they are willing to reserve parking spaces for future parking and charging infrastructure planning. This study examines the charging behaviour of EV drivers in Malaysia and the factors influencing their intention to use parking reservation system. A mixed revealed and stated preference survey was conducted among 161 EV drivers through online and face-to-face surveys. A Naïve Bayes model was used to analyse and forecast their parking reservation intention. The results show that EV drivers currently make limited use of charging facilities at public parking spaces, with relatively low subscription to charging plans and charging reservation applications. Most EV drivers preferred to charge when their battery level was low, with an expected charging duration of 30 minutes to one hour. Parking reservation intention was mainly influenced by technology acceptance factors, i.e. experience with transport related apps, perceived ease of use, system reliability, and social influence. Reservation characteristics, namely searching time, reservation charges, buffer time, navigation support, and information accuracy were also important. The findings provide a better understanding of EV charging and parking behaviour in Malaysia and can help parking operators improve the operation of parking reservation and charging facilities in the public parking system. Keywords: Parking Reservation; Electric Vehicle; Bayesian Approach; Vehicle Charging; Smart Parking System;

Smart Technology 135 A Data-Driven Speed–Flow–Density (S-F-D) Model for Intra-Urban Expressways Using Advanced Radar Technology Syed Khairi Syed Abbasa,b*, Jezan Md Diahc, Muhammad Akram Adnand, Adi Yazid Roslie a Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. b Senior Traffic Engineer, Perunding Atur Trafik Sdn. Bhd., Suite 3-1 3rd Floor, Block 4800, CBD Perdana 1, Off Persiaran Multimedia, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia. c Associate Professor, PhD, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.. d Senoir Lecturer, PhD, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. e Managing Director, Kreatif Apps Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Saujana Putra Village, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610 Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: syedkhairi5421@gmail.com Abstract: The increasing complexity of traffic conditions in rapidly developing urban areas necessitates more accurate, data-driven approaches to traffic flow modelling. Conventional highway capacity models, which are primarily based on homogeneous, uninterrupted-flow assumptions, may not adequately capture the dynamic behaviour of intra-urban expressways. This study develops a speed–flow–density (S–F–D) model using high-resolution traffic data collected from an intra-urban expressway in Klang Valley. The data were obtained using advanced radar technology capable of capturing lane-by-lane vehicle characteristics, including speed, volume, and classification. The methodology involves analysing 5-minute interval traffic data over 1 month. Traffic volumes were converted into passenger car units (PCU) using established equivalency factors, and lane-level data were aggregated into directional traffic parameters. The S–F–D relationships were modelled using regression techniques, where the flow–density relationship was represented by a quadratic function and the speed–density relationship by a linear model. Model validation was performed using a temporal data-splitting approach, with 70% of the dataset used for

Smart Technology 136 calibration and the remaining 30% for validation. The results demonstrate strong statistical performance, with high coefficients of determination and low prediction errors. The findings of this study offer significant potential to enhance the existing local highway capacity manual by integrating advanced radar-based data collection techniques. Furthermore, the proposed model captures the unique characteristics of local traffic conditions, enabling the refinement and updating of conventional speed–flow–density relationships to better reflect real-world intra-urban expressway operations. Keywords: Speed–Flow–Density; Radar Technology; Intra-Urban Expressway; Traffic Modelling; Klang Valley.

Smart Technology 137 Road User Charges - Mobility Transformation and Evolution of Infrastructure Funding Framework Ir Lee Choy Hina,b a Honorary Treasurer-General, ITS Malaysia b Managing Director (Highways & Transportation), G&P Group of Companies, Malaysia Abstract: Mobility is more than just transport of people and goods. A country’s economic growth is closely connected to trading, agricultural, industrial and tourism activities. Transportation drives the economic development, and mobility facilitates movement of people and goods. Before mechanical means of transport were invented, people were dependent on walking or using animals such as horses for transport. After the Industrial Revolution, the invention of steam engines facilitated mass transport and locomotive was the useful mode of transport. As technology progresses, internal combustion engine (ICE) and jet engine largely transformed the transport and mobility landscape. The rapid development of aircraft, ships and automobile industries using internal combustion engines created great demand for petroleum and natural gas. During this period, we see the advancement of energy usage from animal power to coal and modernising to fossil fuels consumption as human civilization continue to move on. Electricity then becomes an indispensable source of power in modern days that completely changed the living condition of humanity. This includes nuclear energy mainly adopted by the industrial power. Wary of global warming and environmental deterioration, as well as inevitable depletion of fossil fuels, green or renewable energy emerged as another alternative source for low carbon and carbon neutral energy source. Technology to harness green and renewable energy from solar and wind power have been advancing very rapidly over the decade. Electric vehicles (EV) are now considered a viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to fossil fuel vehicles. This will see another mobility transformation driving the future toward autonomous and multimodal mobility. Rapid development in intelligent transport system (ITS) and IoT with big data and Artificial Intelligent (AI) platform will further transform mobility to another futuristic level. This includes low altitude economy and robotics. The increase of EV number resulted in declining fuel tax revenue, which traditionally has been

Smart Technology 138 the source of funding for road infrastructure development and maintenance. Another issue is on equity of road usage and contribution to prevent the decrease of service levels of roads. To narrow the funding gap and to be fair to all road users, road usage charges, or RUC has been seen as the alternative cost recovery model. The rationale of RUC is to ensure that all road users contribute fairly to the cost of maintaining and improving the road network. This alternative charging concept is increasingly seen as a viable and sustainable way to generate revenue for road building and maintenance. It is now even more so due to the global uncertainty around fuel security. Keywords: Sustainable Mobility; Electric Vehicles; Renewable Energy; Road Usage Charges; Intelligent Transportation Systems.

Smart Technology 139 Conceptual Design of a Distributed Acoustic Sensing- Based Vehicle Weight Monitoring Framework for Smart Road Infrastructure Muhammad Yusoff Mohd Nasira, Hisham Mohamada, Muhammad Farid Ghazalia, Nasir Khana, Satishvaran Ragu Chandrana a Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia. Abstract: Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) systems are widely used for traffic monitoring, overload enforcement and pavement asset management by estimating vehicle weights without interrupting traffic flow. However, WIM systems typically provide measurements at discrete locations and often require additional sensing technologies to obtain vehicle speed, classification and traffic information. Extending monitoring coverage generally requires the installation of additional sensing stations, increasing infrastructure complexity and lifecycle costs. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) has emerged as a promising fibre- optic sensing technology capable of continuously monitoring dynamic strain over long distances using a single optical fibre and interrogator. Although DAS has demonstrated considerable potential for traffic monitoring, its application remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a conceptual engineering framework for a DAS system for smart road infrastructure. The proposed framework employs pavement-embedded longitudinal and transverse optical fibres to continuously monitor vehicle movement and axle-induced pavement responses. A vehicle–pavement–fibre measurement model is developed to describe the relationship between vehicle loading and the distributed strain response recorded by DAS. The framework further integrates signal processing, vehicle detection, event association, feature extraction, supervised machine learning and a comprehensive validation methodology based on synchronised CCTV observations and independently verified vehicle weights. Unlike WIM systems, the proposed approach aims to simultaneously provide vehicle detection, speed estimation, axle identification, traffic classification, pavement response monitoring and vehicle weight estimation using a single distributed sensing infrastructure. The primary contribution of this work is the development of a systematic engineering framework that establishes the foundation for future prototype implementation, experimental validation and lifecycle economic

Smart Technology 140 assessment of DAS systems for intelligent transportation infrastructure. Keywords: Distributed acoustic sensing; Weigh-in-motion; Fibre-optic sensing; Vehicle load monitoring; Traffic monitoring; Smart road infrastructure.

PARALLEL SESSION 18: Road Forensic Engineering CHAIRMAN Dr. Suhana Binti Koting Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya.

Road Forensic Engineering142 PARALLEL SESSION 18 ROAD FORENSIC ENGINEERING

Road Forensic Engineering 141 Improving Pavement Asset Management Through Integration of AI-Based Functional Assessment and Structural Evaluation Ahmad Ashraf Alauddina* a Dynatest Asia Pacific SDN BHD, Malaysia * Correponding author email: ashraf@dtap.com.my Abstract: Effective pavement asset management requires a balanced understanding of both functional performance and structural capacity. Functional assessment reflects surface characteristics such as roughness and visible distress, which directly affect ride quality and safety, while structural evaluation assesses the pavement’s ability to sustain traffic loading over its design life. Although both are essential for effective asset management, their relationship is not always well correlated, particularly under varying traffic and material conditions. This study integrates non-destructive testing (NDT) and digital technologies, including Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), AI-driven pavement distress detection, and Road Surface Profiling. Functional condition was evaluated using AI-based distress identification and surface roughness measurements, while structural capacity was assessed through mechanistic–empirical analysis of deflection data. Multiple sites with varying traffic loading were analyzed to establish the relationship between functional and structural indicators. Results indicate that surface distress and roughness alone are insufficient predictors of pavement deterioration. While functional assessments indicated acceptable conditions in several sections, the structural evaluation revealed inadequate load-bearing capacity, requiring a significant overlay thickness. This discrepancy highlights a weak correlation between functional performance indicators and underlying structural integrity. Key factors influencing structural performance include traffic loading intensity, layer thickness, material modulus, and localized anomalies. The findings demonstrate the importance of integrating functional and structural evaluations within a data-driven asset management framework. The combined use of AI and NDT enhances assessment accuracy and supports more reliable, optimized maintenance and rehabilitation strategies for sustainable infrastructure management.

Road Forensic Engineering142 Keywords: Pavement Asset Management; Non-Destructive Testing; Functional and Structural Assessment; Artificial Intelligence; Mechanistic– Empirical Analysis.

Road Forensic Engineering 143 Laboratory Investigation of the Combined Recycled Plastic Waste Addition on Mechanical Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt Christian Hadhinataa, Ary Setyawan b*, Florentina Pungky Pramestic a Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Kota Surakarta, Indonesia. b ROADMATE Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Kota Surakarta, Indonesia. * Coresponding author email: arysetyawan@staff.uns.ac.id Abstract: Plastic waste has become a major source of pollution in Indonesia’s land and oceans, reaching around 7.8 million tons annually and contributing significantly to environmental and health issues. One innovative approach to mitigate this problem is incorporating recycled plastic waste (RPW) into asphalt mixtures, particularly stone mastic asphalt (SMA). This study examines the effect of adding RPW at variations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the optimum bitumen content (OBC) using the dry mixing method. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties, including moisture susceptibility, resilient modulus (RM), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The findings revealed that the moisture susceptibility value improved with increasing RPW content, with the 20% RPW mixture showing the highest indirect tensile strength (ITS) values in both dry (645.61 kPa) and wet (572.51 kPa) conditions, achieving a tensile strength ratio (TSR) of 88.68%. The best ITSM value was recorded in the 5% RPW mixture, reaching 3,675.17 MPa. Meanwhile, UCS performance increased with RPW addition to an optimum level before it started to go down. The 10% RPW mixture achieved the highest UCS value of 3,208 MPa. In conclusion, the incorporation of RPW into SMA mixtures enhances mechanical performance and offers a sustainable solution for plastic waste management. A mixture of different plastic waste types offers considerable potential to enhance SMA performance while simultaneously mitigating environmental impacts. Keywords: Recycled Plastic Waste; Stone Mastic Asphalt; Moisture Susceptibility; Resilient Modulus; Unconfined Compressive Strength.

Road Forensic Engineering144 Foamed Bitumen Full Depth Reclamation for Rapid Rehabilitation: A Comparative Study of Early-Life and Time-Dependent Performance Azmil Zakariaa, Rino Effendy Abu Harisb , Nordin Yunusa, Khairul Anuar Ahmad Affandia* a PLUS Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. b Formerly with UEM Edgenta Berhad, Current employment with Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad (CIMA), Annex 2, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. * Corresponding author email: khairul.affandi@plus.com.my Contributing author email:azmil@plus.com.my; rino.effendy@cima.com.my; nordin.yunus@plus.com.my Abstract: Full Depth Reclamation (FDR) using Cold In-Place Recycling (CIPR) is widely recognised as a sustainable pavement rehabilitation technique that enables in-situ reuse of existing materials while restoring structural capacity. Conventional cement-stabilised CIPR systems, although effective, require curing periods that impose significant operational constraints on high- traffic expressways. This study evaluates the performance of a foamed bitumen- based FDR system implemented as a Proof of Concept at the Seremban–Port Dickson Highway, designed to eliminate curing requirements and enable immediate application of hot mix asphalt overlay. A comparative trial was conducted alongside an adjacent section using emulsion-stabilised FDR, with both sections constructed over equal treatment lengths of approximately 1.0 km under similar site conditions. Performance monitoring was carried out at pre construction, Month-6 and Month-12 using Falling Weight Deflectometer, Multi-Laser Profiling and Automated Crack Detection, supported by laboratory testing including Indirect Tensile Strength and Resilient Modulus. Both FDR systems demonstrated significant structural improvement compared to existing conditions, as evidenced by reduced deflection values from pre- to post- construction measurements. However, distinct performance trends were

Road Forensic Engineering 145 observed over time. The foamed bitumen FDR achieved immediate structural stabilisation with minimal change in deflection beyond Month-6, indicating that the material had reached its effective stiffness at an early stage. In contrast, the emulsion-stabilised FDR exhibited gradual improvement over time, consistent with ongoing curing and strength gain. The results confirm that foamed bitumen FDR provides comparable structural performance while offering a clear advantage in rapid strength development, enabling faster rehabilitation and reduced traffic disruption. This study highlights the suitability of foamed bitumen FDR as a practical solution for expressway environments where minimising construction time is critical. Keywords: Full Depth Reclamation (FDR); Cold In-Place Recycling (CIPR); Foamed Bitumen; Pavement Rehabilitation; Hot Mix Asphalt Overlay; Structural Performance Monitoring

Road Forensic Engineering146 Enhancing Functional and Structural Performance of Damaged Composite Pavements in Meru Tunnel, Section N5 Using Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Overlays and Sub-Surface Drainage Improvement Mohd Zamir Mohd Zorainia*, Dr. Md Yunus Ab. Wahaba, EUR ING Ir. Ts. Azizul Faiz Bin Abdul Aziza, Ir. Ts. Muhamad Hafiz Bin Abdul Rahima a Maintenance & Asset Management, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia * Corresponding author email: zamir.zoraini@plus.com.my Abstract: Composite pavement in Meru Tunnel, Section N5 experienced recurrent cracking, localized deformation and moisture-related distress under heavy expressway traffic. Deep cement-bound pavement reconstruction was operationally difficult because a traffic study identified congestion above approximately 1,200 vehicles/h and only about 15 h of lower-traffic working window from 21:00 to 12:00 the following day. The adopted rehabilitation therefore combined an 854 m subsurface drain with partial-depth conversion of the slow-lane pavement. Project drawings show an original composite section of approximately 75 mm asphaltic concrete over 229 mm lean concrete; the repair established 190 mm Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course 20 Super Fiber Mix in three lifts over the retained cement-bound layer, while the fast lane received a 50 mm Fiber Reinforced Asphalt treatment. The assessment used condition review, construction records, dynamic creep testing to EN 12697-25 and resilient modulus testing to ASTM D4123 on plant-trial specimens, together with post- construction condition review. Resilient modulus ranged from 6,123 to 6,760 MPa (mean 6,540 MPa), while creep stiffness ranged from 35.37 to 44.67 MPa (mean 41.07 MPa) and accumulated strain after 3,600 cycles ranged from 0.006724 to 0.009215. The asphalt solution enabled rapid paving and reopening without an extended cement-bound curing period, while drainage addressed the moisture pathway. However, equal replacement thickness does not imply structural equivalence; performance depends on the retained cement-bound layer, interface bond, discontinuity movement and foundation support. Overall, the integrated solution provides a practical rehabilitation strategy for moisture- sensitive composite pavement where operational access is severely constrained.

Road Forensic Engineering 147 Keywords: Composite Pavement; Fiber Reinforced Asphalt; Acwc20; Aramid- Polyolefin Fiber; Subsurface Drainage; Working Window

PARALLEL SESSION 19: Road Safety CHAIRMAN Prof. Dr. Kulanthayan A/L K.C. Mani @ Subramanian Department of Community Health Universiti Putra Malaysia

Road Safety 148 PARALLEL SESSION 19 ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety148 Data-Driven Identification of High-Risk Intersections in Chattogram: A Practical Framework for Urban Road Safety Improvement Javed Baria* a North South University, Bangladesh. * Corresponding author email: javed.bari86@gmail.com Abstract: Chattogram, Bangladesh’s second-largest city and a major economic hub, faces increasing road safety challenges amid rapid urbanization, traffic growth, and complex intersection operations. This study presents a data-driven framework for identifying high-risk intersections and supporting targeted safety interventions within Chattogram City Corporation. Guided by the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual, the study evaluates five representative intersection types - roundabout, three-leg, four-leg, multi-leg, and staggered intersections - using a systematic screening methodology. Traffic crash data obtained from the Accident Research Institute of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) and Chattogram Metropolitan Police were analyzed in conjunction with Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) and traffic growth data from the Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority (DTCA). Five complementary screening techniques were applied, including crash frequency, crash rate, critical crash value, crash severity, and cost-effectiveness analysis, to assess whether selected locations meet established black spot criteria. The integrated analysis identifies significant safety deficiencies across multiple intersections, highlighting the influence of traffic exposure, geometric complexity, and pedestrian conflict. Based on the findings, targeted engineering and traffic management countermeasures are proposed, including intersection redesign, improved signage and markings, and enhanced pedestrian safety provisions. The study demonstrates how combining multi-source crash data with structured analytical methods can support evidence-based decision-making for urban road safety improvement. The proposed framework offers a practical and transferable approach for identifying and prioritizing hazardous locations in rapidly growing cities, contributing to safer and more resilient urban transport systems. Keywords: Black Spot Identification; Data-Driven Road Safety Analysis; Urban Intersections; Traffic Crash Analysis.

Road Safety 149 Enhancing Road Safety in Malaysia Through the Road Accident Management System Malaysia (RAMS) Ir. Mohd Fairuz Muhamad@Mamata*, Ir. Mohd Harizam Ibau Nuia, Ir. Ts. Mohd Fairuz Jamala, Azimah Abu Bakara, Ir. Mohd Fadzlina, Noor Ain Mohd Yasin. a Highway Planning Division, Ministry of Works, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author email: sub_bpj@kkr.gov.my Abstract: The Road Accident Management System (RAMS) is a web based platform developed by Ministry of Works Malaysia (KKR) that serves as the main database for road accident information. RAMS data is further strengthened through its integration with the Integrated Police Reporting System (iPRS) of the Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM). RAMS significantly reduces the time required to identify accident prone area by replacing manual validation with automated, system-based verification. The analytical approach of the system integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS) through spatial analysis algorithm to automatically identify blackspot areas. RAMS features multi-source, real-time data integration, merging accident data with i-PRS enabling more accurate, consistent, and comprehensive accident data collection for improved analysis and decision-making. RAMS plays an important role in supporting the road safety of the country by transforming traditional accident records into an organised and accessible digital system. Through RAMS, users can view overall national statistics as well as filter data by specific states and years, making it easier to analyse trends over time and across different regions. This detailed data helps authorities identify high risk locations, or “blackspots,” assess the impact of previous safety initiatives, and plan appropriate improvements in the future. The platform is specifically designed to be user-friendly for authorised personnel, including the team of Road Safety, Ministry of Works Malaysia (KKR) and district engineers within the Public Works Department (JKR) and local authority (PBT). The access to the system is restricted, ensuring that sensitive accident data is only available to relevant internal stakeholders. The RAMS system has a great impact on analyzing the location of blackspots in terms of saving time and management costs as well as improving data integrity.

Road Safety150 The system helps identify high-risk locations by analysing accident frequency and patterns, allowing authorities to focus on areas that need safety improvements the most. This data-driven approach also strengthens collaboration between KKR, the World Health Organization (WHO), and Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiatives Global Road Safety (BIGRS), especially in implementing signalised pedestrian crossings (LPKSI) at carefully selected high-risk sites. Overall, RAMS reflects the commitment of Malaysia in improving road safety by using data-driven approaches. Keywords: Road Accident Management System (RAMS), Road Safety, GIS Spatial Analysis, Blackspot Identification, Integrated Police Reporting System (i-PRS)

Road Safety 151 Spatial Analysis of Traffic Risk Using GIS for Road Hazard Mapping Imran Amin Farida, M. Farid Ahmada, Megat Usamah Megat Joharib, Law Teik Huab, a Consultface Sdn Bhd, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia b Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia Abstract: A hazard map will allow focus on frequent accident locations at the North South Highway in Malaysia. The highway is the main trunk road connecting the north and south of Peninsular Malaysia. A spatial analysis of traffic risk across North South Highway using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique is suitable for preparing the map. Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research 2021 data was available for the analyses. The use of GIS provides a useful tool that can aid understanding and communication of accident pattern. The data used were GPS coordinates, crash severity levels, road condition and vehicle type. Initially the highway is segmented into 1 km section. Buffer zone of 15m was then introduced to allow for crashes occurring at the boundary were still included in the analyses. The segmentation was required to ensure that crash density, which is defined as total crash over a 1 km segment length, analysis was conducted at a localised level. This allows for a detailed study on the crash distribution pattern. The areas were then mapped based on High Risk using QGIS, a geospatial tool for GIS use, in a Risk Classification Map. There were 10 locations identified as High Risk. Other hazard maps prepared were crash Severity Map, Road Condition and Vehicle Type Distribution associated with Risk Classification Map. The main limitations of the study include lack of real time data to relate traffic density and crash occurrence; uniform segmentation did not account for road geometry; underreporting of minor crashes and external factor such as vehicle condition. Keywords: Hazard map; North South Highway; spatial analysis; GIS; QGIS; Risk Classification Map

Road Safety152 Expressway Safety Enhancement: Proof of Concept for Greenguard, The TL-5 Precast Concrete Median Barrier on PLUS Expressway Hannah Lyana Lee Abdullahia*, Noor Mohd Hazeem Halina, Rino Effendy Abu Harisa Salwati Mohd Sukri1a, Sahruzi Sahari1a a Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad (CIMA), Annex 2, Persada PLUS, Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia * Corresponding author email: hannah@cima.com.my Contributing author email: hazeem.halin@cima.com.my; rino.effendy@cima.com.my; salwati@cima.com.my; sahruzi.sahari@cima.com.my Abstract: Road safety on expressways is vital for reducing fatalities in high- speed environments where collisions have severe consequences. Existing galvanized steel guardrails on the North-South Expressway (NSE) are inadequate in handling high-impact collisions, particularly from heavy vehicles. The GREENGUARD® Precast Concrete Barrier provides a sustainable, high performance solution to replace outdated guardrails. Fabricated off-site at a precast factory, it is designed for modern highways, prioritizing safety, durability, and ease of installation. GREENGUARD’s F-shape design complies with NCHRP Report 350 Test Level 5 (TL-5) standards, capable of withstanding the impact of a 36-tonne truck at 80 km/h and a 15-degree angle. When connected with a minimum of 10 barriers using reinforced couplers, the combined weight is 40 tonnes. The embedded depth acts as an anchor, similar to a retaining wall’s key design, preventing displacement while ensuring stability and flexibility. GREENGUARD is faster to install than cast-in-situ concrete barriers, reducing construction time and manpower. The barrier also protects workers by shielding them from live traffic on the opposite side. Manufactured using 0.15% glass fiber-reinforced Grade 30 (G30) concrete and Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs), reducing its environmental footprint by 60% compared to traditional concrete. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Abaqus Software crash simulations validate its deflection and energy absorption in line with TL-5 standards. A Proof of Concept (POC) conducted on the North Klang

Road Safety 153 Valley Expressway (NKVE) demonstrated GREENGUARD’s durability, with no accidents, repairs, or traffic disruptions. GREENGUARD’s enhanced drainage and visibility features contribute to driver awareness, supporting Vision Zero and advancing safer, sustainable infrastructure. Keywords: Expressway Safety; Road Safety; Vision Zero; Precast Concrete Barrier; Safe System Design; Impact Resistance; Circular Economy; Carbon Emission Reduction; Sustainable Infrastructure

Road Safety154 An Initial Expert Judgement Approach for Developing a Safe Intersection Road Design Index in Malaysia Raja Nurulhaiza Raja Nharia*, Kushairi Rashid b, Jezan Md Diahc a Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Malaysia b Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Malaysia c Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, 40450 Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: This study presents the findings of an expert judgement survey for the development of a Safe Intersection Road Design Index (SIRDI) for Road Safety Audit (RSA) in Malaysia. Road geometric design significantly influences traffic operations, driver behaviour, and crash occurrence, particularly at intersections where vehicle conflicts are more frequent. Despite its importance, limited studies have systematically prioritised road geometric design elements for intersection safety assessment during the Road Safety Audit (RSA) design stage within the Malaysian context. A quantitative Delphi survey involving 20 experts from agencies and organisations specialising in road safety, highway engineering, traffic engineering, and Road Safety Audit practices in Malaysia was conducted. The survey instrument comprised 13 road geometric design elements derived from Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/86: A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads. Experts assessed the importance of each element using a five- point Likert scale across two Delphi rounds. Data were analysed using weighted scores, mean scores, percentage agreement (ratings of 4–5), and standard deviation to evaluate the relative importance of each variable and the level of expert consensus. The findings indicated that all 13 road geometric design elements were considered important for intersection safety, with improved agreement and greater ranking stability achieved in the second Delphi round. Road line marking emerged as the highest ranked design element, followed by sight distance, traffic signs, and intersection design, reflecting strong expert consensus regarding their influence on road safety performance. In contrast, the number of lanes received the lowest ranking, suggesting a more context-