indus valley

tt I i,±:tt£J.l1Y" 1 ,, •1,, ,,om rne /ndu, valley , , i1,.or,on d<'p,crmg o humped t•,tl//f(I/" feft' a u111corn /top nr;llt and c.1 hgtlfi? tn a yog,c po,,, :i/io ,etmed to as ,vsnvpat• The smpt of the Indus Valley ov11tzauon. seen un /Iii' ieals, hos not been dropheted yet I ~ I D - ' .,,nir c' ttllJlld Ial-• ,,.uru:,l ._ ,n ,ni ,,t .i fern.ilc.: 11c:UfL' l~- hl\Lbt>t.lllt>llllt Jeri) • I Jhl ' ,,..1, r,rob,1bh t 1e h ·r <.,odd<-'"" , \ [\1111 '- til!Urt', tlH<-'<' f.lLeJ • ,c..1l<'J in ,1 ) ogh I , rc· 111J :-urrt•UrHkd bv Vl p0 ' L ' ' < fl() ,ra,·t.>d on ,tHllt.' ,t.•.tl., , 1 ht" fi 1, cng ., 1gu t rr .J w ,1-. P,1-.hup.1ti ·1he l t~ rt:<' c >1pa1 ob.ibh reg.irJeJ ,1., :..iued and lt1: pr , I \v( ~ '[he di~cover) ol a ,lfgc uurnber >rs~.~ sugge~ts th.it people prob.ibl y Wo~f a"' lucky charms to ward ofl evil 'Pirit llltri, Egyptians, the Harapp.in s also bet s. l~ .,fter death. Tuey buried thei r I ieveu •~~ . . lCaJ .., with items ot food, utensils or l()&tt' nan1 i Sometimes they cr~mated the dead e111.s. the ashes or bones m an urn alon ~11d ~ of daily use. g Wtth itt DECLINE AND DESTRUCTION INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION O~ 'ht The Indus Valley civilization w111- l ., c 1 n for about 1,000 years, came to an b 0 tttishe a rupt en ,11/I

Q l\fe stuff Cl Claude's choice ENG IN •· '. Scholars h,wc put forward var ious theories to expla in its collapse. q • Natural calamities like ~a rtl~q uakes, floods or epidem ics ma y h ave destroyed the cities. • Invasi o n by foreign trib es like the Aryans may have led to its destruction . 1he Indus Valley civilization is India's earliest known urban civilizatio n . The Harap~an cities may be in ruins but the reconstruction and rediscovery of our ancient culture fro: these ruins instil in us a feeling of great pn e in our ancient and glorious past . • A c'hange in the course of the river Indus niay have made the land infertile.) Wk .. iii 1st OJ t¥i tti I,.......····· ·· .... ···· ······· ... . .. . · ; The town planning a nd the drainage system of the Indus Valley civilization show a high regard forhyg,enea nd cleanliness. ~ - H . . ? ~-~-w ca n our cities today benefit by fo llowing the systems of the Harappan c_,_:_'e·~-- ............................ ····· ······················" . BCE ~ I 11 300() The Indus Valley clvlllzat1on+1ourished . Present da~ 1~ I 11 I ,II ~ 1111 11111 \ 11,, \ ,,,, \ 1:, 1\ 11, 1\"Ii'{ 1 • "ZSOO 2000 1500 1000 500 1 CE 500 1000 1500 2000 Biography Daya Rarn Sahni, an e t . the excavation efforts as e~med Indian _archaeologist, led and 1921 . R. D . Baner · e~ t e _H~rap~a site between 1920 is renowned for 1. ' a d, stinguished Indian historian, The groundb :~cavating the site of Mohenjodaro in 1922. knowled rea ing work done by both, gave us immense . ge about the Indus Valley civilization.They carried out met1c~lous excavations Which showed the advanced urban planning and architectural skills of the civilization. •·Pi~M;;,,;1;2nwP r Seal, a<e the clay tablets whkh We<e used by Harappan merchants to stamp their goods. Granaries were the storehouses where, historians believe, people of the Indus Valley civilization stored their extra grain. The Great Granary was discovered at Harappa. Great Bath was a big tank at Mohenjodaro that was probably used by the general public during religious ceremonies. Drainage system is the process by whic or liquid waste is drained out hom an ar_, Terracotta is a reddish-brown clay that ~ baked . Mother Goddess was the tern' worshipped by the people ~t the 11 civilization . Many smol<.e-stamed c\a the Mother Goddess ha\Je been fou

Sonnet 4.6 11J1j, D Ufe stuff Claude's choice lhe ,,omen "ore a headdrc'-, earring,, bangle,. g1 rd!..-;, brau~leb :ina ankleh fn e rich wore e Cf! () rnanient~ n1.ide Gold1ewefferywornbypt'opleof of gold~ ...,1h·er .ind the lndw, Vofleyc1v1llzoc 1on !"or,· 1l1e poor "ore shell , bone and copper Jewellery_ bTheknien kept beards .. Their hair \\as combed ac ·ward d d in a kn s an was e ither cut short or co1le probabJ ot t~n top _of the head. The women h . . Y ied their hair tightly and useda1rpu1s and b place. The com s to keep their hair 111 Y also used cosmetics. . Btit!ii, iffim ~Discuss Whether h . ~ fashion consci t e an cie nt Harappans were modern-da ous a nd We ll-groomed like their your answe~ counterparts. Give rea sons for Recreati fl,G ., Domest1cat1on of Animals • ht.ft OL <-P .,\111mablikq,;o.!h ~r,.ec:p d D .ind humped h ull, \\e r<.: d o m cst11.ate u and 1. .iis ,, ere k1.:pt ii~ pt:t'-- Art and Craft !he Indus \'all.::, ~lL-ople ",ere excellent potte rs and skilled crati.,peo ple. 1hey made pone~ ol""' variou, shape, and ,1ze, on the potter's wheel. These pots were generally glazed and painted. They made terracotta female figurines which were probably symbolic of the Mother Goddess. They also knew the art of using metals. Did You Know'? A rerraco rt a figurine of rhe Mother Goddess Th on and Amusement t e Indus Valley people preferred indoor games o outdoor ti ·ti Th d . . a~ Yl es. ey spent their free time :i11cmg, smgmg and playing board games with The broi\zesmiths were an important group of artisans in the Indus Valley civ11izat1on. Bronze is made by mixing copper and tin. Toe Harappans got copper from the Khetn mines in Raiasthan and from Balochistan. Tin came from AfgharnSlan and Iran. The Harappans used bronze vessels axes, saws, knives and spears. They also made statues in bronze like the statue ot the dancing girl. ~ ce. They aJso played a game similar to modern c ess. The children played with various t lik_e wheeled carts, dolls, ,. oys a.n.unals With movable -• .., ~ heads, sh ding monkeys, • "f ~1rattles and whistles. The I' !' toys were generally made :$ 7 of baked clay or terracotta. OCCUPATION Agriculture A board game excavated from an Indus Valley settlement Trade The lndus Valley people carried on t\.ouri.shmg trade both within and outside lndia. The'- traded with countries like Mesopotamia Uraq Persia (Iran) and Afgb.anii>tan. The discO\·e of Harappan seals m };\el,opotamia Mesopotamian seals i.n Indus \:·alley ci.ti.es pr that the two civili:z.ati.ons b.ad trade re\ati.on · var1.ety of weights and measures were u"ed The main occupation of the people of the Indus Valley was farming. Farmers grew wheat, barley, fruits and vegetables. They were the first people in the world to cultivate cotton. The land was fertile and the farmers grew enough surplus food to feed the people in towns and cities. trade was probab\1, carried out b,· barters,· Trade was carried on both b:· \and an routes. Bullock carts, boats ancl sb.1\? probabl1· used for transport. A cloc\...1 been disco\'ered at Lothal.

\All" fnll ,, ... n, ,. < 11 I ~ 4 ",,, i I I :', IJ -· ~1,:, 'lo,_ I ' I) I A " 0 C and Surkotada ( Kalibangan . Gu1arat), Ropar (Punjab), Pradesh) (Ra;asthan), Alamgirpur (Uttar and Banawali (H ) n ewest ·t aryana . 1be t,._o s1 es are Rakh· h· ( Db 1 · tgar 1 Haryana) ando av1ra (Gujarat). MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDus VALLEY CIVILIZATION The excavations carried out at various sites prove that around 4,500 years ago, highly civilized people lived in this region and gave to the world its earliest cities, its first town planning, its first A drain in Mohenjodaro [ Town Planning rhe I \lliere , and / S),t,e r \er, v., and cuned to allo'" ·~ e:1'1h. The A .., "• ,>lten pa\e bnck,. ·43,t-i.!¥HIE.jHB¥J -~ -- The ruins of MohenJo a one of the largest settleme Valley civilization. I, h,,, ~ I <. Hdrdppan~7 Arch·terture The Indus \'alle, people were 5kilfu\ The buiidings were ot l\\"O typ~~ houses anci public buuding~. Dwehmg Houc;.e~ j Large blocks of h.ouses were bui. sides of the streets. The h.ouses, jdoub\e-ston~ed, ha-1 aat roofs different si.2es. Some were like others had only two sma\\ roo

• ORIGIN . c ruins of Ha.rappa : the anCJen dar-~.,, .:::<,..,•. e~ c1, , • do[\fohen;·o o. • . . .. 19" an • th . n,. ,~..:.::: .'.ll1.."1Jl.fl - · . 19??-?3 bo :- --- -1. , ; •. BJneriee ID ~ - ' . :- ;\."-'"''.z..c...:~ ·caJ Sun·er of India, _ . .-.k -\.:Jiaeologi )j -=.:e~: 0, .... e · ,-th. It ,,·as ear er . • ~- ace-old m ·th "A.":" ,x;ec ..:.., = . f India began ,n · .. · ,. u:e h;swn 9 .th •e... e,ec ...'i.;,:-., ·ans. Theexca,·arion ot e -:c.:"'~~gc; ~~;~Janned cities of Harappa • •k-> "'•1u\ F f··-:.- l.~- L.,L .u= ck the history o . , , :..,-• ,cJio pushed ba , c .... c.. ... ,.' . d bevond a• • 1_ 0 -, .., O(X) ,·ears. It pro, e , .:.:2 .:--, ~,~ ~- - · • d urban ci,ilization1-•• :.,. 1 ~•a-hJ,·ad,anl.e -~. :··:· .0 -~~01; 'about-! 500 ,·ears ago.l":5:":e ...... !!': ~~ r..,i I # ,.:r.-:.2u.::.on belonged to the Bronze Age and 1-,·es ofiron ha,·e been found. It is estimated ,.he IndID ''al.J.er cnilizatioo flourished ;) :500 BCE and 1500 BCE. The discoYery ..·-:1.s \ alle,· seals and pottery among the o:" 'J.J1C1 ent Sumerian e1ties shows that ad i.:-ade l.mks ,dth .\fesopotamia which <,'°,,-> Learn ,,y Write </, Cod~ Get set up wltt1 Claude Ccnn£~t your <:>1eryd;q try, s CATION , r, LO _ ans 'mound of the de-act 1· daro me ~ . , \fohenJO b--1,r of the river Indus;_ • the a.J.11'-'> - ·•• ~located on . f 5jnd (now in Paki ar.kana distr~ ~~~. L . ·tuated on the banks of the ri\ H"ranoa 1s 51 • · t- ~ h Montuomery d1stnct of '.•;e:~:Bgl:l m t e ~. i:,,. ,, . b (now m Pakistan).PunJL --- , )'ears after the discovery of thell'- For man) h th . u· -. . , believed t at e er;• 12.a.tir.n- sites it "as f h · ' _c._ d to the valleys o t e IndUs a.-:~was cor1.11.11e _ . . 'butaries. However, later exca"atior its tn h th. . ., · J t of similar sites pro\·ed t at is ClYl..tizatio; d d car be)'Ond the Indus \~alle,)· ~a~e 11 • many parts of northern and "\-•:~stern Indie. Around 2..s.oo site~aYe been discovered s,J c a.kina the Indus Valley civilization u,1..1ar, m o ' ~ lar_g_est _dviliz.ation of the ancient ,,·orld. Since the principal cities of this civilization were first discovered around the riYer lnd\.15 and its tributaries, it is referred to as the Indus~ Valley civilization. It i5 also called the Harappar, civilization because Harappa was the first sit to be unearthed and the features of the othel sites resemble those of Harappa. Some majo1 sites of the Indus Valley civilization are Loth

~ Eveninl How can I help you today? I . + ~ Learn u' Write a m t~ ~ t api)S an J extenstor1> Get set up with Claude f. l cri r, •e.-J Connect your everyday tools BrinR 1our history over l[Qm another Al ~- r . ooJ qu.:1ht~ brick, of ver~ g .An average /llJ<k ol b.ikt·~ {or 4.500 yeJr•)~d by roofl'IS, (thn h.1"' I.1,t~d d surrou nd c .A narrow /wu:<' h.1J J "ourrr::n .aJJd a ,.,eJI. . burn t or baked brick~. 'Th; , r rnade o f bly hall, a prayer hall, "'•1y 1been an assern 1r d, l).,11 e system fr./ '\ orainag ( I.he Jndu~ Valley c ,v,Ji, 1,ne c1tie5 0 well - planned drainag~11 ' 1, 11 an excellent, and the bathroo.:'. Y\t k tchens "'' \ •• ,, b,11hroo111. J ~•'"rooms upsuurs. ,1.11n. .1,<' IL'J tot ,e large · gs was a '[he . 1 floors) had drain s con neq<: <1 r., sloping ins. The street drains ran a t() t,, lf street dra ets and were usually 11 1;; t\ 51des of th e str~oles at regular inte~()v~tt '[hey had madncleaning) . The drainageals (f~ public au1Jd1n al f-{araPP" as used to /he Great Gra.nal'Ybel1eve that it w cwo rows f-/1swnans 7here were ~ A I,u,/J,ng _ d grains. granarie ,wrc ,urp/u, t~:ch row had si.X'.MohenJo aro cuon an lJ sys ,, inspe h Indus Va ey people pa·o. l~~ proves that t e cation and cleanline 55 1 ll.t~.1 attention to san1 . ,,of granaries been round in the nver ,,n,,J.irgranaryha:,ere buill close to nsported \1/ the gr.1nar1es could be easily tra Granar)' 0 [hat graJil 5 , the Great f;ftt\'4YJ --~ .-~iIIU3fW' - · -~ \ .,; . ·n your c ity covered? Why d .'\ bank s r boatyNear have been i,•1th the help _o ular bock platforms tbresh Lilg in Harappa,hc~~re probably used {or s where / Are the_d ra in ~ ~ a nt t o cover drains? 0 Yo~ i think'~.'-~ 'rr:1~ ............. ................................. ·.... .. . [ound, wh1c an furnace There were m y . ty of objects. grain duced a vane .. ] metalworkers pro h ;ve so muc ' d'd the Harappa ns g . HOTS: Why 1 .. ·n grains? amtf•ldhi9--~. ortance to ston 9_ . .... ,mp ·· Great building waslt!}: d ther important ~ . b ildin resembleAno . d ro Th is u Bath atMohen;_o a ool [t bad siX entran ~es, a large swimr~ung :ol ~alleries an d dressing central bathmg p ' I d to the bottom of :ooms. Two flights of sdteps ll: of the pool were Th floor an wa ·th the pool. e . d made water,t!$h t w1 made ofburnt bnc~a,z t / " fr~m an adjacent f b·tume.D Water a lining o _!.- · 1 wi th fresh water d fill the poo · 0.@§ di-I ::i4 4 % tJUtas,,.,. w:::r:?£1 . .. Uf Water and San1tat1on Goal 6: Clean . ns used advanced tech niq ue ; The ~~rappa·tation and hygiene. How Cans t,:i ' pnont1ze san~niques in our cities wh e n they v.,~ use these tee . 7 ar1, I ed during rains. water ogg .. .. ......... .. ... ... - - -···-·· .. society social Structure 1he Harappan society prob ably consisted Cl( I Social groups- rulers, mercha"tsevera •ls d and artisan s, farmers and Illa" 'tra ers . •ti.la,\ labourers. Food pl well was use to d ained out through and the used water was 1hr e Great Bath was Wheat was the staple food. Farmers also grew barley, mustard, fruits and vegetables. M.uk, meat, fish and eggs formed a part of their die{. J . one corner. 0an out et in . J'gious ceremonies. probably used dunng re J ~:f.i/1,~ ~--' - ~~..... ~I ► • f.,.. ~,,v • f, Great Bath in Mohenjodaro is probably the oldest water r in the history ofhuman civilization. Assembly Hall was another striking ~ing found in Mohenjodaro. It was a ed hall with thick walls and 20 pillars ~ ress and ornaments - eople wore cotton and woollen garments. wo-piece dresses were worn by both men and women. The men wore a garment similar to the dhoti while the women wore skirts. The upper garment was a shawl worn around the shoulder Both men and women wore ornaments. The, wore necklaces, amulets and fi nger ring1 ,- _,,. .