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Contents # Case study 01 Pusa Decomposer: field implementation (IARI, Delhi / Punjab) 02 Raipur bacterial isolates: straw decomposition (IGKV, Chhattisgarh) 03 Microbial consortium: nutrient recovery and soil health 04 Trichoderma rice-straw compost 05 Supporting enzyme studies 06 Cross-case synthesis: what the evidence says, and how to use it on your poster 07 Image guide and full reference list How to read this report Every number comes from a published paper, a research-institute record, or a news report cited at the end of each case. Each case states its scale of evidence (lab, pot, plot, or village). Case 01 includes independent trial results that did not show a benefit from spraying, because a poster that acknowledges this will be more credible with judges. About the images This report uses (a) charts redrawn from each study's published numbers, (b) schematic diagrams, and (c) dashed PHOTO SLOT boxes that say exactly which photo to place and where to get it legally. See Section 07. Case Studies: Turning Crop Residue into Value Instead of Fire Five evidence-based case studies on microbial and enzymatic management of paddy straw, supporting the e-poster "Ending Stubble Burning: Turning Pollution into Farmer Income"
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 2 01 Pusa Decomposer: field implementation Developer Microbiology Division, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa campus, New Delhi Where Delhi villages (largest documented pilot); trials in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh; independent multi-location trials at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Period 2020 trial year; scaled to Delhi farms in 2020-21; PAU trials 2020-21 and 2021-22 Evidence scale Village pilot with farmer survey, plus replicated field plots at four Punjab sites Headline Widely adopted and reported as helpful by farmers in Delhi, but replicated Punjab plots found soil microbes and straw incorporation did most of the work Background Farmers in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh have only a short window between paddy harvest and wheat sowing, so they burn straw because it is cheap and fast. The Pusa Decomposer was designed to soften hard stubble so it can be mixed into the soil and act as compost, while retaining soil microbes and nutrients that burning destroys. What it is and how it works • A fungi-based liquid. Reports describe seven fungal strains packed into four capsules, producing enzymes that act on the components of paddy straw. • Farmers prepare a liquid from water and jaggery, add gram flour (besan) and four capsules, and spray it on the field. It works even where stubble was not finely chopped by a Super SMS machine. • IARI stated a working window of about 20-25 days, but said farmers can begin ploughing 10-15 days after spraying. Farmers argued this is still long, since many sow wheat within a week or ten days of harvest. • In 2020, about 200 pouches were sent to Punjab for trial on 200 hectares; one pouch was reported to treat 5-6 tonnes of paddy straw per hectare. Licences were given to eight bio-product companies. Figure 1.1 Preparation and use workflow (schematic redrawn from press descriptions of the IARI procedure). Delhi implementation results Indicator Reported value Source Villages using the decomposer 39 villages Delhi government statement, reported by Deccan Herald and Scroll Area treated 1,935 acres Same Independent farmer survey 79 farmers in 15 villages across four Delhi districts; WAPCOS report said farmers were happy with the product Scroll.in Context Stubble burning share of Delhi PM2.5 reached ~40% on 1 Nov in the previous year Deccan Herald Treat these as government-reported pilot results. The survey measured farmer satisfaction rather than a controlled comparison.
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 3 Independent replicated trials in Punjab (PAU, 2020-22) A peer-reviewed study (Katyal et al., 2024, BioResources) tested PAU's own decomposer and the Pusa Decomposer at four Punjab sites over two seasons (PAU Ludhiana, KVK Kheri-Sangrur, RRS Kapurthala, RRS Gurdaspur), comparing straw incorporation (rotavator) with retention (surface), each with control, PAU decomposer and Pusa decomposer sprays. The PAU consortium contained two fungi (Aspergillus, Trichoderma) and six bacterial inoculants. Figure 1.2 Lignin, C/N ratio and tensile strength of straw after 30 days at PAU Ludhiana, 2020-21 (data from Katyal et al., 2024). Figure 1.3 2021-22 repeat trial: mean reductions were far larger when straw was mixed into soil (data from Katyal et al., 2024). PHOTO SLOT: Pusa Decomposer being prepared / sprayed Insert a photo of the microbial solution being prepared at IARI or sprayed on a paddy field, with a caption naming the village or institute. Where to get it: Mongabay India 2020 article (ask for permission) or your own field visit / IARI press office
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 4 What this means (important for your poster) Sprayed plots did not significantly beat unsprayed plots on lignin, C/N ratio, tensile strength or wheat yield, and wheat yie ld was similar across incorporation and retention. The authors concluded that soil's own microflora can degrade straw if the straw is mixed into the soil and enough time is allowed before sowing (Ludhiana sowed 30 days after incorporation; other sites 7-15 days, which gave smaller C/N drops). The Delhi pilot and the Punjab plots therefore tell a complementary story: decomposers can help in practice, but timing and soil mixing are the real levers. Field reality: farmer experience A 2021 field report from Jhuljhuli, Delhi, described about 300 farmers trying the product. One farmer was delighted with results on two acres, while another family had an unsuccessful trial in waterlogged, low-lying fields and cited a large information gap for farmers who bought it at their own cost. Takeaways for the poster • Use the Delhi numbers (39 villages, 1,935 acres) to show real-world scale. • Add one line from the PAU trials: "Incorporating straw into soil cut lignin by about 55% and tensile strength by about 74% in 30 days." • Frame the message as: decomposer plus incorporation plus adequate time, supported by training, rather than a magic spray. Sources: Katyal et al. 2024; Mongabay India 2020; Scroll.in; Deccan Herald; The Bastion; IAS Gyan and Journals of India explainers. Full list in Section 07.
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 5 02 Raipur bacterial isolates: straw decomposition Institution Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV), Raipur, Chhattisgarh Studies (a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMB-CD-1 from cow dung (Raj et al., 2024); (b) cellulase-producing thermophilic Bacillus flexus AMB-T-6S (Soni et al.) Evidence scale Laboratory and pot-scale. No open-field decomposition trial was found for these isolates. Headline Single bacterial isolates cut cellulose and hemicellulose in straw and produced compost that supported rice seedling growth Honest label The title of this case in your outline reads "field decomposition". The Raipur work I could verify is laboratory and pot-scale, so this report presents it as proof of concept for bacterial straw decomposers rather than as a field deployment. Share a field-trial paper if you have one. Study (a): cow-dung bacteria for rice straw • Four bacterial isolates (AMB-CD-1 to AMB-CD-4) were isolated from fresh cow dung. After biochemical screening, AMB-CD-1 performed best and was identified by 16S rRNA Sanger sequencing as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. • Rice straw was degraded for 25 days and analysed by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy. Inoculated straw had lower cellulose and hemicellulose, indicating degradation. • The resulting compost was tested on rice plants in sand-soil-compost mixtures: 50% sand + 50% compost gave the highest germination percentage, shoot weight and shoot length; 25% sand + 25% soil + 50% compost gave the highest chlorophyll content. Study (b): thermophilic Bacillus on three straws • Bacillus flexus AMB-T-6S, a thermophilic cellulase producer, was grown at 45 C on rice, wheat and corn straw powder in submerged and solid-state conditions. • Nutrient content of inoculated corn straw was highest: N 0.58%, with P 0.59% and K 1.27%. Inoculated wheat straw followed at N 0.53%. Treatment (Study b) N (%) P (%) K (%) Corn straw + inoculum 0.58 0.59 1.27 Wheat straw + inoculum 0.53 not highlighted not highlighted Corn straw (uninoculated) not highlighted 0.55 1.17 Values as reported in the abstract; only top-ranking treatments are given. Interpretation and cautions • Why it matters: a cow-dung-derived organism supports a low-cost, locally sourced inoculant idea for smallholders. • Biosafety: P. aeruginosa is a species that includes opportunistic human pathogens, so a strain like AMB-CD-1 would need rigorous safety screening before any field release. Cite this as a research lead, not a ready product. Takeaway for the poster: "Bacteria from cow dung degraded rice straw in 25 days in the lab and produced compost that supported rice growth." Label it "laboratory evidence" and note that field trials are the next step. Sources: Raj et al. 2024 (IJROWA 12(4), doi 10.30486/ijrowa.2022.1950569.1407); IGKV KrishiKosh thesis 2021; Soni et al., ICAR e-Pubs. Full list in Section 07. PHOTO SLOT: Raipur lab: bacterial plates or SEM micrograph of degraded straw Place a microscope image or petri-dish photo showing the bacterial isolate or the fibre breakdown in treated versus untreated straw. Where to get it: Raj et al. 2024, Int. J. Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture (check the journal's licence) or IGKV thesis on KrishiKosh
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 6 03 Microbial consortium: nutrient recovery and soil health Studies Shrivastava et al. 2019 (ICAR research group, J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry); Linda et al. (cellulolytic consortium, greenhouse paddy, Malaysia-Indonesia seminar paper) Organisms Aspergillus (fungi), Bacillus (bacteria), Streptomyces (actinomycetes) used alone and in combinations Evidence scale Laboratory composting plus soil biological assays; separate greenhouse pot trial Headline Multi-organism consortia decomposed straw faster than control and left soil with more microbial biomass and organic carbon Why nutrients matter Paddy straw is not just waste: per dry weight it contains roughly 0.5-0.8% N, 0.16-0.27% P O , 1.4-2.0% K O, 2 5 2 0.05-0.10% S and 4-7% silicon, plus zinc, iron and magnesium. Burning throws this away. Figure 3.1 Nutrient ranges of paddy straw on a dry-weight basis (Katyal et al., 2024, citing Dobermann and Fairhurst, 2002). Study 1: ligno-cellulolytic consortia (Shrivastava et al., 2019) • Four fungal (Aspergillus) species, bacteria (Bacillus) and actinomycetes (Streptomyces) were tested alone and in combinations across eight treatments for degrading lignin and cellulose in paddy straw. • All consortia accelerated decomposition relative to the uninoculated control. • The best soil outcome came from soil + paddy straw + Aspergillus + Bacillus + Streptomyces: microbial biomass carbon of 242.91 mg CO2-C per kg and particulate organic carbon of 1.34 g per kg, the maximum recorded. Study 2: consortium and plant growth (Linda et al.) • A consortium of cellulolytic microbes isolated from paddy fields was incorporated with straw in soil for eight weeks under greenhouse conditions. • Paddy plants showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in total dry weight, biomass, stem length and seed weight versus controls. • A phytotoxicity test gave a germination index of 116.7%, indicating the degraded straw was harmless to plants. Link to the PAU finding Case 01 showed that native soil microbes also decompose straw when it is incorporated. Case 03 shows that a balanced fungus-bacteria-actinomycete community builds soil microbial biomass and carbon. Together they support a poster message: manage straw to feed the soil's biology instead of killing it with fire. Takeaway for the poster: "Consortia of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes raised soil microbial biomass carbon to 242.91 mg CO2-C/kg and kept plants healthy (germination index 116.7%)." Sources: Shrivastava et al. 2019; Linda et al., repository.unri.ac.id; Katyal et al. 2024. Full list in Section 07. PHOTO SLOT: Straw decomposition stages or soil with incorporated straw Show a before-and-after of straw (intact stubble, partially degraded, crumbled humus) or a pot trial with treated versus control plants. Where to get it: Your own lab or field photos; or open-access figures from the cited papers where the licence allows reuse with attribution
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 7 04 Trichoderma rice-straw compost Organism Trichoderma spp. (including T. harzianum), a cellulose-degrading fungus used as a compost activator Where IRRI field and lab work (Philippines, 2022); Indonesia lab screening (2012); Mekong Delta composting study (Vietnam); ICAR heap-composting study (India) Evidence scale Laboratory incubation, field plots and compost heaps Headline Trichoderma consistently lowered the C/N ratio of rice straw, the key indicator of compost maturity Why C/N ratio? Raw rice straw has a very high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (Punjab samples ranged from about 60:1 to 80:1), which locks up soil nitrogen when it is ploughed in fresh. Decomposition lowers the ratio toward values around 20-25 that soils and crops handle well. Figure 4.1 C/N ratio before and after Trichoderma treatment in two independent studies (Organo et al., 2022; Maryati et al. , 2012). Study Setting Key result Organo et al. 2022, Scientific Reports (IRRI, Philippines) Lab incubation and field samples, Trichoderma-based compost activator Inoculated, below-ground straw had C/N of 26.27 versus 43.43 uninoculated (39.5% lower). Inoculated samples released ~16% more CO2 in sterile soil. Trichoderma halved indigenous fungal population after 2 weeks, but its own population declined later. Maryati et al. 2012, J. Tropical Soils (Indonesia) Screening of five field-derived fungi, 4 replicates Trichoderma sp. was the best decomposer; C/N fell from 73.33 to 39.47 in 10 days at lab scale. Mufriah and Sulistiani 2013 (Indonesia) Thermophilic bacteria plus T. harzianum on straw Best combination (bacterial isolate JG12 plus T. harzianum) reached C/N 17.16. Can Tho University study (Mekong Delta, Vietnam) Five treatments: control, Biomix, Emic, Trichoderma, biogas effluent All straw fully decomposed by 70 days; Trichoderma was fastest and gave compost with TN 1.24% and TP 0.95%, C/N about 30. Verma et al. (ICAR, India) Heap composting with T. harzianum activator and poultry waste Rice straw plus soybean trash heaps peaked at 52.5 C within 48 hours; activator did not cause significant shrinkage; soybean trash gave best nutrient quality.
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 8 Interpretation • Strong, consistent signal: four independent teams on three countries found that Trichoderma speeds straw breakdown and lowers C/N. • Placement matters: in the IRRI field work, benefit appeared when straw was placed below ground, echoing the PAU lesson that straw must contact soil. • Limitation: Trichoderma populations declined later in the IRRI experiment, so repeat doses or combined inoculants may be needed. Takeaway for the poster: "Trichoderma cut rice-straw C/N from 43 to 26 in field conditions, and from 73 to 39 in 10 days in the lab." Sources: Organo et al. 2022; Maryati et al. 2012; Mufriah and Sulistiani 2013; Can Tho University journal; Verma et al., ICAR. Full list in Section 07. PHOTO SLOT: Trichoderma culture and compost heap Insert a petri-dish photo of green Trichoderma colonies, or a farmer turning a straw compost heap in a village compost pit. Where to get it: Open-access figures from Organo et al. 2022 (Scientific Reports is open access; verify the CC licence and attribute), or IRRI photo library with permission
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 9 05 Supporting enzyme studies Why include them They explain how decomposers work: fungi and bacteria secrete cellulase, xylanase and lignin-degrading enzymes that break straw down Key studies Singh et al. 2025 (IARI); W ang et al. 2024 (Cerrena unicolor); Fauzi et al. 2018; Kurian and Shanmugam (Aspergillus niger SSF) Evidence scale Laboratory fermentations (submerged and solid-state) Headline Fungi grown on rice straw produce high levels of hydrolytic enzymes and a smaller amount of lignin-modifying enzymes What straw is made of Rice stubble accounts for 40-60% of rice plant biomass. In the IARI study it contained 42.14% cellulose, 22.08% hemicellulose and 11.98% lignin. Lignin is the most recalcitrant fraction, and its breakdown is the key obstacle for straw use; white-rot fungi are almost exclusive degraders of lignin. Figure 5.1 Composition of rice stubble (Singh et al., 2025; remainder calculated by subtraction). Enzyme output of IARI fungal isolates Singh et al. (2025, J. Pure and Applied Microbiology) cultured lignocellulolytic fungi on rice stubble in submerged fermentation at 30 C for 15 days and assayed enzymes every 3 days. Peak activities are plotted below. Figure 5.2 Maximum enzyme activity ranges across the tested fungal strains (Singh et al., 2025).
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 10 Study Organism and substrate Result Singh et al. 2025 (IARI) Lignocellulolytic fungal isolates on rice stubble, 15 d Xylanase 1146-1641 U/mL; CMCase 63-88; FPase 46-81; laccase 0.19-0.43; lignin peroxidase 0.19-0.29 Wang et al. 2024, AMB Express Cerrena unicolor GC.u01 on corn, rice and wheat straw Degraded 34.3 % of rice-straw lignin in 15 days of liquid fermentation, higher than other isolated strains Fauzi et al. 2018 Four fungi on rice straw, rice bran, CMC Ganoderma lucidum highest cellulase (4.02 U/mg) and laccase 368.95 and manganese peroxidase 33.89 U/mL Kurian and Shanmugam (project report) Aspergillus niger vs Bacillus, solid-state fermentation on rice straw and husk A. niger secreted more enzymes than the bacteria; cellulase peaked at day 21, xylanase and peroxidase at day 28 • O n e - l i n e m mechanism box: fungi and bacteria release cellulase, xylanase and lignin-modifying enzymes that turn tough straw into soil organic matter. • Point to the time scale: lab enzyme peaks occur over 2-4 weeks, which matches the 20-25 day working window in the Pusa Decomposer case. • Optional bio-economy angle: straw is also a cheap carbon source for making enzymes for biorefineries (Singh et al., 2025). Sources: Singh et al. 2025; Wang et al. 2024; Fauzi et al. 2018; Kurian and Shanmugam. Full list in Section 07. PHOTO SLOT: Enzyme assay or fungal culture on straw A photo of fungal growth on straw in flasks, or a clear zone on a cellulose agar plate showing enzyme activity. Where to get it: Open-access figures from Wang et al. 2024 (AMB Express, CC BY, attribute) or your own lab
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 11 06 Cross-case synthesis Figure 6.1 The cases run from enzyme-level lab evidence to village-scale pilots. Strength of field evidence is highest where results come from replicated plots (PAU) and lowest for single isolates. Case Mechanism shown Scale Key number Confidence for farmers 01 Pusa Decomposer Fungal consortium plus incorporation Village pilot, replicated plots 39 villages, 1,935 acres; incorporation cut lignin 55%, tensile strength 74% Mixed: popular, but sprayed plots did not beat controls in PAU trials 02 Raipur bacteria Bacterial cellulases Lab and pot 25 days; best compost at 50% mix Low for farmers yet; promising lead 03 Consortium nutrients Fungi plus bacteria plus actinomycetes Lab and greenhouse 242.91 mg CO2-C/kg; GI 116.7% Moderate 04 Trichoderma compost Cellulolytic fungus activator Lab, field plots, heaps C/N 43 to 26 (field); 73 to 39 in 10 d (lab) Moderate to good 05 Enzymes Hydrolytic and ligninolytic enzymes Lab Xylanase up to 1,641 U/mL; 34.3% lignin loss Explanatory, not a farm tool The confidence column is my reading of how directly each study supports a farmer decision, not a rating taken from the papers. Five messages the evidence supports • 1. Straw is a resource. It holds N, P, K, S and silicon plus micronutrients; burning wastes them. • 2. Biology can replace fire. Fungi, bacteria and their enzymes break straw down in weeks. • 3. Mixing into soil and giving time matter most. The PAU trials show this more clearly than any product claim. • 4. Decomposers help where the window is tight, but need support. Farmer training and clear timing guidance addressed the information gap seen in Delhi. • 5. Research gaps remain. More replicated field trials are needed for bacterial isolates and for decomposer performance in different soils and weather. Suggested poster edit Replace the generic bio-decomposer row in the Results table with: "Bio-decomposers + straw incorporation: 39 Delhi villages, 1,935 acres treated; PAU plots show incorporation cuts lignin ~55% in 30 days." Add a one-line limitation: "Independent trials found most benefit came from mixing straw into soil with adequate time before sowing."
Agro-residue valorisation: case studies supporting the end-of-stubble-burning poster Page 12 07 Image guide and references Where to get real images legally • Open-access journals (Scientific Reports, AMB Express, many others) publish figures under Creative Commons licences. Download the figure, keep the caption, and credit "Author et al., Journal, Year, CC BY". Always confirm the licence on the article page. • Press and agency photos (Mongabay, Scroll, Deccan Herald, PTI) are copyrighted. Request permission or use them only for private study. • Institutional sources: IARI, PAU, IGKV and IRRI have press offices and photo libraries; a short permission email for an academic poster usually works. • Your own photos: a village visit, college lab or compost pit gives the most credible visuals. • Image searches in this chat return photos for viewing, but they cannot be placed into a file, and many are copyrighted. References [1] Katyal P., Kocher G.S., Bhardwaj R.D., Kaur J., Sharma S., Alamri S., Siddiqui M.H., Narang M., Gupta R.K. (2024). Impact of microbial decomposers spray on in situ degradation of paddy straw stubble left in the field after paddy harvesting in Punjab. BioResources 19(4): 8284-8295. doi:10.15376/biores.19.4.8284-8295 [2] Mongabay India (Nov 2020). Commentary: A microbial spray could be the game changer against crop residue burning. india.mongabay.com/2020/11/commentary-a-microbial-spray-could-be-the-game-changer-against-crop-residue-burning/ [3] Scroll.in. Stubble burning: Delhi CM urges Centre to ask neighbouring states to use Pusa bio-decomposer. scroll.in/latest/1005293 [4] Deccan Herald. Stubble burning: Audit by central agency shows Pusa bio-decomposer highly effective, says Kejriwal. deccanherald.com (story 1029843) [5] The Bastion. The hits and misses of the Pusa capsule, the Delhi government's solution to stubble burning. thebastion.co.in [6] IAS Gyan, "Explained: From humble fungi, the promise of cleaner air in Delhi this winter"; Journals of India, "Decomposer technology for stubble" (12 Oct 2020), summarising IARI statements. [7] Raj K.K., Singh A.K., Chowdhury T., Gupta S.B., Soni R. (2024). Rice straw degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMB-CD-1, isolated from fresh cow dung and its impact on rice plants. Int. J. Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 12(4). doi:10.30486/ijrowa.2022.1950569.1407; and IGKV thesis (2021), KrishiKosh. [8] Soni R., Sahu B., Patel D., Singh A.K., Chowdhury T. Biodegradation of rice, wheat and corn straw powder by cellulase producing Bacillus species under controlled conditions. ICAR e-Pubs (epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/JW R/article/view/182863). [9] Shrivastava S., Verma S.K., Patra A.K., Arya V., Manna M.C. (2019). Efficacy of ligno-cellulolytic microbial consortia on biodegradation of paddy residues and its effect on biological properties of soil. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(6). [10] Linda T.M., Mutalib S.A., Omar O., Surif S. Evaluation of consortium cellulolytic microbes in degradation of rice straw to improve plant growth. Seminar UR-UKM ke-7 (2012). repository.unri.ac.id [11] Organo N.D., Granada S.M.J.M., Pineda H.G.S., Sandro J.M., Nguyen V.H., Gummert M. (2022). Assessing the potential of a Trichoderma-based compost activator to hasten the decomposition of incorporated rice straw. Scientific Reports. [12] Maryati, Isnaini S., Niswati A. (2012). Screening of cultivatable indigenous fungi responsible for decomposing of rice straw. J. Tropical Soils 17(1): 61-66. [13] Mufriah D., Sulistiani R. (2013). Utilization of thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria isolates and Trichoderma harzianum fungi on rice straw composting. Proc. Annual Int. Conf. Syiah Kuala Univ., Life Sciences 3(1). [14] Can Tho University Journal of Science. Composting of rice straw with bio-products (Biomix, Emic, Trichoderma, biogas effluent), Mekong Delta. sj.ctu.edu.vn (article 14661). [15] Verma L.N., Rawat A.K., Dubey S.B., Rathore G.S. Variation in temperature and shrinkage of Trichoderma harzianum-inoculated compost heaps and quality of compost prepared from crop and poultry wastes. Indian J. Agricultural Sciences (ICAR e-Pubs). [16] Singh D., Shukla L., Kamil D., Singh S.K., Kumar A. (2025). Evaluating a fungal consortium for efficient rice stubble degradation. J. Pure and Applied Microbiology 19(1): 401-418. doi:10.22207/JPAM.19.1.30 [17] Wang Y., Cai C., Lu J., Li X., W ang Z., Chu J. (2024). Efficient crop straws biotreatment using the fungus Cerrena unicolor GC.u01. AMB Express 14(1). doi:10.1186/s13568-024-01668-6 [18] Fauzi M., Mubarik N.R., Jayanegara A. (2018). Screening of cellulose- and lignin-degrading fungi for improving nutritive quality of ruminant feed. MATEC Web of Conferences 197: 06001. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201819706001 [19] Kurian G.S., Shanmugam V.M. Isolation and characterization of lignocellulolytic enzymes from bacterial and fungal fermented rice straw and husk. Minor research project executive summary, Jyoti Nivas College. Figures and