GUIDEBOOK RESEARCH WRITING

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Quantitative Research CHAPTER IV Methodology A GUIDEBOOK for Summary, conclusions and Recommendations CHAPTER III Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Hi learners! INTRODUCTION My name is Ms. Em, I will be your tutor. This guidebook is designed for learners in helping them in their research journey. As you go along with this guidebook, you will learn the following: • Identify the parts of a research paper and its content. • Write a research paper based on the guidelines of quantitative research. • Apply the learnings gain to improve one’s writing skills. If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

CHAPTER I Introduction Statement of the Problem Significance of the Study Scope and Delimitation of the Study The Problem and Its Background

Example: Academic performance Online trends Agriculture Global warming Science related phenomenon 1. What topic, problem, or issue are you interested in? (Do some background research to find out more about it.) Before writing the introduction, you must learn to focus on your topic and identify the basis of the study you will work on. To guide you with that, answer the following guide questions:

Examples: (Academic performance) Study habits Use of online applications Learning materials What specific part of the topic are you interested in? (Break down topics and group the ideas in clusters (use reverse). Pick one cluster or part of one.)

Learning Competency The student should be able to: Choose an appropriate research title. Write a research title. Prepare a research plan and focus on issues and ideas in their respective field. Identify different research topics. If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

Step 1: Identify Your Interests Think about what you like and what excites you It could be something you learned in school, saw in the news, or experienced in your daily life. Choosing a topic you’re passionate about makes the research process more enjoyable. How to Choose a Topic for your Research Paper Step 2: Research Existing Topics Look up different STRAND research areas online, in books, or at your library. See what scientists and experts are studying. This can give you ideas and help you understand what’s already known in your chosen field. Step 3: Consider Real-World Problems Think about the problems you see around you. Are there issues in the local/global community this STRAND can help solve? Choosing a topic that addresses a real-world problem can make your research impactful.

Step 4: Talk to Teachers and Mentors Discuss your interests with your teachers, professors, or mentors. They can offer guidance and suggest topics that align with your skills and goals. They may also provide resources and support for your research. How to Choose a Topic for your Research Paper Step 5: Narrow Down Your Topic Once you have collected your ideas, narrow them down to a specific research question or project. Make sure it’s not too broad or too narrow. You want a topic that you can explore in depth within the scope of your research paper.

SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS Examining the Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Enhancing Brand Reputation and Consumer Loyalty Assessing the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Business Operations: Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications Examining the Role of Digital Marketing in Enhancing Customer Engagement and Loyalty: A Study of Online Retailers ABM Reference: https://premierdissertations.com/abm-research-topics/

SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS Gender Roles in Modern Society: Changing Dynamics Influence of Pop Culture on Societal Values and Behavior Correlation between Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Political Issues Effects of Smartphone Usage on Interpersonal Relationships Analysis of Recycling Behavior in Different Communities HUMSS Reference: https://goodresearchtopics.com/quantitative-research- topics-related-to-humss-strand/

SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS Measuring the Effect of Different Light Wavelengths on Plant Growth Testing the Effectiveness of Different Insulating materials in Conserving Heat Investigating the Effect of Different Concentrations of a Substance on Bacterial Growth Studying the Potential of Indigenous Plants in the Philippines for Medicinal Purposes STEM Reference: https://statanalytica.com/blog/experimental-quantitative- research-topics-for-stem-students/

SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS Service Efficiency of Canteen as Perceived by Grade 11 Senior High School Students Relationship of NC II Assessment and Bread and Pastry Production (BPP) Academic Performance Among SHS TVL- Home Economics Students Effectiveness of Career Guidance Program in the Choice of TVL Track Related Courses Among Senior High School Students TVL Reference: https://brainly.ph/question/27122652

Task 1 STRAND_____________________________ Propose three (3) research titles under the same topic If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

LEARNING COMPETENCY Describe background of chosen research. Formulate background of the Problem The background of your study will provide context to the information discussed throughout the research paper. Background information may include both important and relevant studies. This is particularly important if a study either supports or refutes your thesis. The background of the study discusses your problem statement, rationale, and research questions. It links introduction to your research topic and ensures a logical flow of ideas. Thus, it helps readers understand your reasons for conducting the study.

How to Write the Background of the Study A background study in a research report often follows a logical flow to give background information, reasoning, and insight into the research subject. A summary, background information, a review of the literature, justification, goals, the study's range and limitations, importance, and research hypothesis are all included.

How to Write a Background of the Study Here are the steps to effectively write the background of the study. 1. Identify Your Audience: Assess the audience you are trying to reach for your content. Adjust the level of detail and depth of your background knowledge appropriately. 2. Understand the Research Problem: Describe the research issue or problem that your study is trying to answer. Determine the problem's importance in relation to the field's larger context. 3. Review Existing Literature: Review existing literature in-depth to gain an understanding of the field's state of knowledge. Provide a summary of the main conclusions, hypotheses, and ideas from your study. 4. Include Historical Data: Since historical events are frequently connected to current situations, incorporate historical facts if it is pertinent to the study. Reference: https://www.enago.com/academy/what-is-background-in-a- research-paper/

How to Write a Background of the Study Here are the steps to effectively write a background of the study. 5. Identify Controversies and Gaps: Make a note of any disagreements or arguments in the body of current literature. Determine any gaps, restrictions, or unsolved issues that your study can resolve. 6. Select Key Components: Considering their importance to your research question, decide which background information is most important to provide. Give information that contributes to creating a solid foundation for your study priority. 7. Craft a Logical Flow: Arrange the background data in an organized manner. Prioritize the specific situation at hand before shifting to particular ideas and concepts. 8. Highlight the Novelty of Your Research: Clearly state the distinctive characteristics or possible contributions of your research. Explain how your study differs from or advances from previous research in your own words. Reference: https://www.enago.com/academy/what-is-background-in-a- research-paper/

The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health Concern over social media's impact on people's lives has grown in recent years, especially when it comes to the consequences for mental health. Unprecedented chances for social interaction and information exchange have been made possible by the exponential increase in the use of social media platforms. Despite the advantages, a growing amount of research indicates that excessive social media use may have negative consequences for mental health. Research on the connection between social media use and mental health has produced contradictory results, therefore a thorough analysis of the complex processes at work is required. Social media platforms provide a platform for people to express themselves, build relationships, and access a variety of content. However, worries have been expressed about how social media use may exacerbate anxiety, unhappiness with one's body image, and social isolation, particularly in susceptible groups like teenagers and young adults. The influence of some social media characteristics, such the popularity of carefully constructed self-presentations and the frequency of cyberbullying, on mental health outcomes has also been studied recently. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms via which social media usage may influence psychological well-being given the prevalence of social media and its potential impact on mental health. This research aims to contribute to the existing literature by investigating the relationship between different dimensions of social media use and various aspects of mental health, with a focus on identifying both risk factors and potential protective factors. Through a multidimensional approach that incorporates quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and analysis of user- generated content, this study seeks to shed light on the complex interplay between social media and mental health. The results of this study are anticipated to contribute to the creation of evidence-based interventions and guidelines that will help individuals, educators, and policymakers reduce the possible harm that social media may do to mental health. Hypothetical example:

Write the background of your chosen research topic. Task 2 If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

LEARNING COMPETENCY Formulate research questions

Developing research questions States research questions A good research question should be: Clear and focused. Stated differently, the question should specify precisely what the writer must accomplish. Not too broad and not too narrow. There should be a suitable scope for the question. It will not be feasible to provide a comprehensive response in the allotted word count if the question is too general. If it is too specific, you will not have enough material for writing and won't be able to formulate an effective argument. Not too easy to answer. The question should not only accept a yes-or-no response. Ask information questions instead. Not too difficult to answer. It should not too difficult to answer. You must be able to provide a complete answer to the question within the time and word limit specified. Researchable. You must have access to a sufficient number of quality study materials, such as academic books and peer- reviewed journal articles. Analytical rather than descriptive. Your research topic should enable you to conduct a thorough examination of an issue or problem rather than just a description of it.

State research questions Warm Up Activity: Is the question too broad or too narrow? Imagine that you have been asked to write a 2000-word essay about nuclear power in Australia. Which of these three options is the best in terms of its scope? Drag and drop to match each question with the most accurate description of its scope. How reliant is the Philippines on solar power? Should the Philippine government promote greater reliance on solar power to reduce the Philippines’ contribution to climate change? Too narrow Too broad Best choice What impact would a greater reliance on solar power have in the Philippines?

How to formulate a research question? 1. Determine the requirements Before you can create an effective research question, you must first evaluate the criteria of the assignment. What is the purpose of this assignment? Is it to assess a proposition? Is it to evaluate a collection of data? Is it to present and defend an argument? Examine the task instructions and discuss their purpose with a teacher or lecturer. Determining the purpose will help you find the best topic and phrasing your query. 2. Choose a topic Have you been given a list of concepts to choose from, or can you select your own? Check your task instructions, and if you're still unsure, talk to a teacher or lecturer. The best strategy is to find a topic that interests you. If you are interested in your topic, you will be more likely to devote more time, effort, and originality to your research and writing. The more your interest, the more likely you are to create a task that is enjoyable to read.

How to formulate a research question? 3. Conduct preliminary research Before writing your query, read a few relevant scholarly sources. Limit your reading to recently published material and possibly one or two influential works on the subject. The purpose here is to become acquainted with the major arguments in academic writing on the subject. Reading to develop a research question is not the same as reading to answer it. Concentrate on the important points and arguments (which are typically found in the introduction and conclusion). You do not need to read every word or take detailed notes at this point because you will most likely return to the content later. 4. Narrow down your topic In most circumstances, you will need to restrict your focus on a specific issue or conflict within the larger topic. This is because it is far more effective to thoroughly address a single issue or component of a topic than simply looking over the surface of many. 5. Write your question Now that you have narrowed down your topic, you can turn your attention to the wording of your research question.

Examples for different types of research Research Questions for Ex Post Facto Research attempt to identify the causes of the phenomenon in the context of your research problem. It is also assumed that no control or manipulation of variable has been done in order to cause the effect. It is understood that the cause of the problem already exists before you conducted your study. For example, ex post facto study on family background and digital literacy of students, the following questions can be asked: Is there a significant relationship in the literacy level of students between their cultural and educational family background? Research Questions for Experimental and Quasi-experimental Research suggests that answers to these questions are brought about by manipulation or control of a certain variable during the conduct of the study. These questions provide explanation to the causal relationship of variables. The following research questions can be asked on the studies on elementary pupils’ remedial sessions and academic performance: Is there a significant difference in the posttest scores of the control group and experimental group?

Research Questions for Descriptive Research focuses on observing and reporting factors or aspects of the research problem. Phrases such as how often/frequently, how many/much, what is/are, to what extent/degree and the likes are used in these questions. For example, you study the use of social media among senior high school students, you can ask the following questions: What are the various social media platforms used by senior high school students? How many hours do students spend on social media per week? Research Questions for Correlational Research aim to determine the relationships among two or more variables in your research problem. Correlational research questions usually begin with the phrases “Is there a significant relationship” or “What is the relationship between/among”. In the study of use of social media and level of digital literacy of students following questions can be asked: What is the relationship between the length of hours spent on social media and level of digital literacy of students? Is there a significant relationship between the type of social media used and the level of digital literacy of students? If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

General problem: This study aims to assess the level of awareness of parents and students in the used of plastics. Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions: 1. How does the students’ awareness in the used of plastics at home be described in terms of: 1.1. knowledge 1.2. attitude 2. How does the parents’ awareness in the used of plastics at home be described in terms of: 2.1. knowledge 2.2. attitude 3. Is there a significant difference between the students’ and parents’ awareness in the used of plastics at home? Example 1: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The general problem of the study is to determine the perceived impacts of chosen SHS strand to college course as experienced by selected respondents (college students) Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions: 1. How are the respondents described the impact of their chosen strand Example 2: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to determine the effect of Aveeno moisturizing lotion to human skin texture of young adults in tropical countries. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the personal characteristics reported by the young adults in terms of: 1.1. Age and gender; 1.2. Ethnicity; and 1.3. Skin texture before applying lotion? 2. What is the significant difference between the Pre- measurement of experimental and control groups in terms of: 2.1. Pre-measurement of Experimental group; 2.2. Pre-measurement of Control group; and 2.3. Difference between the Pre-measurement of both groups? 3. What is the significant difference between the post- measurement of experimental and control groups in terms of: 3.1. Post measurement of Experimental group; 3.2. Post measurement of Control group; and 3.3. Difference between the Post measurement of both groups? 4. What is the significant difference between the Pre- measurement and Post measurement of both experimental and control group? 5. What is the relative effect of the Aveeno moisturizing lotion on the skin texture of young adults in tropical countries? 6. Based on the analysis, what treatment plan for young adults in tropical countries may be developed to enhance human skin texture? Example 3: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Tasks 3: Write your own statement of the Problem. Specific problem General Problem:

REFLECTION I have learned____________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ I have a question on _____________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ This part of the guidebook helps me in_____________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Complete the following statements about your learning.

LEARNING COMPETENCY Describe scope and delimitation of study. Write the scope and delimitation of your study. Indicate scope and delimitation of study The students should be able to:

Scope and Delimitation – Definition and difference Delimitation refers to the specific aspects of the research project that the study will focus on. -sets the boundaries within those parameters Scope refers to the range of the research project and the study limitations set in place to define the boundaries of the project. -defines the parameters of the study If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

1. Identify your research question or topic. The research question should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). 2. Consider the key terms or concepts related to your topic. Consider all available resources such as time, budget, and data availability when setting scope and delimitation. 3. Consider the different perspectives on your topic Get feedback on the proposed scope and delimitation. 4. Narrow your focus This means deciding which aspects of your topic you will focus on and which aspects you will eliminate. 5. Develop the final research plan This plan should include your research goals, methods, and timeline. Steps that you can take to set the limit and focus of your study

Example 1 Research question: What are the effects of social media on mental health? Scope: The scope of the study will focus on the impact of social media on the mental health of young adults aged 18-24 in the United States. Delimitation: The study will specifically examine the following aspects of social media: frequency of use, types of social media platforms used, and the impact of social media on self-esteem and body image. Example 2 Research question: What are the factors that influence employee job satisfaction in the healthcare industry? Scope: The scope of the study will focus on employee job satisfaction in the healthcare industry in the United States. Delimitation: The study will specifically examine the following factors that influence employee job satisfaction: salary, work-life balance, job security, and opportunities for career growth. Reference: https://www.enago.com/academy/scope-and-delimitations/

TASK 4: Formulate the scope and delimitation of your chosen research topic. Scope Delimitation ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

LEARNING COMPETENCY Write a conceptual framework. Illustrates and explain the conceptual framework. Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework The students should be able to:

A conceptual framework shows the expected relationship between your factors. This section outlines the objectives of your research and how they align to get a clear conclusion. Reference: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/conceptual- framework/ If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

•Step 2: Select your independent and dependent variable. The expected cause, “hours of study,” is the independent variable (the predictor, or explanatory variable). The expected effect, “exam score,” is the dependent variable (the response, or outcome variable). Step 3: Visualize your cause-and-effect relationship Step 4: Identify other influencing variables Developing a conceptual framework in research Step 1: Choose your research question. Let’s say you want to study whether students who study more hours get higher exam scores. Hours of study Exam score Hours of study Exam score IQ Health

I-P-O (Input-Process-Output) Reference: https://images.app.goo.gl/N8VYoDm6M6CA8JzD8

TASK 5: Illustrate your own conceptual framework If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

LEARNING COMPETENCY Enumerate terms used in the study. Define terms used in the study The students should be able to:

Definition of terms ensure that readers have a common understanding of the terminology used in the research, thus eliminating uncertainty and increasing clarity. Readers can use the offered definitions as a reference point to understand the study's context and scope. It serves a number of key purposes: ➢ Enhancing clarity ➢ Developing a shared language ➢ Providing a reference point ➢ Setting the scope and context ➢ Ensuring consistency Reference: https://mindthegraph.com/blog/definition-of-terms-in- research-paper/

Types and Functions Conceptual definitions are theoretical; a concept is defined in simple words, ideas, or constructs to yield a clear understanding of the term. For example, consider the following definitions of permissiveness and trust: • Teacher permissiveness is the extent to which a teacher is lenient and relaxed in classroom interactions with students. • Teacher trust is an individual’s willingness to be vulnerable to another party based on the confidence that the party is benevolent, reliable, competent, honest, and open. Reference: https://www.waynekhoy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Conceptual- and-Operationa-Definitions.pdf

Operational definitions turn conceptual ideas into measurable ones; that is, an operational definition is set of operations or behaviors that defines the concept itself. Let’s examine each of the two conceptual definitions above through the lens of operations . • Teacher permissiveness is the number of hall-passes a teacher issues each week. • Teacher trust is the score a teacher has on the Omnibus Trust Scale.

TASK 6: List down the terminologies used in your research study with their definitions. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________

LEARNING COMPETENCY Define what a research hypothesis is. Write a research hypothesis. List research hypothesis Definition: A hypothesis expresses your predictions for what your investigation will uncover. It is a preliminary response to your research topic that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you may need to develop many hypotheses that address distinct areas of your study issue. The students should be able to:

Step 1. Ask a question Do students who attend more lectures get better exam results? Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis Attending more lectures leads to better exam results. 4. Refine your hypothesis You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. Developing a hypothesis Step 2. Do some preliminary research Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic.

1. To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve. 3. If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them. First-year students who attended most lectures will have better exam scores than those who attended few lectures. 5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways 2. Hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables. The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their exam scores.

•H0: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores. •H1: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores. 6. Write a null hypothesis TASK 7: Formulate the hypothesis of your study ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature

LEARNING COMPETENCY Review of related literature is a compilation of studies related to a specific area of research. It evaluates, classifies, and summarizes all the relevant previous studies conducted on a specified topic. It is also designed to justify your research by exposing the gaps of the previous studies. It is vital that your literature review is centralized. Thus, you should choose studies that are focused to your topic rather than collecting a broader scope of studies which are irrelevant to your research. Write written review of related literature and conceptual framework

1. Introduction. The introduction somehow presents the fundamental idea of the particular study of the literature review 2. Main Body. The main body is consists of the organized discussion of sources. This is where you summarize and synthesize your literature review and reflect how they related to your study 3. Conclusions/Recommendations. Conclusion and recommendation emphasized what you have learned from reviewing the literature and where would your study leads to. Structure of Literature Review

What is the format for review of related literature? 1. A short overview and critique of the previous research. 2. Similarities and differences between past studies and the current one. 3. An explanation of the theoretical frameworks underpinning the research. 3 main components If you want to listen to a discussions use the QR code.

TASK 8: Write your own review of related literature R U B R I C S

Research design Population and sampling technique Research instrument Data Gathering procedure CHAPTER III Methodology

Enumerate the differences between quantitative and qualitative research design. Chooses appropriate quantitative research design. Write the chosen research design to their own research study Chooses appropriate research design

Research design is the process of organizing approaches and tactics that assist researchers in solving their difficulties or answering their inquiries. Reference: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion PIVOT 4A Learner’s Material Quarter 1, Version 1 First Edition, 2020

Here is an example of a research design. This study, will utilize a quantitative descriptive research design to assess the preparedness level of senior high school students concerning disaster readiness. It involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to understand phenomena and make predictions. A survey will be used for a systematic collection of data from a sample of individual to describe the characteristics of a larger population (Grinnell, 2019). This design is appropriate as it enables the assessment of the current level of preparedness and application of DRRR programs among the target population in a quantifiable manner and it facilitates the measurement of students' perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors related to disaster preparedness. Finally, this study will involve administering a structured questionnaire to 100 senior high school students at Aguinaldo J. Santos National High School. The questionnaire will be specifically designed to gather quantitative data on various dimensions of DRRR preparedness and application. The survey will be conducted in a standardized manner to ensure consistency and reliability in data collection, thereby enhancing the validity of the findings. Title: Level of Preparedness and Application In DRR Program among Senior High School

This will help you decide which method are you into based on your initial research topic.

Use the table below to guide you in answering the preceding task.

INSTRUMENT Research topic/title: TASK 9: Supply the following elements based on your own research topic

1. Which research design are you interested to utilize? Why?_______________________________ 2. Which of these research designs is the most appropriate for your initial research interest? Explain your answer.________________________ 3. How do you plan to execute the research design that you chose? ____________________________________________ 4. Provide a detailed procedure or process on how you will execute the design.____________ 5. What problems do you expect as you carry out the research design in terms of: a. resources ________________________________________ b. b. time _________________________________ TASK 9.1: Read carefully, understand and answer the following questions. Reference :Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion, PIVOT 4A Learner’s Material, Quarter 1, Version 1,First Edition, 2020,Published by: Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON

TASK 10. Write your own research design

Learning Competency: Enumerate the sampling technique. Describes sampling procedure and sample. Write the appropriate sampling procedure and technique to their own research study. Describes sampling procedure and sample

The population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and characteristics under consideration. It is understood that this population possesses common characteristics about which the research aims to explore. The representative subset of the population refers to the sample. All the 240 Senior High School Students enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand in a school, for example, constitute the population; 60 of those students constitute the sample. Sampling pertains to the systematic process of selecting the group to be analyzed in the research study. What is population and sampling?

Approaches in Identifying the Sample Size Other sources: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32789120 2_Sampling_methods

1. The respondents are the 100 heterogeneous Grade 9 students in Science teach by one Science teacher. They answered the pre and post assessment test every before and after the end of the module from Unit 2 to Unit 4 of the K to 12 Grade 9 learner’s module of DepEd. The first class composed of 50 students is the controlled group and the second class composed of another 50 students are the experimental group. Each group is undergone for 18 sessions using the different lesson plans prepared for them. Examples for population and sampling technique 2. The teacher respondents will be purposively selected based on their expertise and experience as research teachers and in the preparation of learning materials. For student-participants, they are selected purposively, and these are the grade 12 STEM students who are actively engaged in research writing and familiar with individualized learning approaches. Ref: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary_Ann_Santos3 Santos, Mary Ann & Santos, I & National, Aguinaldo & School, High & Bulacan, Bustos. (2022). Assessment of the Senior High School Voucher Program as Described by the Parents during the Current School Year 2021-2022. 10.13140/RG.2.2.30127.82085.

Construct the population and sampling techniques section of your research study. TASK 11:

Chooses appropriate instrument for specific study. Learning competency Constructs an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability

Validity . A research instrument is considered valid if it measures what it supposed to measure Reliability refers to the consistency of the measures or results of the instrument Research Instrument, Validity and Reliability

Common Scales Used in Quantitative Research Likert Scale. This is the most common scale used in quantitative research. Respondents were asked to rate or rank statements according to the scale provided. Example: A Likert scale that measures the attitude of students towards distance learning. Reference: free from studocu.com Semantic Differential. In this scale, a series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by the respondents. This scale seems to be more advantageous since it is more flexible and easy to construct.

Look at the different kinds of research instruments. Check all that seem helpful in answering your research questions. You may choose more than one.

Tasks 12: : Look for sample research instruments from previously conducted research. Rate it on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = lowest, 5 = highest) based on the criteria given. Then justify your rating.

Learning competency Describe techniques in collecting quantitative data. Write data collection procedure in their own research study. Gathers data with intellectual honesty using suitable techniques (data gathering procedure)

(1) before you will gather the data, (2) what to do during the actual gathering of data, and (3) the things to consider after data has been gathered. The data collection technique is given in paragraph form in your study paper. Essentially, the contents are the steps you will take: Three Phases in Data Collection Reference: free from studocu.com

Looking at the flowchart of the data gathering procedure, what do you think is the research design of the study? Yes, correct this is a quantitative descriptive design

Examples for data gathering procedure 1. The proponents will use the following procedures in gathering the data. First, is the pre-test for the selected respondents. Secondly, the implementation of the DRR IFAcT Program followed by the post test. Third, is the evaluation of the said intervention program and lastly, the application of specific statistical treatment. 2. Distance data collection was done by the researcher in pursuant to strictly following the guidelines of DepEd Regional Memorandum No. 228, s. 2020. At first, the survey questionnaires was placed in the Google document form based on the validated study by Acain and Calonge entitled “Positive Effect of the Voucher Program to the Household of the Students of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora (MCSMA), Inc. on their Pursuant to Senior High School Education”. The targeted respondents are the parents of the students who enrol in private schools such as the Mary and Jesus School and ASKI Skills and Knowledge Institute. Ref: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary_Ann_Santos3 Santos, Mary Ann & Santos, I & National, Aguinaldo & School, High & Bulacan, Bustos. (2022). Assessment of the Senior High School Voucher Program as Described by the Parents during the Current School Year 2021-2022. 10.13140/RG.2.2.30127.82085.

3. This is the first step in the research process. Following that, they began looking for information on numerous websites on the internet and other relevant papers. Subsequently, the researcher requested permission to carry out the study. This confirmation prompted them to find the survey questions from other verified studies, which were further validated and supervised by the teacher. Three sections make up the survey. The data for this study was gathered via a survey questionnaire. Factors pertaining to their experiences were incorporated into the questions. Finally, the questionnaire was created, verified, and approved, and it was formally distributed to each respondent. The survey responses were received in less than a week, after which they were promptly totalled and tabulated for use in the data presentation, analysis, and interpretation.

Write the data gathering procedures of you research study. TASK 12:

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data CHAPTER IV

Summarize the data using table and graphs. Formulate and apply writing analyzation of data. Presents and interprets data in tabular or graphical forms Learning competency

The following are the important steps you should remember when planning and composing your data analysis after collecting the data: (1) encode and organize your data for analysis based on the data required by your research questions. (2) Use your data to conduct the statistical tests you've identified. You can seek assistance from your statistics and research teacher. (3) Present results in proper tabular or graphical format for data and research purposes. ( (4) Provide an interpretation for each table or graph, highlighting noteworthy results and their consequences. (5) Support your conclusions with relevant literature and studies listed in Chapter 2 of your research study. (6) Correct any grammatical and typographical problems in your analysis. (7) Submit your work in the format provided. Remember your school's institutional format.

Example: Table 1 shows the summary of the overall adjectival rating in frequency and percentage of students in their pretest in Pre-calculus at Gulayan National High School for S.Y. 2019-2020. Results reveal that 66% of the students have satisfactory rating. Only 5% have outstanding rating. Overall, the data showed that the students at Gulayan National High School have fair ratings based on their pretest scores. This implies that most of the students do not have prior mastery on the concepts of this subject. Hence, teacher is expected to apply teaching strategies that will increase students’ concepts of the subject. This result is supported by Ignacio (2016) that pretest scores especially if it is valid and reliable shows prior knowledge of the learners of the subject matter.

Figure 1 shows the canteen lunch menu of GRSHS-X. The graph reveals that rice is highly patronized by the students and teachers with 150 cups sold daily. It can also be noted that pork and chicken menus have a good number of buyers (315 serve/pieces). Vegetable menus cannot be undervalued since several consumers (135 serve/pieces) also patronized the food. At the same time, seafood menus earn the last spot (50 serve/pieces sold). Generally, students and faculty of GRSHS-X preferred meat (pork and chicken) menus next to rice.

Task 13: Since you are done gathering your data, it is now time to tally the obtained data on a separate sheet of paper. Decide on what type of data presentation you will use in your research study. Why will you use this specific graph? Once you have decided on what data presentation to use, it is time to create your interpretations. Follow the guidelines given.

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations CHAPTER V

Learning competency Write conclusions from the research findings. Draws conclusions from research findings

Guidelines in Writing Your Research Conclusion 1. Avoid just summarizing. Draw conclusions from the summary of results. 2. Explain your conclusion in clear and simple language. Emphasize the goal of your study, followed by how your findings differ from those of other studies. 3. Do not simply repeat the explanation of your results. Provide a summary of the ideas presented in the paper to demonstrate how they converge to answer the research topic and the general goals of your study. 4. Avoid using numerals, figures, or simply repeating the results. The focus of this part of research paper is not presenting results nor findings. Inferences and implications are emphasized in the conclusions of the study. 5. Indicate opportunities for future research. Highlighting the need for further studies provides the reader with that evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research problem.

Example: Studying the implications of room-to-room campaign reveals that, it is more effective in increasing awareness of how to fight COVID-19 than announcing it during the students’ morning assembly. Research Implications Research implications are a vital part of your conclusion. It refers to the logical relationships and their outcomes in a specific circumstance. What conclusions do you make from the findings and how you linked those to a certain idea or practice, which represents the study's implication. There are two types of implications: practical and theoretical ones. Practical implication is also known as convenient implication. It provides a realistic explanation of what your research findings could signify and what would happen if certain conditions were met.

Here is an example of how conclusion answers the research questions and was drawn from summary of findings: A theoretical implication is a remark that confirms or refutes a theory, previous research findings, or produces something totally new. It also reflects the literature in your theoretical section. Example: According to Bolman's Leadership Framework, the majority of Student Government officers exhibit symbolic leadership. Leadership style has a significant correlation with two- way communication in organizations, which aligns with their strengths. Results indicate that an open forum or discussion was offered. Reference: Bañares,M., Luzano, R., Napone, M.D. (2020). Practical Research 2- Senior High School Quarter 2 – Module 3: Research Conclusions and Recommendations: Alternative Delivery Mode

Reference: Alex, D. (2023). How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples). https://paperpal.com/blog/researcher-resources/how-to-write-a-conclusion-for-research-papers Type of Conclusion Research Topic Research Paper Conclusion Examples Summarizing Conclusion Impact of social media on adolescents’ mental health In conclusion, our findings indicate that increased social media use is strongly related with higher levels of anxiety and depression among teenagers. These findings emphasize the necessity of understanding the complicated interaction between social media and mental health in order to create effective interventions and support systems for this vulnerable demographic. Editorial Conclusion Environmental impact of plastic waste Our research findings indicate that we are confronting a plastic pollution disaster. To address this issue, we firmly advocate for a full ban on single- use plastics, greater recycling activities, and public awareness campaigns to influence consumer behavior. Governments, businesses, and individuals are responsible for taking immediate action to protect our planet and future generations. Externalizing Conclusion Exploring applications of AI in healthcare While our research has shed light on the present applications of AI in healthcare, the subject is fast evolving. Future study should look into the ethical, legal, and societal implications of AI in healthcare, as well as the long- term effects of AI-powered diagnostics and treatments. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaboration among computer scientists, medical practitioners, and politicians is required to fully realize the potential of AI while resolving its obstacles.

Tasks 14: Directions: Based on the findings of the study, draw the possible conclusions that would relate to the research questions. Write your answers on the space provided. Study 2 Research Questions: 1. Is there a significant relationship between media literacy and online class participation? Table 1 Correlation Analysis of Media Literacy and Online Class Participation. Summary of findings: Conclusion:

Write your own conclusion based on your own summary of findings Task 15:

Learning competency Write recommendations from the conclusions of the research findings. Formulates recommendations

Two Functions of Recommendations Two major purposes of the research recommendations should be considered to be to craft good recommendations. 1. Implications of your findings must identify the areas of concern that needs to be addressed. 2. How can future studies address the limitations you encountered in your research? Recommendations Recommendations are suggestions for the best course of action to pursue based on your summary of facts and conclusions. The goal of a recommendation is to provide a useful guide that will not only solve specific difficulties but also result in a good outcome.

Here is an example of how recommendations must relate to the findings and conclusions. Reference: Bañares,M., Luzano, R., Napone, M.D. (2020). Practical Research 2- Senior High School Quarter 2 – Module 3: Research Conclusions and Recommendations: Alternative Delivery Mode

Another example of Conclusion and recommendations in business Conclusion In conclusion, this study provides a thorough examination of the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on consumer loyalty in the retail industry. Data from a survey of 500 consumers representing diverse demographics show a significant positive association between CSR actions and consumer loyalty. Companies that actively participate in environmental sustainability and community assistance programs have higher customer retention rates and brand loyalty (Smith, 2021; Johnson & Lee, 2020). These findings are consistent with prior research indicating that current customers place a higher value on ethical company operations (Brown et al., 2019). Recommendation Based on these findings, it is recommended that retail companies improve their CSR practices to increase consumer loyalty. Businesses should invest in sustainable activities, such as lowering carbon footprints and helping local communities, because these efforts have been found to improve consumer views and loyalty (Green & White, 2022). Furthermore, future study should investigate the long-term effects of CSR on brand loyalty in other retail sectors, taking into account potential disparities in customer behaviour and expectations. Implementing these guidelines may result in a more sustainable and loyal client base, hence promoting long-term business success. Reference: Wojcik, M. 2024. https://www.mwediting.com/how-to-write-a-research-conclusion-and-recommendations/#h-example- 1-conclusion-and-recommendation-in-business

Task 16: Directions. Look back your own research study and give what is asked in the table below.

Reference Academy, E., & Academy, E. (2023, December 15). What is background in a research paper? Enago Academy. https://www.enago.com/academy/what-is- background-in-a-research-paper/ Admin. (2024, September 7). 200+ experimental Quantitative research topics for STEM students. StatAnalytica. https://statanalytica.com/blog/experimental- quantitative-research-topics-for-stem-students Bañares,M., Luzano, R., Napone, M.D. (2020). Practical Research 2- Senior High School Quarter 2 – Module 3: Research Conclusions and Recommendations: Alternative Delivery Mode https://brainly.ph/question/27122652 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary_Ann_Santos3 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion, PIVOT 4A Learner’s Material, Quarter 1, Version 1,First Edition, 2020,Published by: Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON Pedada, S. (2023, November 21). Confusion to clarity: Definition of terms in a research paper. Mind the Graph Blog. https://mindthegraph.com/blog/definition-of- terms-in-research-paper/ Premier Dissertations. (2024, August 19). 180+ ABM Research Topics for Students | 2024. https://premierdissertations.com/abm-research-topics/ Santos, M. (2022). Assessment of the Senior High School Voucher Program as Described by the Parents during the Current School Year 2021-2022. LOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30127.82085. Sumit. (2024, June 26). Top 189+ quantitative research topics related to HUMSS Strand. Good Research Topics. https://goodresearchtopics.com/quantitative- research-topics-related-to-humss-strand Wojcik, M. 2024. https://www.mwediting.com/how-to-write-a-research-conclusion- and-recommendations/#h-example-1-conclusion-and-recommendation-in-business