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HEAT & THERMAL ENERGY A Visual Science Workbook Includes Labs and Challenge Activities Its Science Each workbook in the Visual Science Workbook Series combines concise explanations, engaging visuals, and interactive activities to help students understand science through observation, reasoning, and real-world applications.

Copyright © 2026 Its Science All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without prior written permission from the publisher, except where permitted under applicable copyright law. www.its-science.com This workbook belongs to...

Table of Contents Before You Begin How to Use This Book (Parents /Teachers) .............3 How to Use This Book (Students) ............................5 Unit 1 • Understanding Thermal Energy Chapter 1 – Heat vs. Thermal Energy ......................6 Chapter 2 – Heat vs. Temperature .........................10 Unit 1 Challenge – Thermal Energy Review .............15 Unit 2 • Phase Changes & Thermal Energy Chapter 3 – Phase Changes of Matter ...................16 Chapter 4 – Reading Heat–Temperature Graphs ....22 Hands-On Investigation – Making Ice Cream..........24 Unit 2 Challenge – Phase Change Review ..............26 Unit 3 • Heat Transfer Chapter 5 – Heat Transfer Basics ............................27 Chapter 6 – Conduction ..........................................29 Chapter 7 – Convection ..........................................33 Chapter 8 – Radiation .............................................39 Chapter 9 – Heat Transfer Together .........................44 Unit 3 Challenge – Heat Transfer Review .................47 1

Table of Contents 2 Unit 4 • Insulation & Thermal Control Chapter 10 – Insulators vs. Conductors ....................48 Unit 4 Challenge – Thermal Control Review .............54 Unit 5 • Cooling & Heating Technology Chapter 11 - Thermostats & Thermal Control..............55 Chapter 12 - Refrigerators & Freezers........................57 Chapter 13 – Air Conditioners & Heat Pumps .............60 Unit 5 Challenge – Thermal Technology Review ..........63 Unit 6 • Heat-Powered Systems Chapter 14 – Engines & Heat Energy ..........................65 Review Activities Color-by-Number Review ...........................................70 Crossword Puzzle .......................................................73 Mystery Maze .............................................................74 Answer Key Answer Key .................................................................75-116

How to Use This Book (Parents / Teachers) Part 1 This workbook is designed to help students build a clear understanding of heat, thermal energy, and how thermal energy moves through everyday systems. Rather than relying on memorization alone, students will learn through: clear explanations visual models and diagrams embedded practice activities scientific reasoning challenges hands-on investigations real-world technology connections The goal is to help students understand how thermal energy affects the world around them—from melting ice and boiling water to refrigerators, insulation, and heat pumps. What Students Will Learn This workbook explores key ideas about heat and thermal energy, including: thermal energy and heat heat vs. temperature molecular motion phase changes heating and cooling curves conduction convection radiation conductors and insulators thermal control systems refrigerators and freezers air conditioners and heat pumps engines and heat energy Students will practice applying these ideas through investigations, reasoning activities, diagrams, puzzles, and real-world scenarios. 3

How to Use This Book (Parents / Teachers) Part 2 How This Book Is Organized The workbook is divided into six instructional units. Instruction & Practice Students learn new concepts through explanations, diagrams, and interactive activities that are embedded throughout each chapter. Unit Challenges Each unit concludes with a review activity that helps students apply what they have learned through scientific reasoning and problem solving. Lab Investigations Hands-on investigations allow students to observe, test, and experience important thermal energy concepts using inexpensive, easy-to-find materials. Answer Section Answers are provided so students can check their work and review their understanding. Suggested Pacing This workbook can be used in several ways: as a short science unit (2–4 weeks) as a supplement to classroom instruction as an independent or homeschool study as a review before an assessment Most concept pages can be completed in 15–25 minutes. Lab investigations may take 30–45 minutes. Students do not need to complete the entire workbook at once. Short, focused learning sessions are usually the most effective. 4

How to Use This Book (Students) Welcome! Have you ever wondered... Why does metal feel colder than wood? Why does a thermos keep drinks hot? How can a refrigerator make food cold? Why does hot air rise? How does a heat pump warm a house in winter? You'll discover the answers to these questions—and many more—as you work through this book! What You'll Do Each chapter includes a variety of activities to help you understand how heat and thermal energy work. As you move through the workbook, you will: read short explanations study diagrams and illustrations answer questions solve science challenges complete hands-on investigations apply what you've learned to real-world situations The activities are designed to help you think like a scientist—not just memorize facts. Tips for Success Read each page carefully before answering the questions. Study the diagrams—they often explain ideas better than words alone. Complete the activities as you go. They will help you remember what you've learned. Don't worry if you don't know every answer right away. Learning takes practice. Have fun exploring! Science is all about asking questions and discovering how the world works. Challenge Yourself! As you work through the workbook, see if you begin noticing thermal energy in everyday life. Can you identify examples of: conduction? convection? radiation? insulation? thermal control? heating and cooling systems? By the time you finish this workbook, you'll understand why thermal energy is one of the most important forms of energy we use every day. Enjoy exploring the fascinating world of heat and thermal energy! 5

Unit 1 Understanding Thermal Energy Chapter 1 - Heat vs Thermal Energy Chapter 2 - Heat vs Temperature

Thermal Energy & Heat As is all too common, what you think of as heat is only part of the concept. So, let’s look at the scientific definition of heat and thermal energy. 6 Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of matter. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one place to another. Most people think of things like this when heat is mentioned. Let’s look at the definition again...” Kinetic Energy of Matter”. Kinetic means moving. And, all “stuff” is matter. But, as you learned from studying matter, all matter is in motion. That means the molecules of all matter are vibrating...they have motion. And that means that all matter has thermal energy. 1.Thermal energy = moving molecules of matter/ Heat = movement of that thermal energy from one place to another 2.All molecules of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) are moving. 3.So, all matter has thermal energy. That means that even cold things have heat. Like... To summarize... Cold things may not have a lot of thermal energy, but they still have some energy. Chapter 1

Is there really heat in that? Do you eat and enjoy ice cream? Do you think ice cream has thermal energy? Why or why not? Below is a picture of dry ice. Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide. The temperature of dry ice is -78.5 Celsius or -109.3 Fahrenheit. Water, by comparison, freezes at 0 Celsius and 32 Fahrenheit. Do you think dry ice has thermal energy? Explain. Refrigerators keep things cool or cold. Is there thermal energy inside the refrigerators? Why or why not? 7

The illustrations below represent a liquid with differing amounts of thermal energy. The lines beside the circles represent molecular motion. This model represents a liquid at a cooler temperature - less thermal energy. Less energy means less movement. This model represents a liquid at a higher temperature - more thermal energy More energy means more movement. Molecule Action and Thermal Energy 8 Reminder: All molecules are in motion. The images below represent the main states of matter. Notice the molecules (black dots) are closely packed for solids, less so for liquids, and the least for gases. Solid Liquid Gas Try it! In the boxes below draw a gas with less thermal energy on the left and a gas with more thermal energy on the right. more less

Molecule Action and Thermal Energy - part 2 9 As you add thermal energy to an ice cube, the molecules move faster and faster. They move so fast that they lose their solid structure and turn into a liquid. Then, as you continue to add more thermal energy to the liquid, it gets warmer and warmer. That means the molecules are moving faster and faster. With enough thermal energy, the liquid will change phase into a gas. And, adding even more thermal energy, the gas will become warmer and warmer. Show it! In the space below, draw what was explained above. Feel free to use copies of these to help with your drawing.

Heat vs Temperature Another common mistake people make is thinking that heat and temperature are the same thing. 10 Remember, thermal energy is the kinetic energy of molecules...the movement of molecules in any matter. Temperature is a measure of the motion of those moving molecules. Thermometers are instruments used to measure temperature. (The measuring units for thermal energy and heat are calories or joules. Temperature units depend on the scale being used.) Chapter 2 Three temperature scales are commonly used. Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin metric scale used in most of the world for everyday readings used in many science labs imperial scale used in the U.S. and a few other countries for everyday readings metric scale exclusively used in science labs

Thermal Energy vs Temperature - A Visual In this instance, you have 2 items filled with water, and the water is at the same temperature. Question: If they are the same temperature, do they have the same amount of thermal energy in them? 11 90 Co 90 Co Here’s a visual and explanation Looking at this cutaway of a mug, the thermometer only measures the average motion of the molecules....an average of the thermal energy. 90 Co A thermometer measures temperature, which is the average motion of molecules in a substance. Even though the bathtub and mug have the same temperature, the bathtub contains many more moving molecules. More Moving Molecules = More Thermal Energy and Fewer Moving Molecules = Less Thermal Energy Temperature = average molecular motion Thermal Energy = total molecular motion

Which has more thermal energy? Using what you have learned circle the correct choice. 1290 Co92 Co or74 Co74 Co or orblock of iceice cube

Common Measurements for each scale To show the differences for each temperature scale, we’ll use water as the example. 13 Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin water boils at... water freezes at... absolute zero... 100 Co 0 Co -273 Co 212 Fo 32 Fo -459 Fo 373 Ko 273 Ko 0 Ko Answer these: 1.How many degrees difference is there between freezing and boiling on the Celsius scale? 2.How many degrees difference is there between freezing and boiling on the Fahrenheit scale? 3.How many degrees difference is there between freezing and boiling on the Kelvin scale? 4.Which 2 temperature scales have the same difference between boiling and freezing of water? The Kelvin scale is based on the idea of absolute zero. Absolute Zero is the idea that there is a measurement at which the molecular motion of molecules stops. No motion = no heat.

Challenge: Reading a Thermometer Try it! See if you can figure out the temperature measurements on these Celsius thermometers. Write your answers below each thermometer. 14 0 -10 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 -10 10 20 30 40 50 60 Co Co Co

Heat-Thermal Energy-Temperature Unit Challenge 1) Which statement best describes the difference between heat and thermal energy? a) Heat and Thermal Energy are the same thing. b) Heat is the movement of thermal energy. c) Thermal energy is the movement of heat. 2) Which statement best describes the difference between temperature and thermal energy? a) Temperature is a measure of thermal energy. b) Thermal energy is a measure of temperature. c) Both are basically the same thing. 3) Which lab instrument is best used to measure temperature? a) microscope b) thermometer c) graduated cylinder 4) Celsius is the most common way of measuring temperature throughout the world. True or False 5) A 5-liter bucket of 70 °C water has the same thermal energy as a 1-liter bucket of water at the same temperature. True or False 6) The molecules of a _____ have the most kinetic energy. a) solid b) liquid c) gas Directions: Answer the following questions. 15

Unit 2 Phase Changes & Thermal Energy Chapter 3- Phase Changes of Matter Chapter 4 -Reading Heat-Temperature Graphs

Phase Changes The amount of thermal energy in matter not only determines the phase of matter (solid, liquid, gas), but it is also responsible for matter's change from one phase to another. These are all phase change vocab words. Boiling Chapter 3 ...is the phase change from a liquid to a gas. Evaporation ...is the phase change from a liquid to a gas. The difference between these two phase changes is where the liquid-to-gas change is happening. In boiling, the phase change happens throughout the liquid. But, for evaporation, the liquid-to-gas phase change only happens on the surface of the liquid....is a term used for any liquid-to-gas phase change. This term applies to both boiling and evaporation. Vaporization Condensation ...is the phase change from a gas to a liquid. 16

More Phase Changes Sublimation Dry ice is a great example of sublimation. Dry ice is the frozen gas carbon dioxide. When dry ice sublimates, the solid changes directly into a gas, skipping the liquid phase. Another example of sublimation is when temperatures are too cold for melting, and the snowman you built shrinks. It is shrinking because of sublimation. Deposition is the opposite of sublimation. You can cause moisture in your breath to freeze on very cold window panes by puffing on them. The moisture in your breath (gas) will turn directly into ice crystals (solid) on the window. ...is the phase change from a solid to a gas. Deposition ...is the phase change from a gas to a solid. Melting ...is the phase change from a solid to a liquid. Freezing ...is the phase change from a liquid to a solid. 17

MeltingBoiling Solid-Liquid-Gas Phase Change Visualization- pt 1 18 You’ve added some ice to a frying pan and turned on the stove. Solid - Ice Ice molecules are tightly packed with small movements. As the heat continues, the ice becomes water. Ice molecules have loosened up and turned into water with the addition of thermal energy. As the heat continues, the water becomes steam. Water molecules have spread apart farther and turned into steam with the addition of more thermal energy. add energy Liquid - Water Gas - Steam

Condensation 19 Solid - Ice Removing some more of the thermal energy causes the water molecules to move closer together. Steam molecules slow down as thermal energy is removed causing them to turn into a water. Freezing remove energy Removing even more thermal energy causes the water molecules to group so close together that they form ice. Gas - Liquid - Solid Phase Change Visualization- pt 2 Liquid - Water Gas - Steam (Work your way from the bottom of the page to the top!) Ice used to cool off steam. Ice used to cool off water.

20 Phase Change Challenge Directions: Look at each picture and write in the type of phase change it represents.

Phase Change adds removes Evaporation Condensation Sublimation Boiling Freezing Melting Vaporization Deposition Challenge: Adds Energy or Removes Energy 21 Fill in the chart by checking the box underneath the column for each phase change. Does the phase change involve adding heat or removing heat? Do refrigerators add or remove energy? ____________ Why? ___________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Extra Challenge

Solid Heat Temperature Liquid Gas melting freezing boiling condensationReading Heat-Temperature Graphs 22 Chapter 4 Reminder: Heat and temperature are not the same thing. Notice that all phase changes (melting, freezing, etc) happen on the horizontal lines. What that means is that during a phase change, the amount of HEAT increases or decreases, but the TEMPERATURE reading stays the same. Along the angled lines, you see that as you increase (going up the line) or decrease (moving down the line) the amount of heat increases or decreases. The temperature also increases or decreases to match the heat. heat goes up = temperature goes up & heat goes down = temperature goes down Key Takeaways 1) Heat and temperature are not the same thing. 2) Phase changes involve a change in heat, but not a temperature change. 3) Solids, liquids, or gases can change the amount of heat, and that registers as a temperature change.

Heat-Temperature Interpretation Challenge 23 Using the above graph, answer the following questions: 1) Which letter(s) represent a phase change where thermal energy is being added? 2) Which letter represents a liquid? _____ What is happening to the temperature and the heat as you move along that line? __________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3) Which letter represents freezing? _____What is happening to the temperature and the heat as you move along that line? ___________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4) According to the above graph, you can have water and ice at the same temperature. True or False _______ Explain your answer____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________A Heat Temperature B C D E F G

SolidLiquidGasAdd HeatAdd HeatRemove HeatRemove HeatSubstance Temperature Ice Ice + Salt Making Ice Cream: A Phase Change Investigation Science Mystery Why does an ice cream mix freeze using ice and salt… when plain ice alone isn’t cold enough to freeze it? Today you will investigate how removing heat causes matter to change phases. The Big Idea Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. When heat energy changes, matter can change phases. Examples: melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation. Materials milk sugar vanilla ice ice cream salt (preferred) 1 quart & 1 gallon-sized zipper bag thermometer Procedure 1.Add 1 cup of milk, 3 tablespoons of sugar, and ½ teaspoon of vanilla to the small bag. 2.Seal the bag and mix until the sugar dissolves. 3.Place the small bag inside the larger bag. 4.Fill the large bag with ice. 5.Measure and record the temperature. 6.Add 6 tablespoons of salt to the ice, seal the bag, and gently shake or tumble for about 15 minutes. 7.Open the big bag, record the new temperature, and observe what happened. (Take the small bag out of the large bag and lightly rinse the zipper part. Open & enjoy!) Data Table 24

Phase Change & Thermal Energy Unit Challenge Directions: Answer the following questions. 1- Which of the following phase changes involves the removal of thermal energy? (circle your answers) Condensation Melting Boiling Freezing Evaporation 2) Which statement best describes the difference between sublimation and deposition? a) Sublimation requires the addition of thermal energy, whereas deposition requires the removal of thermal energy. b) Sublimation requires the removal of thermal energy, whereas deposition requires the addition of thermal energy. 3) During melting, which is a true statement... a) Molecules of the liquid release thermal energy b) Molecules of the solid gain thermal energy c) A liquid changes into a solid 4) Circle the areas on the graph where phase changes occur. 5) On the above graph, place an “S” on the line that represents a solid.HeatTemperature 26

Unit 3 How Thermal Energy Moves Chapter 5 - Heat Transfer Basics Chapter 6 - Conduction Systems Chapter 7 - Convection Systems Chapter 8 - Radiation Systems Chapter 9 - Mixed Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer Basics Rule #1 This is more of a reminder, but it sets the stage for all thermal activity. And, in this case, thermal energy transfer (heat). All molecules of matter have thermal energy. Imagine the coldest thing you can think of. The molecules in that cold substance are moving. That means there is thermal energy in cold things. It’s easier to think of warm or hot things as having thermal energy, and they do, but even cold things have thermal energy.Chapter 5 Rule #2 This is the key rule for heat transfer. It is...heat travels from warmer areas to cooler areas. Said a different way, the energy in molecules that are moving the most give or transfer that energy to molecules in cooler areas. more thermal energy less thermal energy As the warmer molecules bounce around, they bump into cooler molecules. Each time they do that, some of their heat energy is given to the other molecule. Those molecules, in turn, bump into other molecules. The result is that the area with more thermal energy transfers its energy to the area with less thermal energy. Over time, within a system, the movement balances out so that all the molecules are moving at the same amount of thermal energy. 27

Heat Transfer Basics 28 Rule #2 continued Example: If you touch something warm, the heat from that object is transferred to your skin. It also works in reverse. If you touch a cold object, the heat from your hand moves into the cold object. Rule #3 There are 3 ways that heat is transferred in our world (and the universe). Those three methods are conduction, convection, and radiation. Those are the lessons for the next 3 chapters. bare feet on hot sand or hot pavement bare feet on snow or ice

Conduction Systems Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact. That means that one matter has to be in direct contact with another type of matter. Below are examples and explanations. 29Chapter 6 The cooking pot is in direct contact with the eye of the stove. The iron is in direct contact with the clothes. The lady's hand is touching the glass window. The man’s boots are touching the snow covered ground. If you have ever burned your hand with a curling iron, on the stove, or your feet on hot asphalt or sand, you have experienced heat transfer by conduction. Also, if you have picked up ice, snow, or any other cold object with your bare hands, you have also experienced heat transfer by conduction.

Conduction Detective Instructions: Looking at the picture below, identify and list all of the places where conduction would occur with children playing. 30

Material least Most Conduction InvestigationWhich material do you think will conduct heat the best? Materials: Ice cubes, metal pan, wood board, plastic cup, glass cup, piece of cloth or clothing, stopwatch or timer. , Instructions: 1.Assemble all of your materials. 2.Place an ice cube on each material. 3.Start the timer. 4.After 20 minutes, record your results below. 5.Clean up. 6.Answer the follow-up questions. 31 List the name of each material under that column. At the end of 20 minutes place a check mark in the column that best fits how much melting has occurred.

Conduction InvestigationWhich material conducts best? Follow-up Questions 1) Which material conducted heat the most?_________________ 2) Explain your answer to question #1. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3) Which material conducted heat the least? _________________ 4) Explain your answer to question #3. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 5) What is the connection between the amount of melting and the amount of heat conduction? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 6) Which material would work best to keep a hot drink hot longer? _____________________________________ 7) Would the same material from question #6 be useful in creating a winter jacket? __________ Why or Why not? ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 8) Which material would work best at removing thermal energy? _________________ Why?_____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 32

Convection Systems Convection is the transfer of heat through fluids (liquids & gases). This heat transfer also involves matter, but in a different way. In this process, heat is transferred to a liquid or gas and then moved elsewhere. 33Chapter 7 Convection Cell Convection cells are the means for transferring heat by convection. A fireplace works by convection. As wood is burnt, it heats up the air around it. That warm air rises up the chimney. Cooler air flows in from the room to replace the rising warmer air. The idea behind convection is that warm gases or liquids rise when heated... ...and cold gases or liquids sink when cooled. This cycling creates what is called a convection cell. A pot of water behaves the same way. The heat from the stove heats up the water at the bottom of the pot. The heated water rises, and the cooler water at the top cycles to the bottom, where it warms up. Over time, all the water in the pot is heated.

Watching Hot Air Rise - Convection Snake Materials: paper (copy paper is preferred), scissors, straight pin, pencil, candle and holder, lighter, and small plate. Instructions: 1.Using the plate, cut out a circle on the paper. (You can skip the plate if you use a math compass to draw the circle. see illustration A) 2.Locate the center of the circle and mark it. 3.Cut a spiral pattern from the circle. (see illustration B) 4.Run the straight pin through the center mark you made on the circle. 5.Stick the pin into the eraser of the pencil. (see illustration C) 6.Light the candle. 7.Move the snake above the candle flame. CAUTION. (see illustration C) 8.Adjust the snake until it starts to spiral. (see note on next page) 9.Blow out the candle and answer the follow-up questions. 34 illustration A illustration B illustration C Caution: Keep the distance far enough to avoid a fire hazard.

Watching Hot Air Rise - Convection Snake Follow-Up Questions: 1) How did the snake move? _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2) What caused the snake to move? _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3) How does the “snake dance” show convection? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4) Draw your version of the dancing snake below and show the movement of air (convection) with arrows. 35 NOTE: You will have to work with the snake and the pin to get it to move. It may take several trials. The section of paper the pin pierces must be balanced as well as the entire snake. It may help to put a piece of tape under the snake on the pin hole. This prevents the pin from slipping through and gives it more of a friction-free surface to move on.

As you learned with convection, hot air or water rises, and cold air or water sinks. This phenomenon plays a big role in our weather. Hot Air Rises - The Weather Connection (part 1) 36wind cool, moist air forms clouds warm, rising air gathers moisture from water cool, sinking air evaporation condensation Test your understanding In your own words, explain the above illustration. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Study the illustration below and then answer the questions. Hot Air Rises - The Weather Connection (part 2) 37wind Test your understanding. Why doesn’t this environment show clouds? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ What we call wind is the movement of air along the surface of the Earth due to convection currents. During the day, what would the wind feel like in this situation? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Label the upward rising warmer air and the downward sinking cooler air.

Warm Water Rises & Cool Water Sinks - The Ocean Connection 38 Convection Connection Questions The above drawing illustrates a deep section of the ocean. (This could also represent a deep lake.) Draw a convection current and label these parts: (a)rising, warm water, (b) sinking, cool water, (c) surface current, (d) deep current If the turtles in this drawing wanted to swim with the surface currents, which way would they swim? (hint: look at your arrows) ___________________________________________________________ Ocean currents, caused by convection, not only move water around but also influence the weather of shorelines they touch. If the currents near a shoreline were cool, what effect would that have on that area? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Radiation Systems Radiation is the transfer of heat by way of waves. This heat transfer is the only one that does not need matter to work. Radiation is the only form of heat transfer that can move through a vacuum, air, or water. Since radiation is a wave and can travel in a vacuum, it is the means by which we receive thermal energy from our sun.Chapter 8 Key idea: Radiation transfers energy through waves. If you have ever opened a car door after the sun has been shining through the window, you have experienced the aftereffects of radiation. In this case, solar radiation has traveled from our sun through the Earth’s atmosphere and the car's window. The result is a warm-to-very-hot car interior. Examples of Radiation in Action If you’ve ever been sunburned, it was radiation from the sun that caused it. Have you ever walked on an asphalt road in summer? The heat may be burning your feet by conduction, but the heat got to the asphalt through radiation from the sun. Radiation isn’t always caused by our sun. Warming yourself with heat from a fireplace (or a stove or an oven) is thanks to radiation. Heat waves move directly out from the burning wood. Those are waves of heat radiation. 39

Greenhouse effect Simplified idea: Greenhouses rely on solar radiation to keep their interiors warm. To understand the process, the sun's rays enter the greenhouse easily. Some heat becomes trapped and the trapped heat warms the greenhouse. More scientific process: The sun’s radiation has a short wavelength, which allows it to pass through Earth’s atmospheric gases. Once those waves strike the Earth’s surface, they change to a longer wavelength. That longer wavelength is easily trapped by gases in Earth’s atmosphere (like carbon dioxide). Some heat does escape back into space, but atmospheric gases absorb some of the heat waves. As more of the Sun's rays are converted and absorbed, Earth’s atmosphere warms up. In a greenhouse where they grow plants in colder weather, this is a benefit. The rays from the sun pass through the glass or plastic panels of the greenhouse. Once inside, they are converted to longer-wavelength rays that are trapped by carbon dioxide inside the greenhouse. Greenhouse effect with Earth’s atmosphere Radiation Systems in Action Greenhouse effect with car sitting in hot sun short wavelength long wavelength 40

Parking Lot or Road Pavement The shimmering you see on hot summer days coming from a parking lot or road is caused by radiation. Radiation from the sun strikes the road or parking lot surface. That heat causes the air above it to warm up and rise (convection). That shimmering effect is due to a combination of heat transfer by radiation and convection. Radiation Systems in Action - part 2 Toasters & Toaster Ovens The toaster in your kitchen toasts your bread with radiation. If you look down inside the toaster, you will see some electrical coils or wires. As the wires heat up, they give off radiation which toasts your bread. Microwave Ovens Microwave ovens give off microwaves. These microwaves are a type of radiation that is used to heat up or cook food placed inside those types of ovens. 41

Shirt Color Ranking Colored Shirt Test 42 Black Shirt - White Shirt test Here’s a simple investigation to measure radiation absorption. Which shirt color will warm you up the most? Materials: black (or dark blue) shirt, white shirt Instructions: 1- Pick a day when the sun is bright and shining. 2- Put on the black shirt and go stand in the sun for 5-10 minutes. 3- Go back inside for 10 minutes and replace the black shirt with the white one. 4- Repeat step 2 with the white shirt. 5- Answer the challenge questions. Challenge questions Which shirt made you feel the hottest (black or white) with this test? ________________________________________________________________________ Explain your answer to question 1. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ If you have other colored shirts, test them the same way and rank them below. with 5 being the warmest and 1 being the coolest.

Which examples involve thermal radiation? Circle your choices. Radiation Detective 43

Example: Heating water on a stove. The eye of the stove heats the pot directly (that’s conduction). The water circulates in the pot (that’s convection) to cook the food. Mixed Heat Transfer As you learned in the last chapter, with greenhouses and the “shimmering” effect of air rising off of hot pavement, two or more of the three types of heat transfer were involved. In real-world systems, many involve more than one type of heat transfer. Chapter 9 Challenge: Identify all of the types of heat transfer. Identify, draw lines, and label the types of heat transfer for this fireplace. (Hint: there are 2.) 44

Identify, draw lines, and label the types of heat transfer for this pizza oven. Identify all of the types of heat transfer challenge...continued Identify, draw lines, and label the types of heat transfer involved with cooking pancakes. 46

Heat Transfer - Unit Challenge 1) Identify and label all of the types of heat transfer on the following picture. 2) Which of the 3 types of heat transfer requires matter to operate? Circle your answers. Conduction Convection Radiation 3) Warm air rises and cold air sinks, while warm water sinks and cold water rises. True or False 4) Which type of heat transfer involves direct contact with the heat source? Circle your answers. Conduction Convection Radiation 5) If you wanted to dress smartly for cold weather, would you choose a dark outfit or a light one? Explain. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 47

Unit 4 Insulation and Thermal Control Chapter 10 - Insulators vs Conductors

Insulation and Thermal Control When it comes to thermal energy, most uses involve either keeping thermal energy from escaping or getting rid of it quickly. Chapter 10 Insulators vs Conductors An insulator is a material that does not allow heat (or electricity) to move through it easily. Plastic, wood, glass, and air are common insulators. A conductor, on the other hand, is a material that allows heat (or electricity) to move through it easily. Steel, copper, aluminum, brass, and other materials are conductors. Note: Some conductors are better at conducting than others. The same is true of insulators. Air is a very good insulator. Copper is a very good conductor. Other metals may conduct heat but not too well (like nickel). 48

Identify the following materials as either an insulator (I) or conductor (C). Insulator-Conductor Detective 49

Controlling Thermal Energy House and building designs help control heat transfer in various ways. The walls, ceilings, and floors use insulating material. In cold weather, the insulation slows down heat loss to the outside by trapping the heat inside. In warmer weather, the insulation slows down the loss of cooling by preventing heat from moving inside. Reminder: Heat always moves from areas that are warmer to areas that are cooler.warmerwarmercoolercooler insulation slowing heat loss insulation slowing heat gain Winter Summer 50

more Thermal Control systems Windows can be a major source of heat loss. Most modern homes and buildings use double-paned windows. The idea is to trap a layer of gas, usually argon, between 2 panes of glass. This gas acts as insulation, slowing down heat loss. Double-Paned Windows Thermoses reduce heat transfer with a double-walled design. Between the two walls is a space that is typically a vacuum (no air). This slows heat from leaving (for hot beverages or foods) or entering (for cold beverages or foods) because heat transfer by conduction or convection cannot occur in a vacuum. Some heat is lost or gained by radiation though. Thermoses In winter, birds fluff up their feathers to capture air around their bodies. The effect is the same as puffy insulated jackets, where the trapped air adds insulation and prevents heat loss. Bird Feathers Thermoses slow conduction and slow convection. 51

more Thermal Control systems Winter Jackets Coolers keep your drinks cool. Between the walls of the cooler is an insulating material, usually styrofoam, that prevents heat from traveling inside more easily. Do you think coolers would work to keep food warm? Coolers Puffy winter jackets trap air. The trapped air is a great insulator that prevents body heat from escaping quickly. That keeps you warm. The same goes for gloves, hats, sleeping bags, and blankets. 52

Thermos Challenge 1) Which drink would stay warm the longest? Hot Chocolate in a thermos Hot Chocolate in a paper cup Hot Chocolate in a metal bowl 2) Explain your answer. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 3) Rank the 3 items above according to their ability to maintain thermal energy.leastmiddlemost 4) If the paper cup were replaced with a styrofoam cup, where would it rank? Why? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 53

Unit 5 Cooling and Heating Technology Chapter 11 - Thermostats & Thermal Control Chapter 12 - Refrigerators & Freezers Chapter 13 - Air Conditioners & Heat Pumps

Thermostats and Thermal Control Homes and buildings nowadays use thermostats to automatically control the environmental temperature. Chapter 11 Basic Concept The idea behind thermostats is that they control a furnace and/or air conditioning unit that they are wired to. When you set the thermostat's temperature, it turns on and cuts off the furnace and/or air conditioner to keep the temperature of the room or building at a set level. Modern thermostats contain a sensor probe which reads the temperature of the air inside a home or building. In summer, if you set the temperature to 74 Fahrenheit, the sensor monitors the air temperature in the room. When the temperature rises above the set level, it turns on the air conditioner. Once the room temperature is reached, it switches off the AC unit. o During the winter, the thermostat controls the furnace or heater in the same way to keep the room at the comfortable level you set. Older thermostats, like the one pictured, used a piece of metal attached to a glass tube with a bead of mercury in it to control the furnace or air conditioner. When the metal expanded or contracted, the bead of mercury would slide in the glass tube and touch a wire. An electrical connection was made that turned on the heating or cooling unit. As the room warmed or cooled, the metal would move the other way, causing the mercury to slide off the wire. That turned off the furnace or air conditioner. 55

Thermostat Reading ( F)o Answer choice 68 70 72 75 Imagine you have the thermostat set to 72 F so that either the heater or the AC can turn on or off depending on outside temperatures. o Fill in the chart below with these choices: Furnace On Furnace Off AC on AC off Thermostat Detective If you lived in an area where your summertime temperatures rarely rose above 75 F, would it make sense to have an AC unit? Explain your answer.o ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 56

Refrigerators and Freezers Refrigerators and freezers are a part of our everyday life. They help preserve and keep our food fresh longer. Chapter 12 Basic Concept The key idea behind refrigerators and freezers is to create a cooler environment. A common misconception is that refrigerators and freezers create cold. That’s not true. To cool or freeze something, you must remove thermal energy (heat) from what you want to cool down. By removing the thermal energy, the substance will become cold. A refrigerator or freezer is a combination of an insulated box and mechanical parts that transfer heat and keep the contents cold. The mechanism moves heat from inside to outside the insulated box (refrigerator or freezer). The insulated walls of the box slow down the heat from moving back in. The mechanism includes a series of pipes in the walls of the unit that carry a chemical. That chemical inside the pipe removes thermal energy from inside the refrigerator. Those pipes, the chemical, and a pump work together to remove heat from inside the insulated box and transfer it outside of the refrigerator or freezer. The result is that anything inside the unit cools off or freezes. Refrigerators are typically made up of a section for keeping food cool and another area for freezing food. So, what you call a refrigerator is actually a refrigerator and a freezer combined. 57

Your friend Joey always puts his refrigerator snacks in the refrigerator door. However, he has come to see that they spoil faster than food placed farther in the refrigerator. He wonders why that happens. What is your best explanation for why this happens? a) The refrigerator loses cold. b) Heat enters faster than it can be removed. Explain your answer. Refrigerator Mystery Detective ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ If you were designing a refrigerator and knew that cold things sink and warm things rise, which choice would you base your refrigerator design on and why? freezer on top freezer on bottom ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 58

Which statements are true? (Circle your answers) Refrigerators create cold. Refrigerators remove heat. Insulation in the refrigerator walls helps keep heat from entering. Opening the refrigerator door lets heat enter. Refrigerator Mystery Detective - part 2 Refrigerators and coolers have similarities and differences. Look at the statements below and add an R to it if it only applies to refrigerators, a C if it applies to coolers and a B if it applies to both. ___ Built with insulated walls ___ Built with doors or openings ___ Move thermal energy out ___ Prevent thermal energy/heat from moving inside ___ Prevents perishable food from spoiling ___ Keeps food cool for the shortest amount of time ___ Makes ice ___ Uses ice ___ Uses a mechanism of tubes, chemicals, and pumps to cool 59

Heat EnergyRoom in House Outside Housewarm room aircool room airoutdoor airoutdoor air The mechanism removes heat energy from the air inside the house and moves it outside. The air inside is circulated. Only thermal energy is moved. The air inside the house does not go outside. Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps The principle of heat transfer that applies to refrigerators and freezers works with air conditioners and heat pumps. Chapter 13 Basic Concept Air conditioners (AC) work by removing heat energy from the room air and moving that energy outside the house or structure. Window AC’s and heat pumps share similar parts to refrigerators and freezers. Window AC unit 60

Heat MovementHeat MovementHeat PumpAir Conditioners and Heat Pumps continued Heat pumps have the same general parts as air conditioners but they can heat and cool rooms. In the summer, you want it cool inside. The heat pump moves the heat inside a building to the outside. By removing the heat in an insulated building, you cool off the air inside.Summer Reminder: All matter has thermal energy. In the winter, a heat pump takes thermal energy out of the outside air and transfers that thermal energy into the house.Winter Don’t get confused: Energy is not matter and all matter is moving (it has energy). All of these thermal systems move the energy in the matter from one place to another. Even cold winter air contains thermal energy because all matter contains moving particles. 61

Which statements are true? (Circle your answers) Air conditioners and heat pumps are the same thing Heat pumps can heat and cool rooms Air conditioners and heat pumps move thermal energy Air conditioners and heat pumps cool by creating cold Heat pumps and air conditioners move thermal energy to create cold Air Conditioner & Heat Pump Challenge Air conditioners and heat pumps have similarities and differences. Look at the statements below and add AC to it if it only applies to air conditioners, a HP if it applies to heat pumps, and a B if it applies to both. ___ Use a chemical that helps to transfer thermal energy ___ Can heat and cool a room ___ Move thermal energy out of a room ___ Move thermal energy into a room ___ Works best in winter or cooler weather ___ Uses a mechanism of tubes, chemicals, and pumps to cool ___ Uses a mechanism of tubes, chemicals, and pumps to heat 62

2) For each system, draw an arrow showing which way the thermal energy moves.Room in House Cooling & Heating Technology - Unit Challenge 1) Thermal System Matching. Match the device to its jobl ____Thermostat ____Refrigerator ____Freezer ____Air Conditioner ____Heat Pump a) Removes the most heat from food b) Moves heat into or out of a building c) Controls temperature d) Removes heat from the room’s air e) Removes heat from foodchest freezerrefrigerator air conditioner air conditioner heat pump summer heat pump winter 63

4) A family is sitting in a house on a hot summer’s day. Identify and label these: Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Insulation, Thermostat, Air Conditioner Cooling & Heating Technology - Unit Challenge - part 2 3) Device Matching. Which would you use ____keep food frozen ____cool a classroom ____keep a house warm in winter ____maintain a constant room temperature ____keep a drink hot all day a) thermos b) air conditioner c) thermostat d) heat pump e) freezer 64

Unit 6 HEAT-POWERED SYSTEMS Chapter 14 - Engines & Heat Energy

Engines and Heat Energy These are the 3 key concepts for this chapter: 1.Heating materials causes them to expand. 2.Expanding causes pressure, and that pressure causes movement. 3.Energy transformations are the basis of heat engines. Chapter 14 1- Heat and Expansion Have you ever noticed that bridges are made in sections and those sections look like “teeth”? These sections allow the bridge to expand (grow bigger) and contract (grow smaller) depending on the temperature of the environment. Road materials (concrete, metal, asphalt, etc) expand in hotter weather and contract in colder weather. These sections keep the bridge from buckling, cracking, and being destroyed.steelconcrete As you will see, this same principle is used in heat engines. 2- Expansion and Pressure Place a balloon into a paper cup. While the balloon is still in the cup, blow it up. Does the balloon expand? Does the balloon create pressure on the paper cup? As you blow up the balloon, air causes the balloon to expand. The expanding balloon creates pressure on the inside of the paper cup. In this example, enough pressure is built up such that you can lift the cup with the inflated balloon. When heated materials expand, they create pressure on other things around them. 65

Engines and Heat Energy 3- Energy Transformations Place some vinegar in a plastic water bottle. Roll up some baking soda in a coffee filter. Place the rolled-up filter paper in the water bottle and cap it. What’s the result? As the baking soda and vinegar react, they release carbon dioxide gas. That gas causes the plastic water bottle to expand and get harder. In this case, a chemical reaction (baking soda-vinegar) caused the release of a gas and the expansion. This was an energy transformation. An exploding firecracker shows an energy transformation from a chemical reaction to expanding gases. (The suddenly expanding gases create the popping sound.) Hot air balloons use all 3 of the key principles explained. Can you identify each one? Can you figure it out? 1-____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 2-___________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 3-____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 66

Gasoline Engines Many vehicles run on gasoline. You pump it into the fuel tank, and the engine uses it. But, do you know how that all works? The gasoline undergoes an energy transformation as it burns. These are the simplified steps for a 4-stroke gasoline engine. In this step, the engine pulls in a mix of gasoline and air as the piston moves downward. The intake valve opens to let the air-gas mix move into the area above the piston. That mix is very combustible, meaning it burns fast and hot. Step 1 - Intake Simple Engine Anatomy intake valve piston cylinder sparkplug exhaust valve connecting rod In this step, the air and gas mix in the upper part of the cylinder get squeezed (compressed) with the upward motion of the piston. Step 2 - Compression In this step, the air and gas mix gets burnt with a spark from the sparkplug. This chemical change causes the burnt gas mix to expand forcing the piston downward. Step 3 - Power In this step, the burnt air and gas mix is pushed out past the exhaust valve as it opens and the piston moves upward. Step 4 - Exhaust The 4 strokes below happen in each cylinder and repeat over and over as the engine is running. 67

intake valve openexhaust valve closedintake valve closedexhaust valve openintake valve openexhaust valve closedintake valve closedexhaust valve closedGasoline Engine Mystery From the descriptions on the previous page, label each of the four strokes of a gasoline engine. 68

older model tank of boiling water steam enters steam exits here this valve moves back & forth uncovering one opening and covering the other one The incoming steam moves a piston, and the moving piston turns the wheel. The wheel can be part of a wheel on a train, or a strap can connect it to an electric generator. The rotating mechanism can also be connected to a ship’s propeller. Steam Engines You don’t see many steam locomotives nowadays. But they were once a valuable means of transportation. Besides powering trains, they were also used to drive factory machinery and generate electricity. Modern use of steam power is used to propel ships and generate electricity. Steam Turbines Modern uses of steam involve turbines. A turbine, as seen in the illustration, is a series of fan blades. Boiling water creates steam under pressure, and the steam is shot through nozzles at the blades, causing them to rotate. The rotating turbine is connected to a ship's propeller or electric generator. View of the inside of a turbine with top piece removed69

Applying Your Knowledge -Challenge Section- The challenge activities are designed to: Help you apply what you learned Practice thinking in new situations Strengthen your understanding If something feels difficult, go back to the earlier explanation pages and review the concepts.

Thermal Energy Color-by-Number Instructions: Answer the following questions and use the question number and color choice to color in the picture. Materials: Colored Pencils (red, orange, yellow, green, purple, blue, pink) 1. Heat is the transfer of ________. A. matter (red) B. thermal energy (orange) 2. Which has the greater total thermal energy if both are 90°C? A. Bathtub of water (yellow) B. Mug of water (green) 3. During melting, a substance ________ thermal energy. A. loses (purple) B. gains (blue) 4. Which type of heat transfer requires direct contact? A. Conduction (pink) B. Radiation (red) 5. Warm air rises because of ________. A. Conduction (orange) B. Convection (red) 6. The Sun warms Earth mainly through ________. A. Convection (green) B. Radiation (purple) 70

Thermal Energy Color-by-Number Questions continued 7. Which material is usually the better thermal conductor? A. Copper (blue) B. Wood (pink) 8. The main purpose of insulation is to ________ heat transfer. A. increase (red) B. slow (orange) 9. A refrigerator works by ________ heat from inside. A. removing (yellow) B. creating (blue) 10. A thermostat is designed to ________ temperature. A. produce (pink) B. control (green) 11. A heat pump can ________. A. only cool a building (yellow) B. heat and cool a building (purple) 12. Which phase change occurs when water vapor changes into liquid water? A. Condensation (green) B. Evaporation (pink) Instructions: Answer the following questions and use the question number and color choice to color in the picture. 71

1 1 2 2 2 12 10 9 8 76 5 4 3 11 Why does all matter have thermal energy? 72

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This section is provided to help you check your work after completing a section. Answers include brief explanations for selected questions. They are designed to help clear up any misunderstandings. Check Your Answers

Is there really heat in that? Do you eat and enjoy ice cream? Do you think ice cream has heat or thermal energy? Why or why not? Below is a picture of dry ice. Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide. The temperature of dry ice is -78.5 Celsius or -109.3 Fahrenheit. Water freezes at 0 Celsius and 32 Fahrenheit. Do you think dry ice has heat? Explain. Refrigerators keep things cool or cold. Is there heat inside the refrigerators? Why or why not? Ice cream is cold, but it still has thermal energy in it. That is because the molecules are moving. Moving molecules = thermal energy Dry ice is very cold, but it still has thermal energy in it. That is because the molecules are moving. Moving molecules = thermal energy The inside of a refrigerator may be cold but it still has thermal energy. That is because the molecules are moving. Moving molecules = thermal energy 75

The illustrations below represent a liquid with differing amounts of heat energy. The lines beside the circles represent molecular motion. This model represents a liquid at a cooler temperature - less heat energy. Less energy means less movement. This model represents a liquid at a higher temperature - more heat energy More energy means more movement. Molecule Action and Heat Reminder: All molecules are in motion. The images below represent the main states of matter. Notice the molecules (black dots) are closely packed for solids, less so for liquids, and the least for gases. Solid Liquid Gas Try it! In the boxes below draw a gas with less heat energy on the left and a gas with more heat energy on the right. more less 76

Molecule Action and Heat - part 2 77 As you add heat (thermal) energy to an ice cube, the molecules move faster and faster. They move so fast that they lose their solid structure and turn into a liquid. Then, as you continue to add more heat energy to the liquid, it gets warmer and warmer. That means the molecules are moving faster and faster. With enough heat energy, the liquid will change phase into a gas. And, adding even more heat energy, the gas will become warmer and warmer. Show it! In the space below, draw what was explained above. Feel free to use copies of these to help with your drawing.adding more thermal energyadding more thermal energy

Which has more thermal energy? Using what you have learned circle the correct choice.90 Co92 Co or74 Co74 Co or orblock of iceice cube 78

Common Measurements for each scale To show the differences for each temperature scale, we’ll use water as the example. Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin water boils at... water freezes at... absolute zero... 100 Co 0 Co -273 Co 212 Fo 32 Fo -459 Fo 373 Ko 273 Ko 0 Ko Answer these: 1.How many degrees difference is there between freezing and boiling on the Celsius scale? 2.How many degrees difference is there between freezing and boiling on the Fahrenheit scale? 3.How many degrees difference is there between freezing and boiling on the Kelvin scale? 4.Which 2 temperature scales have the same difference between boiling and freezing of water? The Kelvin scale is based on the idea of absolute zero. Absolute zero is the idea that there is a measurement at which the molecular motion of molecules stops. No motion = no heat. 100 degrees 180 degrees 100 degrees Celsius and Kelvin 79

Challenge: Reading a Thermometer Try it! See if you can figure out the temperature measurements on these Celsius thermometers. Write your answers below each thermometer. 0 -10 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 -10 10 20 30 40 50 60 Co Co Co 18 23 52 80

1- Which statement best describes the difference between heat and thermal energy? a) Heat and Thermal Energy are the same thing. b) Heat is the movement of thermal energy. c) Thermal energy is the movement of heat. 2) Which statement best describes the difference between temperature and thermal energy? a) Temperature is a measure of thermal energy. b) Thermal energy is a measure of temperature. c) Both are basically the same thing. 3) Which lab instrument is best used to measure temperature? a) microscope b) thermometer c) graduated cylinder 4) Celsius is the most common way of measuring temperature throughout the world. True or False 5) A 5-liter bucket of 70 °C water has the same thermal energy as a 1-liter bucket of water at the same temperature. True or False 6) The molecules of a _____ have the most kinetic energy. a) solid b) liquid c) gas Heat-Thermal Energy-Temperature Unit Challenge Directions: Answer the following questions. 81

Phase Change Challenge Directions: Look at each picture and write in the type of phase change it represents. melting melting condensation condensation freezing evaporation boiling sublimation freezing or deposition 82

Phase Change adds removes Evaporation Condensation Sublimation Boiling Freezing Melting Vaporization Deposition Challenge: Adds Energy or Removes Energy 83 Fill in the chart by checking the box underneath the column for each phase change. Does the phase change involve adding heat or removing heat? Do refrigerators add or remove energy? ____________ Why? ___________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Extra Challenge remove Food inside the refrigerator get colder. That is because thermal energy is removed.

Heat-Temperature Interpretation Challenge 84 Using the above graph, answer the following questions: 1) Which letter(s) represent a phase change where thermal energy is being added? 2) Which letter represents a liquid? _____ What is happening to the temperature and the heat as you move along that line? __________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3) Which letter represents freezing? _____What is happening to the temperature and the heat as you move along that line? ___________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4) According to the above graph, you can have water and ice at the same temperature. True or False _______ Explain your answer____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________A Heat Temperature B C D E F G D The heat is changing but the temperature is staying the same. The heat is changing and the temperature is changing too. C TRUE The line is horizontal and connects liquids and solids. So at that temperature, you could have water and ice at the same temperature.

SolidLiquidGasAdd HeatAdd HeatRemove HeatRemove HeatSubstance Temperature Ice Ice + Salt Kitchen Science Investigation: Making Ice Cream Science Mystery Why does an ice cream mix freeze using ice and salt… when plain ice alone isn’t cold enough to freeze it? Today you will investigate how removing heat causes matter to change phases. The Big Idea Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. When heat energy changes, matter can change phases. Examples: melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation. Materials milk sugar vanilla ice ice cream salt (preferred) 1 quart & 1 gallon-sized zipper bag thermometer Procedure 1.Add 1 cup of milk, 3 tablespoons of sugar, and ½ teaspoon of vanilla to the small bag. 2.Seal the bag and mix until the sugar dissolves. 3.Place the small bag inside the larger bag. 4.Fill the large bag with ice. 5.Measure and record the temperature. 6.Add 6 tablespoons of salt to the ice, seal the bag, and gently shake or tumble for about 15 minutes. 7.Open the big bag, record the new temperature, and observe what happened. (Take the small bag out of the large bag and lightly rinse the zipper part. Open & enjoy!) Data Table 85 Ice temperatures are typically at or slightly above freezing The ice-salt mix will have temperatures well below freezing.

Kitchen Science Investigation: Making Ice Cream Observations Describe what happened during the experiment. What changes did you observe? Science Connection Salt lowers the freezing point of water. That is why the ice cream can freeze. That is also why salt melts ice on roads in winter. Analysis Questions What phase of matter was the milk in at the start? What phase was the ice cream in at the end? What phase change occurred inside the small bag? What phase change occurred with the ice? What phase change caused water droplets to appear outside the bag? 86 The liquid mix of milk, sugar, & vanilla changed from a liquid to a solid. (Depending on how far you go and how cold the salt-ice makes things, the ice cream may be more like soft-serve.) The ice melted quickly with the additon of the salt. The milk was a liquid. The ice cream froze into a solid. Freezing Melting Condensation

1- Which of the following phase changes involves the removal of thermal energy? (circle your answers) Condensation Melting Boiling Freezing Evaporation 2) Which statement best describes the difference between sublimation and deposition? a) Sublimation requires the addition of thermal energy, whereas deposition requires the removal of thermal energy. b) Sublimation requires the removal of thermal energy, whereas deposition requires the addition of thermal energy. 3) During melting, which is a true statement... a) Molecules of the liquid release thermal energy b) Molecules of the solid gain thermal energy c) A liquid changes into a solid 4) Circle the areas on the graph where phase changes occur. 5) On the above graph, place an “S” on the line that represents a solid.HeatTemperature Phase Change & Thermal Energy Unit Challenge Directions: Answer the following questions. 87

Conduction Detective Instructions: Looking at the picture below, identify and list all of the places where conduction would occur with children playing. Slide, railings, sand, ground, posts, flooring, boards 88

Material least Most Conduction InvestigationWhich material do you think will conduct heat the best? Materials: Ice cubes, metal pan, wood board, plastic cup, glass cup, piece of cloth or clothing, stopwatch or timer. , Instructions: 1.Assemble all of your materials. 2.Place an ice cube on each material. 3.Start the timer. 4.After 20 minutes, record your results below. 5.Clean up. 6.Answer the follow-up questions. List the name of each material under that column. At the end of 20 minutes place a check mark in the column that best fits how much melting has occurred. Answers can vary. In general, metal is a conductor and should result in the most melting. Wood, plastic, glass, and clothing are insulators and should all have less melting than the metal. 89

Watching Hot Air Rise - Convection Snake Follow-Up Questions: 1) How did the snake move? _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2) What caused the snake to move? _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3) How does the “snake dance” show convection? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4) Draw your version of the dancing snake below and show the movement of air (convection) with arrows. NOTE: You will have to work with the snake and the pin to get it to move. It may take several trials. The section of paper the pin pierces must be balanced as well as the entire snake. It may help to put a piece of tape under the snake on the pin hole. This prevents the pin from slipping through and gives it more of a friction-free surface to move on. The snake twirled around and around. The snake moved from the upward movement of air moving through the coils. The upward movement of air caused by the candle created a convection current. That caused the “snake” to dance. 91

As you learned with convection, hot air or water rises, and cold air or water sinks. This phenomenon plays a big role in our weather. Hot Air Rises - The Weather Connection (part 1)wind cool, moist air forms clouds warm, rising air gathers moisture from water cool, sinking air evaporation condensation Test your understanding In your own words, explain the above illustration. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ As the sun's rays strike the water, they warm it, causing water to evaporate. That warm, moist air rises where it cools off high in the sky. As the air cools, the moisture in it condenses to form clouds. The cooling air loses its moisture and then sinks back to the earth and cycles back to the water to start the cycle again. The air moving over the land and back toward the water creates wind. 92

Study the illustration below and then answer the questions. Hot Air Rises - The Weather Connection (part 2)wind Test your understanding. Why doesn’t this environment show clouds? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ What we call wind is the movement of air along the surface of the Earth due to convection currents. During the day, what would the wind feel like in this situation? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Label the upward rising warmer air and the downward sinking cooler air. Deserts have very little moisture to condense and form clouds. During the day with the sun shining, the wind would be hot and dry. rising warm air sinking cooler air 93

Warm Water Rises & Cool Water Sinks - The Ocean Connection Convection Connection Questions The above drawing illustrates a deep section of the ocean. (This could also represent a deep lake.) Draw a convection current and label these parts: (a)rising, warm water, (b) sinking, cool water, (c) surface current, (d) deep current If the turtles in this drawing wanted to swim with the surface currents, which way would they swim? (hint: look at your arrows) ___________________________________________________________ Ocean currents, caused by convection, not only move water around but also influence the weather of shorelines they touch. If the currents near a shoreline were cool, what effect would that have on that area? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ sinking cool water rising warm water deep current surface current For the drawing above, they would swim from left to right. The air around that coastal area would be cool and moist. 94

Shirt Color Ranking Colored Shirt Test Black Shirt - White Shirt test Here’s a simple investigation to measure radiation absorption. Which shirt color will warm you up the most? Materials: black (or dark blue) shirt, white shirt Instructions: 1- Pick a day when the sun is bright and shining. 2- Put on the black shirt and go stand in the sun for 5-10 minutes. 3- Go back inside for 10 minutes and replace the black shirt with the white one. 4- Repeat step 2 with the white shirt. 5- Answer the challenge questions. Challenge questions Which shirt made you feel the hottest (black or white) with this test? ________________________________________________________________________ Explain your answer to question 1. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ If you have other colored shirts, test them the same way and rank them below. with 5 being the warmest and 1 being the coolest. Black Dark colors absorb solar radiation. That is why they get warmer than light colors which reflect solar radiation. Answers will vary depending on what color and type of material the shirts are made from. 95

Which examples involve thermal radiation? Circle your choices. Radiation Detective All of the pictures except the picture of ice cubes exhibit thermal radiation in some form. 96

Identify, draw lines, and label the types of heat transfer in this kitchen. Identify all of the types of heat transfer challenge...continued Identify, draw lines, and label the types of heat transfer in this beach scene.convectionconductionradiation & convectionradiationconductionconvection(wind blown waves)(contact with the sand) 98

2) Which of the 3 types of heat transfer requires matter to operate? Circle your answers. Conduction Convection Radiation 3) Warm air rises and cold air sinks while warm water sinks and cold water rises. True or False 4) Which type of heat transfer involves direct contact with the heat source? Circle your answers. Conduction Convection Radiation 5) If you wanted to dress smartly for cold weather, would you choose a dark outfit or a light one? Explain. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Heat Transfer - Unit Challenge 1) Identify and label all of the types of heat transfer on the following picture.conductionconvectionradiation Since dark colors absorb radiation, they are the preferred choice to outfit yourself for colder temperatures. 100 (the wind is blowing his hair & causing ocean waves.) (The sun is giving off radiation.) (He is leaning against the car.)

Identify the following materials as either an insulator (I) or conductor (C). Insulator-Conductor Detective I I I I IC C CC 101

Insulator and Conductor Unit Challenge 1) Looking at the following pictures, circle the conducting materials and box in the insulating materials. 2) Explain why metal pipes (air ducts) leaving a basement furnace are usually wrapped in insulation. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Since metal is a good conductor of heat, the metal ductwork must be insulated to carry most of the heat into the living space. Otherwise, much of the thermal energy would end up in the furnace area. 103

___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Your friend Joey always puts his refrigerator snacks in the refrigerator door. However, he has come to see that they spoil faster than food placed farther in the refrigerator. He wonders why that happens. What is your best explanation for why this happens? a) The refrigerator loses cold. b) Heat enters faster than it can be removed. Explain your answer. Refrigerator Mystery Detective If you were designing a refrigerator and knew that cold things sink and warm things rise, which choice would you base your refrigerator design on and why? freezer on top freezer on bottom ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ The door portion of the refrigerator is more exposed to heat gain than other parts of the refrigerator. On top: Pros- cold sinks Cons- may require more energy to freeze items in the freezer On bottom: Pros- cold sinks & freezer section stays frozen with less electricity Cons- the top portion may require more energy to keep it cool since heat rises. 105

Which statements are true? (Circle your answers) Refrigerators create cold. Refrigerators remove heat. Insulation in the refrigerator walls helps keep heat from entering. Opening the refrigerator door lets heat enter. Refrigerators and coolers have similarities and differences. Look at the statements below and add an R to it if it only applies to refrigerators, a C if it applies to coolers and a B if it applies to both. ___ Built with insulated walls ___ Built with doors or openings ___ Move thermal energy out ___ Prevent thermal energy/heat from moving inside ___ Prevents perishable food from spoiling ___ Keeps food cool for the shortest amount of time ___ Makes ice ___ Uses ice ___ Uses a mechanism of tubes, chemicals, and pumps to cool Refrigerator Mystery Detective - part 2CRBBBBRCR 106

1. Heat is the transfer of ________. A. matter (red) B. thermal energy (orange) 2. Which has the greater total thermal energy if both are 90°C? A. Bathtub of water (yellow) B. Mug of water (green) 3. During melting, a substance ________ thermal energy. A. loses (purple) B. gains (blue) 4. Which type of heat transfer requires direct contact? A. Conduction (pink) B. Radiation (red) 5. Warm air rises because of ________. A. Conduction (orange) B. Convection (red) 6. The Sun warms Earth mainly through ________. A. Convection (green) B. Radiation (purple) Thermal Energy Color-by-Number Instructions: Answer the following questions and use the question number and color choice to color in the picture. Materials: Colored Pencils (red, orange, yellow, green, purple, blue, pink) 112

1 1 2 2 2 12 10 9 8 76 5 4 3 11 Why does all matter have thermal energy? Thermal energy is the energy of moving atoms and molecules. Since all matter, regardless of its state or temperature, has moving molecules, all matter has thermal energy. Because of the black, white, & gray coloring of these workbook pages, a colored answer key is not available. 114

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