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Comprehensive Textbook HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACYof Dr. R KANTBy
© SIMPATHY 2026 Comprehensive Textbook of Homeopathic Pharmacy All rights reserved All rights reserved by Publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. Although every precaution has been taken to verify the accuracy of the information contained herein, the author and publisher assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for damages that may result from the use of information contained within Written by ©Dr. R.Kant, 2026 First Published in July 2026. ISBN: 978-81-687510-0-2 Price: 500/- Typographic Design: Ratna Bhaduri Distributed by: Simpathy, Amazon, Flipkart Design & composed by: Nisha, Studio creatives, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi Enquiry on: sihppsdelhi@gmail.com, editor@simpathy.org, +91 9968009198 Published by: SIMPATHY INSTITUTE OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY AND HOSPITAL C-79/6, Om Nagar, Badarpur, New Delhi-110044 S I M P A T H Y
Dr. R. KANT Physician & Educator B.Sc. (Botany Hons), B.H.M.S. (B.A. Bihar University, Muz, India), P.G. (Hospital Management), Chief Editor of Health Flash Journal Founder Director of Simpathy Institute of Homoeopathy Pharmacy and Hospital (New Delhi) S I M P A T H Y COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY
Dedicated to My loving Dad for their love, boundless encouragement, and sacrifice.
Aphorism 265 “In the Sixth Edition of the Organon, it advocates for the physician, or by extension the pharmacist, to prepare the medicine personally to ensure accuracy”. Dr. Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843)
FOREWORD ..................................................................................................... 11 PREFACE .......................................................................................................... 13 EDUCATION, SCOPE & ETHICS ................................................................ 15 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 24 1.1 Introduction to Homoeopathic Pharmacy. 1.2 World Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia 1.3 Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (H. P.I.) 1.4 Evolution of the “Concept of Pharmacy” as an integral part of Homoeopathy CHAPTER II: METROLOGY ..................................................................... 66 2.1 Introduction to Weights and Measures 2.2 The Basic System of International Units 2.3 Tables of Approximate Equivalence CHAPTER III: VEHICLES .......................................................................... 74 3.1 Introduction to Vehicle 3.2 Solid Vehicle 3.3 Semi solid Vehicle 3.4 Liquid Vehicle CHAPTER IV: METHODS OF MOTHER PREPARATION ............... 120 4.1 Overview of Mother Preparations 4.2 Old Method of Preparation 4.3 New Method of Preparation 4.4 Base of (Simple) Syrup Preparation 4.5 Suspension Preparation CONTENTS
CHAPTER V: POTENTIZATION ............................................................. 152 5.1 Introduction to Potentization 5.2 Scales of Potentization 5.3 Method of Potentization 5.4 Preparation under Succussion 5.5 Preparation under Trituration 5.6 Nosodes and Sarcodes Preparation 5.7 Good Manufacturing Process CHAPTER VI: EXTERNAL APPLICATION ......................................... 188 6.1 Introduction, Classification, Vehicle used 6.2 Liniments, Lotions, Glycerol, Oil Preparation 6.3 Ointments, Cream, Poultices, Plaster Preparation 6.4 Dressing and Bandages CHAPTER VII: TABLETS AND CAPSULES ........................................ 218 7.1 Introduction to Tablets 7.2 Classifications of Capsule CHAPTER VIII: HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICATION .......................... 240 8.1 Prescription 8.2 Medication Principle 8.3 Dispensing Principle 8.4 Routes of Administration CHAPTER-IX: PHARMACODYNAMICS ............................................. 258 9.1 Introduction to Pharmacodynamics 9.2 Evolution of Pharmacodynamics 9.3 Mechanism of Drug Action 9.4 Drug Proving 9.5 Dose and potency in Pharmacodynamics (Posology) 9.6 Susceptibility and Individualisation
9.7 Drug Relationship 9.8 Clinical Application of Pharmacodynamics 9.9 Limitation of Pharmacodynamics CHAPTER X: PHARMACOKINETICS .................................................. 278 10.1 Introduction to Pharmacokinetics 10.2 Absorption of Homoeopathic Medicine 10.3 Drug Distribution 10.4 Drug Metabolism 10.5 Drug Excretion 10.6 Bioavailability of Homoeopathic Medicine 10.7 Factors affecting Pharmacokinetics CHAPTER XI: PHARMACEUTICAL LAB METHODS ..................... 290 11.1 Layout Plan as Ideal Homoeopathic Pharmacy 11.2 Distillation 11.3 Drying Process 11.4 Size Separation 11.5 Mixing and Homogenization 11.6 Filtration and Clarification 11.7 Evaporation 11.8 Heat Process 11.9 Sterilization CHAPTER XII: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY ......................... 338 12.1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry 12.2 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding 12.3 Chemical Symbol and Formulas 12.4 Physiochemical Changes in Homoeopathy 12.5 Phytochemical Compounds in Homoeopathy 12.6 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Substances
12.7 Quality Control and Standards 12.8 Analytical Chemistry CHAPTER XIII: INCOMPATIBILITIES ............................................... 372 13.1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities 13.2 Classification of Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities 13.3 Vehicle Incompatibilities 13.4 Incompatibility in Homoeopathic Preparation 13.5 Incompatibility in Dispensing 13.6 Incompatibility in Storage and Preservation 13.7 Prevention and Management of Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities CHAPTER XIV: LABELLING AND PACKEGING .............................. 388 14.1 Introduction to Labelling and Packaging 14.2 Types of Pharmaceutical Labelling and Packaging 14.3 Mandatory Labelling Requirements (As per Drugs & Cosmetics Act and Rules) 14.4 Labelling and Packaging Errors
I am very happy to see that Dr. R Kant, Founder Director, SIMPATHY Institute of Homoeopathic Pharmacy, Delhi is bringing out a new book on Pharmaceutics of Homoeopathy. This is intended to be a text book for students of Homoeopathic pharmacy. I personally know Dr. R. Kant for several years. He has been working relentlessly for standardization of Homeopathic dispensing, medical centers, sales outlets, manufacturing units and regulatory divisions. With his honest and untiring efforts, he could succeed in introducing a regular Diploma course for the Pharmacy in Homeopathy at first college of Homoeopathic Pharmacy that is Simpathy institute of Homoeopathic Pharmacy in Delhi. I am sure that this will go a long way in helping quality assurances in Homeopathic industry, dispensing, research as well regulating the Homeopathic products. Thanks to the vision of the Delhi Board of Homeopathic System of Medicine in pursuing the Delhi Govt. to approve Diploma course in Homoeopathic Pharmacy through the Board and also granting affiliation to SIMPATHY Institute of Homeopathic Pharmacy to introduce the course. Other state Boards/ Councils of Homeopathy may take a clue from this and introduce such course in their states. Homeopathy is one health system widely practiced in almost all continents. Dr. Hahnemann, the founder of the system, introduced Potentization, an unconventional approach in the preparation of the medicines, and a new therapeutic principle for the treatment of the sick. Homoeopathic Pharmacy is potentially a great subject for innovation and research in Homeopathy, though it is given less significance in the Homeopathic UG program. In order to develop this branch of Homeopathy, way back in 1995, the Govt. had constituted an Expert Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. M.P. Arya to prepare the curriculum for Diploma and Degree courses in Homeopathic Pharmacy. The Committee made pragmatic recommendations and prepared the curriculum for a Certificate and Diploma course for Pharmacists in Homeopathy. An effort was also made to constitute a regulatory body for Pharmacy education in Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy in 2005 and Bill was also FOREWORD 11Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
introduced in the Parliament. The main reasons for strict regulations were identified as: 1. Need for having uniform education system or curriculum for training of Pharmacists of AYUSH. 2. Increase in demand of these medicines led to commercialization of drug industry which is leading to unethical practices. 3. Drug manufacturing of AYUSH is being regulated by Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 & Rules1945. Qualified personnel are required to regulate the provisions. 4. Unregulated Pharmacy education and training is available at Diploma, Degree and Post Graduate level in Indian Medicine in different states. Due to various reasons, none of these efforts succeeded in bringing organized training programs for Pharmacist in Homeopathy. t Later in 2008, the National Institute of Homeopathy, Kolkata developed curriculum for the Degree course for Pharmacists with the support from Dr.M.L.Dhawale Trust Mumbai and initiated introduction of the Course. This could not succeed due to technical objections from there regulatory Council in Homeopathy. In other Indian systems, there are Certificate, Diploma, Degree, Postgraduate and Doctoral programmes in Pharmacy without any regulatory council. In Homeopathy, this could not happen. The effort of the Delhi Board is a very welcome step and the initiative of Dr. Kant in progressive. There is a dire need to train the dispensers or Pharmacist of Homeopathic medicine. This book and the efforts of Dr. Kant shall go a long way to bridge the gap that exists in this sector. Prof (Dr). ESWARADAS, MD (Hom.), PhD, MBA (Health Care) Project Coordinator, National Homeopathy Research Institute for Mental Health, Former Director, National Institute of Homeopathy, Kolkata, Former Specialist Validator (Homeopathy), Center for Health Informatics| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy 12
The Homoeopathy is the second largest medical system in the world and Homoeopathic pharmacy profession, have been growing in the world especially in India at an enormous rate. Keeping in view the vast potential available for this noble profession, there existence was a need for systemic approach to the subject Homoeopathic Pharmaceutics. This book has been specially written to meet the needs of diploma students of Homoeopathic Pharmacy. The book gives elaborate and point wise explanation regarding different topics in Pharmaceutics according to the notified syllabus by Govt. for Homoeopathic Pharmacy subject, with simple and systematic illustrations. This is our sincere attempt to present modern concept in Pharmaceutics in simple and lucid language. With the developing interest and increasing potential in the field of Homoeopathic Pharmaceutics, I feel that this book will generate enough enthusiasm among the students and teachers of Homoeopathic therapeutics will offer a helping hand to the practice of homoeopathic pharmacy. I am hoping for an overwhelming response from the students and teachers of the various institutes of the country. I am thankful to Dr.(Mrs.) K.S. Sethi former adviser Ministry of Ayush (Govt. of India), Dr. Rajeev Kumar Sharma Director Pharmacopoeia commission for Indian medicine and Homoeopathy, Ministry of Ayush (Govt. of India), Dr Binit Kumar Dwivedi Research Officer/ Scientist- III Central council for research in Homoeopathy Ministry of Ayush (Govt. of India), and Dr. Eshwara Das Former Director of National Institute of Homoeopathy Kolkata and Board of Homoeopathic Medicine Delhi (Govt. of Delhi), for their co- operation and encouragement. I am also thankful to Mrs. Aarti Dixit for content typing and Mrs. Dr. Deepika Singh for editing the book. I am always open to constructive criticism and timely suggestions from all stars of the profession in order to improve the quality of the subsequent editions of the book. PREFACE Dr. R. KANT B.Sc. (Hons), B.H.M.S. (B,A.Bihar University, Muz, India), P.G. (Hospital Management), Chief Editor of Health Flash Journal Project Coordinator, Thyroid free India Mission (New Delhi), Founder Director of Simpathy Institute of Homoeopathy Pharmacy and Hospital (New Delhi)Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy | 13
HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY EDUCATION IN INDIA West Bengal The Council of Homoeopathic Medicine in West Bengal, under the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal, announced a one-year homoeopathic pharmacy course in 2000. This program is offered at seven homoeopathic pharmacy colleges in the state. Each academic year has a total of one hundred seats available, with 50% reserved for the council and the remaining seats filled by other colleges. The course is called Certificate in Homoeopathic Pharmacy and lasts for one year. Admission is based on merit, requiring candidates to have completed 10th grade. The minimum marks needed to submit the admission form are 50% for the general category and 45% for the reserved category. Kerala State The Government of Kerala introduced a one-year certificate course in homoeopathic pharmacy in 2004. This program began with two government homoeopathic medical colleges. The course is named Certificate Course in Homoeopathic Pharmacy (CCP) and also lasts for one year. Admissions are merit-based, and Candidates must have passed SSLC or an equivalent exam and must be at least 17 years old. Delhi In 2009, Dr. R Kant began the homoeopathy pharmacy course in New Delhi, India. The Board of Homoeopathic System of Medicine in New Delhi took the next steps, and the Government of Delhi finally issued a notification on August 18, 2015. The course is called Diploma in Homoeopathic Pharmacy and lasts for two years. It started at Simpathy Institute of Homoeopathic Pharmacy in 2016. The admission process is Education, Scope & Ethics 15Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
based on merit, and it requires candidates to have completed 12th grade with subjects in PCB. The minimum marks required for submitting the admission form are 50% for the general category and 45% for the reserved category. Uttarakhand The Govt. of Uttarakhand has established a two-year Homeopathic Pharmacist Diploma course under order No. 015/xxxx/2011-154/2010/ AYUSH Education department, dated 5 January 2011. The Uttarakhand Homoeopathic Medicine Board has launched this course with three colleges in the state. Each academic year, there are a total of 150 seats available. Half of these seats are reserved for the Uttarakhand Homoeopathic Medicine Board, while the other three colleges fill 75 seats. The course is called Diploma in Homoeopathic Pharmacy and lasts for two years. Admissions are based on merit and require candidates to have passed the 12th grade in Science (PCB). Uttar Pradesh The Govt. of Uttar Pradesh has also announced this course with a notification dated 21st December 2015. The course, named Diploma in Homoeopathic Pharmacy, is offered at 234 homoeopathic pharmacy colleges in the state. Its duration is two years, and admission is based on an entrance examination for candidates who have passed the 12th grade. The number of seats depends on the college’s capacity and infrastructure. Haryana The Govt. of Haryana introduced the two-year diploma course in homoeopathic pharmacy in 2019 through a notification. The course is named Diploma in Homoeopathic Pharmacy and has a duration of two years. The government plans to start the session in 2021, but it is still in the process of being launched. 16| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Other State In the states mentioned above, the Homoeopathic Pharmacy course is in operation. Other states in India are expected to start or announce this course soon. The central government is also drafting the Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy Pharmacy Central Council Bill, 2016, to regulate education and the profession of pharmacy in Indian medicine and Homoeopathy. The Central Pharmacy Council of Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy planning to constitute by Govt. of India to provide for the regulation of the education and profession of pharmacy in Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy. SCOPE & ETHICS OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACIST A Homoeopathic Pharmacist plays a crucial role in the healthcare system by ensuring the accurate preparation, safe dispensing, and rational use of homoeopathic medicines. Their responsibilities extend beyond compounding and stocking; they contribute to treatment outcomes, patient education, and adherence to professional ethics. SCOPE A. Pharmaceutical Responsibilities Scope a. Preparation & Standardization of Medicines • Preparation of mother tinctures, dilutions, trituration, ointments, and other dosage forms as per Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeias. • Ensuring correct potentization methods (succussion, trituration). • Quality control and assurance of raw materials, solvents, containers, and finished products. b. Dispensing & Labeling • Accurate dispensing of medicines as prescribed. • Correct labeling with potency, batch number, date of dispensing, and patient instructions. 17Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
c. Inventory & Storage Management • Maintaining adequate stock of medicines. • Ensuring proper storage conditions to preserve drug potency. • Preventing contamination, adulteration, or deterioration. B. Clinical & Patient-Centered Scope a. Patient Counselling • Advising patients on correct usage, dosage, storage, and precautions of medicines. • Promoting rational use of homoeopathic medicines. b. Physicians Assisting • Supporting homoeopathic doctors during case-taking by providing medicinal information. • Ensuring timely availability of required potencies and formulations. c. Pharmacovigilance • Reporting and documenting unusual reactions, product defects, or medication errors. C. Regulatory & Administrative Scope • Working in homoeopathic pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, educational institutions, or manufacturing units. • Maintaining records as per Drugs & Cosmetics Act and Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia guidelines. • Participating in audits, inspections, and compliance activities. D. Research & Development • Participating in drug proving (homeopathic drug trials). • Involvement in research related to pharmacology, pharmaceutics, and quality testing. • Contributing to development of new formulations or delivery systems. E. Job Opportunities in Industry and Academic • Manufacturing Industry: The production and manufacturing units also need qualified persons to maintain the quality of production. Homoeopathic pharmaceutical professionals for production and 18| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
manufacturing are required by companies. Pharmacist needs for Quality control/assurance, production, packaging, R&D. • Analysis and testing: Analysis and testing go hand in hand with is industry, especially in order to maintain proper quality control and quality assurance. For the same, skilled staff is required to handle sensitive analytical dwellings. • Community & Hospital Pharmacy: The pharmacists in the clinics and hospital are the best-informed individuals for dispensing drugs in the govt. sectors like NDMC, C.G.H.S, MCD, and ESI dispensaries and Hospitals as well as the private clinics. The diploma holders are eligible to work as homoeopathic pharmacists. They become eligible to assist qualified, experienced homoeopathic physicians for dispensing, patient management, and counseling. • Sales and Marketing: Homoeopathic pharmaceutical sales and marketing is considered to be a highly technical arena and hence one of the best when it comes to perks. • Academics: Teaching or demonstrator in homoeopathic colleges or pharmacy training institutes. ETHICS Introduction In a therapeutic system of homoeopathy, where faith forms the grand corpus of the whole system, it is necessary to regulate the whole process apart from the government regulations and acts, it is essential for all those involved in the business to be very true at their hearts. They need to be true professionals. The Homoeopathic pharmacist not only has the responsibility of preparing the correct medicine for the sick and suffering, but he also has to carry the pride of the entire homoeopathic faculty. Like all other systems. Homoeopathic pharmacy has an ethical framework which should be practiced by everyone involved in the trade. Professional ethics establish a pattern of behavior which clients expect from members of the profession. Once a consistent pattern of behavior is discerned by clients, they expect maybe their behavior ought to remain constant and their expectations become a part of the relationship they establish with professionals. 19Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
The ethics conducted as: A. Professional Conduct • Uphold honesty, integrity, and professional confidentiality. • Respect the dignity, rights, and beliefs of patients. • Maintain professional boundaries and avoid misuse of professional position. B. Ethical Dispensing Practices • Dispense the medicine exactly as prescribed, without alteration of Potency, Form, Dose, Quantity. • Avoid self-prescribing or altering prescriptions without physician consultation. • Refrain from substituting medicines with cheaper or different potencies. C. Confidentiality & Respect for Patients • Keep patient prescriptions, records, and personal information confidential. • Do not disclose clinical details without patient consent. D. Quality Assurance Ethics • Ensure authenticity and purity of raw materials. • Maintain clean working environment and sterile equipment. • Follow standard procedures for preparation and potentization. E. Ethical Sales & Business Practices • Avoid misleading claims about the efficacy of homoeopathic medicines. • Avoid selling unregistered or spurious products. • Maintain fair pricing and ethical marketing. F. Ethical Responsibility toward Society • Promote safe and rational use of homoeopathic medicines. • Participate in public health programs. • Avoid promoting superstition, false cures, or unscientific information. 20| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
G. Ethics toward the Profession • Maintain updated knowledge through continued learning. • Respect colleagues, physicians, and other healthcare professionals. • Follow guidelines of regulatory bodies like CCH, AYUSH, and state pharmacy councils. So, Ethics are necessary for any profession for interpretation by the society the conduct of its member in context to the special knowledge they possess as members of that profession. Homoeopathic pharmacist as a profession carries a challenge. The potential of this art is infinite. So, pharmaceutical companies should stick to the basics of homoeopathic principles in the preparation of drugs. Any deviation from the principle may bring short- lived fame with them but will be detrimental in the long run, and it will be a criminal reason against the divine system. The code of ethics is necessary and essential in homoeopathy because: • It makes the expert committed to his profession and is a safeguard against any adulteration that may try to creep into the profession. • It makes the decision-making process for any problem, that may crop up easier. • Individual professionals occasionally may need guidelines for directing their professional behavior. Finally, the role of a homoeopathic pharmacist extends beyond simple dispensing. Their responsibilities encompass pharmaceutical skills, patient care, quality control, adherence to law, and above all, strong ethical conduct. Properly trained and ethically responsible pharmacists ensure the credibility and growth of homoeopathic healthcare. 21Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
INTRODUCTION 11CHAPTER 23Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
TOPICS COVERED • Introduction to Homoeopathic Pharmacy. • World Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia • Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (H. P.I.) • Evolution of the “Concept of Pharmacy” as an integral part of Homoeopathy 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY Homoeopathic Pharmacy is a specialized branch of pharmaceutical science that focuses on the preparation, standardization, and dispensing of homoeopathic medicines in accordance with the principles laid down by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann. It serves as the scientific foundation of homoeopathic therapeutics, ensuring that medicines are prepared with accuracy, purity, and safety to achieve the highest level of healing efficiency. Rooted in the law of “Similia Similibus Curentur” (like cures like), homoeopathic pharmacy deals with the systematic processes of drug collection, identification, extraction, potentization, and preparation of dosage forms. From selecting authentic raw materials of botanical, mineral, animal, and biological origin to transforming them into highly refined potencies, the pharmacy plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of homoeopathic remedies. The discipline emphasizes strict adherence to pharmacopoeial standards as described in authorities such as the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI), the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS), the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP), and other international pharmacopoeias. These guidelines ensure uniformity, quality control, and safety during the manufacturing and dispensing processes. 24| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Homoeopathic Pharmacy also incorporates modern scientific principles, laboratory testing, quality assurance, and proper dispensing techniques. The homoeopathic pharmacists to deliver evidence-based, standardized, and ethically prepared medicines. Overall, Homoeopathic Pharmacy stands as a dynamic and essential component of homoeopathic medical science—supporting physicians, safeguarding patients, and ensuring the continued credibility and advancement of homoeopathy as a system of healing. 1.1.1 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY Homoeopathic Pharmacy is both an art and a science that enables us to understand the identification, collection, testing, and preservation of drug substances obtained from various natural sources. It involves preparing and maintaining finished products under proper laboratory conditions, as well as combining and compounding medicines according to the rules of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia, and finally dispensing them as per the physician’s prescription. OR The homoeopathic pharmacy is defined as study of identification, collection, preservation, preparation, dynamization, dispensing, and drug doses. IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG Identification of a drug is the fundamental step in Homoeopathic Pharmacy to ensure the correct raw material is selected for medicine preparation. Accurate identification helps maintain the quality, purity, safety, and therapeutic value of homoeopathic drugs. Drug identification is a crucial procedure. A systematic approach using organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and pharmacogenetic methods ensures authentic, high-quality raw materials for safe and effective homoeopathic medicines. 1. Objectives of Identification • To correctly recognize the source of the drug (plant, animal, or mineral). • To confirm the authenticity and purity of crude drug materials. • To distinguish genuine drugs from adulterated or substituted materials. 25Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• To collect scientific information for standardisation of homoeopathic medicines. • To ensures correct drug usage in mother tincture preparation. • To maintains pharmacological and therapeutic accuracy. • Essential for quality control, legal compliance, and patient safety. 2. Methods of Drug Identification a. Organoleptic Examination: Organoleptic examination involves the use of sense organs to assess crude drugs, including evaluation of their appearance such as size, shape, colour, and texture, along with their odor, which may be aromatic, pungent, or characteristic, and their taste, such as sweet, bitter, or astringent, assessed only in substances that are known to be safe. b. Microscopic Examination: Microscopic evaluation involves the study of tissues, cells, trichomes, stomata, vessels, crystals, and other microscopic structures, and it helps in the accurate identification of powdered drugs or finely cut crude materials. c. Physical Evaluation: The evaluation of crude drugs involves the measurement of physical properties such as specific gravity, melting and boiling points, solubility, hardness in the case of minerals, and moisture content. d. Chemical Tests: The Colour reactions, precipitation tests, and reagent-based analyses are used to detect and confirm the presence of specific chemical constituents in drugs. e. Pharmacogenetic Study: A detailed examination of crude drugs includes the study of their botanical source, taxonomical classification, macroscopic and microscopic characters, active constituents, geographical distribution, and the methods of their collection and preservation. f. Chromatographic Techniques: Advanced analytical techniques such as TLC, HPLC, GC, and spectrophotometry are used for the accurate identification and fingerprinting of active constituents in drugs. g. Reference Standards: The sample should be identified by comparing it with standard references such as the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI), the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS), the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP), and authentic herbarium or museum specimens. 26| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
3. Identification based on Drug Source • Plant Sources: The identification of plant drugs involves confirmation of the botanical name and family, detailed study of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds, and examination of microscopic diagnostic features. • Animal Sources: The identification of animal-source drugs, accurate species identification, clear recognition of the nature of the product such as venom, secretion, milk, or tissue, and assurance of purity along with proper collection techniques are essential. • Mineral Sources: The identification of mineral drugs involves examining their chemical formula and crystalline structure, conducting tests for purity, colour, streak, and hardness, and analyzing their solubility and specific gravity. 4. Common Adulterants and Substitutes The possibilities of adulteration and substitution in crude drugs include mixed plant species, artificially coloured materials, impure minerals, and degraded or moisture-affected drugs. 5. Documentation Each drug identification should be thoroughly recorded, including the source details, date of collection, description and test results, identification number or batch code, and the signature of the analyst. COLLECTION OF DRUG The collection of drugs is the most essential step in the preparation of homoeopathic medicines. The quality, purity, and therapeutic efficacy of medicines largely depend on the correct selection, and collection of raw materials. Drugs are collected from plant, animal, mineral, nosodes, and sarcodes sources, followed by the principles laid down in Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeias. The collection of drugs is a scientific, skill-based process that ensures the purity and effectiveness of homoeopathic medicines. Correct identification, proper timing, ethical practices, and careful handling together contribute to producing high-quality medicinal preparations. 27Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
1. Objectives of Drug Collection • To obtain genuine raw materials of highest purity. • To ensure correct identification of drug sources. • To collect drugs at the stage when their medicinal properties are most active. • To prevent adulteration, contamination, and loss of potency. • To follow ethical and sustainable collection practices. 2. General Guidelines for Drug Collection Proper botanical, zoological, or chemical identification of drugs is essential, and authentic reference materials along with expert consultation should be used whenever necessary to ensure accuracy and reliability. 3. Correct Stage of Collection • Roots → collected in autumn or early spring. • Leaves → collected before flowering. • Flowers → collected at full bloom. • Seeds/Fruits → collected when fully matured. • Barks → collected in spring or autumn. • Animal products → collected humanely and ethically. 4. Time of Collection Early morning or late afternoon is preferred for the collection of plant drugs. Mineral drugs do not require any fixed season or time for collection and may be collected at any time of the year, provided their purity and identity are properly ensured. Animal-source drugs should be collected under specific conditions like venoms (such as snake and bee venom) are best collected during the active season, usually in warm months when the venom glands are fully developed; milk (e.g., Lac caninum, Lac vaccinium) should be obtained from healthy animals, preferably in the early morning; and secretions such as hormones and bile should be collected during normal physiological activity and not during periods of illness. 5. Tools and Equipment Sharp knives, scissors, digging tools, clean, dry collection bags, Specimen labels and notebooks for record keeping are required. 28| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
6. Care During Collection During handling and storage, mechanical damage to plant parts should be avoided, different drugs should be kept in separate and properly labelled containers, and contact with dust, insects, and moisture must be prevented to preserve the quality of the drugs. 7. Factors Affecting Drug Quality The quality and efficacy of crude drugs are influenced by several factors, including geographical location, soil conditions and climate, the stage of growth or maturity of the source, the time and method of collection, and the conditions under which the drugs are stored. Proper attention to these factors ensures high quality and reliability of homoeopathic medicines. 8. Documentation Each collected drug must be properly documented with its botanical, zoological, or chemical name, common name, date and place of collection, part used, collector’s name, and any special observations. Maintaining this record helps ensure the authenticity and traceability of the drug. This record helps in maintaining authenticity and traceability. PRESERVATION Proper preservation of raw drugs is essential in Homoeopathic Pharmacy to maintain their purity, potency, and medicinal value. Raw drug materials used in homoeopathy include plant parts, animal products, minerals, chemicals, and nosodes. Each category requires specific preservation methods to prevent deterioration and ensure the quality of future mother tinctures and potencies. 1. Objectives of Preservation • To maintain the natural properties and medicinal value of raw materials. • To prevent contamination by microorganisms, insects, rodents, moisture, and dust. • To avoid chemical changes such as oxidation, fermentation, and decomposition. • To ensure availability of quality raw drugs throughout the year. • To comply with regulatory standards of homoeopathic pharmacopeia. 29Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
2. General Principles of Preservation Crude drugs should be stored in clean, dry, and airtight containers made of glass, porcelain, or food-grade plastic, in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated room away from sunlight. Each container must be clearly labeled with the drug name, source, date of collection, and batch number. Raw drugs should be regularly inspected for any signs of spoilage, and proper records should be maintained to ensure traceability. 3. Preservation Techniques of different sources of Raw Drugs Vegetable (Plant) Sources: Includes roots, leaves, bark, seeds, flowers, fruits, whole plants. Methods of Preservation: a. Drying: • Shade drying is preferred to preserve active constituents. • Mechanical drying may be used for large-scale processing. b. Cleaning: • Remove foreign matter, soil, insects, and unusable parts. c. Storage: • Store in airtight containers to prevent moisture absorption. Herbs rich in essential oils must be stored in amber-coloured glass bottles. d. Avoid: • Exposure to direct sunlight, excessive humidity, and high temperature. Animal Sources: Includes insects, milk, tissues, snake venom, glands, etc. Methods of Preservation: • Use freshly collected animal materials. • Preserve with suitable menstruum for immediate stabilization. • Store venomous materials in sealed vials under refrigeration. • Maintain strict hygienic conditions to prevent microbial growth. Mineral & Chemical Sources: Includes metals, salts, minerals, ores, acids, and alkalis. Methods of Preservation: Store in airtight, corrosion-free containers. 30| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Protect from moisture to avoid deliquescence or efflorescence. • Acids and volatile substances must be stored in well-stoppered glass bottles. • Light-sensitive chemicals must be preserved in dark amber bottles. • Keep away from heat sources to avoid degradation. Nosodes & Sarcodes: Highly sensitive materials derived from diseased tissues or secretions. Methods of Preservation: • Use sterile containers. • Preserve immediately in high-strength alcohol (90% or above). • Store at low temperatures and protect from light. • Handle with strict aseptic techniques. 4. Storage Conditions in Homoeopathic Pharmacy Temperature: Ideally between 20–25°C. Humidity: Maintain dry conditions to avoid fungal growth. Shelving: Use well-organized racks; bottles should not be exposed to vibration. Pest Control: Install insect traps and ensure regular cleaning. Security: Sensitive items (venoms, nosodes) must be stored separately under lock and key. 5. Documentation A comprehensive documentation system should be maintained, including a raw drug logbook recording the date of receipt, supplier details, and quality checks; a batch record for each raw material; and periodic inspection records along with disposal logs for expired or contaminated items. PREPARATION Preparation in homoeopathic pharmacy refers to the systematic methods used to convert crude substances into mother tincture, mother solution, mother trituration and potentized medicines. These preparations follow strict guidelines of official homoeopathic pharmacopeia on identification, collection, preservation of raw materials as well as preparation. 31Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Homoeopathic pharmacists must have the knowledge to prepare medicine according to instructions given in Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. COMPOUNDING Compounding in homoeopathic pharmacy refers to the scientific and systematic process of preparing homoeopathic medicines as per the standards laid down in recognized pharmacopeias such as the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI). It ensures joining two or more elements and uniting two or more different constituents to form a new product. i.e. Calc + Flour; Nat + Phos; Calc + Phos. DYNAMIZATION Dynamization, also known as potentization, is a fundamental process in Homoeopathic Pharmacy through which the latent medicinal power of a substance is enhanced while reducing its material quantity. This process converts inert or crude substances into potent, therapeutically active medicines capable of stimulating the vital force. DISPENSING OF DRUGS Dispensing in homoeopathic pharmacy refers to the accurate preparation, selection, labeling, and supply of homoeopathic medicines to patients as per the prescription of a qualified homoeopathic physician. It is one of the most important responsibilities of a homoeopathic pharmacist, ensuring safety, purity, and proper administration of medicines. 1.1.2 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY In the history of homoeopathic pharmacy, Dr Samuel Fredrick Hahnemann was a combination person of a good physician, a good pharmacologist and a good pharmacist himself. He worked as a pharmacist since the discovery of homoeopathy. The story is based on Cinchona bark, they took some amount of juice or Mother tincture of Cinchona bark to know and prove the truth of Cullen’s Materia medica sentence and he found the juice of cinchona really develops the malarial symptoms. The homoeopathic pharmacy arises from the beginning period of the discovery of homoeopathy. In the 5th edition of the organon of medicine, Hahnemann introduced the theory of “Drug dynamization”, in the year1833. Drug dynamization is 32| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
related to drug energy, drug potency, scales of dynamization like decimal and centesimal, Potency selection, doses, repetition of doses etc. In the 6th edition of Organon of Medicine; Hahnemann introduced a new scale of preparation of medicine “The 50th millesimal Scale” and the new “Theory of repetition of doses” in the year 1920. The 50th millesimal scale is also called the latest scale of homoeopathic preparation and the new theory of dose repetition is totally different from the 5th edition of organon. Finally, the homoeopathic pharmacy was invented by Dr Hahnemann himself and gives us the art of identification, collection, preservation, preparations, dynamization, dispensing, drug dose and repetition of doses. SOURCE OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY The main sources of homoeopathic pharmacy belong to Hahnemann’s literature especially: a. Organon of Medicine, from 1st edition to 6th edition especially 5th and 6th edition which is written in the year 1810 to 1921. b. Materia medica Pura, from 1st part to 4th part which is written in the year 1811 to 1821. c. Chronic Disease, from 1st part to 4th part which is written in the year 1828 to 1830. Some parts of literature were also found on the preparation and dispensing of medicine by homoeopathic physicians which is written in the year 1820. OBJECTIVE OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY The objective of homoeopathic pharmacy is to enhance the knowledge about identification, collection, preservation, preparation, dynamization, dispensing, drug doses, and homoeopathic pharmacopoeia which describes the methods of standardization and purity. The objectives of homoeopathic pharmacy are: • To impart scientific knowledge of homoeopathic drug sources Help students understand the origin of homoeopathic medicines from plant, animal, mineral, and other natural sources. • To develop skill in preparation of homoeopathic medicines • Train learners in methods such as trituration, succussion, dilution, potentization, and preparation of mother tinctures as per HPI, HPUS, and pharmacopoeias standards. 33Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• To ensure quality control and purity of medicines educate pharmacists to maintain high standards of drug quality, purity, and stability throughout procurement, storage, and dispensing. • To train in proper dispensing procedures provide detailed knowledge of labelling, packing, preservation, and issuing medicines to patients accurately and safely. • To promote ethical and safe pharmacy practice encourage adherence to professional ethics, legal regulations, and safe handling of homoeopathic drugs. • To understand pharmacodynamics and drug actions teach the basic principles of drug proving, drug action, primary & secondary effects, and the concept of vital force. • To develop record-keeping and documentation skills train students to maintain registers, inventory, prescriptions, and patient records as required by regulatory authorities. • To create awareness about pharmacy laws and regulations provide knowledge of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, pharmacy rules, and regulatory compliance in India. • To participate research-oriented thinking encourage observation, scientific inquiry, and research into drug preparation, standardization, and clinical use. • To prepare competent homoeopathic pharmacists equip learners with the knowledge, attitude, and skills needed to work effectively in manufacturing units, pharmacies, dispensaries, and research institutions. 1.1.3 BRANCHES OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY The homoeopathic pharmacy is classified as a. Proper Pharmacy: It consists of two kinds of Pharmacy these are: • Official Pharmacy: In this pharmacy, we study the preparation of mother tincture, potentized medicine, trituration, ointments, syrups, tablets and capsules etc. according to the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. The procedure described in this part is performed in a pharmaceutical laboratory. • Extemporaneous Pharmacy: In this pharmacy, we study about Prescription of Physicians and dispensing of medicine. 34| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
The procedures described in this part are practiced in the OPD. b. Galenical Pharmacy: This follows the method and theory of Galen. He was a 2nd Century Greek physician. It is related to the preparation of crude drugs only; hence it is not acceptable to true homoeopaths. c. Other Pharmacy: It consists of different kinds of pharmacy they are: • Theoretical Pharmacy: That branch of pharmacy deals with the teaching of homoeopathic pharmacy in institutions. • Hospital Pharmacy: That branch of pharmacy deals with planning, organizing, directing, motivating communicating and controlling all aspects of drugs in hospitals. • Clinical Pharmacy: That branch of pharmacy deals with patient care provided by pharmacists regarding medication, health promotion, wellness and prevention. • Wholesale Pharmacy: That branch of pharmacy deals with sales and the link of medicine between Hospitals, Institutions, and retailers. • Retail Pharmacy: That branch of pharmacy deals with selling of homoeopathic medicine directly to the customer or patients. 1.1.4 RELATION BETWEEN HOMOEOPATHIC & MODERN PHARMACY It is necessary to understand the relation between modern science pharmacy and homoeopathic pharmacy after that it is easy to know the differences between both pharmacies. Modern Pharmacy Homoeopathic Pharmacy Drug sources of modern science pharmacy are largely Chemicals and synthetics. Drug sources of homoeopathic pharmacy are from plants, animals, minerals, nosodes, sarcodes, and impoderibila. Both systems use Greek and Latin nomenclature of sources. Both systems use Greek and Latin nomenclature of sources. The identification techniques are almost the same in both systems. The identification techniques are almost the same in both systems. 35Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
The process and time of collection are the same in both systems except for some drugs having separate instructions in both systems. The process and time of collection are the same in both systems for some drugs have separate instructions in both systems. The methods of combing, mixing, and dissolving, are common for both systems. The choice, ratio, mixture and duration of the combing period are different. The methods of combing, mixing, and dissolving, are common for both systems. The choice, ratio, mixture and duration of the combing period are different. The process to make chemical compounds from elements are common for both systems. The process to make chemical compounds from elements are common for both systems. Some preparation processes are common in both systems such as mother tincture, aqueous solution, maceration, percolation and trituration. Some preparation processes are common in both systems such as mother tincture, aqueous solution, maceration, percolation and trituration. Some preparation processes are different and only use in modern science like decoctions, granulations, fusions, scaling, etc Some preparation processes are different and are only used in homoeopathy like potentization. Vehicle like Sugar of milk, Tablets, purified water, different strength of alcohols, oils, glycerin, and petroleum are the same in both systems, except Ether, chloroform, dilute acetic acid, and acetone is only used in modern pharmacy. Vehicles like Sugar of milk, Tablets, purified water, and different strength of alcohols, oils, glycerin, and petroleum are the same in both systems. These preparations are only made in modern pharmacies i.e. Suppositories, Injections, capsules, and elixirs. These preparations are only made in homoeopathic pharmacy i.e medicated globules, Back potency, same medicine prepared in different potency from different scales. These preparations are only made in modern pharmacies i.e. Suppositories, Injections, capsules, and elixirs. In homoeopathic pharmacy medicine is prepared and administrated in small doses. Homoeopathic pharmacy mostly depends on oral, olfaction administration of treatment. Homoeopathic pharmacist Homoeopathic pharmacist is a skilled, qualified and professionally trained person who is qualified to manufacture, store, standardize, and dispense, homoeopathic medicine as per principles and Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. 36| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
He or She ensure the purity, potency, safety, and correct labelling of homoeopathic drugs and assist to dispense medicine as per prescription and also get the license to sell the drugs or poisons as per the Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940. Qualities of Pharmacist • Knowledge of pharmacy. • Knowledge of preparation and perfect perception in Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia. • Pharmacists should be qualified, honest, humanitarian and honourable. • Profound love and sympathy for the sick. • Proper skill in performance. 1.2 WORLD HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA A pharmacopoeia is an official compendium that lays down the regulatory standards for drugs manufactured and used within a country. These pharmacopoeial standards are scientifically and experimentally established and serve as benchmarks to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of medicines. The standards are carefully examined, approved, and adopted by a duly constituted authority before being included in the pharmacopoeia. In general, a pharmacopoeia is a recognized reference book that specifies regulatory standards for drug substances and their commonly used dosage forms in a country. It is usually prepared by an authority appointed by the government, with a few exceptions such as the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). In India, the homoeopathic system of medicine has its own official pharmacopoeia known as the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI). The HPI contains monographs that define the quality standards of homoeopathic drugs derived from plant, animal, and chemical sources. DEFINATION A Pharmacopoeia is an official book published by the Government of a country that provides general guidelines for the identification, collection, and preparation of homoeopathic drugs and medicines, as detailed in individual monographs. It also lays down standards for homoeopathic crude 37Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
drugs, finished medicines, and vehicles, along with the standardization methods used to evaluate and ensure their quality. TYPES OF PHARMACOPOEIAS Homoeopathic pharmacopoeias are official or unofficial books that lay down standards for the preparation, identification, and quality control of homoeopathic medicines. They are broadly classified as follows: 1. Official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia These are recognized by the government or statutory authorities of a country and have legal status. • German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP) • British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (BHP) • United States Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS) • French Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (FHP) • Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI) • Brazilian Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia • Pakistan Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia • Mexican Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia 2. Unofficial Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia These are prepared by any private publishers, practitioners, or compilers, individuals, recognized institutions, organisation, society, experts but have not legal status. These books are not pharmacopoeias in the legal sense but are widely referred to for drug preparation and reference. Unofficial pharmacopoeias may be widely used by practitioners for reference but aren’t official legal compendia. • Encyclopaedia of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia • M. Bhattacharya & Co.’s Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia • Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathica Polyglotta (Willmar Schwabe) 1.2.1 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA Dr Samuel Hahnemann was the founder of homoeopathy but also a tireless researcher who conducted numerous experiments to make the system more scientific and to further improve its practice. He introduced a new pharmacological method of drug preparation and application in his 38| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
treatment approach. Although Dr Hahnemann did not author a separate pharmacopoeia describing standardized methods for the preparation of homoeopathic medicines, he clearly preserved and explained the principles of pharmacology and pharmacodynamics in his seminal works— Organon of Medicine, Chronic Diseases, and Materia Medica Pura where he provided detailed processes for drug preparation. The first Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia was compiled by Dr Carl W. Caspari of Leipzig, Germany, in 1825 as the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. Subsequently, other countries developed and published their own homoeopathic pharmacopoeias according to their respective needs and conditions. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA The history of the world’s Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia is closely linked with the development and global acceptance of homoeopathy as a system of medicine. Homoeopathy was founded in the late 18th century by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843), who laid the scientific foundation of drug proving, potentization, and individualization of medicines. His seminal works, Organon of Medicine and Materia Medica Pura, formed the basis for the systematic preparation and standardization of homoeopathic medicines. Initially, homoeopathic drugs were prepared according to Hahnemann’s own methods, described in his writings. As homoeopathy spread from Germany to other parts of Europe, America, and later Asia, the need for standardized pharmaceutical guidelines became evident. This led to the development of official homoeopathic pharmacopoeias in different countries to ensure uniformity, quality, purity, and consistency of medicines. The first official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia was published in Germany in the 19th century, followed by the American Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (AHP) in 1897, which played a significant role in standardizing homoeopathic drug preparation in the United States. Subsequently, other countries such as the United Kingdom, France, and Brazil developed their own pharmacopoeial standards based on Hahnemannian principles while adapting them to local regulations. 39Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
In India, homoeopathy gained official recognition during the British period, and the need for standardized medicines resulted in the publication of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI). The Government of India established the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee (HPC) in 1962, which has since published multiple volumes of the HPI, contributing significantly to the global homoeopathic pharmaceutical literature. Today, homoeopathic pharmacopoeias across the world serve as authoritative references for the identification, preparation, standardization, and quality control of homoeopathic medicines. Though each country may have its own pharmacopoeia, all are rooted in the fundamental principles laid down by Dr. Hahnemann, reflecting a unified global effort to maintain the scientific and therapeutic integrity of homoeopathic pharmacy. 1.2.2 OFFICIAL HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA An Official Pharmacopoeia is a legally recognized and published by Govt. authorities as reference book that sets authoritative standards for homoeopathic medicines and pharmaceutical substances. It serves as the benchmark for quality, purity, strength, and identition of drugs used in homoeopathy. Key Features of an Official Pharmacopoeia • Legal Authority: It is sanctioned by a government or regulatory body, making its standards mandatory. • Drug Monographs: Each monograph provides detailed specifications for a substance, including description, identification tests, purity requirements, assay methods, and storage conditions. • Analytical Methods: It outlines validated procedures such as chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration to ensure consistency in testing. • Public Health Role: By enforcing uniform standards, it protects patients from substandard or adulterated medicines. Examples Worldwide: • Germen Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP) • British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (BHP) 40| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• United States Homoeopathic Pharmacopeia (USHP) • Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of French (FHP) • Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI) • Brazilian Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HP) • Pakistan Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (PHP) • Mexican Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (MHP) GERMAN HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA (G.H.P.) – 1825 The first homoeopathic pharmacopoeia was published in 1825 by Dr. Carl W. Caspari of Leipzig, Germany, under the title “Dispensatorium Homoeopathicum.” This work marked a significant milestone in the standardization of homoeopathic medicines. Later, in 1872, Von Willmar Schwabe compiled and published another important homoeopathic pharmacopoeia titled “Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathic Polyglotica.” This publication is regarded as an official homoeopathic pharmacopoeia. Subsequently, the German Federal Government supported the preparation of a new German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. Although the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia has undergone several revisions and editions over time, all editions have consistently followed the drug preparation principles laid down by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann. Current Legal Status The German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP) is a legally recognized and official pharmacopoeia in Germany. It is published and maintained under the authority of the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices in accordance with the German Medicines Act. The GHP provides authoritative standards for the identification, preparation, quality control, and testing of homoeopathic medicines. Owing to its scientific rigor, detailed monographs, and strict quality standards, the GHP is widely accepted and followed not only in Germany but also in many other countries as a reference standard for homoeopathic drug manufacture and regulation. 41Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
BRITISH HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA (B.H.P.) – 1870 The British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia was first published in 1870 by the British Homoeopathic Society, London. The second edition followed in 1876, and the third edition was published in 1882, all under the auspices of the same society. However, since the British Homoeopathic Society was not a statutory or government-recognized body, the pharmacopoeia did not receive official recognition from the Government of Great Britain and was therefore not regarded as an official pharmacopoeia. Despite this limitation, the scientific merit and practical value of the work led to its wide acceptance and use by homoeopathic practitioners across the world. The British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (BHP) is not an official national pharmacopoeia in the United Kingdom. It has never been adopted by the UK government or the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) as a legally recognised pharmacopoeial standard. Its use remains informative within the homoeopathic community but without official regulatory authority. Current Legal Status The only legally recognised and official pharmacopoeia in the UK is the British Pharmacopoeia (BP), published by the MHRA. This official BP includes quality standards for all medicinal products used in Great Britain, and materials for use in the manufacture of homoeopathic preparations are included as part of this official standard. U.S. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA (U.S.H.P.) – 1897 In 1882, Boericke and Tafel of New York compiled and published the first American Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (AHP). Subsequently, in 1897, the first official homoeopathic pharmacopoeia in the United States was issued under the title “Pharmacopoeia of the American Institute of Homoeopathy”, authored by Otis Clapp and Sons, Boston, USA. In 1901, the second edition of this work was published, and its title was revised to Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States. The Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia has been published in ten editions, and in earlier years, many homoeopathic pharmacists relied on and followed the American Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (AHP). 42| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Current Legal Status The Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) continues to exist and is actively maintained. It remains the official compendium for homeopathic drugs in the U.S. and is recognized under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act, 1938). This means that any substance listed in the HPUS is legally considered a drug for regulatory purposes in the United States. The HPUS provides standards defining the identity, safety, purity, quality, strength, and manufacturing processes of homeopathic drug substances and products. These standards are still referenced by manufacturers and regulators. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF FRENCH (FHP)-1898 The French Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (FHP) was first published in 1898 under the title “Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathique Française.” It was issued by a national authority under the supervision of the French Ministry of Health. The French Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia differs from those of other countries because it includes a wide range of newly introduced medicines, particularly in the categories of nosodes, organs, tissues, biochemical substances, organo-chemical preparations, and mineral remedies used in homoeopathy. Although the French Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia is not officially recognized in India, many Indian homoeopathic physicians acknowledge and use the newer remedies developed in France. The FHP strictly follows the Hahnemannian principles of homoeopathy. Current Legal Status The French Pharmacopoeia (published by the ANSM―France’s national medicines agency) is an official regulatory publication defining standards and purity criteria for pharmaceutical substances, including homoeopathic preparations. It contains monographs for both allopathic and homoeopathic substances, and these homeopathic monographs are typically available in both French and English. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA (HPI)-1971 After independence, the Government of India recognized the need for uniform standards for homoeopathic drugs manufactured and used in the country, as different pharmacopoeias (German, British, American) were being followed inconsistently. 43Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
To ensure standardization, quality control, and legal uniformity, the Government of India decided to prepare an indigenous Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia and Committee constituted to establish Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. • In 1962, the Government of India constituted the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee (HPC) under the Ministry of Health. • The committee was entrusted with the responsibility of preparing official pharmacopoeial standards for homoeopathic medicines used in India. • The committee included experts in homoeopathy, pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacy, and botany. First Publication The first volume of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI), Volume–I, was published in 1971. This marked the formal beginning of Indian pharmacopoeial standards for homoeopathic drugs. Subsequent Volumes After the publication of Volume–I, additional volumes were released periodically to include: • New drug substances • Improved analytical methods • Indian indigenous drugs Over time, multiple volumes (I to XI) were published, covering more than 1,000 homoeopathic drugs of plant, animal, mineral, and chemical origin. Current Legal Status The Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI) is an official pharmacopoeia under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 and the Drugs & Cosmetics Rules, 1945. As an official pharmacopoeial standard, HPI defines the identity, purity, strength and tests for homoeopathic drug substances and preparations used in India. Its monographs are legally recognized standards for manufacture, distribution, sale and quality control of homoeopathic drugs in the country. BRAZILIAN HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA – 1977 The Brazilian Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (Farmacopeia Homeopática Brasileira, FHB) is the official pharmacopoeia of homoeopathic medicines 44| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
in Brazil. Its first edition was published in 1977 (sometimes sources mention 1976–77) with the aim of providing standardized quality, purity, and preparation guidelines for homoeopathic drugs in the country. Key Features • Official Status: Recognized by the Brazilian government and health authorities for legal and regulatory purposes. • Structure: Includes monographs of homoeopathic medicines, detailing source, identification, preparation methods, and quality standards. • Second Edition: The second edition of Part I was published in 1997, updating monographs and including additional drugs. • Purpose: Ensures uniformity and quality control in manufacturing, distribution, and use of homoeopathic medicines in Brazil. The Brazilian Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia serves as a central reference and regulatory standard for homoeopathic drug practice in Brazil, similar to the role of the HPI in India. It has been periodically updated to align with modern pharmacopoeial standards. PAKISTAN HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA – 1978 The Pakistan Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia is the official pharmacopoeia of Pakistan for homoeopathic drugs. Its primary purpose is to standardize the identity, purity, strength, and quality of homoeopathic medicines used in the country. • The first edition was published in 1978, although work on its preparation began in the mid-1970s. • The second edition of Part I was published in 1997 by the Board of Homoeopathic System of Medicine, Pakistan. • The pharmacopoeia contains monographs of plant, animal, mineral, and chemical drugs commonly used in homoeopathic practice in Pakistan. • Each monograph provides information about the source, description, identification tests, preparation methods, and standards of the respective drug. Key Points • Legally recognized under Pakistan’s health regulations. • Serves as a reference standard for manufacturers, practitioners, and researchers. 45Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Helps ensure uniformity and quality control in the production and use of homoeopathic medicines in Pakistan. The Pakistan Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia provides a scientifically validated and legally sanctioned framework for homoeopathic drug standards, ensuring safe and effective use of homoeopathic medicines across Pakistan. MEXICAN HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA – 1998 The Mexican Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia is the official pharmacopoeia of Mexico for homoeopathic medicines. Its first edition was published in 1998 under the authority of the Mexican Ministry of Health, to provide standardized guidelines for the preparation, identification, and quality control of homoeopathic drugs used in the country. Key Features • It is Recognized by the Mexican government as the legal standard for homoeopathic drugs. • Contains monographs of homoeopathic drug substances and preparations, including plant, animal, and mineral sources. Each monograph provides detailed information on: a. Source and description of the drug b. Methods of preparation and standardization c. Identity, purity, and quality control parameters d. Dosage forms and storage requirements • The Purpose is to ensures uniformity, safety, and quality of homoeopathic medicines in Mexico. • Pharmacists, manufacturers, researchers, and regulatory authorities in the field of homoeopathy are the users. The publication of the Mexican Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia in 1998 was a major step toward formalizing homoeopathic drug standards in Mexico. It allows for legal enforcement of quality standards and serves as a reference for education, research, and clinical practice in homoeopathy. 46| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
1.2.3 UN-OFFICIAL HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA An Unofficial Pharmacopoeia refers to a collection of drug standards, descriptions, or references that are not legally recognized and published by private body like individual, Organization, Society, Institution, an unofficial one serves more as a guideline, educational resource, or private compilation. Key Features of an Unofficial Pharmacopoeia • No Legal Authority: It is not sanctioned by law, so its standards are advisory rather than mandatory. • Reference Use: Often compiled by scholars, institutions, or professional groups for teaching, research, or practice guidance. • Content: May include drug monographs, analytical methods, and therapeutic notes, but without the force of regulation. • Limitations: Cannot be used in courts of law or regulatory inspections to judge drug quality. • Examples: • Encyclopaedia of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia • M. Bhattacharya & Co.’s Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia • Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathica Polyglotta Encyclopaedia of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (EHP) – 1997 ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA (EHP) – 1997 The Encyclopaedia of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (EHP) is an important reference work in homoeopathic pharmacy, published in 1997. It was compiled to provide a comprehensive and consolidated source of pharmacopoeial information on homoeopathic drugs used worldwide. The EHP consists of four volumes and contain approximately 1,860 monographs. These monographs are compiled from various recognized homoeopathic pharmacopoeias, including the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI), Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS), British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (BHP), and German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP). Thus, it serves as a unified reference for comparative study and standard understanding. The Encyclopaedia is edited by Dr. P. N. Verma and Dr. Indu Vaid, both eminent authorities in the field of homoeopathic pharmacy. 47Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
The work presents detailed information on the source of drugs, botanical and chemical identity, methods of preparation, standards of purity, and nomenclature, following classical homoeopathic principles. It is important to note that the EHP is not an official pharmacopoeia and has no legal or statutory status. However, it is widely used by students, teachers, researchers, and manufacturers as a reliable academic and reference guide for understanding and correlating standards prescribed in different homoeopathic pharmacopoeias. M. BHATTACHARYA & CO.’S HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA M. Bhattacharya & Co.’s Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia occupies an important place in the development of homoeopathic pharmacy in India. Compiled and published by M. Bhattacharya & Co. (Chemists), Calcutta, this pharmacopoeia was prepared to meet the practical needs of Indian homoeopathic physicians and pharmacists at a time when dependence on European pharmacopoeias was difficult due to differences in climate, availability of raw drugs, and local practice. The pharmacopoeia provides systematic standards for the identification, preparation, and preservation of homoeopathic medicines. It describes the sources of drugs (plant, animal, and mineral), methods of collection and authentication, and detailed procedures for mother tinctures, trituration, and potencies, following the fundamental principles laid down by Hahnemann. Special attention is given to adapting these processes to Indian conditions, especially with regard to indigenous medicinal plants and locally available raw materials. A significant contribution of M. Bhattacharya & Co.’s Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia is its emphasis on practical pharmacy operations. Clear directions are given for strength of alcohol, proportion of drug and vehicle, duration of maceration, filtration, labelling, and storage, ensuring uniformity and quality in drug preparation. This helped reduce variations in dispensing and improved the reliability of homoeopathic medicines in routine practice. Historically, this pharmacopoeia played a vital role in the standardization of homoeopathic pharmacy in India before the establishment of official bodies such as the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee of India. It served as an authoritative reference for students, teachers, pharmacists, and practitioners, and contributed significantly to the growth and professionalization of homoeopathic pharmacy in the country. 48| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
M. Bhattacharya & Co.’s Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia represents an early and influential Indian effort to codify homoeopathic drug standards, bridging classical European principles with Indian pharmaceutical practice and laying a foundation for later official pharmacopoeial works. PHARMACOPOEIA HOMOEOPATHICA POLYGLOTTA (WILLMAR SCHWABE) - 1872 Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathica Polyglotta is one of the most important classical homoeopathic pharmacopoeias, compiled and published by Dr. Willmar Schwabe in 1872. The term Polyglotta means “many languages,” reflecting the unique feature of this work in presenting homoeopathic pharmaceutical knowledge in multiple European languages. This pharmacopoeia was developed with the objective of bringing uniformity and standardization in the preparation of homoeopathic medicines across different countries. During the nineteenth century, variations in drug preparation methods existed among homoeopaths in Europe. Schwabe addressed this problem by compiling authoritative procedures based on the principles laid down by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, especially those described in the Organon of Medicine and earlier homoeopathic dispensatories. The Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathica Polyglotta describes the sources of drugs, including plant, animal, and mineral origins, along with clear instructions for their collection, identification, purification, and processing. It provides detailed methods for the preparation of mother tinctures, trituration, dilutions, and potencies, ensuring consistency in pharmaceutical practices. A significant feature of this pharmacopoeia is its presentation in several languages, such as Latin, German, French, and English, which made it widely acceptable and usable by homoeopaths across Europe and other parts of the world. This multilingual approach greatly contributed to the international acceptance of homoeopathic pharmacy standards. The work of Willmar Schwabe laid a strong foundation for the development of later national homoeopathic pharmacopoeias, including the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP) and influenced homoeopathic pharmaceutical practices globally. Even today, Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathica Polyglotta is regarded as a landmark reference in the history of homoeopathic pharmacy for its scientific approach, clarity, and emphasis on standardization. 49Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
CONTEMPORARY PHARMACOPOEIAS ON HOMOEOPATHY The following table summarizes the details on pattern of monographs in respect of world homoeopathic pharmacopoeias like HPI, GHP, HPUS and BHP- SPECIFICATION HPI GHP HPUS BHP Drug name Abbreviated name of drug - - - Botanical name Synonyms - Common names SPECIFICATION HPI GHP HPUS BHP Description - Part used Distribution - - Macroscopical - Microscopical - - Identification of raw material History & authority - - Method of Preparation Characteristics (Mother Tinct.) - - Identification (Mother Tinct.) Assay(Mother Tinct.) - - Storage - Caution 50| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
1.2.4 JOURNEY OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPEIA 1805 Dr Hahnemann feel that the need for pharmacology, and he announced a new method of pharmacological process in his treatise. 1825 Dr Carl w. Caspari gathered the material from organon, chronic disease and Materiamedica Pura and publish the first homoeopathic pharmacopoeia. 1829 Dr Hartmann translated the first homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of Dr Caspari into Latin language and publishes it. 1834 Dr Fredrick Hervey Foster Quin edited the homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of Dr Caspari and published it. 1842 Dr George Jahr published the homoeopathic pharmacopoeia and posology in the French language. That book was translated by Dr. James Kitchen in English. 1845 Gruner introduced some technical improvements in his pharmacopoeia like he recommended water instead of alcohol, he also advised attenuation of phosphorus directly prepared from tincture. 1850 Chas J Hempel translated the pharmacopoeia of Dr George Jahr, Gruner, and Buchner and publishes it with 304 medicines. 1852 2nd Edition of Buchner take care of his work and publish the pharmacopoeia in an enlarged edition. 1870 British Homoeopathic Pharmacopeia was published by the British Homeopathic society, and it was accepted as standard pharmacopoeia. 1872 Von. Willimar Schwabe publishes the Hom. Pharmacopeia. 1876 2nd edition of BHP published by British Homeopathic society. 1882 1ST edition of American Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia published by Boerick & Tafel. 51Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
1882 3rd edition of BHP published by British Homeopathic society with 510 medicines. 1884 Theo D. William publishes a homoeopathic pharmacopoeia with 871 medicines. 1892 First Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of India published by M. Bhattacharya and Co. in title of Pharmaceutics manual. 1897 The first official homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of the USA was published by American Institute of Homoeopathy with the help of first edition. 1898 The first pharmacopoeia was published in the title of “PHARMACOPOEIA HOMOEOPATHIQUE FRANCAISE”. This is a publication of the National Agency, under the supervision of the French Ministry of Health. 1901 The second edition of the official homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of the USA was published by the American Institute of Homoeopathy with the change of title the title was Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of United States (HPUS). 1938 The Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) was written into the federal law and the manufacturing and sale of homoeopathic medicine regulates by FDA. 1945 A short sketch of state homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of the USA published by N Nundie with 713 medicines. 1962 Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia committee of India constituted under the control of Dr B.K. Sarkar was the first chairman of the Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia committee of India. 1971 Finally the official Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of India (HPI) was published by Govt. of India. 1975 Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia Laboratory (HPL) existed as a scientific, technical, research institution by Govt. of India. 52| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
1.3 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India is an essential requirement of a regulatory framework in the sphere of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and the Rules thereunder. The Homoeopathic system of medicines is widely practiced in India and to ensure the quality of homoeopathic medicines, the Government of India publishes Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI). As per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, homoeopathic medicine should contain compounds and drugs which are mentioned in any official pharmacopoeia and authentic reference books (Anonymous, 1940). Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India has to be referred to certain subjects under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules as enumerated below- 1. For Quality Control of Homoeopathic drug Second Schedule (4A) Quality specification of Homoeopathic drug, HPI should be followed if included in the HPI. 2. For Import of new Homoeopathic drug Rule 30AA For definition purpose, of new imported Drugs 3. For Labelling Purposes of Homoeopathic medicine Rule 106-A Name of the Homoeopathic drugs as per HPI if included Schedule K Nomenclature of certain Biochemic tissue remedies shall be labelled in generic/ pharmacopeial name only. 4. For GMP Compliance of Homoeopathic Medicine Manufacturing Premises Schedule M-I For GMP certificate, the Licensee should follow and conduct the quality tests as in HPI. 53Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
1.3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA The work of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India is carried out under the helm of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee. The proposal to set up a Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee was initiated by the Homoeopathic Advisory Committee in the year 1956 and it was set up in September 1962 with a prime objective to prepare a Pharmacopoeia of Homoeopathic Drugs whose therapeutic usefulness has been proved, on the lines of American, German and British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. The first Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee was headed by Dr B. K. Sarkar, Principal, Midnapur Homoeopathic Medical College, Kolkatta (1962-1971). In the past, Pharmacopoeia Committee has been chaired by different eminent Homoeopaths viz. Dr Jugal Kishore (1971), Dr Diwan Harish Chand (1981), Dr V. T. Augustine (1988), Dr K. P. Mazumdar (1997) and Dr S. P. Singh (2004). Prof. C. Nayak (2014) was the Chairman of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee. The current chairperson for the main pharmacopoeia committee under the PCIM&H (Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy) appears to be Dr Prakash L. Hegde nominated in July 2023. It has the following objectives: 1. To prepare a Pharmacopoeia of Homoeopathic drugs whose therapeutic usefulness has been proved along the lines of American, German and British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia, 2. To lay down the principles and standards for the preparation of Homoeopathic drugs, 3. To lay down tests of identity, quality, purity, and uses. 4. Such other matters are incidental and necessary for the preparation of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. PUBLICATION OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA The Eleven volumes of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India comprising 1183 homoeopathic monographs have been published so far (Anonymous, 1971-2024). 54| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Vol Year of Publication Number of Monograph Revised Monograph 1 1971 180 - 2 1974 100 - 3 1978 105 - 4 1984 107 2 5 1987 114 1 6 1990 104 1 7 1999 105 28 8 2000 101 27 9 2006 100 27 10 2013 101 81 11 2024 66 1183 OBJECTIVE AND ROLE OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA Mission 1. To promote public health in India. 2. To officially accepted standards for the quality of drugs. 3. To prepare homoeopathic medicines based on scientific principles and standards. 4. To promotes and standardized the monographs, excipients, and posology. 5. To promotes the tests for identification of drug, quality, purity and necessary matter for homoeopathic preparation. Vision 1. To promote the highest quality and standards of homoeopathic products. 2. To develop the monographs for new drugs and extract constituents. 3. To promote the process of preparation and exclude the related substances, impurities, and degradation products. 55Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Objectives 1. To review and reform the published monographs, if any errors are found in the existing monographs in homoeopathic pharmacopoeia. 2. To organize CME and research activities for awareness of quality and standards for homoeopathic medicines. SALIENT FEATURES Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India 1. Both the old (Hahnemann’s classical) method and the new methods of drug preparation have been incorporated into the first volume of HPI. 2. Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India is recognized by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. 3. French homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia has valuable information on Nosodes and Sarcodes but is not included in the homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of India. 4. The old Hahnemann’s method of mother tincture preparation has been discarded in favour of a new uniform method with specific drug strength which takes into consideration the moisture content of the drug, thus eliminating variation in standard. 5. This Hahnemannian method is applicable to most drugs and has been accepted by the homoeopathic pharmacopoeia committee. 1.3.2 FEATURE OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA (VOLUME WISE) VOLUME -I • General notices, definitions, symbols, abbreviations • Methods of procuring medicinal substances • Methods of preparation (mother Tincture, mother Solution. external application etc.) • Methods of preparation (trituration, potentization, etc.) • Melting range/ boiling range/pH/refractive index • Limit tests for heavy metals • Determination of ash, residue on ignition, water-soluble ash • Includes first set of drug monographs • Moisture content estimation 56| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Determination of alcohol-soluble extracts, water-soluble extracts, and total solids • Determination of alcohol content • Standards of vehicle • Powder and sieves standards • Saponification, iodine, acid values VOLUME -II • Monographs of drugs mainly from plant and mineral sources includes drug description, identification, preparation, and tests. A few exceptions have been taken in the individual monograph. • Standards for raw materials and finished products • The modification of general notices regarding methods of procurement of medicinal substances. • It is recommended to triturate insoluble substances up to 6X in decimal scale before conversion to liquid potency. • Maceration / percolation / Potentization / conversion of Trituration to liquid potency is described with slight modification. • The old Hahnemannian method of preparation has been discarded in favour of a new uniform method with specific drug strength which takes into consideration the moisture content of the drug, thus eliminating the variation in standards. • This method (the new uniform methods of preparation of tincture as mentioned in the general instructions for preparation of the homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia) is applicable to most of the drugs and has been accepted by the committee. • Palisade ratio/stomatal no./stomatal index/vein islet no./vein termination no./type of stomata mentioned. VOLUME -III • Continuation of drug monographs • Covers additional plant, mineral, and animal origin drugs • Emphasis on quality control and purity tests VOLUME -IV • Further monographs of homoeopathic drugs • Detailed pharmacogenetic and pharmaceutical standards 57Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Methods of preparation of mother tinctures • Chromatography mentioned. • Standards for nosodes mentioned. a) N 1 for the lysate of the bacteria producing endotoxins (e.g. typhoid, paratyphoid, E. coli) b) N 2 for bacteria for exotoxins (e.g. diphtheria) c) N 3 for pure organisms (e.g. tuberculinum pure culture). d) N 4 preparation for tissues (e.g. psorinum, bacillinum). VOLUME -V • More drug monographs not covered in earlier volumes • Includes chemical, botanical, and zoological drugs • Ensures uniformity in drug preparation • The Standard for globules, tablets, and sucrose mentioned. • TLC of mother tincture • The Standard for ointments and syrups. • Limitation of alcohol in mother tincture. VOLUME -VI • Advanced drug monographs • Focus on newly introduced and less commonly used medicines • Updated standards for homoeopathic pharmacy • Standard for finished products VOLUME -VII • Additional monographs with revised standards • Emphasis on modern analytical methods • Quality assurance in homoeopathic medicines • Tests for sterility for detecting the presence of viable forms of bacteria, fungi and yeast in Pharmacopoeia preparation. • Determination of lambda max by u-v spectrophotometer. • Bacillus no. 7, Pertussin, scarletinum mentioned. VOLUME -VIII • New homoeopathic drug entries • Improved testing, storage, and labeling standards • Strengthens regulatory compliance 58| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
VOLUME -IX • Test for steroids with Continuation of monographs • Includes recently proved and accepted homoeopathic medicines. • Maintains consistency in preparation and dispensing VOLUME -X • Focus on modern quality control techniques • Updated drug standards as per current practices • Strengthens safety, purity, and efficacy norms VOLUME -XI • Latest additions of drug monographs • Updated pharmaceutical and analytical standards • Aligns Indian homoeopathic medicines with global standards. 1.3.3 MONOGRAPHS Monograph is a complete record of the standard specification of each drug or medicine recorded in pharmacopoeia. Or Monograph is defined as a chapter of each drug which explains about directions and specifications of the drug. FORMAT OF PHARMACOPEIAL MONOGRAPHS Monographs in the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India is prescribed in a particular format to ensure uniformity among all the monographs included in that Pharmacopeial edition. The Format adopted by Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India for the plant, chemical and microbiological origin drugs are as below- Monographs on Botanical / zoological origin drugs • Pharmacopoeial title with abbreviation (as per the name of drugs mentioned in classical literatures on drug proving) • Botanical or Zoological name of drugs with family • Synonyms of Botanical or Zoological name (if applicable) • Common names are mentioned in Hindi, English, French and German languages 59Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Detailed description of plants or animals • Distribution (habitat of plant or animals) • Part used (according to classical literatures on drug proving) • Macroscopical (Organoleptic characteristics like shape, size, colour, odour, taste, fractures etc.) • Microscopical (Anatomical details of tissue arrangement, their type, shape and size in transverse section or surface view) • Identification (TLC fingerprinting profile of mother tincture and other colour tests) • History and Authority (Earlier classical literature references) • Preparation (Method for the preparation of Mother Tincture and Potencies) Cautions (in drugs of poisonous nature) Monographs on Chemical / metal origin drugs • Pharmacopeial title with abbreviation (as per the name of drugs mentioned in classical literature or drug proving) • Chemical formula with molecular weight • Common names in Hindi, English, French and German languages • A Detailed description of chemical or metals (solubility details, melting point, specific gravity, loss of drying, sulphated ash etc.) • Identification (colour tests of chemicals or metals) • Assay of chemicals • History and Authority (Earlier classical literature references) • Preparation (Method for the preparation of Mother Solution/ Trituration and Potencies) • Cautions (in drugs of poisonous nature) Monographs on Microbiological origin drugs • Pharmacopeial title with abbreviation (as per the name of drugs mentioned in classical literature or drug proving) • Microbiological name of drugs • History and Authority (Earlier classical literature references) • Biological distribution of bacteria or virus • Source of preparation of homoeopathic drug • Morphology of organism • A Cultural characteristic feature of organism 60| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Biochemical reaction of organism • Preparation (Method for the preparation of Trituration and Potencies) • Storage details of drug • Cautions (in drugs which are poisonous by nature) Apart from the monographs in the pharmacopoeia, appendices on apparatus for tests and assays, testing methodologies, reagents and solutions etc. are also an integral part of the pharmacopoeias. All the tests/ analytical methodologies prescribed in Pharmacopoeia are standardized and enumerated in detail. 1.4 EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF PHARMACY The concept of pharmacy in homoeopathy has evolved alongside the development of homoeopathic philosophy and practice. From simple drug preparation by physicians to a scientifically regulated discipline, homoeopathic pharmacy has become an essential pillar of the system. Homoeopathic Pharmacy is a specialized branch of pharmaceutical science that deals with the preparation and dispensing of homoeopathic medicines according to the principles laid down by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann. It forms an integral part of the homoeopathic system of medicine, as the therapeutic effectiveness of homoeopathic treatment largely depends on the correct pharmaceutical preparation of remedies. The concept of homoeopathic pharmacy is based on the fundamental principles of homoeopathy: • Law of Similar • Single remedy • Minimum dose • Drug dynamization Hahnemann emphasized that medicines must be prepared with extreme accuracy and purity to achieve gentle, rapid, and permanent cure. During the early period of homoeopathy (1796–1830), the concept of pharmacy was closely linked with medical practice. Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homoeopathy, himself prepared the medicines he prescribed. Great importance was given to the purity of drugs, the use of a single remedy, and administration of the minimum dose. During this period, pharmacy was inseparable from prescribing, and accurate 61Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
preparation of medicines was considered essential for achieving a true and effective cure. 1.4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF PRINCIPLES OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY The development of the principles of homoeopathic pharmacy marked a significant advancement in the homoeopathic system of medicine. During this phase, the concept of drug dynamization or potentization was introduced, which involves systematic dilution combined with trituration of insoluble substances for solid preparations and succussion of soluble substances for liquid preparations. This process was designed to enhance the dynamic medicinal power of drugs while reducing their material toxicity. Standard methods of preparation were gradually established, including the preparation of mother tinctures from fresh plant and other suitable sources, followed by the development of Decimal (X), Centesimal (C), and later LM potencies. These methods ensured uniformity, accuracy, and reproducibility in drug preparation. With the formulation of these principles and techniques, homoeopathic pharmacy evolved from simple drug handling into a scientific and systematic pharmaceutical discipline, emphasizing precision, standardization, and strict adherence to homoeopathic philosophy rather than mere dispensing of medicines. During the 19th century, the concept of homoeopathic pharmacy moved towards standardization and proper documentation. Important pharmacopoeias such as Dispensatorium Homoeopathicum (1825) and the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia were published, which laid down authoritative standards for homoeopathic drug preparation. These texts provided clear and systematic guidelines regarding the sources of drugs, their correct collection, methods of preparation, and conditions for storage. As a result of this organized approach, homoeopathic pharmacy gradually evolved into a separate and specialized discipline, distinct from general medical practice and essential for ensuring the quality and reliability of homoeopathic medicines. INSTITUTIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL GROWTH With the expansion of the homoeopathic system, institutional and educational growth became an important milestone in the development of homoeopathic pharmacy. Dedicated homoeopathic pharmacies, 62| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
laboratories, and colleges were established to support systematic drug preparation and research. Formal education in homoeopathic pharmacy was introduced to impart scientific knowledge and practical skills related to drug preparation, potentization, storage, and dispensing. This structured training of homoeopathic pharmacists ensured the quality, accuracy, and safety of homoeopathic medicines, thereby strengthening the professional and scientific foundation of homoeopathy. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY IN MODERN ERA In the modern era, homoeopathic pharmacy has undergone significant transformation while retaining its fundamental principles as laid down by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann. Advances in science, technology, and industrial practices have strengthened the pharmaceutical aspect of homoeopathy, ensuring accuracy, safety, and standardization in drug preparation. Modern homoeopathic pharmacies make extensive use of advanced equipment and analytical techniques for the identification, processing, and quality evaluation of raw materials and finished products. Instruments such as analytical balances, moisture analysers, and quality-testing devices help maintain consistency and precision, which are essential for therapeutic reliability. The shift from small-scale preparation to large-scale industrial manufacturing has enabled the production of homoeopathic medicines in bulk without compromising quality. Manufacturing units now operate under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and follow strict regulatory norms prescribed by national pharmacopoeias and drug control authorities. Proper documentation, batch records, and quality control systems ensure uniformity and traceability of medicines. Despite technological advancements, modern homoeopathic pharmacy continues to uphold classical homoeopathic principles, especially potentization, minimum dose, and drug dynamization. These traditional concepts are scientifically integrated with modern pharmaceutical science, creating a balanced approach that respects homoeopathic philosophy while meeting contemporary standards of medicine production. Thus, homoeopathic pharmacy in the modern era represents a harmonious blend of tradition and science, contributing to the global acceptance and credibility of the homoeopathic system of medicine. 63Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
METROLOGY TO HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY 22CHAPTER 65Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
TOPICS COVERED • Introduction to Weights and Measures • The Basic System of International Units • Tables of Approximate Equivalence 2 CHAPTER METROLOGY TO HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO WEIGHT AND MESURES Metrology is the science of weights and measures, and it plays a vital role in homoeopathic pharmacy practice. Accurate measurement of substances is essential in homoeopathy because medicines are prepared through precise processes such as trituration, dilution, and potentization, where even a small error can affect the quality and effectiveness of the remedy. In homoeopathic pharmacy, metrology ensures uniformity, accuracy, and consistency in the preparation and dispensing of medicines. It includes the study and application of different systems of weights and measures, measuring instruments, and methods used in pharmaceutical operations. Proper metrological practices help maintain the correct proportions of drugs, solvents, and excipients at every stage of medicine preparation. Metrology also supports standardization and quality control, which are essential for maintaining the purity, safety, and reliability of homoeopathic medicines. By following correct measurement techniques, homoeopathic pharmacists can minimize errors, comply with pharmacopeial standards, and uphold the fundamental principles of homoeopathy such as minimum dose and precision in drug preparation. Thus, metrology forms a fundamental foundation of homoeopathic pharmacy practice, linking traditional homoeopathic principles with modern pharmaceutical accuracy. Definition Metrology is the science of weights and measurements. It deals with studying the various systems of weights and measures and their relationships. 66| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Weight Weight is the measure of the gravitational force acting on a body and is directly proportional to its mass. It is influenced by several factors, including • Temperature • Pressure • Altitude • Latitude Measurement Measurement is the determination of the volume or size of a substance. The measured value is influenced by temperature and pressure, as changes in these conditions can alter the volume. Therefore, the main factors affecting measurement are: • Temperature • Pressure 2.2 BASIC SYSTEM OF ITERNATIONAL UNITS The International System of Units (SI units) is the globally accepted standard for measuring physical quantities, including weight, volume, and length. In homoeopathic pharmacy, accurate measurement of substances is crucial for preparing medicines, and adherence to these units ensures precision, uniformity, and reproducibility. In pharmacy, there are three-unit systems of weights and measures such as • Metric System, • Apothecary System • Imperial System. METRIC SYSTEM The metric system was officially adopted in India on 1st April 1957. To establish uniform standards for weights and measures and to regulate trade and commerce, the Central Government of India enacted “The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976.” This act provides the legal framework for standardization, ensuring accuracy and consistency in all measurements used in commercial and scientific practices. 67Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Measures of mass - Weight The standard unit of weight is the kilogram (kg). A kilogram is defined as the weight of a platinum–iridium prototype whose mass is equivalent to that of 1000.027 cubic centimeters of pure water at 4°C and 760 mm Hg pressure. The commonly used subunit of weight in pharmacy is the gram (g). Metric measures of mass – Weight • 1 kilogram = 1000 gram • 1 Gram =1000 milligram • 1 milligram = 1000 microgram • 1000 microgram = 0.001 gram. Measures of capacity -Volume A liter is a secondary standard unit used for measuring volume. It is defined as “the volume occupied by 1 kilogram of pure water at 4°C under a pressure of 760 mmHg”. The liter (L) is the standard unit of volume commonly used in pharmacy practice. Metric measures of capacity – Volume • 1 Kiloliter = 1000 Liter • 1 Liter = 1000 Milliliter (1000.028cc) • 1 Milliliter = 1000 Microliter (1.00028cc) • 1 Micro Liter = 0.001 Liter. Measures of linear - Length The standard for length is a kilometer. The kilometer is defined as equivalent to 1000 meters. Unit of length is Meter. Metric linear measures – Length • 1 Kilometer = 1000m • 1 Meter = 1000 Centimeter • 1 Centimeter = 1000 Millimeter • 1 Millimeter =1000 Micrometer. • 1 Micrometer = 0.001Meter. 68| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Relation of capacity to weight One liter = 1000 milliliters = 1000.028 Cub cents = 997.18 grams (at 20°C) = 1 Kg. APOTHECARY SYSTEM The Apothecary System was commonly used by pharmacists before 1979 and was based on the troy ounce, which is why it is also called troy weight. This system comprised a set of specialized weights known as apothecary or troy weights. It was traditionally used by physicians for writing prescriptions and by pharmacists for dispensing and retail trade. The Apothecary system was in practice in the USA and included the following units: Apothecary weight The Unit of this measurement is POUND, OUNCE, DRACHM, SCRUPLES, and GRAINS. • 1 Scruple = 20 grains • 1 Drachma = 3 scruples = 60 grains • 1 Ounce=8 dram=24 scruple =480 grains • 1 Pound = 12 ounce = 96 drams = 288 scruple = 5760 grains Troy weight The Unit of this measurement is GALLON, PINT, DRACHM, and MINIM. • 1 Ounce = 480 grains • 1 Pound =12 ounces = 5760 grains IMPERIAL SYSTEM The Imperial System is a traditional system of measurement that was historically used by Europeans for everyday purposes. In this system, the pound is considered the standard unit of weight, which is defined as: “A cylindrical block made up of platinum and having a diameter 1.15 inches and of 1.35 inches thickness, with an encircling groove into which fits an ivory fork to lift the cylinder”. The weight of a cylinder in a vacuum defines the imperial standard pound, which is the basis of the Avoirdupois System. This system of measurement was previously recognized and used by the British Pharmacopoeia. 69Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Measures of weight (mass): The Unit of this measurement is POUND, GRAINS • 1 Pound = 16 Ounce • 1 Ounce = 437.5 Grain Measures of capacity (Volume): The Unit of this measurement is OUNCE. • 1 Pint=20 ounce = 160 Drachm = 9600 Min • 1 Ounce = 8 Drachm = 480 Minims • 1 Drachm = 60 Minims. Measure to capacity to weight • 1 Minim = 0.91 troy grains • 1 Drachm = 54.68 troy grains • 1 Ounce = 437.5 troy grains • 1 Pound = 7000 troy grains • 1 Pint = 8750 troy grains 2.3 TABLE OF APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENCE Table No. 01 Latin English Equivalent (grains) Granum Grain 1 gram Scrupulous Scruple 20 grams Drachma Drachma 60 grams Uncial ounce (apothecary) 480 grams Libra pound (apothecary) 5760 grams Table No. 02 Latin English Equivalent (grains) Minim Drop 1/60th of a fluid dram Gutta Drop 1/60th of a fluid dram Flu drachma Fl. Drachm 60 minims Fluiduncia l. ounce 8 fl. drachm Octarius Pint 20 fl. ounces Congius Gallon 8 pints 70| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Table No. 03 Domestic English Metric 1 drop 1 minim 0.06 ml 1 tea spoon full 1 fl dr 5 ml 1 table spoon full 3 fl dr 15 ml 1 tea cup full 4 fl. oz. 120 ml 1 tumbler full (small) 8 fl. oz. 240 ml 1 tumbler full 10 fl. oz. 300 ml Conversion from Metric weights to Imperial weight Table No. 04 Metric Weights Imperial Weights Gram Grain 1 15.43 25 385.8 Conversion from Imperial weight to Metric weight Table No. 05 Imperial Weights Metric Weights Grain Gram 1 0.07 2 0.13 3 0.20 4 0.26 5 0.32 6 0.39 10 0.65 15 1.00 20 1.30 71Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
VEHICLES USED IN HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY 33CHAPTER 73Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
TOPICS COVERED • Introduction to Vehicle • Solid Vehicle • Semi solid Vehicle • Liquid Vehicle 3 CHAPTER VEHICLES USED IN HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO VEHICLES Vehicle is a substance used as medium to dilute, triturate, preserve, and administer the homoeopathic medicines. Vehicles play a vital role in the dispensing and preparation of homoeopathic drugs, as they help in extracting the medicinal properties of the original drug substance and make it suitable for potentization and therapeutic use. Since many homoeopathic medicines are prepared in highly diluted and potentised forms, the choice of a proper vehicle is essential to maintain the stability, purity, and efficacy of the medicine. Vehicles also aid in converting crude drug substances into usable forms such as tinctures, trituration, dilutions, and medicated globules. Commonly used vehicles in homoeopathic pharmacy include purified water, alcohol, sugar of milk (lactose), sucrose globules and others. Each vehicle has specific properties and applications depending on the nature of the drug and the method of preparation. Thus, vehicles are an indispensable component of homoeopathic pharmacy, ensuring safe preparation, accurate dispensing, and effective administration of homoeopathic medicines. Definition Homoeopathic vehicles are substances that serve as media for the preparation, preservation, and administration of homoeopathic medicines. They are chemically inert and therapeutically inactive, meaning they possess no medicinal action of their own and do not react with drug substances. 74| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Qualities of an Ideal Homoeopathic Vehicle • It should be free from any medicinal properties. • It must be chemically neutral and should not react with homoeopathic drugs. • It should be non-toxic in nature. • It should have good preservative capacity to maintain the drug for a long duration. • It must be harmless and safe for use. • It should be edible and palatable. Utility of Homoeopathic Vehicles • Vehicles are used in the preparation of mother tinctures, mother solutions, and mother substances. • They play an essential role in the process of potentization. • They act as bases for external applications and for administering medicines through different routes. • They are required for the dispensing of homoeopathic medicines. • Vehicles themselves may serve as a placebo, while alcohol also acts as an antiseptic. • Alcohol is additionally used for cleansing and sterilizing pharmacy apparatus and utensils. Classification of Homoeopathic Vehicles Homoeopathic vehicles are broadly classified into three main types based on their physical state: Solid vehicles: These include substances such as sugar of milk (lactose), cane sugar, globules or pilules, pellets, cones, and tablets, which are commonly used for trituration and dispensing of medicines. Semi-solid vehicles: These include paraffin, beeswax, lanolin, spermaceti, and similar substances, which are generally used for the preparation of ointments and other external applications. Liquid vehicles: These consist of distilled water, alcohol, glycerine, solvent ether, syrup simplex, and fixed or volatile oils such as olive oil, almond oil, lavender oil, and other medicinal oils. Liquid vehicles are mainly used in the preparation of tinctures, dilutions, and external applications. 75Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
3.2 SOLID VEHICLES Solid vehicles are solid substances used in homoeopathic pharmacy for the preparation, preservation, and administration of medicines, mainly employed in trituration, potentization, and dispensing of homoeopathic drugs. Solid vehicles help in reducing the particle size of the drug, ensure uniform distribution, and make medicines convenient for administration. The solid vehicles are also called dry vehicles; there are different kinds of a solid vehicle which are as under: • Sugar of milk • Cane Sugar • Globules / Pilules / Pellets • Cones • Tablets 3.2.1 SUGAR OF MILK Sugar of milk is known as Saccharum lactis, Lactose, Sugar of milk, Saccharum lactis is brought from Latin word which means sugar and lactose (milk). It is one of the most important and frequently used solid vehicles in homeopathy. It is generally available in the market in white powder form. Source: Mammalian milk preferably Cow Milk or Goat Milk Chemical formula: C 12 H 22 O 11 H 2O Physical Properties: • Hard Crystalline mass • Milky white in colour. • Soluble in water. • Insoluble in alcohol • Odourless, the taste is slightly sweet. • Sandy or gritty feel on touch. Chemical Properties • Molecular weight of sugar of milk is 360.3. • Water of crystallization may form at 150 degrees centigrade. • Solution of Sugar of milk is neutral to Litmus paper. 76| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Properties of Milk Sugar of milk chemically known as lactose, is a naturally occurring carbohydrate found in the milk of all mammals, including cows, buffalo and goats. While all types of milk contain this sugar, there are minor differences in concentration: • Buffalo Milk: Typically contains approximately 4.7% to 6.3% lactose, which is about 13 grams per 1-cup serving. • Cow Milk: Typically contains approximately 4.7% to 5.2% lactose, which is about 12 grams per 1-cup serving. • Goat Milk: Typically contains slightly less lactose, ranging from 4.1% to 4.7% (about 11 grams per 1-cup serving). Sugar of milk is a milk protein powder that is insoluble in alcohol. It is produced by pure pasteurized skimmed milk. Sugar of milk is prepared by skimmed milk from buffalo, cow and goat, which has the composition of these: Nutrient Composition Comparison (%) Component Buffalo Milk Cow Milk Goat Milk Fat 7.2% – 8.3% 3.4% – 4.88% 3.16% – 3.97% Protein 3.99% – 4.5% 3.3% – 4.07% 3.15% – 3.59% Lactose 4.74% – 5.41% 4.51% – 4.76% 4.16% – 4.45% Minerals 0.77% – 0.81% 0.60% – 0.76% 0.73% – 0.89% Total Solids 18.45% 12.94% – 13.79% 12.76% – 12.84% Some classical texts and traditional teachings mention goat’s milk as the preferred source, although modern pharmacopoeias permit lactose from approved dairy sources if it meets purity standards. Early European homoeopaths, including Hahnemann’s era, commonly used goat’s milk. Pharmacies followed this standard to maintain uniformity and reliability in medicine preparation. 77Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Sugar of milk is not exclusively prepared from goat’s milk today. Modern homoeopathic pharmacopoeias allow highly purified pharmaceutical-grade lactose, commonly derived from cow’s milk, provided it meets official standards. The preference for goat’s milk is traditional, not mandatory. Utility • Used for dispensing medicines in powdered form of homoeopathic medicines. • Can also be use or dispensed as a placebo • Used as a vehicle for preparation of bio-chemic and trituration for insoluble drug substances such as metals, minerals, and salts. • Helps in reducing crude drugs to a fine state of subdivision during potentization. Advantages • Chemically inert and non-hygroscopic. • Easily triturated and does not interfere with the medicinal action. • Suitable for internal administration. Process of Preparation • Fresh goat’s milk is skimmed i.e. it is allowed to stand till its creams rises. This process mostly removes the fat portion of milk. • This fat-free milk is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to precipitate casein (the main protein of milk) the casein so obtained is removed by filtration. The remaining filtrate is called whey. • Whey is adjusted to a pH of 6.2 by adding lime and then heated for coagulating the remaining aluminous matter and once again filtered. The filtrate contains milk sugar and mineral salts. • The filtrate is concentrated in vacuum pans where crude milk sugar crystallizes out. • These crystals are re-dissolved in purified water and decolorized with ‘animal charcoal’. • Finally, this solution is recrystallized and the crystal thus obtained is “commercial lactose”. 78| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Graphics representation to understand the preparation of pure sugar of milk pharmaceutically Milk ↓ Skimming Proteins + H2O + Minerals + Salts + Lactose ↓ Fat (Removed) Lactose + H2O + Proteins + Salt + Minerals Fluid portion solid portion ↓ +HCL (dil.) to remove solid portion + Filtration ↓ Lactose +H2O (Whey)+ ∆Lime Heat ↓ Coagulated matter ↓ Filtration + vacuum pans ↓ Crude milk sugar + purified water + Filtration through animal charcoal bed ↓ Clean solution of whey +boiled on direct heat + made semi- solid + Process repeated 3-4 times by adding purified water ↓ Semi solid Lactose +strong alcohol + Purified water + Boiled in direct heat and they indirect heat with water bath ↓ Crystal Lactose + Slight + Dried ↓ Pure crystal of lactose + Grinding with mortar and Pestle to find Pure powder of sugar of milk 79Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
3.2.2 CANE SUGAR Cane sugar, also known as Saccharum officinarum or Sucrose, is an important solid vehicle used in homoeopathic pharmacy. It is obtained from the juice of sugarcane (15-20%) is mostly used in tropical areas and juice of Beet Root (12-15%) is mostly used in cold climate areas, The other sources of cane sugar are pineapple, honey etc. and is commonly used in refined crystalline form. Cane sugar is a natural carbohydrate extracted from sugarcane. It appears as white or nearly white, crystalline, odourless granules with a sweet taste. Chemically, it is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Cane sugar is recognized as a vehicle in Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India and British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. It is a type of solid vehicle from which globules are made. • Chemical formula: C12H22O11 • Molecular weight: 342.3 g/mol Properties Cane sugar is preferred due to the following properties: • Pharmacological inertness – Cane sugar solution is neutral does not interfere with the action of the remedy • Good absorptive capacity – readily absorbs medicated alcohol • Stability – does not easily deteriorate when properly stored • Pleasant taste – improves patient acceptability • White crystalline masses, odorless sweet taste, easily soluble in water. Limitations Despite its advantages, cane sugar has certain limitations. It is not suitable for trituration because it is harder and less friable than sugar of milk, making it difficult to reduce drugs to a fine, uniform state. Cane sugar is also hygroscopic in nature and readily absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, especially in humid conditions, which may affect the stability and quality of the medicated preparations. Additionally, due to its high sucrose content, excessive use of cane sugar–based vehicles are unsuitable for diabetic patients. 80| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Storage Cane sugar should be stored in: • Well-closed containers • A cool, dry place • Protected from moisture and insects Utility • Cane sugar is used for the preparation of globules, pilules, tablets, and cones. • It is used for making syrup as it gives viscosity and constancy to fluids. Precaution The cane sugar crystals are fermentable in nature and its break into alcohol sifted into acetic acid, if not properly stored. Preparation of Cane Sugar Extraction of Juice (Firstly, extract the juice from source) ↓ Purification of Juice (Purified the juice by heating with lime (CaO The lime is precipitated as Ca CO3 and CaSO4, the juice must be filter to remove that impurities) ↓ Crystallization (Crystallization is done under reduced pressure after cooling it forms as crystals.) ↓ Separation Of Crystals (To separate the crystals, centrifuge the solution in centrifugal machine, here crystal Separated from Mother Liquor) ↓ Crystal Drying Process (Separated crystal put into hot air Chamber to dry the crystals) 3.2.3 GLOBULES / PILULES / PELLETS Globules are small, spherical solid dosage forms used in homoeopathic pharmacy for the administration and dispensing of medicines. It is one of the most popular and commonly used vehicles for oral homoeopathic remedies, which is formed by the granulated pure cane sugar or sucrose. 81Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Globules are manufactured in different uniform sizes, free from impurities, and suitable for absorbing liquid homoeopathic medicines, size of globules as 5,10,15,20,25,30,35 which indicate the number of globules per gram. Smaller-sized globules are preferred for internal administration, especially in children, as they dissolve quickly in the mouth and are easy to swallow. • Chemical formula: C12H22O11 • Melting point: 160 degrees centigrade. • Molecular weight: 342.3 g/mol Properties Globules possess several important properties that make them an ideal solid vehicle in homoeopathic practice: • Inert nature – Globules are chemically inactive and do not react with homoeopathic medicines, thus preserving their therapeutic efficacy. • High absorbability – Due to their porous structure, globules readily absorb liquid medicines and retain them uniformly. • Uniform size and shape – They are small, spherical, and uniform, ensuring consistency in dosing. • Sweet and palatable – Prepared from cane sugar, globules have a pleasant taste, making them acceptable to patients of all age groups, especially children. • Quick solubility – Globules dissolve easily in the mouth, facilitating rapid absorption of the medicine. • Dry and non-hygroscopic (comparatively) – When properly prepared and stored, globules remain dry and free-flowing. • Stable and long shelf life – They remain stable for long periods if protected from moisture, heat, and strong odors. • Non-toxic and safe – Being sugar-based, they are safe for internal administration in prescribed doses. • These properties make globules the most widely used solid vehicle for dispensing homoeopathic medicines. • Consistency of globule is neither too hard nor too soft. • It has different sizes from 5 to 80 numbers. 82| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Limitations Despite their wide use, globules have certain limitations: • Being sugar-based, they are not suitable for diabetic patients if used frequently or in large quantities. • They are hygroscopic in nature and may absorb moisture in humid conditions, leading to softening or sticking together. • Unsuitable for trituration purposes, as they lack the friability required for grinding with drugs. • They may be affected by strong odors, heat, and light, which can reduce the efficacy of the medicated globules. Storage • Proper storage is essential to maintain the quality and effectiveness of globules: • Globules should be stored in clean, dry, and well-closed glass containers. • Must be protected from moisture, heat, direct sunlight, and strong odours. • Medicated globules should be kept separately from unmedicated globules to avoid cross-contamination. • Clearly labelled with the name, potency and scale. Utility • It is a good preserver for homoeopathic medicine. • To Frequent used to dispense homoeopathic medicine. • It is suitable to keep homoeopathic medicine for a long time. PILULES Pilules are bigger than pillets, it is round or oval solid vehicles used in homoeopathic pharmacy, prepared mainly from cane sugar (sucrose), sometimes with the addition of sugar of milk, and are used for the administration of homoeopathic medicines as globules after being medicated with the required potency. Pilules are manufactured in different uniform sizes as 40,45,50,55,60,70,80 which indicate the number of globules per gram. 83Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Difference between Globules and Pilules Aspect Globules Pilules Definition Small, uniform, spherical sugar balls used as a vehicle for homoeopathic medicines Slightly larger, round or oval sugar-based pills used as a vehicle Size Very small and uniform in size Comparatively larger than globules Shape Perfectly spherical Round or sometimes oval Composition Prepared mainly from sucrose (cane sugar) Prepared from sucrose, sometimes mixed with sugar of milk Surface Smooth and polished Slightly rough compared to globules Absorption of medicine Absorb liquid medicine quickly and uniformly Absorb medicine, but less uniformly than globules Dose form Usually given in multiple numbers per dose (e.g., 3–4 globules) Often given as single or few units per dose Common use Most commonly used solid vehicle in routine homoeopathic practice Used less frequently in modern practice Suitability Suitable for children due to small size and easy dissolution May be slightly difficult for children because of larger size Preparation of Globules Step-1 Cane sugar in the granulated form to be placed in globules making pan which is made of stainless steel and granulated cane sugar moistened properly with purified water then coated with a thin layer of finely crushed cane sugar. 84| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Step-2 The globules making pan rolled or rotated until granulated cane sugar formed in a spherical shape. During the rotation of globules making pan, the requisite binding water or syrup should be added and bigger and smaller globules will be formed. Step-3 As they formed in proper globules sizes, stop the pan and transferred the globules materials to a hot chamber for the hot air-drying process. Step-4 After the completion of the drying process, the made globules are pass through different meshes of sieves to separate the sizes of the globules. Step-5 After size separation of globules, they should be packed in air-tight vessels or bottles. PELLETS (PILLETS) The term pellet does not represent a consistently standardized size category within the conventional No. 5–80 scale. In homoeopathic literature, pellet (or pillet) is frequently employed as a general designation for a small, spherical sugar vehicle, often used interchangeably with the term globule. Historical references further illustrate this non-standard usage; for example, Hahnemann’s pellets were described as being approximately the size of poppy seeds, rather than being assigned a specific numerical classification in accordance with modern sizing systems. To understand the globules, pilules and pilets in simple terms Globules - 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm of size Pilules - 4 mm to 8 mm of size Pilets - not be assigned a separate numerical size. 3.2.4 CONES Cones are solid vehicles used in homoeopathic pharmacy, prepared mainly from cane sugar or sometimes from the albumin of eggs. Since egg albumin is of animal origin, cones prepared from it are not suitable for vegetarian patients, which is an important consideration in the Indian context. 85Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Cones are conical or semi-globular in shape. Their size is indicated by numbers such as 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc., which are determined by the diameter of the base. Among these, No. 6 cones are most commonly used in homoeopathic practice. Cones are harder in consistency than globules. Due to their compact structure, the absorption of liquid medicine is less when compared to globules and some other solid vehicles. 3.2.5 TABLETS It is defined as the tablet a solid medicinal substance containing active drugs and suitable excipients in a unit form prepared by compressing or moulding. It is prepared with pure and refined sugar milk. It may be flat, round, squire, bullet, convex, rectangle in shape and mostly white in colour or different colour, size of the tablet may vary with small (2-7 mm) medium (8-12mm) and big (13-15mm) size of tablets. Tablets are less sweet because made of sugar of milk. The consistency of tablets is softer than globules and it is insoluble in alcohol. In homeopathy non medicated tablets are available in different colors, it is much more suitable to administrate the dose of medicine. 3.3 SEMI-SOLID VEHICLES The semisolid vehicles are medium or base of pharmaceutical preparation; there are different kinds of semisolids which use in preparation as: • Vaseline • Bees Waxes • Lanolin • Spermaceti • Prepared Lard • Soap • Isin Glass 3.3.1 VASELINE Vaseline, also known as Petroleum Jelly, is a semi-solid hydrocarbon mixture obtained from petroleum, it is a by-product of the petroleum. In 86| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
homoeopathic pharmacy, Vaseline is used mainly as a base for ointments and as a protective vehicle for external applications. Source of Vaseline Vaseline is derived from petroleum residues obtained during crude oil refining. The raw petroleum jelly undergoes purification to remove impurities, colour, and odour. Composition Vaseline is a mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is composed mainly of paraffins and microcrystalline waxes, which give it a smooth, greasy consistency and stable structure. Vaseline is odorless and tasteless, making it suitable for pharmaceutical and cosmetic use. Due to the saturated nature of its hydrocarbons, it is chemically inert, does not react with most medicinal substances, and remains stable over a long period of storage. There are two varieties in Vaseline that are: Types of Vaseline Vaseline is a semi-solid hydrocarbon base obtained from petroleum and is widely used as a semisolid vehicle in pharmacy. Based on the degree of purification and colour, Vaseline is mainly of the following types: 1. White Vaseline White Vaseline is a highly purified form of petroleum jelly obtained by further refining yellow vaseline using bleaching and filtration processes. It is a mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons and has the below properties: • It is white in colour, nearly colourless, translucent; soft mass. • The range of boiling point is between 300 °C – 450 °C degrees centigrade. • It is highly purified mixture of hydrocarbons and insoluble in water. • It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, and solvent ether. • It is odorless and tasteless. • Specific gravity is 0.815-0.880 at 20-degree temp. 87Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Uses • Used to prepare many types of ointments like, Medicated ointments, Emulsifying ointments, and paraffin ointments. • It can be used as a lubricant and for dressing of wounds and ulcers. • Preferred for pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations • Suitable for sensitive skin applications 2. Yellow Vaseline Yellow Vaseline is the partially purified form of petroleum jelly. It retains a yellowish colour due to the presence of minor natural impurities; it is also known as yellow petroleum jelly and has the below properties: • It is yellow in colour, nearly amber, translucent; soft mass. • The range of boiling point is between 300 °C – 450 °C degrees centigrade. • It is less purified than white Vaseline and insoluble in water. • It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, and solvent ether. • It is odorless and tasteless. • Specific gravity is 0.815-0.880 at 20-degree temp. Uses • Used as a base for ointments • Suitable for external applications • Used where high purity is not essential • Used to prepare wool, alcohol (It is the principal component of Lanoline) ointment. Two more types of Vaseline are: 3. Hard Vaseline Hard Vaseline is a solid or hard fraction of petroleum obtained during refining; used to increase hardness and consistency of ointment bases and mixed with soft Vaseline to adjust texture. 4. Soft Vaseline Soft Vaseline refers to the commonly used semi-solid form, which may be white or yellow depending on purification; used directly as emollient and protective agent and used as ointment base 88| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Method of Preparation 1. Melting: Crude petroleum jelly is gently heated in a suitable vessel until it becomes completely molten. 2. Purification: Activated charcoal is added to the molten mass and mixed thoroughly. This helps in removing impurities, colour, and odour. 3. Boiling with Water: The mixture is boiled with distilled water to further eliminate soluble impurities. 4. Filtration: While still hot, the mixture is filtered through filter paper to separate the charcoal and impurities. 5. Cooling: The clear filtrate is allowed to cool slowly. On cooling, it solidifies into a smooth, semi-solid mass. 6. Final Product: The purified product obtained is white or yellowish Vaseline, free from odour and impurities. 3.3.2 BEESWAX Beeswax is a natural solid fatty substance secreted by the worker honey bees (Apis mellifera). It is widely used in pharmacy as a semi solid vehicle and stiffening agent in the preparation of ointments, creams, plasters, and cosmetics. Beeswaxes are organic compounds that are esters of higher monohydric alcohols. Sources It is a substance secreted by honeybees as the material of a honeycomb; it is obtained from the honeycomb of the honey bee Apis mellifera after removal of honey. There are two varieties of bee waxes these are: 1. Yellow Beeswax (Cera Flava) It is a natural crude product obtained by the process from the honeycomb of the honey bees. It has the following properties: • It is a dark yellowish / light yellowish or dark brown. • Melting point range 60-65°C. • It is soluble in cold alcohol and insoluble in water. • Specific gravity of bee wax is from 0.958 to 0.975; at 15 °C • It has the value of acid (17-23) and Iodine (8-11). • Chemical formula is C15 H31 COOC30 H61 89Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• It contains esters of fatty acid and various log chains of alcohol. Uses • Frequently used in candle making. • Pharmaceutically, used as a stiffening agent. • It can be used as an ingredient in the yellow ointment. 2. White Beeswax (Cera Alba) Prepared by bleaching yellow beeswax using sunlight, air, or chemical methods. It is white or nearly colourless and having odourless or faint odour. Uses are the same as yellow bee’s wax. 3.3.3 LANOLIN Lanolin, also known as wool fat or adeps Lanae, is a natural fatty substance obtained from the wool of sheep. It is widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations due to its excellent emollient and water-absorbing properties. Source Lanolin is obtained from the sebaceous secretions of sheep, which are deposited on the wool fibres. During the scouring (washing) of sheep wool, lanolin is separated, purified, and refined for medicinal use. Chemical Composition Lanolin is a complex mixture of esters of high-molecular-weight fatty acids and alcohols. It also contains sterols such as cholesterol, which contribute to its emulsifying and skin-conditioning properties Types of Lanolin 1. Anhydrous Lanolin (Hydrous-free): It has no water, and highly hygroscopic and can absorb up to twice its weight of water 2. Hydrous Lanolin: It contains about 25–30% water and softer in consistency and easier to incorporate into formulations It has the following properties: • Appearance is yellowish to pale brown, greasy, semi-solid mass • Odour is Characteristic, faint • Insoluble in water • Soluble in chloroform and ether 90| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Melting point: Approximately 38–44°C Uses • Used as a semisolid base for ointments and creams • Acts as an emollient, softening and protecting the skin • Helps in absorption of moisture and medicaments through the skin, penetrating power is too high on the skin, • Commonly used in cosmetic products such as lip balms, lotions, and hand creams • Extensively used in the ointment. • Used to prepare quick healers ointment. Advantages • Excellent water-absorbing capacity useful for incorporating aqueous solutions into ointments • Good skin penetration and compatibility 3.3.4 SPERMACETI Spermaceti is a waxy, semi solid fatty substance obtained from the head cavity (spermaceti organ) of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). which belongs to P. catodon L. family. It is also known as cetacean. It was traditionally used in pharmacy, cosmetics, and ointment bases due to its smooth texture and stability. In homoeopathic pharmacy, spermaceti is classified as an animal source fatty substance. The spermaceti has the following properties: • It is a white crystalline, translucent, waxy solid. • It has no odour and test. • Chemical formula is C1SH31.COOC16H33 • Chemical constituents are mainly acetyl palmitate, an ester of acetyl alcohol and palmitic acid. • Melting point range at about 46-50 °C. • Specific gravity of 0.95-0.96. • Insoluble in water and cold alcohol. • It is soluble in boiling alcohol, ether, and chloroform. • It has the value of acid (not more than 1) and Iodine (not more than 5). • It contains 50-63% of wax alcohol. 91Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Uses in Homoeopathic Pharmacy • Used as a stiffening agent in ointments and creams. • Acts as an emollient, providing smoothness to topical preparations. • Improves consistency and stability of ointment bases. • Used in cosmetic preparations such as cold creams and lotions. • Occasionally used in homoeopathic external applications 3.3.5 PREPARED LARD Prepared lard is a purified fat obtained from the adipose tissue of the swine; It is a semi-solid white fat substance an animal-origin semisolid fatty substance widely used in pharmacy as an ointment base and semisolid vehicle. Proper purification removes impurities, odor, and moisture, making it suitable for medicinal preparations, mostly lard is prepared by the process of rendering to purify it. Prepared lard mainly consists of Glycerides of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids small amounts of cholesterol and other fatty substances. The prepared lard has the following properties: • Lard is a soft, creamy, white, solid mass. • It is a homogeneous fat with butter-like consistency. • It has a slightly fatty odour and having sweet test. • It is Insoluble in water and alcohol and Soluble in benzene, ether, carbon disulfide, and chloroform. • Melting point range is 34°C to 42°C and Specific gravity is 0.934 - 0.938. • It consists of 60% Olein and 40% of stearin and palmitin mixture. Uses in Homoeopathic Pharmacy • Used as a base for ointments and medicated applications • Acts as a protective and emollient for the skin • Facilitates uniform distribution of medicinal substances • Commonly used in homoeopathic external preparations 3.3.6 SOAP Soaps are prepared from based of two sources that are vegetable and animal sources; from vegetable sources, two verities of soap may prepare that are: 92| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Hard soap: Hard soap is made by using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with olive oil, some other suitable vegetable oils, or fat. It is grayish- white or yellowish-white in colour. It is almost soluble in water; completely soluble in 90% strength of alcohol, and easily soluble when heated. It can be used as a detergent. • Soft soap: It is a semi-fluid soap; Soft soap is made by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) rather than sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with olive oil, some other suitable vegetable oils, or fat. It is a yellowish white to green or brown in color. it is almost soluble in water; completely soluble in 90% strength of alcohol, it can be used as a detergent. From animal sources only one verity may prepare that is: • Curd soap: Curd soap is separated as curd by the addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with purified animal fat by the process of saponification. It is grayish-white or yellowish-white in colour. It is almost soluble in water; completely soluble in 90% strength of alcohol, and it can be used as a hand wash, face wash, and entire body to maintain hygiene. When it is used with cold and hard water it develops a high degree of cleaning for effectiveness. 3.3.7. ISINGLASS Isinglass is an animal-derived substance obtained from the dried swim bladder (air bladder) of certain fishes, especially sturgeon and related species. It is mainly composed of collagen, which on processing yields a form of gelatine. It is Animal origin and prepared from the swim bladder of fishes. Properties • Transparent, thin, fibrous sheets or irregular pieces • Almost pure collagen (gelatinous protein) • Odourless, tasteless, and brittle when dry • Insoluble in cold water • Swells and dissolves in hot water, forming a clear gelatinous solution • Soluble in dilute acids and alkalis. • Good binding and clarifying properties • Chemically inert in small quantities 93Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Uses in Homoeopathic Pharmacy • Used occasionally as an animal vehicle • Acts as a binding or adhesive agent in pharmaceutical preparations • Sometimes used for clarification of liquids, as it precipitates suspended impurities • Historically used in the preparation of medicinal films and coatings • Produces a clear and strong gel Limitations • Animal origin, hence not acceptable to vegetarians • Not commonly used in modern homoeopathic pharmacy • Prone to microbial spoilage if stored improperly • Sensitive to moisture and heat 3.4 LIQUID VEHICLES Liquid vehicles are substances in the liquid state used in homoeopathic pharmacy for the preparation, dilution, preservation, and administration of medicines. They play a vital role in the processes of extraction, potentization, and dispensing of homoeopathic drugs. Liquid vehicles help in maintaining the stability, efficacy, and uniform distribution of medicinal substances. Definition Liquid vehicles are liquid substances used as media or carriers for dissolving, extracting, diluting, or administering homoeopathic medicines. There are different kinds of liquid vehicles which are used in homoeopathic preparation, these are as under: • Distilled water • Alcohol • Solvent ether • Syrup • Oils 94| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
3.4.1 DISTILLED WATER Distilled water defined as it is water that is obtained by the process of boiling tap water into vapor and condensed back into liquid in a separate vessel. The process is called distillation and distilled or purified water must be free from impurities like Chloride, Sulphate, Calcium, and ammonia. Distilled water is an important vehicle in homeopathy and it is a good solvent that is physiologically neutral. Properties The distilled water has the following properties: • Chemical formula: H2O • Molecular weight: 18 • Boiling Point: 100 degrees centigrade. • Freezing point: Zero degrees centigrade. • PH Value of water: Neutral (not more than 6-7). • Specific gravity: 1 at 25 degrees centigrade. • Temperature of maximum density: 4degree centigrade. • Clear, Colorless, tasteless, and odorless liquid. • Good ionizing solvent for acid, base, and salt. • Easily absorbed by Silica gel, H2SO4, Quicklime, and Mag. Percolate etc. • Bad conductor of Heat. • It forms crystalline hydrates with many compounds like Blue Vitrioled, Green Vitrioled, and oxalic acid dehydrate. 1. Impurities in water • There are various kinds of impurities found in the water they are: • Clay, and sand, may be found in water. • Nonvolatile substances may be found in water like Chloride, Calcium, and Sulphates of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe. • Volatile substances may be found in water like Co2, H2S, NH3, NO2, SO2, etc. 2. Detection of purity in water Mostly distilled water is detected by physical properties like • Clarity of water 95Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Test of water. • Odour of water. • PH and Boiling point. • No reaction or changes will arise when water contact with litmus paper. • On evaporation of distilled water, no residue leaves. • Some other purity or chemical test can be done for the purity of water. 3. Merits as Vehicle • Aqueous solution is cheaper than other liquid vehicles like alcohol, glycerin, and syrups. • Easy to administrate medicine especially LM potency medicines always dispense in distilled water. • Easily available on the market. • It is very useful to prepare mother solutions for drugs that are not soluble in alcohol. • It is very useful in potentization, especially when want highly potentised solutions like LM potency. • It is very useful to make a different strength of alcohol. 4. Demerits as Vehicle • Prepared solutions are unstable. • Potency prepared in distilled water could not keep for a long time. • An impurity of distilled water also affects the potency or preparations. Uses • Used in final washing of utensils, this is used to prepare drugs and medicine. • Used to prepare lotions. • Used to prepare too high dilution. • Used to prepare water for injection. • Used to dispense medicine. 96| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
3.4.2 ETHYL ALCOHOL Ethyl alcohol defined as it is an organic compound with one or more hydroxyl (OH) group; in which atoms of hydrogen of an aliphatic carbon is replaced with a hydroxyl (OH) group. Source Carbohydrate-containing materials include molasses, sugarcane, beetroot, grapes, fruit juices, corn, barley, wheat, rice, maize, potato, etc. Properties Ethyl alcohol has the following properties: • Ethanol is a clear and colorless liquid. • Chemical formula: C2H5OH • Ethanol has a pleasant odour and burning taste. • It is highly flammable. • Ethanol is used to dissolve other chemical substances and mixes readily with water and many organic liquids. • The molecular weight is:46.07 • The boiling point is:78.50°C. • The freezing point: -114°C. • The pH of pure ethanol is neutral (6-7). • Ethyl alcohol is a good solvent for organic compounds. • Small doses of ethyl alcohol are stimulants but in • excess doses is poison. • Specific gravity of ethyl alcohol is less than water. • Ethyl alcohol is miscible in water. Uses • Used as a solvent for many organic syntheses. • Used as a colouring agent and flavoring agent. • Used as a precursor for chemical & pharmaceutical synthesis. • Used in the preparation of alcoholic beverages. • Used in the preparation of Mother Tincture. • Used as antifreeze agent, glass cleaner, dye remover. • Used as fuel in the laboratory. 97Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Advantages • Alcohol is cheap and simple • Alcohol is a good pharmaceutical solvent and dissolves many organic compounds. • Alcohol is not spoilt by long storage. • Alcohol possesses great extractive properties. • It is also a great preserver of plant and animal tissues. Disadvantage • Ethanol produces physiological and psychological changes. • It is a taxable item and has to be procured through excise departments. • It is highly volatile and inflammable. • It cannot dissolve many inorganic salts directly. • Ordinary corks are easily discolored if come in contact with alcohol. CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOL ETHYL ALCOHOL IN HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY It is the most commonly used alcohol, also known as ethanol; it is obtained from molasses (a waste product of sugar industries), It can be also obtained from starchy substances like potatoes, Rice, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc. Ethyle alcohol is classified based on its strength. 1. Absolute Alcohol 2. Strong Alcohol 3. Dispensing Alcohol 4. Diluted Alcohol 5. Proof Spirit 1. Absolute Alcohol In this verity of alcohol, there is no trace of water or anhydrous alcohol, theoretically, it should be 100% ethyl alcohol by v/v (by volume) or w/w (by weight) but practically it contains 99.4% by (v/v) or 99.0% (w/w). Synonym: Anhydrous alcohol Properties • Clear, transparent, and colorless liquid. • Chemical formula: C2H5OH 98| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• It has a pleasant odour and a burning taste. • It is highly flammable. • Molecular weight is:46.07 • Boiling point is:78.50°C • The freezing point: -114°C • The pH of strong alcohol is neutral (6-7). • It is miscible in water. Preparation: • It can be prepared on a small scale and large scale; for small-scale production, processes are: • Mix rectified spirit with fresh quick lime (CaO) and keep in an air- tight, dry vessel. • Heat it to remove most of the water. • Distil this mix. The distillate now contains 0.6 to 1% water. • To remove these last few traces of water, the above distillate is refluxed over metallic calcium or magnesium. • Now re-distillation is carried out in an all-glass apparatus. • During re-distillation, the first and last portions are rejected. The middle portion is collected which is pure and unmixed. Uses • Some drugs require an anhydrous medium for their dilutions. Absolute alcohol is used in such cases to avoid chemical changes or precipitation caused by water. • Absolute alcohol acts as an excellent solvent for many resins, essential oils, alkaloids, and active principles that are poorly soluble in water. • Because of its hygroscopic nature, absolute alcohol is used as a dehydrating agent in pharmaceutical processes where removal of moisture is required. • It helps in maintaining the stability and shelf life of homoeopathic medicines by preventing microbial growth and decomposition. • Absolute alcohol is used in certain pharmacopoeial and laboratory procedures where a high degree of purity and absence of water are essential. 99Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
2. Strong Alcohol In this verity of alcohol; it should not be less than 94.7% by v/v (by volume) or 92.0% w/w (by weight) of ethyl alcohol and it should not be more than 95.2% by v/v (by volume) or 92.07% w/w (by weight) of ethyl alcohol. In homeopathy, strong alcohol is mostly used for preparing mother tincture. Preparation It is prepared by mixing pure ethyl alcohol and distilled water to reduce the strength of pure ethyl alcohol and formed strong alcohol. The processes to prepare one-liter strong alcohol are: • Take pure ethyl alcohol in the ratio of 94.9% means 949ml of pure ethyl alcohol. • Take Distilled water in the ratio of 5.1% means 51ml of distilled water. • Mixed together properly with help of a glass rod. • After proper mixing strong alcohol is prepared to use. Properties • Clear, transparent, and colorless liquid. • Chemical formula: C2H5OH. • It has a pleasant odour and a burning taste. • It is highly flammable. • Molecular weight is:46.07 • Boiling point is:78.50°C • The freezing point: -114°C • The pH of strong alcohol is neutral (6-7). • Specific gravity 0.8104 to 0.8075 at 25degree. • It is miscible in water. Uses • Strong alcohol is widely used in the preparation of mother tinctures, especially from plant and animal drugs. It efficiently extracts active constituents such as alkaloids, resins, glycosides, and essential oils. • Due to its high alcohol content, strong alcohol acts as an effective preservative, preventing microbial growth and decomposition of preparations. 100| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Strong alcohol is used for preparing lower and medium potencies where adequate alcohol strength is required to maintain stability and uniformity. • Many medicinal substances that are insoluble or poorly soluble in water dissolve readily in strong alcohol, making it a valuable solvent in homoeopathic pharmacy. • Strong alcohol is commonly employed as the menstruum in maceration and percolation processes during drug extraction. 3. Dispensing alcohol In this verity of alcohol; it should be 88.0% by v/v (by volume) or 83.1% w/w (by weight) of pure ethyl alcohol. Sources of alcohol are molasses. Synonym: Official alcohol Preparation: It is prepared by mixing pure alcohol and distilled water to reduce the strength of alcohol and form dispensing alcohol. The processes to prepare 1000 ml dispensing alcohol are: • Take pure alcohol in the ratio of 88.0% by v/v means 880ml of pure alcohol. • Take Distilled water in the ratio of 12.0%means 120ml of distilled water. • Add both solutions and mixed together properly with help of a glass rod. • After proper mixing dispensing alcohol is prepared to use. Properties: • Contains 88%v/v of ethyl alcohol • Specific gravity: 0.840 at (15.6°C) Uses • Dispensing alcohol is used for making most of the dilutions from the mother tincture. • As per HPI monographs mostly 2x potency prepared in dispensing alcohol. 101Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
4. Dilute alcohol In this verity of alcohol; it should be 60.3% by v/v (by volume) or 60.0% w/w (by weight) of pure ethyl alcohol. Different pharmacopeia authorities’ gives different specification for the preparation of dilute alcohol; as per the homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of India HPI volume 1 the process is as under: Preparation It is prepared by mixing pure alcohol and distilled water to reduce the strength of alcohol and form dilute alcohol. The processes to prepare 1000 ml to dilute alcohol are: • Take 100% pure alcohol in the ratio of 63.2% means 632ml of pure alcohol. • Take Distilled water in the ratio of 36.8%means 368ml of distilled water. • Add both solutions and mixed together properly with help of a glass rod. • After proper mixing dilute alcohol prepared to use. Properties • Contains 60%v/v (limit 59.5%v/v to 60.5% v/v) of ethyl alcohol. • Specific gravity: 0.9139 to 0.9169 Uses • Most of the higher potencies are prepared with dilute alcohol • It is used to prepare evaporating lotions. • It is used for cleansing utensils. 5. Proof Spirit Proof spirit is a standard mixture of ethyl alcohol and water having a definite strength. It was traditionally used in pharmaceutical practice as a reference strength for alcohol and for certain preparations in earlier times. Although its use has reduced in modern homoeopathic pharmacy, it still holds academic and historical importance. which contains approximately 50–57% v/v of ethyl alcohol, depending on the system of measurement used. It represents a balance between alcohol and water, neither being in excess. 102| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Properties • Clear, colorless liquid • Characteristic alcoholic odor • Miscible with water and alcohol • Moderate solvent and preservative action Uses • Used earlier as a standard strength for preparing and testing alcohol • Occasionally used as a vehicle where moderate alcohol strength is required • Serves as a reference substance in pharmaceutical education. 3.4.3 GLYCERINE Glycerine, also known as glycerol, is a clear, colorless, transparent, viscous, and hygroscopic liquid widely used as a liquid vehicle in homoeopathic pharmacy. Chemically, it is a trihydric alcohol with the molecular formula C₃H₈O₃. It is obtained as a by-product during the process of saponification or hydrolysis of fats and oils of vegetable or animal origin. Glycerine is prepared from: • Vegetable oils (preferred in homoeopathic practice) • Animal fats, it is purified and standardized before pharmaceutical us Properties The glycerol has the subsequent properties: • It’s a transparent, colorless, viscous liquid. • Chemical formula: CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH. • It’s hygroscopic; it readily absorbed moisture from the air. • It’s odorless and sweet warm tasteless. • The boiling point is: 290.0 °C. • The freezing point: 18.2 °C. • It’s miscible in water, acetone, and ethanol. • It’s immiscible in benzene, carbon tetra chloride, and chloroform. • A trihydric alcohol (contains three –OH groups • Non-volatile and non-toxic • Stable under normal storage conditions 103Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Uses • Used as a solvent or vehicle for preparing certain medicines, especially when alcohol is unsuitable. • Prevents microbial growth due to its hygroscopic nature. • Commonly used in lotions, liniments, ointments, and creams. • Improves palatability of oral preparations. • Useful for extracting active principles of drugs containing mucilage or water-soluble constituents. Advantages • Non-irritant and safe for external and internal use • Suitable for children and alcohol-sensitive patients • Good preservative property • Enhances shelf life of preparations Limitations • Not suitable for potentization beyond certain limits • Excessive use may cause stickiness • Highly hygroscopic, requires proper storage • Not preferred for medicines requiring rapid absorption 3.4.4 SOLVENT ETHER Solvent ether, commonly known as Ether or Diethyl Ether, is a volatile organic liquid used as a special liquid vehicle and solvent in homoeopathic pharmacy. Chemically, it is an ether with the molecular formula C₄H₁₀O. Due to its high volatility and strong solvent power, its use is limited and requires careful handling. Solvent ether is prepared by the controlled dehydration of ethyl alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. The product is purified and standardized before pharmaceutical use. Chemical name is Diethyl Ether or Ethoxyethane and Molecular Formula is C₄H₁₀O. Properties • Appearance: Clear, colorless, mobile liquid • Odour: Strong, characteristic, pleasant ether-like odour • Taste: Sweet, burning taste 104| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Volatility: Highly volatile and inflammable • Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; freely miscible with alcohol, chloroform, and oils • Neutral organic compound • Highly volatile and inflammable • Forms explosive mixtures with air Uses • Used for dissolving resins, essential oils, fats, and alkaloids. • Useful for extracting volatile and fatty constituents from crude drugs. • Employed where alcohol or water is unsuitable. • Used in limited quantity due to rapid evaporation. Advantages • Excellent solvent power • Rapid evaporation leaves minimal residue • Useful for volatile and resinous substances Limitations • Highly inflammable and explosive • Rapid evaporation causes loss of solvent • Not suitable for routine dispensing 3.4.5 SYRUP The syrup is a concentrated saturated solution of sucrose in purified water. It is a sweet and viscous liquid prepared by a mixture of sugar or cane sugar or sucrose and water sometimes with different kinds of fruit juices to change flavor and taste. Definition Syrup is a thick, sweet, transparent liquid prepared by dissolving sugar in purified or distilled water, usually in a concentration sufficient to inhibit microbial growth. Composition Sucrose: about 66.7% w/w and Purified or distilled water: 43.3% q.s. 105Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Types • Simple Syrup: Simple syrup contains sucrose and purified water only in the ratio of 66.7 grams added with 100gram of water by w/w or 85.0 grams added with 100ml of water by w/v. • Medicated Syrup: Medicated syrup containing medicinal substances with simple syrup in the ratio of 5.0 ml added with 95 ml of simple syrup by v/v. • Flavoured Syrup: Flavoured syrup containing aromatic or flavour substances called flavoured syrup. Preparation • To prepare the 100ml simple syrup 85.0-gram sugar is taken in a vessel. • 100ml of purified water is added to it. • The mixture of sugar and purified water is heated continually with constant stirring till sugar dissolves. • Resultant solution filtered with the help of cotton or filter paper. • To prepare the 100ml medicated syrup 5.0ml mother tincture is taken in a vessel. • 95ml of simple syrup is added to it. • The mixture of the mother tincture and simple syrup is constant stirring till mixture is uniformly dissolved. • Resultant solution filtered with the help of cotton or filter paper. • To prepare the 100ml flavoured syrup 5.0ml tincture or fruit juice or essence is taken in a vessel. • 95ml of simple syrup is added to it. • The mixture of tincture or fruit juice or essence and simple syrup is constant stirring till the mixture is uniformly dissolved. • Resultant solution filtered with the help of cotton or filter paper Physical Characters • Appearance: Clear, transparent, viscous liquid • Taste: Sweet • Odour: Odourless or pleasantly flavored • Nature: Hygroscopic 106| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Uses • Used for administration of medicines, especially for children and elderly patients. • It’s a Sweetening agent, masks unpleasant taste of drugs. • Use as preservative, high sugar concentration prevents microbial growth. • Use as Base for cough and tonic preparations provides soothing effect to throat and mucous membranes. Advantages • Used as an antioxidant. • Used as preservatives. • Easy to palatable due to sweetness. • Prevents decomposition of many vegetable substances. Limitations • Unsuitable for diabetic patients • Fermentation may occur if improperly prepared or diluted • Sticky nature • Not suitable in hot and humid climates without preservatives Storage • Syrup stored in a dried, well-closed bottle in a cool dark place. • Stored at below 25-degree centigrade. 3.4.6 OILS Oils are important liquid vehicles used in homoeopathic pharmacy, mainly for the preparation and administration of medicines intended for external application. They act as solvents, carriers, or bases for certain drugs, especially those that are fat-soluble or intended for local action. Definition Oils are liquid, unctuous substances of vegetable, animal, or mineral origin used as vehicles to dissolve, extract, or carry medicinal substances in homoeopathic pharmacy. 107Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Classification of Oils The oils are classified as: • Fixed Oils • Volatile (Essential) Oils • Mineral Oils FIXED OIL Fixed oils are important liquid vehicles used in homoeopathic pharmacy, mainly for the preparation of external medicinal formulations. They are non-volatile, fatty oils of vegetable or animal origin and are called “fixed” because they do not evaporate on exposure to air and leave a permanent greasy stain on paper. Fixed oils obtained from plant seeds, fruits, or animal tissues, used as liquid vehicles for dissolving or carrying medicinal substances, especially for external applications. Fixed oils are obtained mainly from: • Plant sources – seeds, kernels, or fruits (e.g., olive oil, almond oil, coconut oil) • Animal sources – fatty tissues (e.g., cod-liver oil) Types of oils are • Olive oil • Almond oil • Sesame oil • Castor oil • Coconut Oil OLIVE OIL Olive oil, scientifically known as Oleum Olivae, is a commonly used fixed oil in homoeopathic pharmacy. It is obtained by cold expression of ripe fruits of Olea europaea. Due to its mild nature, stability, and soothing properties, olive oil is widely employed as a liquid vehicle, especially for external preparations. Source • Obtained from the fresh, ripe fruits of Olea europaea (Family: Oleaceae) • Prepared by cold pressing to preserve its natural qualities 108| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Chemical Constitution Olive oil mainly contains of Oleic acid (chief constituent), Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Linoleic acid, Glycerides of fatty acids. Properties • Appearance: Clear, pale yellow to greenish-yellow liquid • Odour: Mild, characteristic • Taste: Bland, slightly oily • Consistency: Unctuous and smooth • Nature: Non-volatile fixed oil Uses • Used as a carrier for medicines intended for external application. • Acts as a suitable base due to its stability and non-irritant nature. • Use as a solvent for fat-soluble drugs, helpful in dissolving substances insoluble in water or alcohol. • Softens skin and protects it from dryness and irritation. • Use as Massage Preparations commonly used in therapeutic massage oils. ALMOND OIL Almond oil is an important fixed oil used as a liquid vehicle in homoeopathic pharmacy, mainly for external preparations. It is obtained from the kernels of sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis) and is preferred due to its mild, non-irritant, and soothing properties. Source Almond oil is expressed from the seeds (kernels) of sweet almonds by cold expression and then purified. Bitter almond oil is not used as a vehicle due to its toxic constituents. Chemical Constitution Almond oil mainly contains of Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, small amounts of palmitic acid and stearic acid It is chemically stable but may become rancid on prolonged exposure to air. It contains 80 % benzaldehyde and rest 20% also contains olein with some Linolein, but no stearin. 109Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Properties • Appearance: Clear, pale yellow, oily liquid • Odour: Odourless or faint, characteristic • Taste: Bland, slightly nutty • Nature: Fixed oil, non-volatile • Stain test: Leaves a permanent greasy stain on paper • Slightly soluble in alcohol, miscible with solvent ether, and with chloroform • Specific gravity: 0.910 to 0.915 at 20 degree Centigrade Uses • Used as a vehicle for medicines applied to skin. • Commonly employed in preparing massage oils, liniments, and ointments. • Its Softens skin and relieves dryness and irritation. • Helps in dissolving and distributing fat-soluble medicinal substances. SESAME OIL Sesame oil, commonly known as Til oil, is a fixed vegetable oil obtained from the seeds of Sesamum indicum (Family: Pedaliaceae). It is one of the most important oils used as a liquid vehicle in homoeopathic pharmacy, especially for external preparations. Source Sesame oil is extracted from the ripe seeds of Sesamum indicum by: • Cold expression (preferred for medicinal use) • Hot expression followed by purification Chemical Constituents Constituents of sesame oil are Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid with natural antioxidants sesamol, sesamin. These constituents give sesame oil good stability and resistance to rancidity. Properties • Pale yellow colored oil. • It’s faint in odour; 110| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• It’s Bland in taste. • It’s slightly soluble in alcohol. • It’s miscible with solvent ether, with chloroform, and with light petroleum. • Specific gravity: 0.916 to 0.919 at 20 Degree Cent. Uses • Used as a carrier for medicines meant for external application. • Widely used in medicated oils due to its excellent skin penetration. • Suitable for drugs soluble in oils. • Softens skin and prevents dryness. • Natural antioxidants increase shelf life of preparations. CASTOR OIL Castor oil is an important fixed oil used as a liquid vehicle in homoeopathic pharmacy, mainly for external applications and certain pharmaceutical preparations. It is obtained from the seeds of Ricinus communis (Family: Euphorbiaceae). Source Castor oil is extracted from the ripe seeds of Ricinus communis by: • Cold expression (for medicinal use) • Followed by purification to remove toxic principles Chemical Constituents Castor oil is a fixed oil composed mainly of triglycerides of ricinoleic acid, along with small amounts of oleic and linoleic acids. The presence of ricinoleic acid gives castor oil its characteristic viscosity and medicinal properties. Properties • Appearance: Clear, colorless to pale yellow, viscous liquid • Odour: Faint, characteristic • Taste: Slightly acrid • Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol (partially) and miscible with fixed oils • Nature: Non-volatile, oily 111Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Uses • Used as a vehicle for certain external homoeopathic preparations. • Base for ointments and liniments due to its viscosity and emollient property. • Used as soothing and emollient agent helpful in skin preparations and massage oils. • Used as the preparation of hair oils and cosmetic formulations associated with homoeopathic practice. COCONUT OIL Coconut oil is a fixed vegetable oil widely used as a liquid vehicle in homoeopathic pharmacy, mainly for external applications. It is obtained from the dried kernel (copra) of the coconut, Cocos nucifera (Family: Palmae/Arecaceae). Due to its stability, soothing nature, and medicinal properties, coconut oil is commonly used in pharmaceutical and therapeutic preparations. Source • Obtained from the copra (dried endosperm) of mature coconuts • Extracted by cold pressing or expelling method • Virgin coconut oil is preferred for medicinal use Chemical Constituents Rich in medium-chain fatty acids, major constituents include Lauric acid, Myristic acid, Capric and caprylic acids, Contains small amounts of vitamins and antioxidants Uses • Used as a base for liniments, ointments, and medicated oils. • Suitable for dissolving or dispersing oil-soluble medicinal substances. • Used for Softens skin and prevents dryness and irritation. • Commonly used in therapeutic massage and local applications. • Used where alcohol is not suitable, especially for sensitive skin. VOLATILE (ESSENTIAL) OIL Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are organic, aromatic substances obtained from various parts of plants such as flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, 112| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
bark, wood, roots, and peels. They readily evaporate on exposure to air at ordinary temperatures and possess a characteristic fragrance of the plant from which they are derived. In homoeopathic pharmacy, volatile oils are used mainly as liquid vehicles, flavouring agents, and medicinal substances for the preparation of mother tinctures, liniments, ointments, and external applications. Volatile oils are obtained from different parts of plants: • Flowers – Rose oil, Lavender oil • Leaves – Peppermint oil, Eucalyptus oil • Seeds – Fennel oil, Coriander oil • Fruits/Peels – Lemon oil, orange oil • Bark/Wood – Cinnamon oil, Sandalwood oil • Roots/Rhizomes – Ginger oil, Turmeric oil Types of Volatile (Essential) Oils These oils are aromatic, volatile, and evaporate on exposure to air. • Lavender oil • Rosemary Oil • Eucalyptus oil • Peppermint oil • Clove oil LAVENDER OIL Lavender oil is a volatile (essential) oil obtained by steam distillation of the fresh flowering tops of Lavandula officinalis (also known as Lavandula angustifolia), belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is widely used in homoeopathic pharmacy as well as in perfumery and aromatherapy due to its pleasant fragrance and therapeutic properties. Source • Fresh flowering tops of Lavandula officinalis Chemical Constituents • Linalool • Linalyl acetate • Cineole 113Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Camphor (in small quantity) • Terpinenes Properties • Appearance: Clear, colourless to pale yellow liquid • Odour: Strong, characteristic, pleasant aromatic smell • Taste: Slightly bitter and aromatic • Solubility: Soluble in alcohol and fixed oils; slightly soluble in water • Specific gravity: Approximately 0.875–0.905 Uses • Used as a flavouring and perfuming agent in pharmaceutical preparations • Employed as a corrective to improve taste and odour of medicines • Acts as a preservative due to its mild antiseptic property • Used in the preparation of liniments, ointments, and hair oils Therapeutic Importance • Mild sedative and calming effect • Useful in headache, nervous tension, insomnia, and stress-related conditions • Possesses antiseptic, carminative, and antispasmodic properties ROSEMARY OIL Rosemary oil is a volatile (essential) oil obtained from the fresh flowering tops and leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (Family: Lamiaceae). It is a colourless to pale yellow liquid with a characteristic strong, aromatic odour. Rosemary oil has been used since ancient times for its medicinal, cosmetic, and preservative properties. Source Rosemary oil is a volatile (essential) oil obtained by steam distillation of the fresh flowering tops and leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (Family: Lamiaceae). Chemical Constituents The principal constituents include cineole (eucalyptol), camphor, borneol, α-pinene, camphene, and terpineol. 114| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Properties • It is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid with a strong, pleasant, aromatic and camphoraceous odor, and a warm, slightly bitter taste. • Slightly soluble in water • Freely soluble in alcohol and fixed oils • Specific gravity is Approximately 0.895 – 0.915 at 20°C Uses • Used as a stimulant and rubefacient in external applications • Acts as a carminative and mild antiseptic • Employed in liniments, massage oils, and hair preparations • Used as a flavoring and perfuming agent in pharmaceutical preparations Therapeutic Importance Traditionally used to relieve muscular pain, improve circulation, and promote mental alertness. It is also valued for its role in scalp care and hair growth formulations. EUCALYPTUS OIL Eucalyptus oil is a volatile (essential) oil obtained by steam distillation of the fresh leaves and terminal branches of Eucalyptus globulus and other related species belonging to the family Myrtaceae. It is widely used in homoeopathic pharmacy as a medicinal and external application oil. Source • Leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Chemical Constituents The chief constituents of eucalyptus oil are: • Eucalyptol (Cineole) – main active principle • Pinene • Limonene • Terpineol • Aldehydes and alcohols Physical Characters • Colour: Colourless or pale yellow • Odour: Strong, characteristic, camphoraceous 115Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Taste: Spicy and cooling • Consistency: Thin, volatile liquid Uses • Used as an antiseptic and disinfectant • Employed in inhalation preparations for respiratory conditions • Used externally in liniments and ointments for muscular pain • Acts as an expectorant in cough, cold, and bronchitis • Used as a flavouring and deodorizing agent PEPPERMINT OIL Peppermint oil is a volatile (essential) oil obtained by steam distillation of the fresh flowering tops and leaves of Mentha piperita Linn., belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is one of the most widely used essential oils in pharmacy, medicine, and allied health systems due to its characteristic pleasant aroma, cooling sensation, and therapeutic properties. In pharmaceutical and homoeopathic practice, peppermint oil is valued for its carminative, antispasmodic, stimulant, and mild antiseptic actions. The presence of menthol as its chief constituent imparts a cooling effect on the skin and mucous membranes, making it useful in relieving headache, nausea, flatulence, and digestive disturbances. CLOVE OIL Clove oil is a volatile (essential) oil obtained from the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (family Myrtaceae). It is one of the most important aromatic oils used in pharmacy, medicine, dentistry, and homoeopathic practice. The oil is mainly extracted by steam distillation of clove buds, leaves, or stems, and possesses a strong, spicy, characteristic odor with a warm, pungent taste. Chemically, clove oil contains a high percentage of eugenol as its principal active constituent, along with eugenyl acetate and β-caryophyllene, which are responsible for its antiseptic, analgesic, and carminative properties. Due to these properties, clove oil is widely used as a flavoring agent, preservative, and therapeutic agent. In homoeopathic pharmacy, clove oil is used as a fixed/essential oil vehicle and also finds application in external preparations for relieving toothache, gum disorders, and minor pain conditions. Its aromatic nature 116| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
and medicinal value make clove oil an important natural product in pharmaceutical preparations and traditional systems of medicine. MINERAL OIL These are petroleum-derived products that are chemically inert, widely used in pharmacy and medicine as bases, protectants, and lubricants. Mineral oils are hydrocarbon products obtained from petroleum through fractional distillation followed by purification. They consist of chemically inert hydrocarbons that are stable, resistant to oxidation, and not readily attacked by microorganisms. Owing to these properties, mineral oils are widely employed in pharmacy and medicine. They serve as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations, act as emollients in dermatological preparations, and function as protective agents in various topical applications. These are two type: • Liquid paraffin • Soft paraffin LIQUID PARAFFIN Appearance: Clear, colorless, oily liquid, odorless and tasteless. Solubility: Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in chloroform and ether. Uses: • Internal: Mild laxative (lubricant action on intestines). • External: Base for ointments, emollient in skin preparations. Purity Tests: • Acid value: Should be zero. • Sulfur compounds: Absent. • Storage: In well-closed containers, protected from light. SOFT PARAFFIN Appearance: Semi-solid, translucent, white or yellowish mass. Composition: Mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly saturated. Uses: • Protective ointment base. • Skin barrier and emollient. • Vehicle for topical medicines. 117Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Purity Tests: • Melting range: 38–60 °C. • Acid value: Zero. • Free from aromatic hydrocarbons. • Storage: In airtight containers, away from heat. 118| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
MOTHER PREPARATIONS 44CHAPTER 119Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
TOPICS COVERED • Overview of Mother Preparations • Old Method of Preparation • New Method of Preparation • Base of Syrup (Simple) Preparation • Suspension Preparation 4 CHAPTER MOTHER PREPARATIONS 4.1 OVERVIEW OF MOTHER PREPARATIONS Mother preparations constitute the foundation of homoeopathic pharmacy and represent the original forms from which all potentised medicines are developed. They contain the medicinal substance in its crude and most concentrated state, prepared directly from natural sources such as plants, animals, and minerals. In homoeopathic practice, these preparations are commonly indicated by the symbol Ø (mother tincture) or described as mother solution or mother trituration, depending on the nature of the source material and the method adopted for their preparation. The primary purpose of preparing mother preparations is to extract, preserve, and make available the therapeutic principles of the crude drug in a stable and effective form, without impairing its medicinal properties. As many raw substances are either insoluble or unstable in their natural condition, specific pharmaceutical techniques—such as maceration, percolation, trituration, and preparation of solutions—are employed in accordance with the guidelines of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. Mother preparations act as the basic source for the preparation of different potencies through systematic processes of dilution and succussion or trituration. In addition to their role in potentization, they also possess direct therapeutic value and are frequently prescribed in their original form in suitable clinical conditions. To maintain their quality, purity, and efficacy, careful selection of raw materials, correct proportion of drug and vehicle, and strict compliance with pharmacopeial standards are essential. 120| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
4.1.1 CLASSIFICATION In homoeopathic pharmacy, mother preparations are broadly classified into mother tinctures, mother solutions, and mother trituration, each having distinct methods of preparation, indications, and pharmaceutical importance. A sound understanding of these preparations is vital for students and practitioners of homoeopathy, as they form the cornerstone of homoeopathic drug preparation and dispensing. 1. Mother Tincture Mother Tincture is a liquid homoeopathic preparation obtained by extracting the soluble medicinal constituents of a crude drug (mainly plant and animal sometimes chemical substances) using a suitable menstruum (alcohol or alcohol–water mixture) by maceration, percolation. It represents the original concentrated extract from which homoeopathic potencies are prepared. Example: Aconitum napellus Ø, Arnica Montana Ø, Belladonna Ø, Calendula officinalis Ø, Crataegus oxyacantha Ø, Digitalis purpurea Ø, Echinacea angustifolia Ø, Nux vomica Ø, Pulsatilla nigricans Ø etc. 2. Mother Solution Mother Solution is a homogeneous liquid preparation made by dissolving a soluble crude substance (chemical or mineral origin) directly in a suitable solvent such as distilled water or alcohol, without undergoing extraction. It serves as the starting preparation for further dilution and potentization. Example: Acidum nitricum (Nitric acid), Acidum sulphuricum (Sulphuric acid), Acidum phosphoricum, Kali iodatum, Natrum muriaticum, Ferrum phosphoricum, Cuprum sulphuricum etc. 3. Mother Trituration Mother Trituration is the initial homoeopathic preparation obtained by triturating insoluble substances (minerals, metals, insoluble chemicals) with sugar of milk in a definite proportion, usually up to 3X or 3C potency. It is used as the base preparation for further potentization. Example: Calcarea carbonica, Silicea, Hepar sulphuris calcareum, Graphites, Sulphur, Ferrum metallicum, Plumbum metallicum etc. 121Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
4.2 OLD METHOD OF MOTHER PREPARATIONS The Old or Hahnemannian method refers to the original procedures described by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in the Organon of Medicine and early editions of Materia Medica Pura. This method mainly relies on simple maceration, expression, and solution techniques, without the use of modern equipment. Drug Strength in Hahnemannian Preparation According to the Old (Hahnemannian) method of preparation, the mother tincture (Ø), mother solution (Ø), and mother trituration do not possess a uniform strength. The drug strength varies depending upon the class of drug, its nature, and the method of preparation adopted by Hahnemann. In this method, the drug strength represents the proportion of the original crude drug present in the final mother preparation. Hahnemann classified drugs into different classes (Class I to Class IX), each having a definite drug strength. Class I • Drug Strength: 1/2 • Tinctures prepared with equal parts by weight of juice and alcohol. • These preparations contain 50% of the original drug substance. • Mostly prepared from fresh succulent plant materials with high juice content. Class II • Drug Strength: 1/2 • Tinctures expressed by the aid of two parts of alcohol added to three parts of plant or part thereof. • These preparations contain 2/3 rd of the original drug substance. • Mostly prepared from fresh succulent plant materials with medium juice content. Class III • Drug Strength: 1/6 • Tinctures prepared with two parts by weight of alcohol to one part of plant or part thereof. • Indicates one part of drug is present in six parts of the preparation. 122| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Mostly prepared from fresh succulent plant materials with less juice content. • Used for drugs with moderate moisture content. Class IV • Drug Strength: 1/10 • Tincture prepared with five parts by weight of alcohol. • Prepared from substances requiring greater dilution for stability and preservation. • Mostly prepared from dried Vegetable and Animal Substances, including live animals content. Class V • Class V A – Drug Strength: 1/10 • One part by weight of the medicinal substance is dissolved in nine parts by weight of purified water in class V-A. • Class V B – Drug Strength: 1/100 • One part by weight of the medicinal substance is dissolved in ninty nine parts by weight of purified water in class V-B. • It’s an aqueous solutions and sub-classification is based on solubility and nature of the drug substance. Class VI • Class VI A – Drug Strength: 1/10 • One part by weight of the medicinal substance is dissolved in nine parts by weight of alcohol in class VI-A. • Class VI B – Drug Strength: 1/100 • One part by weight of the medicinal substance is dissolved in ninty nine parts by weight of alcohol in class VI-B. • It’s an alcoholic solution includes substances requiring either weaker or stronger initial dilutions depending on their chemical properties. Class VII • Drug Strength: a) 1/10 in Decimal scale b) 1/100 in Centesimal scale 123Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• These drugs are generally prepared as mother trituration, which serve as the basis for further potentization Usually includes dry Insoluble Medicinal Subs. Class VIII • Drug Strength: a) 1/10 in Decimal scale b) 1/100 in Centesimal scale • Usually includes Liquid insoluble substances. Class IX • Drug Strength: a) 1/10 in Decimal scale b) 1/100 in Centesimal scale • Prepared exclusively by trituration, as the fresh vegetable and animal substances are insoluble in alcohol and water. MOTHER TINCTURE (PLANTS AND ANIMALS) 1. Class –I Most Juicy Substance 2 Class –II Medium Juicy Substance 3 Class –III Less Juicy Substance 4 Class –IV Dried Vegetable and Animal Subst. (Also, live animals). MOTHER SOLUTION (MINERAL AND CHEMICAL) 1. Class –V Aqueous Solutions 2 Class –V-A Easily Soluble in water 3 Class – V-B Soluble in large quantity of water 4 Class –VI Alcoholic Solutions 5 Class-VI -A Easily Soluble in Alcohol 6 Class-VI -A Soluble in large quantity of Alcohol 124| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
MOTHER TRITURATION (ALL INSOLUBLE SOURCES) 1. Class-VII Dry Insoluble Medicinal Subs. 2 Class-VIII Liquid Insoluble Medicinal Subs. 3 Class-IX Fresh Vegetable and Animal Insoluble Subs. 4.2.1 PREPARATION OF MOTHER TINCTURE PREPARATION OF MOTHER TINCTURE – CLASS I In Class I preparations, mother tinctures are made from fresh plants that naturally contain abundant juice—this may include leaves, stems, roots, flowers, or even the whole plant while still green. Principle In Class I, the medicinal strength lies mainly in the natural juice of the fresh plant. Alcohol is added only to preserve the juice and prevent fermentation or decomposition. Process of Preparation The basics rules to prepare Mother Tincture for class I is based on Materia medica Pura under Belladonna. In this book only juices apply with equal part by weight of alcohol. The mixture of plant juice and alcohol kept for eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark cool place, after eight days is that mixture filtered. The drug power of the tincture is 1/2. Class I • Drug Strength: ½ • The ratio of Drug juice and menstrum: 1:1 • Fundamental rule under the drug: Belladonna • Duration: 8 days • Preparation of 1X: tincture: vehicle - 2:8Preparation of 1C: tincture: vehicle - 2:98 Examples: Belladonna; Colchicum; Aconite; Calendula. Method of Preparation 1. Cleaning and Comminution: The fresh plant material is thoroughly washed to remove dirt and foreign matter. It is then finely chopped and crushed using a mortar and pestle or grinder to obtain a soft pulp. 125Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
2. Expression of Juice: The crushed material is wrapped in clean muslin cloth and pressed to extract the fresh juice completely. 3. Measurement of Juice: The expressed juice is accurately measured. 4. Addition of Alcohol: To the measured juice, an equal quantity of strong alcohol is added. This results in a drug strength of 1: 2. 5. Mixing and Preservation: The mixture is shaken thoroughly to ensure uniform mixing and transferred to a well-stoppered bottle keep for eight days and then filter. 6. Labelling and Storage: The bottle is labelled properly and stored in a cool, dark place. PREPARATION OF MOTHER TINCTURE – CLASS II In the old (Hahnemannian) method, Class II drugs are those medicinal substances which contain both soluble medicinal principles and insoluble fibrous matter, along with a moderate amount of natural moisture. These are generally fresh plants or their parts such as leaves, stems, or flowers. Principle The medicinally active constituents are extracted by maceration with alcohol, while the insoluble fibrous portion is separated by expression and filtration. The natural moisture present in the drug is taken into account while selecting the strength of alcohol. Process of Preparation The basics rules to prepare Mother Tincture for class II is based on Materia medica Pura under Thuja. In this book three part of thick pulp of thuja green leaves applies with two parts by weight of alcohol. The mixture of plant pulp and alcohol kept for eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark cool place, after eight days is that mixture filtered. The drug power of the tincture is 1/2. Class II • Drug Strength: ½ • Drug-Ratio- Drug juice: menstruum: 3:2 • Fundamental rule under Thuja • Duration: 8 days • Preparation of 1X: tincture: vehicle- 2:8 • Preparation of 1C: tincture: vehicle- 2:98 Examples: Euphrasia; Mezereum; Thuja; Vinca minor; Symphytum. 126| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Method of Preparation 1. Collection and Cleaning: Fresh plant material is collected, cleaned thoroughly to remove dirt and foreign matter, and then dried superficially. 2. Comminution: The plant material is finely chopped or bruised to expose the maximum surface area. 3. Weighing: The required quantity of the prepared drug is accurately weighed. 4. Maceration: The drug is placed in a well-stoppered glass vessel and sufficient strong alcohol in the ratio of 3:2 (three-part drug substance and two-part alcohol) is added to cover the drug completely. 5. Digestion Period: The mixture is kept in a cool, dark place for 8 days, with occasional shaking to ensure proper extraction. 6. Expression: After the digestion period, the liquid is expressed by pressing the marc (residue) thoroughly. 7. Filtration: The expressed liquid is filtered to obtain a clear solution. 8. Preservation: The clear filtrate obtained constitutes the Mother Tincture (Ø) of Class II, which is preserved in amber-coloured, well- stoppered bottles and properly labelled. PREPARATION OF MOTHER TINCTURE – CLASS III In the old (Hahnemannian) method of preparation, Class III mother tinctures are prepared from fresh plants in which the active medicinal principles are partially soluble in alcohol and partially in water. The main source of drugs is fresh whole plant or specified fresh part (leaves, stems, roots, etc.) and Drug contains moderate amount of moisture. Process of Preparation The basics rules to prepare Mother Tincture for class III is based on Materia medica Pura under Scilla. In this book one part of thick pulp of thuja applies with two parts by weight of alcohol. The mixture of plant pulp and alcohol kept for eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark cool place, after eight days is that mixture filtered. The Drug power of the tincture is 1/6. Class III • Drug Strength: 1/6 • Drug Ratio- Drug juice and menstrum:- 1:2 127Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Fundamental rule under Scilla • Duration: 8 days • Preparation of 1X: tincture: vehicle- 6:4 • Preparation of 1C: tincture: vehicle- 6:94 Examples: Abrotanum; Aesculus; Aethusa; Allium cepa, Arnica; Baptisia; Berberis vulgaris; Cactus grandiflorus; Gelsemium; Hypericum; Podophyllum; Pulsatilla; Rhus tox; Sanguinaria; Scilla; Secale cor; Veratrum viride. Method of Preparation 1. Collection and Cleaning: Fresh plant material is collected at the proper stage of growth mostly American and European plants used. Foreign matter and dirt are removed; drug is washed and dried superficially. 2. Comminution: The fresh drug is finely chopped, crushed, or bruised to rupture plant cells and release juice. 3. Weighing: The required quantity of the prepared drug is accurately weighed. 4. Addition of Menstruum: Two parts of the prescribed alcohol–water mixture is added to the drug to make six parts in total. 5. Maceration: The mixture is placed in a well-closed glass container. Kept for 8 days, shaken daily to ensure proper extraction. 6. Expression: After maceration, the contents are pressed to extract the liquid. 7. Filtration: The expressed liquid is filtered to obtain a clear mother tincture. 8. Labelling and Storage: The bottle is labelled properly and stored in a cool, dark place. PREPARATION OF MOTHER TINCTURE – CLASS IV In the old (Hahnemannian) method, Class IV drugs include fresh vegetable substances containing little or no juice, such as leaves, flowers, stems, bark, seeds, and roots. Since sufficient juice cannot be expressed directly, alcohol is used for extraction by maceration. Process of Preparation The basics rules to prepare Mother Tincture for class IV is based on Materia medica Pura under Spigelia and Staphysagria. In this book one 128| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
part of thick pulp of plants apply with five parts by weight of alcohol. The mixture of plant pulp and alcohol kept for eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark cool place, after eight days is that mixture filtered. The Drug powder of the tincture is 1/10. Class IV • Drug Strength: 1/10 • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstruum: 1:5 • Fundamental rule under Spigelia, Staphysagria • Duration: 8 days • Preparation of 1X: Tincture: vehicle- NA • Preparation of 1C: Tincture: vehicle- 10:90 Examples: Aloe; Anacardium Orientale; Cannabis Indica; Cina; Cinchona; Colocynths; Helleborus Niger; Ignatia; Lycopodium; Nux vomica; Opium; Staphysagria; Veratrum album. Method of Preparation 1. Collection and Cleaning: Fresh plant material is collected at the proper stage of growth. Foreign matter and dirt are removed; drug is washed and dried superficially. 2. Comminution: The fresh drug is finely chopped, crushed, or bruised to rupture plant cells and release juice. 3. Weighing: The required quantity of the prepared drug is accurately weighed. 4. Addition of Menstruum: Five parts of the prescribed alcohol–water mixture is added to the drug to make six parts in total. 5. Maceration: The mixture is placed in a well-closed glass container. Kept for 8 days, shaken daily to ensure proper extraction. 6. Expression: After maceration, the contents are pressed to extract the liquid. 7. Filtration: The expressed liquid is filtered to obtain a clear mother tincture. 8. Labelling and Storage: The bottle is labelled properly and stored in a cool, dark place. 129Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
4.2.2 PREPARATION OF MOTHER SOLUTION In the old method of preparation, Class V drugs are those substances which are soluble in water or alcohol and do not require trituration. These substances are generally salts, acids, alkalis, or other soluble chemical compounds. In the old method of preparation, Class V drugs are prepared in purified water, depending upon the solubility of the chemical substance. Dr. Hahnemann classified Class V drugs on the basis of their solubility strength. Accordingly, Class V is divided into Class V-A and Class V-B. Chemicals having 10% solubility strength require less quantity of purified water for dissolution. Such substances are placed under Class V-A, and the resulting aqueous solution has a strength of 1/10. Chemicals having only 1% solubility strength require a larger quantity of purified water for complete dissolution. These substances are included under Class V-B, and the prepared aqueous solution has a strength of 1/100. The prepared solution in both cases is known as a Mother Solution, and it is commonly denoted by Q. PREPARATION OF MOTHER SOLUTION – CLASS V-A The Mother solution is prepared with one part of the chemical dissolve in nine parts by weight of purified water; instantly it is prepared. Class V (A): Those substances easily soluble in purified water they are included in this class; details are as follows for this class. • Drug Strength: 1/10 • Drug Ratio: Drug: menstrum: 1:9 • Duration: Instant • Preparation of 2X: Solution: Dilute Alcohol - 1:9 • Preparation of 2C: Solution: Dilute Alcohol - 10:90 Examples: Acetic Acid; Nitric Acid; Phosphoric Acid; Sulphuric acid; Nat mur; Causticum; Ferrum Mur; Kali Carb; Baryta Mur; Balsaamum Peru, 130| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Method of Preparation 1. Weigh the drug accurately take 1 part by weight of the chemical substance. 2. Select the solvent choose distilled water on the solubility of the drug. 3. Dissolve the weighed drug completely in 9 parts by volume of the distilled water. 4. Stir thoroughly using a clean glass rod until a clear, uniform solution is obtained. 5. If insoluble particles are present, filter the solution. 6. Preservation transfers the solution to a well-stoppered glass bottle. 7. Label the preparation with name of the drug, Class V –A Mother Solution, Strength (1:10), Solvent used, Date of preparation. PREPARATION OF MOTHER SOLUTION – CLASS V-B The Mother solution is prepared with one part of the chemical dissolve in ninety-nine parts by weight of purified water; instantly it is prepared. Class V (B): Those substances soluble in purified water in a large quantity of purified water are included in this class; details are as follows for this class. • Drug Strength: 1/100 • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 1:9 • Duration: Instant • Preparation of 2X: Mother Solution: Dilute Alcohol- 1:9 • Preparation of 2C: Mother Solution: Dilute Alcohol - 1:99 Examples: Oxalic acid; picric acid; Fluoric acid; Bromium; Cuprum ac; Borax etc. Method of Preparation 1. Weigh the drug accurately take 1 part by weight of the chemical substance. 2. Select the solvent choose distilled water on the solubility of the drug. 3. Dissolve the weighed drug completely in 99 parts by volume of the distilled water. 4. Stir thoroughly using a clean glass rod until a clear, uniform solution is obtained. 131Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
5. If insoluble particles are present, filter the solution. 6. Preservation transfers the solution to a well-stoppered glass bottle. 7. Label the preparation with name of the drug, Class VI –A Mother Solution, Strength (1:10), Solvent used, Date of preparation. PREPARATION OF MOTHER SOLUTION – CLASS VI-A The Mother solution is prepared with one part of the chemical dissolve in nine parts by weight of strong Alcohol; instantly it is prepared. Now we discuss in class VI those chemicals having 10% solubility strength; required less alcohol that chemicals fall in class VIA and those chemicals having 1% solubility strength; required more alcohol that chemicals fall in class VI B to make an alcoholic solution. Class VI (A): Those substances only soluble in alcohol are included in this class; details are as follows for this class. • Drug Strength: 1/10 • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 1:9 • Duration: Instant • Preparation of 2X: Solution: Dilute Alcohol - 1:9 • Preparation of 2C: Solution: Dilute Alcohol - 10:90 Examples: Abis Nigra; Guaiacum; Chironium; Camphora; Benzoic acid; Acid Carb etc. PREPARATION OF MOTHER SOLUTION – CLASS VI-B The Mother solution is prepared with one part of the chemical dissolve in ninety-nine parts by weight of alcohol; instantly it is prepared. Class VI (B): Those substances soluble in a large quantity of alcohol are included in this class; details are as follows for this class. • Drug Strength: 1/100 • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 1:99 • Duration: Instant • Preparation of 2X: Mother Solution: Dilute Alcohol- 1:9 • Preparation of 2C: Mother Solution: Dilute Alcohol - 1:99 Examples: Ars Alb; Iodium; Merc Cor; Petroleum; Sulphur etc. 132| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
4.2.3 PREPARATION OF MOTHER TRITURATION Mother trituration is prepared according to the old method when the drug substance is insoluble in water and alcohol, such as metals, minerals, ores, salts, and some vegetable and animal substances. Mother trituration is the first trituration (usually 1X or 1C) prepared by grinding the crude drug with sugar of milk (Saccharum lactis) in a definite proportion, using the trituration process described by Hahnemann. PREPARATION OF MOTHER TRITURATION – CLASS VII The Mother trituration is prepared in two scale i.e. Decimal and Centesimal with one hour (60 Minutes) trituration process, The one-hour process is divided into three segment that are for 20 Minutes each at the end of third segment 1x or 1c prepared. The insoluble solid drug substances under this class are from vegetable, animal, mineral and chemical sources. Scale wise Preparation Decimal Scale: The mother trituration is prepared with one part by weight of drug added with nine parts by weight of sugar of milk (It should be divided into three equal parts), and triturates this mixture for one hour in three segments with one part of sugar of milk. It gives 1st trituration potency. For 2x potency put the ratio as 1x of mother substance: Sugar of milk- 1:9 and triturate this mixture for one hour in three segments. It gives 2x trituration potency. Centesimal Scale: The mother trituration is prepared with one part by weight of drug added with ninety-nine parts by weight of sugar of milk (It should be divided into three equal parts), and triturates this mixture for one hour in three segments with one part of sugar of milk. It gives 1st trituration potency. For 2x potency put the ratio as 1x of mother substance: Sugar of milk- 1:99 and triturate this mixture for one hour in three segments. It gives 2x trituration potency. Class VII: Those dry substances insoluble in liquid vehicles they are included in this class; details are as follows for this class. • Drug Strength: 1/10 (for decimal scale) and 1/100 (for centesimal scale) • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 1:9 (Decimal Scale) • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 1:99 (Centesimal Scale) 133Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Fundamental rule under Arsenicum. • Duration: One Hour • Preparation of 2X: 1x of Mother Substance: Sugar of milk- 1:9 • Preparation of 2C: 1x Mother Substance: Sugar of milk - 1:99 Examples: Vegetable Sources: Aloes Socot; Aesculus Hip; China; Coffea Cruda; Ignatia; Nux Vom; Opium; Rheum; Animal Sources: Badiaga; Cantharis; Carbo anamalis; Corallium; Sepia; Spongia; Tarentula. Mineral Sources: Graphitis; Heclalava; Silicea; Benzoicum; Alumina; Salycylicum acidium; Plumbum;sulphur;Tellurium. Method of Preparation (Decimal Scale) 1. Weighing • Take 1 part (by weight) of the finely powdered crude drug. • Take 9 parts of sugar of milk. 2. Division of Sugar of Milk • Divide the 9 parts of sugar of milk into three equal parts (3 parts each). 3. First Trituration (20 minutes) • Add one part (3 parts) of sugar of milk to the drug. • Triturate for 20 minutes, following this cycle: a. 10 minutes grinding b. 5 minutes scraping c. 5 minutes grinding 4. Second Trituration (20 minutes) • Add the second 3 parts of sugar of milk. • Triturate again for 20 minutes in the same manner. 5. Third Trituration (20 minutes) • Add the remaining 3 parts of sugar of milk. • Triturate for the final 20 minutes in the same manner. Method of Preparation (Centesimal Scale) 1. Weighing • Take 1 part (by weight) of the finely powdered crude drug. • Take 99 parts of sugar of milk. 134| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
2. Division of Sugar of Milk • Divide the 99 parts of sugar of milk into three equal parts (33 parts each). 3. First Trituration (20 minutes) • Add one part (33 parts) of sugar of milk to the drug. • Triturate for 20 minutes, following this cycle: a. 10 minutes grinding b. 5 minutes scraping c. 5 minutes grinding 4. Second Trituration (20 minutes) • Add the second 33 parts of sugar of milk. • Triturate again for 20 minutes in the same manner. 5. Third Trituration (20 minutes) • Add the remaining 33 parts of sugar of milk. • Triturate for the final 20 minutes in the same manner. PREPARATION OF MOTHER TRITURATION – CLASS VIII The Mother trituration is prepared in two scale i.e. Decimal and Centesimal with one hour (60 Minutes) trituration process, The one-hour process is divided into three segment that are for 20 Minutes each at the end of third segment 1x or 1c prepared. The insoluble solid drug substances under this class are from vegetable, venoms, nosodes, and mineral sources. Scale wise Preparation Same as Class -VII Class VIII: Those liquid substances neither soluble in purified water nor alcohol they are included in this class; details are as follows for this class. • Drug Strength: 1/10 (for decimal scale) and 1/100 (for centesimal scale) • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 1:9 (Decimal Scale) • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 1:99 (Centesimal Scale) • Fundamental rule under Petroleum. • Duration: One Hour 135Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Preparation of 2X: 1x of Mother Substance: Sugar of milk-1:9 • Preparation of 2C: 1x Mother Substance: Sugar of milk - 1:99 Examples: Vegetable Sources: Myristica Sebifera; Croton Tig. Animal Sources (Venoms): Crotalus; Elaps; Naja; Lachesis; Myristica; Croton tig. Nosodes Sources: Lyssin; Vacininum; Variolinum. Mineral Sources: Petroleum. Method of Preparation (Decimal Scale) Same as Class VII Method of Preparation (Centesimal Scale) Same as Class VII Preparation of Mother Trituration – Class IX The Mother trituration is prepared in two scale i.e. Decimal and Centesimal with one hour (60 Minutes) trituration process, The one-hour process is divided into three segment that are for 20 Minutes each at the end of third segment 1x or 1c prepared. The fresh vegetable and animal drug substances under this class are from vegetable, animal, and nosodes sources. Scale wise Preparation Same as Class -VII Class IX: Those vegetables and animal substances neither soluble in purified water nor alcohol are included in this class; details are as follows for this class. • Drug Strength: 1/10 (for decimal scale) and 1/100 (for centesimal scale) • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 2:9 (Decimal Scale) • Drug Ratio - Drug: menstrum: 2:99 (Centesimal Scale) • Fundamental rule under Agaricus. • Duration: One Hour • Preparation of 2X: 1x of Mother Substance: Sugar of milk- 1:9 • Preparation of 2C: 1x Mother Substance: Sugar of milk - 1:99 Examples: Vegetable Sources: Anacardium; Solanum Ole; Boletus; Agaricus;etc. Animal Sources (Venoms): Blatta; Vulpis Hepar; Amphisbaena;Delphinus 136| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Amaz; Fel tauri etc. Nosodes Sources: Anthraxinum; Medorrhinum; Psorinum. Method of Preparation (Decimal Scale) Same as Class VII Method of Preparation (Centicimal Scale) Same as Class VII 4.3 NEW METHOD PREPARATION Mother preparations form the basic and most important pharmaceutical forms in homoeopathy, as they represent the original extract of the crude drug substance. In the new (modern) method of preparation, mother preparations are prepared according to standardized procedures laid down in the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia, ensuring uniformity, accuracy, and reproducibility of drug strength. In the new method, mother preparations are obtained by extracting the active medicinal principles of the source material—whether plant, animal, or mineral—using definite proportions of drug substance and vehicle (alcohol, purified water, or a mixture of both). The process follows clearly defined steps such as accurate weighing, comminution, maceration or percolation, and filtration under controlled conditions. Unlike the old method, where variability in drug strength was common, the new method emphasizes: • Fixed drug strength • Standardized alcohol percentage • Definite period of maceration • Uniform preparation techniques Mother preparations prepared by the new method may be in the form of mother tinctures, mother solutions, or mother trituration, depending on the nature of the crude drug and its solubility. These standardized preparations serve as the starting point for the preparation of potencies and ensure consistency in therapeutic action. Thus, the new method of mother preparation represents a scientific and systematic advancement in homoeopathic pharmacy, improving the reliability, safety, and quality of homoeopathic medicines. 137Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Previously American Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia developed a new method of preparation in Homoeopathy. To prepare mother tincture AHP divided all vegetable and animal substances into four classes. Classes, I, II, and III are treated for fresh plants and Class IV treat for animal substances and dried plants. The amount of drug taken in the strength of 1/2, 1/3, 1/6, and 1/10 as per classes used to prepare mother tincture respectively. For uniformity standard Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) in 1941 prescribed a uniform standard of 10% drug strength for most of the drugs. According to new methods and pharmacopoeias, preparations of mother tinctures, mother solutions and mother trituration have been standardized on a decimal scale and have uniform drug strength of 1/10. The Homoeopathic world has adopted the new method as the method of preparation of homoeopathic mother tinctures. Central Govt. of India also adopted a new method of preparation and published homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of India (H.P.I) and Indian manufacturers preparing homoeopathic medicines as per the standard of H.P.I. The new method of preparation of Homoeopathic mother tinctures from Vegetable and animal Sources consists of the following steps: EVALUATION OF THE SOURCE MATERIAL For evaluation of drugs to maintain the standard of the source materials from vegetable and animal sources; there are five methods, they are as under: a) Organoleptic: In this method, drugs are evaluated through the eyes, nose, tongue, skin, etc. b) Physical: In this method drugs are evaluated through fluorescence test and chromatography study. c) Microscopic: In this method, drugs are evaluated through T.S and L.S (microscopic) study d) Chemical: In this method drugs are evaluated through chemical tests employed to identify and evaluate the drugs. e) Biological: In this method, drugs are evaluated through pharmacological activities. 138| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
AN ESTIMATE OF THE PLANT MOISTURE CONTENT To estimate the plant moisture content, there are three methods they are as under: a) Gravimetric Method: • 500 gm. in weight an official sample of the plant substance to be taken. • Taken sample to be heated over the water bath in a porcelain dish. • The moisture of the plant magma will evaporate and will leave behind only solid residue of the magma. • The solid residue of magma is heated in the water bath. • The solid residue of magma cooled to room temperature in a desiccator remains constant. • The procedure for determining the moisture content of vegetable drugs, according to U.S.P. b) Volumetric Method: • This procedure is done for the determination of moisture in those substances which contain high levels of volatile acids. In this, we can measure the moisture content which is determined by volume measurement with the help of the Toluene moisture apparatus. • The sample is to be put in a flask with a water-saturated immiscible solvent and a piece of the porous pot and distilled. • Apparatus devised to allow the measurement of the water which we obtained from the sample and the less dense solvent is returning back to the distillation flask. • Take the official sample of Toluene (C6 H5 CH3) in a flask and distill the mixture. • The mixture of water and Toluene (C6 H5 CH3) is an isotropic mixture, but distilling at a constant temperature. Hence, they distill together into the condenser, and the cooling vapors, on condensation fall into the receiver. • As the density of water is more than that of Toluene, it falls into the graduated portion and the volume can be read directly. • Take care to ensure that any droplets of water adhering to the receiver or condenser should be washed into the graduated portion. c) Titrimetric Method: (Karl Fischer Method). • Karl Fischer titrimetric determination of water depends upon the fact that a solution of Sulphur dioxide and iodine in pyridine and methanol reacts with water quantitatively. 139Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• The entire operation requires right exclusion of atmospheric moisture. • In colourless solutions, the result may be observed electrometrically or visually through colour changes from canary yellow to amber colour on the end-point of the titration. • In coloured solutions the end- point of the titration is obscured and is best determined electrometrically. 4.3.1 MACERATION It is a process used for treating drug substances, needing much time for extraction of their medicinal principles. In this, the active principle of the drug is removed by allowing the latter to remain in contact with solvent (the menstruum) for several days, with frequent agitation. Maceration is used for organized drugs and unorganized drugs. Organized drugs have specific cell structures, they are related to crud drugs like leaves, roots, barks, flowers, seeds, etc. and unorganized drugs have no specific cell structures, they are related to gummy, Latex, and mucilaginous drug substances. Types of Maceration a) Simple Maceration: The simple maceration process is used for organized substances (root, bark, leaves, flowers, etc.). In this process, a closed container should be used to prevent the evaporation of the menstruum. Water or alcohol is used as a menstruum and the ratio of drugs and menstruum is 1:10. Method: Crud drug – add menstruum or solvent - Kept for a minimum of 3 to 7 days with occasionally staring – after duration filter – marc and filtrate – Marc can be pressed to get residual liquid and the final extract is the mother tincture. The final volume is not adjusted example- Orange Tincture, and lemon tincture. b) Maceration with Adjustment: The maceration with adjustment process is used for unorganized substances (gummy, Latex, mucilaginous drug substances). In this process, a closed container should be used to prevent the evaporation of the menstruum. Water or alcohol is used as menstruum and solvent divided into two parts i.e. 4/5th and 1/5th. 140| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Method: Unorganized drug – add 4/5th part of menstruum or solvent - Kept for a minimum of 3 to 7 days with occasionally staring – after duration filter – marc and filtrate – Marc is not pressed due to compact gummy matter. The final volume is adjusted with 1/5th of parts of menstruum or solvent example- tincture of toluene and compound tincture of benzoin. c) Multiple macerations: Multiple macerations are the same as simple maceration it is used for organized substances (root, bark, leaves, flowers, etc.). In this process, a closed container should be used to prevent the evaporation of the menstruum. Water or alcohol is used as menstruum and the ratio of drugs and menstruum is 1:10. There are two types of multiple macerations that are: i. Double Multiple Maceration: In this process, the drug is macerated twice by using the menstruum, and the menstruum is divided into two parts. The quantity of menstruum is calculated as follows: Total volume of menstruum = Vol-1 +Vol-2 Vol-1 = Total volume of menstruum – Vol. to be retained by marc divided by 2 +Vol. to retained by mark. Vol-2 = Total volume of menstruum – Vol. used in 1st maceration. Method: Step- 1 : Crud drug – Vol.1 – macerate for 48hrs –liquid is strained & marc is pressed – 1st filtrate. Step- 2 : Marc – Vol.2 – macerate for 48hrs –liquid is strained & marc is pressed – 2nd filtrate. Step- 3 : 1st filtrate+2nd filtrate – mixed together and keep for 14 days – filter. ii Triple Multiple Maceration: In this process, the drug is macerated thrice by using the menstruum, and the menstruum is divided into two parts. The quantity of menstruum is calculated as follows: Total volume of menstruum = Vol.-1 +Vol.-2 + Vol.3 Vol-1 = Total volume of menstruum – Vol. to be retained by marc divided by 3 +Vol. to retained by mark. 141Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Vol-2 = Total volume of menstruum – Vol. used in 1st maceration. Vol-3 = Total volume of menstruum – Vol. used in 2nd maceration. Method: Step- 1: Crud drug – Vol.1 – macerate for one hr. –liquid is strained & marc is pressed – 1st filtrate. Step- 2: Marc – Vol.2 – macerate for one hr. –liquid is strained & marc is pressed – 2nd filtrate. Step- 3: Marc – Vol.3 – macerate for one hr. –liquid is strained & marc is pressed – 3rd filtrate. Step- 4: 2nd filtrate + 3rd filtrate – evaporated to a specified concentration Step- 5: The above-concentrated liquid is mixed with 1st filtrate. Step- 6: Vol. adjusted with water or alcohol & allowed to keep for 14 days then filter. Example: Concentrated infusion of Quassia. Liquid extraction of Senna 4.3.2 PERCOLATION Percolation word derived from two words they are “per” means through and “Colare” means strain. It may define as “It is a process of extracting the medicinal virtue or medicinal soluble constituents of a drug”. The mother tincture prepared by the passage of a menstruum through the coarsely powdered drug contained in a suitable percolator for a definite period of time as per the directions specified in pharmacopoeia. This process is used when the drugs are in dry form and which can be easily powdered to a coarse mesh of microns. It is a little more difficult process to carry out than the maceration, Percolator is also called a displacement process. Process of Percolation: It is very frequently used in homeopathy. In this process, three types of apparatus are used, that are 1. Conical percolator 2. Cylindrical percolator 3. Steam Jacketed percolator 142| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Steps of percolation 1. Comminution • It increases the surface area of the drug exposed to the menstruum. • It is suitable for uniform packing of the percolator. • To slow down the movement of the menstruum. • To ensure complete exhaustion of the drug. 2. Imbibition Moistening of the drug is necessary because the dry drug reduces the porosity of the material which is possible to choke the percolator, and the menstruum removed from the air present in the drug. • Coarsely powdered drug is moistened with menstruum. • Allowed to stand for four hours in a well-closed container. • Drug swells up as the menstruum penetrates the cell walls. 3. Packing • Perforated plate of percolator covered with moistened cotton wool. • Desired moistened drug is packed into the percolator. • The drug should occupy 2/3rd capacity of the percolator for fast percolation. • A piece of filter paper is placed over the top of the bed after packing. 4. Menstruum (Vehicle) • After packing sufficient menstruum is added. • When the liquid begins to drip from the bottom then the percolator tap is closed. • Level of menstruum should be maintained it will be just above to drug. • The percolator is allowed to stand for 24 hrs. to macerate the drug. 5. Percolation • After maceration tap is opened and ¾ volume of liquid is collected in the receiver. • Simultaneously add the menstruum because the packed drug should not be dry. • Marc is pressed and expressed liquid is added to the collected percolate. 143Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Make-up volume with menstruum. • Liquid is decanted or clarified by filtration. In new method; preparation of mother solution and mother trituration followed the old method. Differences of Maceration and Percolation Maceration Percolation 1. Preparation through maceration required 8-30 days’ time, 1. Preparation through percolation required 1 day means 24 Hrs. 2. Strong alcohol (menstruum) is added to the drug. 2. Strong alcohol (menstruum) passes through the drug. 3. Decantation or filtration is necessary to obtained as final tincture. 3. Decantation or filtration is not necessary to obtained as final tincture. 4. Used for fresh animals or vegetable drug substances. 4. Used for dry fresh vegetable drug substances. 5. Used for Hard, gummy and mucilaginous drug substances 5. Used for soft, non-gummy and non-mucilaginous drug substances Similarities between old and new method. Old Method. New Method. 1. Mode of preparation of some medicine like Causticum; Acid Phos; Heper sulph; Calcarea Carb; Merc Sol are same. 1. Mode of preparation of some medicine like Causticum; Acid Phos; Heper sulph; Calcarea Carb; Merc Sol are same. 144| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
2. All Preparation of Class VA, VB, VIA, VIB in old method prepared for those minerals who are soluble in alcohol and water either in decimal or centesimal scale. 2. All Preparation of Class VA, VB, VIA, VIB in old method prepared for those minerals who are soluble in alcohol and water either in decimal or centesimal scale followed in new method. 3. Immersion process adopted in old method. 3. Immersion process adopted in new method. Dissimilarities between old and new method. Old Method. New Method. 1. Old method introduced by Dr Hahnemann itself. 2. Fresh Vegetable and animal drug substance require. 3. To prepare the mother tincture; mother solution; mother trituration; Class 1-9 classes are classified. 1. New method introduced by American & British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. 2. Air dried Vegetable and animal drug substance required. 3. No such classification. 4. The 1- 4 classes of preparation depending upon their juice contents. 5. There is no uniform way to prepare mother tincture. 6. Drug strengths and drug power variable. 7. Both scale are followed in old method, i.e a) Decimal Scale b) Centesimal Scale 8. Duration to prepare mother tincture a) Class I-IV -8days 4. No such class followed in this method 5. There is uniform way to prepare mother tincture. 6. Drug strengths and drug power is fixed. 7. Only Decimal Scale followed. 8. Duration to prepare mother tincture a. Maceration-2-4 weeks b. Percolation-24 hrs. 145Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
4.4 PREPARATION OF SYRUP Simple syrup is a sweet aqueous solution that concentrates with sucrose in purified water. It is just a vehicle of medicated syrup; when a therapeutics compound is added with simple syrup it becomes medicated syrup. Example: Medicated Syrup: It contains a therapeutic or medicinal agent e.g. Cough syrup, Liver syrup. Flavoured Syrup: It contains flavoring agents but no medicinal substances e.g. Cherry syrup. Advantages of Syrups • It is easy to take children due to the sweetness of sugar. • It is a good vehicle to administrate nauseous and bitter substances. • It prevents the decomposition of vegetable substances. • The syrup has a high concentration of sugar having high osmotic pressure which prevents the growth of bacteria, fungi, and microbes. It acts as a self-preservative. • Syrups are good demulcents and soothing agents and hence they are of special value in cough syrup. • Syrups have good patient compliance. • An antimicrobial preservative is needed in syrup containing various concentrations of sucrose. Method of Preparation 1. Heat Process: This process is used when active medicinal virtues are not volatile or not heat-labile. Procedure: • Sucrose is taken in a beaker after measuring the weight. • Add required purified water. • Heating process on a water bath (less than 70°C temperature) till a solution is obtained. • The processed product is filtered. • Volume is made up to q.s. 146| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Excessive heat should be careful it may lead to the inversion of sucrose. 2. Percolation: This method is done in Percolator. Procedure: • Sucrose is placed in percolator. • Water is passed through sucrose slowly. • The neck of the percolator is packed with cotton. • The rate of percolation regulates the rate of dissolution. • After complete dissolution, the final volume is made up of q.s. 3. Without Heat Agitation: This method is used for heat-labile constituents Procedure • Weight properly sucrose and other ingredients. • Taken Sucrose dissolved in purified water. • For continuous agitation that mixture should be kept in a bottle. • Stored and prepared syrup volume is made up to q.s. 4. Flavouring Liquid to Syrup: This method is used for tinctures, fluid extracts, or other liquids. • The syrup is added with alcohol to dissolve the resinous or oily substances. • The alcohol acts as a preservative. Formulation of Syrup: a) Vehicle: To prepare the syrups using purified water. b) Adjuncts: Adjuncts are generally added to improve the formulation of syrup; the common adjuncts are: • Chemical Stabilizer: To prevent the crystallization in syrup sorbitol, glycerin, and propylene glycol is added in small quantity. • Colouring agent: The colouring agent is added with syrups to attract the customer. Colour added with coal tar dyes such as amaranth, and compound tartrazine. • Flavouring agents: These are the flavouring agent that is added with syrup for good flavour. The most flavoring agents are tinctures of Ginger and Lemon, juices of Cherry, Raspberry fruit, essence Vanilla, and orange. 147Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Preservatives: Syrups are self-preservatives, but generally, manufacturers are using Sodium benzoate, Benzoic acid, Methylparaben, etc as preservatives. Storage: • Syrups should be stored in a well-dried, filled, and well-stoppered bottle. • It should keep in a cool dark place. • Storage temperature not exceeding 25°C. 4.5 PREPARATION OF SUSPENSION Suspensions are heterogeneous liquid dosage forms in which finely divided solid particles are dispersed throughout a liquid medium. They are widely used in pharmacy and medicine to deliver insoluble or poorly soluble drugs in a stable, palatable, and bioavailable form. It is a biphasic liquid dose form of medicaments that are: • Dispersed phase • Continuous phase In which solid particles divided into 0.5 microns to 5 microns coarse powder, dispersed in a liquid medium. Solid particles act as the dispersed phase and liquid vehicle acts as the continuous phase. Advantages of Suspension: • Suspension may use for oral; parenteral; and external use. • It is to administrate insolubly; and unpleasant substances. • It is suitable for dermatological materials. • It has a bioavailability. • It is formulated for topical use. • It has a choice of solvent Disadvantages of Suspension: • Require shaking before use. • Accuracy of the dose is less reliable. • Storage of suspension leads to a change in dispersion. • It is bulky to carry. • It is difficult to formulate. 148| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Method of Preparation: Step 1: It is prepared for insoluble materials to grind in the mortar with help of a liquid vehicle to make a smooth paste. Step 2: All soluble ingredients are dissolved in an equal proportion of vehicle to make a smooth paste in form of slurry. Step 3: The prepared slurry transformed into a graduated cylinder, and the mortar, and pestle rinsed with successive portions of the vehicle. Step 4: It must be decided whether the solids are: • Suspended in a structured vehicle or not. • It should not Flocculated. • If flocculated suspension then it will be suspected. • If found flocculation adds the suspending agent or flocculating agent. Step 5: Make up the dispersion to the final volume. Thus, suspension is prepared. Ideal Quality of a good Suspension: • It should be chemically inert. • It should settle slowly, readily dispersed on gentle shaking of the container. • It should pour readily and evenly from its container. • The suspended particles should not form a cake. • Suspended particles should be small and uniformly sized. • Viscosity should not so high. Preservatives: Generally, manufacturers are using Sodium benzoate, Benzoic acid, Methylparaben, etc. as preservatives. Storage: • Syrups should be stored in a well-dried, filled, and well-stoppered bottle. • It should keep in a cool dark place. • Storage temperature not exceeding 25°C 149Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
POTENTIZATION 55CHAPTER 151Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
TOPICS COVERED • Introduction to Potentization • Scales of Potentization • Method of Potentization • Preparation under Succussion • Preparation under Trituration • Nosodes and Sarcodes Preparation • Good Manufacturing Process 5 CHAPTER POTENTIZATION 5.1 INTRODUCTION OF POTENTIZATION Potentization is the process in homoeopathic pharmacy by which the medicinal properties of a crude drug are developed, enhanced, and made dynamic by serial dilution processed or combined with succussion or trituration. According to Samuel Hahnemann, potentization not only reduces the material quantity of a substance but also increases its dynamic therapeutic power, making it capable of acting on the vital force. Definition: Potentization is a pharmaceutical process of preparing homoeopathic medicines by successive dilution and succussion or trituration, whereby the latent medicinal energy of the drug is liberated and intensified. OR Potentisation or drug dynamization is a process by which the medicinal properties aroused from the latent state of the crude state become an enable state to act as therapeutically. Dilution It is a solution prepared by mixing of a liquid with purified water or any other liquid. The term dilution is generally used in chemistry, there is 152| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
no scale to dilute any liquid as per requirement or need, could dilute the liquid. After dilution, physiochemical properties are reduced. Potency It is a product of potentisation applied to increase the dynamic and qualitative power of the drug. The term potency is generally used in Homoeopathy. It is derived from the grade of medicinal power developed by the process of dynamization. Advantages of Potentization • To avoid unnecessary medicinal aggravation and side effects. • Medicinal properties that are latent in a crude state become aroused and awakened into activity. • Substances that are poisonous or toxic in their crude state become important beneficial remedies after potentization, like corrosive acids, poisonous, heavy metals, venoms, etc. • Substances that are medicinally inert in the crude state may be rendered active after Potentization. 5.1.1 NEEDS OF POTENTIZATION The need for potentization arose from practical experience, philosophical understanding, and clinical observations made during the early development of Homoeopathy. The need for potentization arises from the homoeopathic understanding that disease is dynamic in nature and requires a dynamic remedy for cure. Through the process developed by Samuel Hahnemann, crude substances are transformed into safe, subtle, and powerful therapeutic agents. Potentization thus forms the scientific and philosophical backbone of homoeopathic pharmacy and practice. The following points explain the needs of potentization: 1. To Reduce Toxicity of Crude Drug Many medicinal substances in their crude form are poisonous, irritant, or produce severe side effects. Potentization reduces the material quantity of the drug while retaining its dynamic therapeutic power. For example, substances like Arsenic trioxide (Arsenicum Album in Homoeopathy) are highly toxic in crude form but become safe and effective when potentized. 153Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
2. To Develop the Dynamic (Latent) Medicinal Power According to homoeopathic philosophy, drugs possess a hidden dynamic energy; through the process of succussion and trituration that liberates this dynamic power. Potentization transforms a crude substance into a dynamic medicinal power that capable of acting on the vital force. 3. To Make Insoluble Substances Medicinally Active Certain substances such as metals and minerals are insoluble in water or alcohol and cannot be administered directly. Through trituration and subsequent potentization, these substances become therapeutically active. For example, Gold (Aurum metallicum) becomes suitable for internal administration only after potentization. 4. To Increase Penetrative Power Crude drugs act mainly on the physical plane and may produce local or gross effects. Potentized medicines act on the dynamic plane and influence the vital force gently and deeply. This enhances their capacity to cure chronic and constitutional diseases. 5. To Enable Minimum Dose One of the cardinal principles of Homoeopathy is the Law of Minimum Dose. Potentization makes it possible to administer extremely small doses that are sufficient to stimulate the body’s healing mechanism without causing aggravation or toxic effects. 6. To Enhance Therapeutic Efficiency Clinical experience has shown that potentized medicines often act more effectively than crude preparations. Higher potencies are capable of producing rapid and long-lasting results when selected according to the law of similar. 7. To Individualize Treatment Potentization allows the physician to select different potencies according to the susceptibility, sensitivity, and vitality of the patient. Thus, it provides flexibility in prescribing. 8. To Convert Material Dose into Dynamic Dose Homoeopathy considers disease as a dynamic disturbance of the vital force. Therefore, the medicine must also act dynamically. 154| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Potentization converts a material substance into a dynamic remedy capable of influencing the immaterial vital force. 5.1.2 PRINCIPLE OF POTENTIZATION The Principle of Potentization is one of the fundamental doctrines of Homoeopathy, The Principle of Potentization is the cornerstone of Homoeopathic pharmacy and therapeutics. It transforms crude substances into powerful dynamic remedies through systematic dilution and succussion. As described in the Organon of Medicine by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, potentization is not merely dilution but a process of dynamization that enhances the curative power of medicines while minimizing harmful effects. Thus, potentization represents the scientific and philosophical foundation of Homoeopathic medication. Fundamental Principles of Potentization 1. Law of Similar: Potentization works in harmony with the fundamental law of Homoeopathy — Similia Similibus Curentur. 2. Minimum Dose: The medicine should be administered in the smallest possible dose to stimulate the vital force without causing aggravation. 3. Dynamization: Through potentization, the latent dynamic energy of the drug is released. The process converts material substance into dynamic medicinal power. 5.1.3 LIMITATIONS OF POTENTIZATION Potentization is foundation of Homoeopathic pharmacy and therapeutics. However, it carries scientific, practical, and methodological limitations. These limitations do not necessarily invalidate the process but highlight the need for: • Advanced research methodologies • Improved standardization • Interdisciplinary scientific exploration • Critical academic understanding A balanced approach acknowledging both its strengths and limitations is essential for the advancement of Homoeopathic science. 1. Limitation of Material Quantity: During potentization, the drug substance undergoes repeated dilution. In higher potencies, especially 155Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
beyond Avogadro’s limit (e.g., 12C or 24X), the probability of the presence of even a single molecule of the original substance becomes extremely low. This raises scientific concerns regarding: • Detect-ability of the original substance • Measurability using conventional analytical methods • Explanation of pharmacological action in material terms modern chemistry and pharmacology often question the material basis of high potencies. 2. Standardization Challenges: Variations in preparation may influence the final potency. Although pharmacopoeias such as the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India provide guidelines, challenges remain in: • Uniformity of succussion force • Number and method of strokes • Quality and purity of alcohol • Environmental factors during preparation 3. Difficulty in Scientific Measurement: Modern analytical instruments such as: • Spectroscopy • Chromatography • Molecular analysis • Often fail to detect active molecules in ultra-high potencies. This makes: • Objective verification difficult • Quality control complex • Research validation challenging 4. Theoretical Controversies: The concept of “drug dynamization” or “vital energy stimulation,” as proposed by Samuel Hahnemann, is philosophical in nature. It is not directly measurable through conventional scientific parameters, which leads to: • Conceptual debates • Scepticism among researchers • Divergence of medical opinions 156| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
5. Clinical Variability: Therapeutic outcomes are sometimes unpredictable. Response to potentized medicines may vary depending on: • Individual susceptibility • Constitution • Sensitivity of the patient • Stage of disease 6. Storage and Stability Issues: Improper storage of potentize medicine may influence their effectiveness according to Homoeopathic principles. Although potentized medicines are considered stable, improper storage conditions such as: • Exposure to sunlight • Heat • Strong Odors • Electromagnetic radiation 7. Research Methodology Constraints: Designing experimental studies for potentized medicines is difficult because: • Individualization principal conflicts with standardized trial design • Blinding and placebo control may not fully reflect classical practice • Potency selection varies per case 5.2 SCALE OF POTENTIZATION The scales of potentization form the backbone of homoeopathic pharmacy. Each scale has its own pharmaceutical procedure, dilution ratio, and therapeutic application. Understanding these scales is essential for proper drug preparation, dispensing, and rational prescribing in Homoeopathy. Proper knowledge of these systems ensures standardization and maintains the principles laid down by Samuel Hahnemann. The different systems or scales of potentization were devised to ensure accuracy, uniformity, and therapeutic effectiveness in preparation. These scales differ in their ratio of dilution and method of preparation. The main scales are: • Decimal Scale (X or D) • Centesimal Scale (C) • Fifty Millesimal Scale (LM) 157Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
5.2.1 DECIMAL SCALE-1:9 The decimal scale was firstly introduced by Dr. C. Hearing. The decimal scale is based on the principle that the first potency should contain one- tenth part of the original drug and the succeeding potency should contain one-tenth part of the potency preceding. The decimal potency is denoted by the letter ‘X’ to the number indicating the potency. The ratio of drug substances and vehicle are 1:9. Mathematical Expression 1X=1/10, 2X=1/100, 3X=1/1000 Thus, each step reduces the concentration by a factor of 10. Characteristics • Marked as 1X, 2X, 3X, 6X, 12X, etc. • Commonly used in low potencies. • Frequently used in biochemic preparations. Example: The first potency is 1X on a decimal scale, followed by 2X, and so on. 5.2.2 CENTESIMAL SCALE-1:99 This scale was introduced by Hahnemann itself, which has written in the 5th edition of Organon of medicine, aphorism 270. It is based on the principle that the first potency must contain the one-hundred part of the original drug and each following, the one-hundredth part of the preceding one. The ratio of drug substances and vehicle are 1:99. It is denoted by suffixing ‘C’ to the number indicating the potency, i.e. the first potency is 1C. The Centesimal Scale was developed by Samuel Hahnemann. In this scale, the dilution ratio is 1:100 at each step. 1 part of drug substance is mixed with 99 parts of vehicle. The mixture is succussed to prepare 1C potency. Each subsequent potency follows the same 1:100 ratio. Mathematical Expression 1C=1/100,2C=1/10000,3C=1/1000000 Each step reduces the concentration by a factor of 100. 158| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Characteristics • Marked as 6C, 30C, 200C, 1M, 10M, CM, etc. • Most widely used scale in clinical practice. • High potencies are commonly prescribed. Hence 30 potencies of Belladonna or 200 potencies of Cina can be denoted as Belladonna 30C or Cina 200C respectively. It may also be denoted by simply affixing the numerical to the name of the drug and any suffix to the numeral indicating the potency. It may also be denoted by simply affixing the numerical to the name of the drug and any suffix to the numeral indicating the potency. Higher potencies are represented as: 1M (= 1000 CH); 10M (=10,000 CH); 50M (=50,000 CH); CM (=100,000 CH); DM (=500,000 CH); MM (=10,00000 CH); DMM (=500,000000 CH). 5.2.3 FIFTY MILLESIMAL SCALE The Fifty Millesimal Scale was introduced by Samuel Hahnemann in the 6th edition of the Organon of Medicine. In this scale, the dilution ratio is 1:50,000 at each stage. Mathematical Expression LM Potency =1/50000 at each step LM potency = 1/50000 at each step LM Potency=1/50000at each step. Method (Brief Outline) • 1 grain of triturated drug (3C) is dissolved. • 1 drop of this solution is added to 100 drops of alcohol. • Succussion is done to obtain LM-1 (0/1). • Further dilutions follow the same procedure. Characteristics • Marked as LM1, LM2, LM3 or 0/1, 0/2, 0/3. • Considered gentle and suitable for sensitive patients. • Allows frequent repetition. 159Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
5.3 DIFFERENT METHODS OF POTENTIZATION Potentization is a fundamental pharmaceutical process in homoeopathy in which a crude medicinal substance is transformed into a dynamic and therapeutically active form. This process involves serial dilution and succussion (vigorous shaking) and trituration (grinding). The purpose of potentization is not only to reduce the material quantity of the drug but also to enhance its dynamic medicinal power while minimizing toxic effects. The concept of potentization was introduced by Samuel Hahnemann, who discovered that medicines become more effective and gentler when prepared through this special process., there are several processes (methods) of potentization used in homoeopathic pharmacy. The different method of dynamization keep pace with the scientific and industrial revolutions. The followers and students of Dr. Hahnemann always tried to hold of constructing labour saving techniques and machines by which they could prepare high potencies. The different methods are: 1. Hahnemann’s method 2. Carroll Dunham Method 3. Bernhardt Finke Method 4. Skinner’s method 5. Jenchen Method 6. Korsakoff’s method 5.3.1 HAHNEMANN’S METHOD Samuel Hahnemann introduced the process of potentization (dynamization) to prepare homoeopathic medicines. Hahnemann’s Method of potentization is the pharmaceutical process in homoeopathy in which medicinal substances are diluted step-by-step and subjected to succussion or trituration to develop their dynamic healing properties. According to Samuel Hahnemann, the main methods are: 1. Trituration Method • Used for insoluble substances like metals and minerals. • Drug is grinding with lactose in a mortar and pestle. 160| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
2. Succussion Method • Used for soluble substances. • Dilution is followed by vigorous shaking. 3. Combined Method • Trituration (usually up to 3C), turns to liquid potentization. 5.3.2 CARROLL DUNHAM’S METHOD Dr. Carroll Dunham (1828–1877) was a prominent American homoeopathic physician and scholar who contributed significantly to the development and standardization of homoeopathic pharmacy. He described a systematic process of potentization to ensure the accurate preparation and uniform strength of homoeopathic medicines according to the principles laid down by Samuel Hahnemann. The Dunham process of potentization refers to the method of preparing homoeopathic potencies through serial dilution and succussion, while maintaining strict pharmaceutical accuracy. Dunham emphasized the importance of mathematical precision, cleanliness of apparatus, and uniform force during succussion to obtain reliable medicinal potencies. His work helped refine the preparation techniques used in homoeopathic pharmacies and ensured consistency in the centesimal scale of potentization. According to Dr. Carroll Dunham, the steps are: Step 1: Preparation of Mother Tincture The crude drug is first converted into mother tincture by maceration or other approved methods depending on the nature of the substance. Step 2: First Dilution (1C) • Take 1 drop of mother tincture. • Add 99 drops of dispensing alcohol in a clean vial. • Close the vial tightly. Step 3: Succussion • The vial is succussed (shaken vigorously) with firm downward strokes. • Usually, 10 strong strokes are applied to ensure proper dynamization. • This produces the 1C potency. 161Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Step 4: Higher Potencies To prepare the next potency: • Take 1 drop of 1C potency. • Add 99 drops of alcohol. • Succuss again with the same number of strokes. This produces 2C potency. The same process is repeated successively to obtain 3C, 6C, 12C, 30C, and higher potencies. Important Features of Dunham’s Method The method of potentization described by Carroll Dunham introduced a systematic and precise approach to the preparation of homoeopathic medicines. One of the major features of this method is its emphasis on accuracy and reproducibility in homoeopathic pharmacy. Each step of dilution and succussion is carried out with careful measurement and controlled procedures so that the same potency can be reproduced consistently whenever required. Another important feature of Dunham’s method is the maintenance of uniform succussion strength at every stage of potentization. The vial containing the medicinal solution is shaken with equal force and a fixed number of strokes at each step. This ensures that the dynamization process remains consistent and the medicinal power is developed uniformly throughout the series of potencies. The method also ensures standardized centesimal dilutions, which follow the principle originally introduced by Samuel Hahnemann. In this scale, one part of the medicinal substance is diluted with ninety-nine parts of the vehicle at every stage, producing potencies such as 1C, 2C, 3C, and so on. This systematic dilution helps maintain uniform potency levels in homoeopathic preparations. Furthermore, Dunham’s method is particularly suitable for the preparation of liquid potencies from mother tinctures. The process uses alcohol as the vehicle and allows the medicine to be diluted and succussed easily in liquid form, making it convenient for pharmacy practice and dispensing. Overall, the Dunham method provides a scientific, orderly, and reliable technique for potentization, helping to maintain quality and uniformity in homoeopathic pharmaceutical preparations. 162| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
5.3.3 BERNHARDT FINKE’S METHOD Dr. Fincke’s process of potentization is a special method used in Homoeopathic pharmacy for preparing very high potencies of medicines. This method was introduced by Bernhardt Fincke, a German-American homoeopathic physician who modified the original potentization principles developed by Samuel Hahnemann. Dr. Fincke developed a continuous fluxion method, which allows potentization without the need for repeated manual succussions at every step. The principle of this method is based on: • Continuous dilution • Dynamic agitation by flowing liquid • Gradual replacement of the previous potency with a higher potency As fresh diluent continuously enters the container and the previous solution flows out, the medicine becomes progressively diluted and dynamized. The steps involved in Dr. Fincke’s process are: 1. Preparation of the initial solution: The mother tincture or lower potency of the drug is placed in the potentizing vessel. 2. Continuous flow of diluent: Diluent (usually dispensing alcohol) is allowed to flow slowly into the vessel through the inlet tube. 3. Simultaneous outflow: As fresh diluent enters, the same volume of the solution flows out through the outlet tube. 4. Dynamic mixing: The incoming liquid creates constant agitation, producing dynamization. 5. Gradual potentization: With continuous dilution and mixing, the potency gradually increases to very high levels. The Important Features of Fincke’s Dynamization Prepared by Continuous Fluxion Process: In this method, the medicine is potentized by a continuous flow of diluent through a vessel containing the medicinal substance. Fresh diluent enters the container while the previously diluted solution flows out simultaneously. This continuous movement of liquid produces gradual dilution and dynamization of the medicine. 1. Used Mainly for Very High Potencies: Fincke’s process is particularly suitable for preparing extremely high potencies. Because 163Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
the dilution occurs continuously, the potency can increase to very high levels without the need for preparing each step separately. 2. Potentization Occurs Without Manual Succussion: Unlike the traditional method introduced by Samuel Hahnemann, where each step requires vigorous shaking (succussion), Fincke’s process does not require manual succussion. The constant flow and mixing of the liquid itself produce the dynamizing effect. 3. Considered Deep Acting and Long-Lasting: Potencies prepared by this method are often believed to act deeply on the vital force and produce long-lasting therapeutic effects. For this reason, they are sometimes preferred in chronic and deep-seated conditions. 4. Continuous and Uniform Potentization: The process allows gradual and uninterrupted dilution, which results in a smooth and uniform increase in potency. 5. Time-Saving Method: Since the process is continuous and does not require repeated manual steps, it is comparatively faster and more convenient for preparing high potencies. 5.3.4 SKINNER’S METHOD Skinner’s Process of Potentization is a modification of the traditional Hahnemannian method of preparing homoeopathic medicines. It was introduced by Dr. Thomas Skinner, a British homoeopath, to simplify and accelerate the preparation of high potencies while maintaining the principles of dilution and succussion. Dr. Skinner developed a mechanical device known as the Skinner Potentizing Machine, which enabled the preparation of high potencies in a continuous and efficient manner. This method is therefore often referred to as Skinner’s Fluxion Process. The principle of Skinner’s process is based on continuous dilution with constant inflow and outflow of the vehicle, combined with mechanical succussion. The process maintains the essential homoeopathic concept that each step of dilution must be accompanied by vigorous shaking (succussion) to release the dynamic medicinal power. The main equipment used in this process is the Skinner Potentizing Machine, which generally consists of: • A strong glass or metal container • A mechanism for continuous inflow of alcohol or distilled water 164| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• An outlet for the removal of excess liquid • A mechanical device for repeated succussions The machine ensures that the liquid is constantly replaced while the preparation is simultaneously succussed. Method of Preparation a. Initial Preparation: A mother tincture or a lower potency is placed in the container of the potentizing machine. b. Continuous Dilution: Alcohol or another suitable vehicle is allowed to enter the container continuously while an equal amount of liquid flows out. c. Simultaneous Succussion: During the inflow and outflow of the liquid, the machine provides continuous mechanical succussion. d. Gradual Increase in Potency: As the process continues, the original substance becomes progressively diluted while receiving repeated succussions, resulting in higher potencies. e. Collection of the Required Potency: After a predetermined number of cycles or time, the desired potency is collected. Important Features of Skinner’s dynamization are described as: The Thomas Skinner process of potentization is a special method developed to prepare homoeopathic medicines more efficiently and uniformly. It is considered a mechanical improvement of the traditional methods of potentization used after the work of Samuel Hahnemann. 1. Continuous Potentization: Skinner’s process allows the preparation of potencies in a continuous manner without stopping after each step of dilution and succussion. 2. Use of Mechanical Device: The process uses a special instrument known as Skinner’s potentizing machine, which performs dilution and succussion automatically. 3. High Potencies Preparation: It is particularly useful for preparing very high potencies (such as CM, DM, MM, and higher) in a shorter period of time. 4. Uniform Succussion: The mechanical device ensures uniform and consistent succussion, which improves the reproducibility of the potency. 165Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
5. Time Saving Method: Since the process is continuous and automated, it saves considerable time and labor compared with manual potentization. 6. Accuracy and Precision: The apparatus controls the dilution ratio and number of succussions more precisely than manual preparation. 7. Reduction of Human Error: Automation minimizes variations caused by manual handling, leading to standardized preparation of medicines. 8. Based on Hahnemannian Principles: Although mechanized, the process still follows the fundamental principles of potentization established by Hahnemann. 5.3.5 JENICHEN’S METHOD Jenichen potentization is a special method of preparing high homoeopathic potencies, He was influenced by the teachings of Samuel Hahnemann and was introduced to homoeopathy through Hahnemann’s student Ernst Ferdinand Gross. Jenichen emphasized the importance of succussion rather than repeated dilution for increasing the dynamic power of a medicine. Principle Jenichen believed that the continuous and powerful succussion of a remedy was sufficient to increase its potency. According to his view, repeated dilution was not essential once the medicine had already been prepared in a certain potency. Method of Preparation 1. Jenichen usually began with a 29C potency of a homoeopathic medicine. 2. The contents of the vial were allowed to evaporate, leaving the medicinal residue. 3. The vial was then refilled with ethanol (alcohol). 4. The bottle was held in a slanting position and shaken very vigorously. 5. The number of succussions (shakes) determined the potency level. Number of Succussions • Up to 200th potency: 10 strokes for each potency. • From 200th to 800th potency: 12 strokes for each potency. • From 800th to 40,000th potency: 30 strokes for each potency. 166| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Concept of Molecular Activation Jenichen claimed that thousands of succussions could break the molecules of the medicine into finer and more active states, thereby enhancing their dynamic or curative power. Characteristics of Jenichen Potencies • A large quantity of vehicle (alcohol) compared to the medicinal substance. • Very vigorous and prolonged shaking during preparation. • Production of extremely high potencies through mechanical succussion rather than repeated dilution. Jenichen’s method represents one of the historical approaches to high potentization in homoeopathic pharmacy, emphasizing the dynamic effect of succussion in the development of medicinal power. Important Features of Jenichen’s Dynamization 1. Jenichen of Wismar was introduced to homoeopathy by Samuel Hahnemann’s student Ernst Ferdinand Gross. 2. He developed the idea that further dilution was not necessary for the dynamization of medicines. According to him, continuous succussion alone was sufficient to increase the potency of a remedy. 3. Jenichen believed that succussion was the most important factor in preparing high homoeopathic potencies. However, the exact details of his method were never fully disclosed. 4. He usually started with a 29C potency. The contents of the vial were allowed to evaporate, after which the vial was refilled with ethanol. 5. Large bottles were used, which he held at a slanting angle and shook vigorously. The potency level was determined by the number of shakes (succussions) given to the bottle. • Up to 200th potency – 10 strokes per potency. • From 200th to 800th potency – 12 strokes per potency. • From 800th to 40,000th potency – 30 strokes per potency. 6. Through thousands of succussions, Jenichen claimed that the molecules of the medicine were broken into a more refined or radiant state, thereby enhancing their curative power. 167Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
7. In Jenichen’s preparations, the quantity of the vehicle (usually alcohol) was much greater in proportion to the medicine, and the process of shaking was much more vigorous and prolonged compared to other methods. 5.3.6 KORSAKOFF’S METHOD The Korsakoff method of potentization is a simplified technique for preparing high homoeopathic potencies developed by Semyon Nikolaevich Korsakov, a follower of Samuel Hahnemann. This method was introduced to make the preparation of high potencies easier and faster. Principle The Korsakoff method is based on the idea that a small quantity of medicinal solution remains adhered to the inner wall of the vial even after it is emptied. This residual liquid is sufficient to act as the medicinal substance for the next stage of dilution. Method of Preparation 1. A vial is filled with the medicinal solution prepared in a certain potency. 2. The vial is emptied completely, leaving only a thin film of the medicine on the inner surface of the bottle. 3. The vial is then refilled with alcohol (vehicle). 4. The bottle is succussed (shaken) vigorously several times. 5. This process produces the next higher potency. 6. The same bottle is used repeatedly by emptying, refilling with alcohol, and succussing to obtain successive potencies. Characteristics of the Korsakoff Method • Only one vial is used for the entire potentization process. • The method saves time, labor, and glassware compared to the Hahnemannian method. • Each step represents one centesimal potency, often denoted by K (e.g., 30K, 200K). • The process allows the preparation of very high potencies with ease. 168| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
Significance The Korsakoff method simplified the preparation of high homoeopathic potencies and became widely used in homoeopathic pharmacy for producing K-scale potencies. It remains an important historical and practical method of potentization in homoeopathy. In practical manufacturing, changing the vial at every stage of potentization would be both complicated and expensive. Therefore, the Korsakovian single-vial method offers a simpler and more economical alternative for preparing homoeopathic potencies. 5.4 PREPARATION UNDER SUCCUSSION Succussion Liquid potencies are prepared and potentized by the processes of succussion by the use of liquid vehicles like alcohol or water, by shaking in the definite method according to pharmacopoeia. The succussion process is used for those medicinal substances that are soluble in alcohol or distilled water. Mechanism of Manual Succussion • Drug and vehicle are taken in a definite ratio and in a new well cleansed glass vial, keeping the upper 1/3rd of the vial empty. • Phial is grasped in the right hand with the thumb firmly over the cork and bottom or vial on the pulp of the little finger of the right hand. The remaining fingers tightly grasp the vial. • The vial is struck with ten powerful downward strokes of the arm or by striking the closed right hand against a hard, but elastic body, like a leather pad, or by a suitable or mechanical potentiser, letting each stroke terminate in a jerk. • The strokes should be forceful, and successive, each stroke ending in a jerk at a uniform distance with uniform strength. • The next potency is now ready, mark the name of the drug with potency on the phial. 5.4.1 DILUTION PREPARATION Homoeopathic dilution preparation is the process by which a medicinal substance is systematically diluted with a suitable vehicle such as alcohol, distilled water, and then succussed to develop its dynamic or therapeutic power. This process is known as potentization. 169Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
In different scales of dilution are used in homoeopathic pharmacy to prepare medicines in various potencies. DECIMAL SCALE ( X OR D SCALE) The Decimal scale was introduced by Constantine Hering. The decimal potency is denoted by letter ‘X’ or ‘D’ to the number indicating the potency. Method of Preparation • One part of the medicinal substance is mixed with 9 parts of the vehicle. • After thorough succussion, it becomes 1X or 1D potency. • One part of 1X or 1D is again mixed with 9 parts of vehicle and succussed to produce 2X or 2D. • This process is repeated to obtain 3X or 3D, 6X or 6D, 12X or 12D, 30X or 30D, 200X or 200D. Ratio: 1 : 10 CENTESIMAL SCALE (C SCALE) The Centesimal scale is the most commonly used scale in homoeopathy. This scale was introduced by Hahnemann itself, which has written in the 5th edition of Organon of medicine, aphorism 270. Method of Preparation • One part of the medicinal substance is mixed with 99 parts of the vehicle. • The mixture is then succussed 10 times to produce the 1C potency. • To prepare 2C, one part of 1C is added to 99 parts of the vehicle and again succussed. • This process is repeated to obtain higher potencies such as 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M etc. • Higher potencies are represented as: 1M (= 1000 CH); 10M (=10,000 CH); 50M (=50,000 CH); CM (=100,000 CH); DM (=500,000 CH); MM (=10,00000 CH); DMM (=500,000000 CH). Ratio: 1 : 100 170| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
5.4.2 PREPARATION OF 50M POTENCY (LM POTENCY) Fifty- Millesimal scale-(1:50,000) This scale was introduced by Dr. Hahnemann itself which has written in sixth edition of Organon of medicine, This LM name was given by Dr. Pierre Schmidt and he termed prepared potencies as fifty millesimal potencies. It is designated by as under: In Asian countries -0/1, 0/2, 0/3……… In Western countries 1/0, 2/0, 3/…...... Hahnemann used to write 0/1, 0/2, 0/3.......... Some others suggested writing LM/1, LM/2, and LM/3………. L represented 50, M represented millesimal, 0 represented poppy size globules. METHODS OF PREPARATION To prepare the mother solution of LM potency, we should choose the scale of trituration and may follow either decimal scale or Centesimal Scale. To Prepare on Decimal Scale One part of powdered drug substances + 9 part of sugar of milk triturate till 6x potency, finally after getting the 6x potency, it should take as under: • One gram of 6x +400ml of purified water +100ml of dispensing alcohol = Mother Solution. • One drop of Mother Sol. added with 100 drops of dispensing alcohol and give 100 equal strokes = 0/1 • One drop of 0/1 solution added with 100 drops of dispensing alcohol and give 100 equal strokes = 0/2 • One drop of 0/2 solution added with 100 drops of dispensing alcohol and give 100 equal strokes = 0/3 To Prepare in Centesimal Scale 1 part of powdered drug substances +99 part of sugar of milk triturate till 3C potency, finally after getting the 3C potency, it shouts take as under: • One gram of 3C +400ml of purified water +100ml of dispensing alcohol = Mother Solution. • One drop of Mother Sol. added with 100 drops of dispensing alcohol 171Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
and give 100 equal strokes = 0/1. • One drop of 0/1 solution added with 100 drops of dispensing alcohol and give 100 equal strokes = 0/2. • One drop of 0/2 solution added with 100 drops of dispensing alcohol and give 100 equal strokes = 0/3 5.5 PREPARATION UNDER TRITURATION Trituration is the process of grinding the raw material which is insoluble in the liquid vehicle with an inert substance like sugar of milk in proper order according to pharmacopoeia. Mechanism of Manual Trituration • Drugs and sugar in milk are taken according to scale. • Drug is taken in an unglazed porcelain mortar. • The total sugar of milk is divided into three parts in a definite ratio. • The process of Trituration consumes one hour’s time. The entire one-hour process is divided into three segments. • Each segment consumes twenty minutes. In each segment, one part of the sugar of milk is added. • Each stage is divided into two sub-segments that consume ten minutes each. The first sub-segment is carried out in the first ten minutes and then repeated for the second sub-segment for the next ten minutes. • Each sub-segment of ten minutes time divided into grinding or pulverizing for six minutes, and scraping and mixing for four minutes respectively. • Trituration is done for six minutes with the pestle fully pressed down with a firm grip and thumb on top. It is firmly moved in the anticlockwise direction for a right-handed person, in a circular fashion, going from the center to the periphery and back from periphery to center without lifting the hand, the movement is at the wrist joint. • The mixture is then thoroughly scraped from the walls of the mortar with the spatula and mixed uniformly together. FIRST-SEGMENT - (Duration for 20 Minutes) • Sub- Segment I – (For 10 Minutes) The drug is taken in a mortar and the first part of the sugar of milk is added. The mixture is triturated for a period of six minutes. It is then 172| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
scraped from the walls of the mortar and uniformly mixed with the spatula for a period of four minutes. • Sub- Segment II – (For 10 Minutes) The mixture of the first sub-segment is again subjected to pulverizing for six minutes and scraping and mixing for four minutes. The whole process of twenty minutes consists of the first and second sub-segment of the first segment is completed in stage one of trituration. SECOND-SEGMENT - (Duration for 20 Minutes) • Sub- Segment I – (For 10 Minutes) The second part of the sugar of milk is added to the mixture in the mortar. The mixture is triturated for a period of six minutes. It is then scraped for a period of four minutes. • Sub- Segment II – (For 10 Minutes) The mixture of the first sub-segment is again subjected to pulverizing for six minutes and scraping and mixing for four minutes. The whole process of forty minutes consists of the first and second sub-segment of the first and second segments completed in stage two of trituration. THIRD -SEGMENT - (Duration for 20 Minutes) • Sub- Segment I– (For 10 Minutes) The final part of the sugar of milk now is added to the mixture in the mortar. The mixture is triturated for a period of six minutes. It is then scraped for a period of four minutes. • Sub- Segment II– (For 10 Minutes) The mixture of the first sub-segment is again subjected to pulverizing for six minutes and scraping and mixing for four minutes. The whole process of sixty minutes consists of the first and second sub-segment of the first, second, and third segments completed in stage third of trituration. This whole process of trituration was completed in 60 minutes. Conversion of Trituration solid potency into liquid potency Conversion into Liquid Potencies (decimal scale) • 1 grain of 6X trituration dissolved in 50 minims of purified water and mixed with 50 minims of alcohol gives 8X potency. 173Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• 1 minim of 8X potency to 9 minims of dilute alcohol gives 9X potency. • 1 minim of 9X potency to 9 minims of alcohol gives 10X potency. • Prepare all succeeding potencies with 1 minim of the preceding potency to 9 minims of alcohol. Conversion into Liquid Potencies (centesimal scale) • 1 grain of 3C trituration dissolved in 50 minims of purified water and mixed with 50 minims of alcohol gives 4C. • 1 minim of 4C potency to 99 minims of alcohol gives 5C. • Prepare all succeeding potencies with 1 minim of the preceding potency to 99 minims of alcohol. Examples: Antimonium muriaticum; Apisinum (Apium virus); Araneinum; Bothrops lanceolatus; Bufo rana; Crotalus horridus; Elaps corallinus; Lachesis; Murex purpurea; Myristica sebifera; Naja Tripudians; Oleum animale (trituration); Oleum santali (trituration); Petroleum; Vaccinium; Variolinum. 5.6 NOSODES AND SARCODES PREPARATION The concept of Nosodes was introduced by Dr. Constantine Hering in the 19th century, emphasizing their role in chronic disease management. Sarcodes were later developed to complement nosodes, focusing on the use of healthy tissue extracts to restore balance in organ systems. Nosodes provide a therapeutic option in cases where conventional remedies fail, especially in chronic or miasmatic conditions. Sarcodes act as organ remedies, helping regulate physiological functions and supporting recovery. Together, they expand the scope of homoeopathic Materia medica by bridging pathology and physiology. 5.6.1 NOSODES PREPARATION Nosodes are prepared from disease products, pathological secretions, or microbial cultures. These substances are processed and potentized according to homoeopathic pharmaceutical methods to make them safe and therapeutically effective. The concept is based on the principles 174| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
established by Samuel Hahnemann, although the term “nosode” was later introduced by Constantine Hering. Definition The word Nosode is derived from the Greek word “Nosos”, which means disease, and the suffix “-ode”, means related to, the term Nosode was introduced by Constantine Hering, a prominent follower of Samuel Hahnemann. Therefore, Nosode literally means “a remedy prepared from diseased material.” Sources of Nosodes Nosodes may prepared from the following sources: 1. Pathological discharges – e.g., pus, sputum, or other diseased secretions. 2. Diseased tissues – tissues affected by specific diseases. 3. Microorganisms or bacterial cultures associated with particular diseases. 4. Products of disease processes obtained from infected individuals or animals. Method of preparation 1. Collection of Source Material • The pathological material is collected under strict hygienic and aseptic conditions. • The material may be obtained from infected tissues, discharges, or microbial cultures. 2. Trituration • If the source material is solid or semi-solid, it is first triturated with lactose in a mortar and pestle. • The trituration is carried out according to the centesimal scale (1C, 2C, 3C) until it becomes soluble. 3. Preparation of Mother Solution • After reaching 3C trituration, the material is dissolved in a suitable alcoholic vehicle to prepare the liquid form. 175Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
4. Potentization • Further potencies are prepared by serial dilution and succussion according to homoeopathic methods. 5. Storage and Labelling • The prepared nosodes are stored in sterile, well-sealed vials. • Proper labelling and identification are essential to ensure safety and traceability. Examples of Nosodes : Some commonly used nosodes include Tuberculinum, Psorinum, Medorrhinum, Syphilinum. 5.6.2 SARCODES PREPARATION Sarcodes are prepared from healthy animal tissues or secretions. The term introduced by Constantine Hering, a pioneer of homoeopathic pharmacology. Sarcodes are used to regulate and stimulate the normal functioning of organs and glands in the human body. These substances are potentized according to homoeopathic pharmaceutical methods. Definition The term sarcodes is derived from the Greek word “sarx”, meaning flesh or tissue, and “eidos”, meaning form or resemblance. Therefore, the term literally refers to substances derived from healthy animal tissues or organs. Sources of Sarcodes Sarcodes are obtained from: • Healthy animal organs (thyroid gland, pancreas, liver) • Glandular secretions (hormones, enzymes) • Normal body products (milk, bile, etc.) Method of preparation The preparation of sarcodes generally follows the trituration and potentization methods described by Samuel Hahnemann. 1. Collection of Source Material • The healthy organ, tissue, or secretion is collected from a suitable animal source under hygienic conditions. 176| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
2. Cleaning and Processing • The material is cleaned and dried to remove impurities. 3. Trituration • Insoluble tissues are triturated with lactose (milk sugar) in a mortar and pestle. • Trituration is usually carried out up to 3C or 6C potency. 4. Preparation of Liquid Potencies • After sufficient trituration, the triturated substance is dissolved in alcohol and further potentized through serial dilution and succussion to obtain higher potencies. 5. Labelling and Storage The prepared medicine is properly labelled and stored in well-closed containers to maintain its potency. Examples of Sarcodes Commonly used sarcodes include: Thyroidinum – prepared from the thyroid gland, Adrenalinum – prepared from adrenal gland secretion, Pancreatinum – prepared from the pancreas, Insulinum – prepared from insulin hormone 5.7 GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES The Good Manufacturing Practice is a system designed to ensure that pharmaceutical products are consistently produced and controlled according to established quality standards. It includes the practices and procedures required to comply with the guidelines recommended by regulatory authorities responsible for granting authorization and licensing for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. GMP helps to minimize risks involved in pharmaceutical production that cannot be eliminated merely by testing the final product. In homoeopathic drug manufacturing, GMP requirements are included under Schedule M-1 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 [Rule 85-E (2)]. The Central Government issued draft rules for GMP after consultation with the Drugs Technical Advisory Board, and these rules were notified on 2 August 2005. 177Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
The draft rules are divided into 11 parts, covering various aspects of manufacturing, quality control, personnel, and documentation. 1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A. Location and Surroundings The manufacturing premises should be located in a clean and hygienic environment. It should not be situated near open drains, public toilets, garbage dumps, slaughterhouses, or industries producing pollution that may lead to contamination. The premises should also be located away from railway lines to avoid vibrations that may affect sensitive electronic equipment. Drainage systems should allow smooth flow of effluents and must be cleaned periodically. The building should be designed to prevent the entry of rodents and pests. B. Building The premises must be used exclusively for the manufacture of homoeopathic medicines. If additional facilities are required, they should be located in separate buildings within the same campus. Raw materials and packaging materials must be stored in designated storage areas and should not be taken into manufacturing areas unnecessarily. Activities such as heating, washing, drying, packing, and labelling should be carried out in separate ancillary areas adjacent to the manufacturing sections. The walls and floors of manufacturing areas must be smooth, crack- free, and washable to facilitate cleaning. Windows and fittings should be designed in such a way that dust and contaminants cannot accumulate. a. Rooms: Manufacturing rooms should be well ventilated, airy, and maintained at comfortable temperatures. Proper measures must be taken to prevent the presence of birds, insects, rodents, worms, and other pests. b. Water Supply: Water used in the manufacture of homoeopathic medicines must meet the quality standards prescribed in the rules or in the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. It should be prepared from pure drinking water free from pathogenic organisms. c. Disposal of Waste: Waste materials should be disposed of in such a manner that they do not pose hazards to public health, animals, 178| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
or plants. Adequate arrangements should exist for the disposal of wastewater and laboratory residues. d. Compliance with the Factories Act: The factory building must be designed and constructed in accordance with the Factories Act, 1948, ensuring hygienic conditions for manufacturing. e. Medical Services: Manufacturers must provide first-aid facilities and periodic medical examinations for workers. Employees should undergo medical fitness tests at the time of employment and at regular intervals. f. Safety Measures: Adequate first-aid facilities and fire-fighting equipment must be available. Workers should receive training in safety procedures and first-aid practices. g. Workbenches: Workbenches should be provided in all sections and must have smooth, durable, and washable surfaces. h. Container Management: Proper arrangements should be made for receiving containers, closures, and packaging materials in separate areas. Containers used for primary packaging should be washed with soap and detergents and properly cleaned. Plastic containers that may absorb active ingredients or become contaminated should be avoided. Neutral glass containers are recommended for storage. 2. MANUFACTURING PLANT General 1. Entry to manufacturing areas should be restricted to authorized personnel only. 2. Facilities must be provided for personal hygiene, including toilets and separate changing areas for men and women to change into factory clothing and footwear. Workers should wear head covers and gloves. 3. Separate areas should be provided for food consumption and rest. Activities such as smoking, spitting, chewing, or littering are strictly prohibited in manufacturing areas. 4. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be prepared and implemented for cleaning, sanitation, personal hygiene, equipment maintenance, and all manufacturing operations including procurement, testing, storage, and distribution. 179Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
5. Persons suffering from contagious diseases should not be allowed to participate in manufacturing activities. 6. All materials should have proper identification numbers and labels indicating their quality status. Materials with strong odours should be stored in tightly closed containers away from other materials. 7. A well-equipped quality control laboratory must be established for testing raw materials and finished products. Manufacturing operations should be carried out under the supervision of approved technical staff possessing the qualifications specified in Rule 85. 3. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES A. Mother Tincture and Mother Solution Section: The following equipment must be available: 1. Disintegrator 2. Moter Grinder and Sieve separator 3. Digital Balances, Micro weights Balance, and fluid measures like measuring cylinder, 4. Beaker, Conical Flask, Test Tube etc. 5. Chopping board and knives 6. Tincture press 7. Desiccator 8. Water Bath 9. Maceration drum or Jar with lids 10. Percolators stainless steel 11. Funnel / Filter paper / Linen Cloths 12. Glass Vessels / Glass vial for Potentization 13. Filling and Sealing Machine Separate areas of 55 m² should be provided for the manufacture of mother tinctures and mother solutions. B. Potentisation Section The section should include with these facilities: 1. Workbenches with washable tops 2. Storage facilities for different potencies and back potencies 3. Measuring and dispensing devices 180| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
4. Potentiser with counter 5. Minimum area should be required: 20 m². C. Containers and Closures Section This section should be located near the potentization section and include with followings: 1. Washing tanks, mechanical or manual brushes 2. Rinsing tanks using purified water for rinsing 3. Closure washing facilities 4. Drying chambers or dryers D. Trituration, Tableting, Pills and Globules Section Basic required equipment includes with: 1. Triturating machine 2. Disintegrator 3. Mass mixer 4. Granulator 5. Tablet punching machine 6. Sieve separator 7. Required area: 55 m². E. Syrups and Oral Liquid Section The basic equipment required: 1. Mixing and storage tanks 2. Portable stirrer 3. Filter press 4. Filling and sealing machines 5. pH meter 6. Required area: 20 m². A visual inspection table and adequate workbenches must be provided. F. Ointment and Lotion Section The basic equipment required: 1. Mixing tanks 2. Kettle 181Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
3. Powder mixer 4. Ointment mill 5. Filling and sealing machines 6. Required area: 20 m², with additional space for washing and heating. G. Ophthalmic Preparation Section Basic required equipment includes with facilities: 1. Hot air oven 2. Laminar airflow bench 3. Air handling unit with HEPA filters 4. Ointment mill 5. Filling machines 6. Workbenches and visual inspection bench 7. Required area: 20 m². 4. QUALITY CONTROL DIVISION A. Functions A separate quality control department should be established under an approved technical officer. Its responsibilities include: 1. Testing identity, purity, and quality of raw materials 2. Testing finished products 3. Developing and validating analytical methods 4. Approving or rejecting containers and packaging materials 5. Performing in-process quality control 6. Investigating complaints and examining returned goods 7. Monitoring storage and handling conditions B. Personnel Quality control staff must be full-time employees with appropriate qualifications such as a degree in Homoeopathic Pharmacy or Science (Botany/Chemistry) with at least two years of experience. C. Equipment The laboratory should include equipment such as: 1. Dissecting microscope 182| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
2. TLC apparatus 3. UV lamp viewer 4. Distillation apparatus 5. Polarimeter 6. Refractometer 7. UV spectrophotometer 8. Rotary microtome 9. Tablet disintegration machine 5. RAW MATERIALS A. Plant Origin Drugs Plant materials should be fresh, properly dried, and free from moisture, pests, and moulds. They should preferably be not older than six months. Each consignment should be accompanied by details such as: 1. Supplier’s name 2. Botanical name and part used 3. Pharmacopoeial reference 4. Place and date of collection 5. Weight and packaging details B. Chemical Origin Drugs Chemical raw materials must conform to pharmacopoeial standards and be supplied with proper specifications. C. Animal Origin Drugs Materials must be obtained from healthy animals, collected and transported under hygienic conditions. D. Sarcodes Sarcodes must be collected from healthy animals, handled under hygienic conditions, and conform to pharmacopoeial standards. E. Nosodes Since nosodes are derived from diseased tissues, they must be autoclaved immediately after collection and handled according to the standards specified in the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. 183Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
6. MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES A. Mother Tincture Raw materials should be identified, cleaned, and processed by cutting or chopping before maceration or percolation. Mother tinctures should be stored in tightly closed neutral glass containers, preferably below 25°C, and protected from light. B. Attenuations Attenuations should be prepared in clean rooms with filtered air and positive pressure. Methods used must be validated and reproducible. Alcohol and other vehicles must meet pharmacopoeial standards. C. Trituration Trituration is used for insoluble substances, and the procedure described in the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia should be followed. D. Formulations Compound formulations should preferably be prepared in liquid or solid form, and the complete pharmacopoeial names of ingredients should be mentioned on the label. E. Medicated Pellets Pellets should be prepared in clean rooms free from particulate contamination, and all procedures must be validated. 7. LABORATORY TESTING All products and materials must undergo testing as specified in the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. Sterility testing should be performed whenever required. Control samples should be preserved for at least three years after the last sale. 8. PACKING AND LABELLING The packing and labelling section should have a minimum area of 50 m². 9. EXPIRY DATE The expiry period of homoeopathic medicines should not exceed 60 months from the date of manufacture. 184| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
10. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) SOPs must be developed for all manufacturing activities including: 1) Receipt and identification of materials 2) Cleaning and drying 3) Sampling and testing 4) Storage and handling Labels and packaging materials must be checked for correctness, and records of printing, usage, and destruction must be maintained. 11. RECORDS AND REGISTERS Proper records must be maintained for: 1) Production 2) Raw materials 3) Testing and quality control 4) Sales and distribution 5) Complaints and corrective actions 6) SOPs and equipment logbooks 7) Master formula records 8) Medical examination of workers All records should be preserved for one year after the expiry of a batch or for three years, whichever is longer. 185Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
EXTERNAL APPLICATION 66CHAPTER 187Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
TOPICS COVERED • Introduction, Classification, Vehicle used • Liniments, Lotions, Glycerol, Oil Preparation • Ointments, Cream, Poultices, Plaster Preparation • Dressing and Bandages 6 CHAPTER EXTERNAL APPLICATION 6.1 INTRODUCTION External applications are commonly used by physicians in cases of injuries, burns, fractures, and certain clinical conditions for purposes such as cleaning, dressing, and soothing affected areas. These medicaments, applied externally, are known as external applications. They are generally prepared using mother tinctures along with a suitable vehicle or base. External applications can be formulated in different forms—liquid (such as lotions, glycerol preparations, liniments, oils and eye drops), semisolid (such as ointments, and creams,), or solid (such as external powders like poultices and plaster). Common bases used in their preparation include distilled water, alcohol, glycerine, olive oil, paraffin, and beeswax. The effectiveness of external application therapy depends not only on selecting the appropriate medicinal agent but also on considering the site of application and the type of preparation used. The choice of vehicle— such as Vaseline, purified water, or glycerine—also plays an important role in determining the suitability and efficacy of the application. HAHNEMANNIAN VIEW In the 5th edition of the Organon of Medicine (aphorisms 196–203), Dr. Hahnemann opposed the use of external applications. However, with time, he recognized their importance and acknowledged that oral administration alone may not always be sufficient. In the 6th edition (aphorisms 184 and 285), he clearly advocated that while the curative remedy should primarily 188| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
be administered internally, the same medicine may also be applied externally in suitable forms such as ointments, liniments, or lotions. 6.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF EXTERNAL APPLICATION External applications in homoeopathy are medicated preparations applied to the surface of the body for local action such as cleansing, soothing, protecting, or promoting healing. These preparations are classified based on their physical form, method of application, and nature of the vehicle used. Types of External Applications A. Liquid form External application These are fluid forms applied directly to the affected area. • Lotions – Used for cleansing, cooling, and soothing inflamed surfaces. • Liniments – Alcoholic or oily solutions applied with friction for pain relief. • Glycerol Preparations – Used for their soothing and moisturizing action. • Oil Preparations – Oil-based preparations used for massage and local action. • Eye Drops – Sterile preparations for ophthalmic use. • Ear Drops – Aqueous, alcoholic, glycerine-based solution. B. Semi Solid form External application These have a soft consistency and remain longer at the site of application. • Ointments – Greasy preparations used for protective and healing purposes. • Creams – Emulsified preparations that are less greasy and easily absorbed. C. Solid form External application These are dry forms used for external application, finely divided powders applied to absorb moisture and protect the skin. • Poultice – A poultice is a soft, moist mass of medicinal substances applied externally. 189Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Plaster of Peris – Plaster of Paris is a quick-setting material made from calcium sulfate hemihydrate. D. Others External application • Gargle and Mouth washes • Paint • Inhalations • Fomentations • Surgical dressings 6.1.2 VEHICLE USED IN EXTERNAL APPLICATION In homoeopathy, vehicles used in external applications are substances that serve as a base or medium to carry the medicinal agent (usually mother tincture or lower potency) and facilitate its application on the skin. Common Vehicles Used in External Applications 1. Water (Aqua) • Most commonly used vehicle. • Suitable for lotions, washes, and compresses. • Helps in dilution and easy application over large areas. • Suitable to prepare Lotion 2. Alcohol (Rectified Spirit) • Used for cleaning wounds, ulcers, and skin infections. • Alcohol acts as a base along with oils. • Used for rubbing on painful parts (muscle pain, sprains). • Helps in quick absorption through the skin. • Suitable to prepare Liniment, after save and antiseptic preparation. 3. Glycerine (Glycerol) • Viscous and soothing vehicle. • Used when a slightly viscous and soothing effect is needed. • Suitable for sensitive or inflamed skin conditions. • Used for applications on mucous membranes and sensitive skin. • Prevents drying and irritation. • Mixed with water or tincture. 190| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Used in stomatitis, pharyngitis, and oral ulcers. • Provides lubrication and reduces irritation. 4. Oil (Olive oil, Coconut oil, etc.) • Used in liniments and massage preparations. • Provides lubrication and enhances absorption. • Useful in dry skin conditions. 5. Vaseline (Petroleum Jelly) • Used as a base for ointments. • Protects the skin and retains moisture. • Suitable for chronic skin lesions. 6. Lanolin • Absorptive ointment base. • Helps in deeper penetration of medicine. • Used in preparation of creams and ointments. 7. Starch (Amylum) • Used in dusting powders. • Provides soothing and protective action. • Useful in skin irritation and rashes. 8. Talc • Used as a base in medicated powders. • Absorbs moisture and reduces friction. 6.2 LINIMENTS, LOTIONS, GLYCEROL, OIL PREPARATION Liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations intended for external application to the skin, usually with massage or rubbing. They often contain medicated substances dissolved or dispersed in oily or alcoholic bases. Their primary purpose is to relieve pain, stiffness, or inflammation in muscles and joints. Depending on formulation, liniments may act as counter-irritants, rubefacients, or soothing agents. Lotions are liquid preparations intended for external application without friction. They are generally aqueous and may contain suspended or 191Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
dissolved medicinal substances. Lotions are designed to soothe, protect, or medicate the skin and mucous membranes. Glycerol (glycerin) is a clear, viscous liquid obtained from fats and oils. It is widely used in pharmaceutical preparations due to its hygroscopic, emollient, and solvent properties. 6.2.1 LINIMENT Liniments are a type of external application having an oily or spirituous consistency. They are usually prepared by mixing one or more mother tinctures with a suitable oily or alcoholic base. These preparations are applied to the skin by rubbing or painting over the affected area. Preparation Liniments are prepared by mixing one part (by weight or volume) of the required mother tincture with four parts (by weight or volume) of olive oil or Tincture of Soap (as per HPI Vol. I). The mixture is shaken vigorously until a uniform and homogeneous preparation is obtained. Tincture of Soap Tincture of soap is prepared using the following ingredients: • Soft soap – 10 g • Purified water – 16 ml • Strong alcohol – 25 ml These are dissolved with gentle heat and then strained to obtain a clear solution. Requirements • Required mother tincture • Olive oil or tincture of soap • Clean conical phial • Measuring cylinder • Electronic balance • Paper, pen, labels, gum, and scissors Procedure The required quantity of the vehicle (olive oil or tincture of soap) is taken in a clean conical phial. The measured mother tincture is added to it, and 192| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
the phial is tightly corked. The mixture is then shaken vigorously until a homogeneous liniment is formed. Instructions The container should be labelled with: • “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY” • “SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE” Examples: Arnica, Hypericum, Bryonia, Rhus tox, and Ruta graveolens liniments. Uses Liniments are used in conditions where there is internal injury without any break in the skin (intact epidermis). They are especially useful in: • Muscle spasms • Rheumatic pain 6.2.2 LOTION A lotion is a type of external preparation made by diluting a medicine with purified water in a ratio of 1:9. Preparation One part (by weight or volume) of the required medicine (mother tincture) is mixed with nine parts (by weight or volume) of purified water. The mixture is then shaken vigorously until a uniform colour is obtained. Requirements • Required mother tincture • Purified water • Clean conical phial • Measuring cylinder • Electronic balance • Paper, pen, label, gum, and scissors Procedure The required quantity of purified water (vehicle) is taken in a clean glass conical phial. The specified amount of mother tincture is then added to it. The phial is tightly corked and shaken vigorously to obtain a homogeneous mixture. 193Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
Instructions The preparation should be properly labelled with: • “For external use only” • “Shake well before use” Examples: Arnica, Apis, Calendula, Rhus tox, and Ruta G lotions. Uses Lotion is used for external application, especially on mucous membranes without bleeding. It is useful in: • Injuries caused by falls or blows • Inflammatory conditions • Bruised pain • Antiseptic purposes 6.2.3 GLYCEROL Glycerol is a type of external application prepared by combining glycerine with a mother tincture. It has a viscous, jelly-like consistency. Essentially, it is a mixture of one or more mother tinctures with glycerine, used for topical purposes. Preparation • One part by weight or volume of the required medicine (mother tincture) is mixed with nine parts of glycerine. Or • One part by weight or volume of the required medicine is mixed with four parts of glycerine (starch excluded as per HPI). Procedure The required quantity of glycerine (vehicle) is taken in a clean glass conical phial. The specified mother tincture is added to it, and the phial is tightly corked. The mixture is then shaken vigorously until a uniform; homogeneous preparation is obtained. Requirements • Required Mother Tincture • Glycerine • Clean Conical Phial 194| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Measuring Cylinder • Electronic Balance • Paper, pen, label, gum, and scissors Instructions Labels stating “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY” and “SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE” should be affixed to the phial. Examples Borax glycerol, Calendula glycerol, Hydrastis glycerol, Phytolacca glycerol Uses Glycerol preparations are used for their antifungal, antibacterial, and antipruritic properties. They are commonly applied in conditions such as gingivitis and stomatitis. 6.2.4 OILS Oils are viscous, hydrophobic liquid substances obtained from plant or animal sources, used in homoeopathy as a medium for dissolving, extracting, or administering medicinal substances. Oils are liquid preparations applied externally by rubbing or massaging onto the skin, scalp, or affected areas. The popular homoeopathic oil preparations are: BAUCHI OIL Prepared from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, which are crushed into fine particles (about 20 mesh size). The crushed seeds are soaked in sesame (til) oil in a ratio of 1:2. The mixture is kept for 10 days with occasional stirring, then strained for use. It is used in cases of skin depigmentation (leucoderma), boils, tubercles, liver spots, and dull or unhealthy-looking skin. MULLEIN OIL This oil is extracted from the flowers of Verbascum Thapsus. Solvents such as glycerine, alcohol, or other inert substances are used in the extraction process. One part of the flowers produces ten parts of mullein essence. It is commonly used for earache, ear discharge (otorrhoea), eczema of the 195Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
outer ear and ear canal, earwax buildup, and inflammation of the inner ear canal. WINTERGREEN OIL A colourless or nearly colourless oil obtained by distillation from the fresh plant Gaultheria fragrantissima. It is used to relieve gout, rheumatism, itching (pruritus), and sciatica. HAIR OIL Generally, hair oil to Prepared using dried roots of Arnica or Jaborandi, which are coarsely powdered. One part of this powder is mixed with ten parts of olive oil and left for two weeks. The mixture is then pressed and filtered before use. Process of Preparing Hair Oil in Homoeopathy 1. Selection of Base Oil • Choose a pure, cold-pressed oil such as coconut, sesame, or almond oil. • Ensure the oil is free from rancidity and impurities. 2. Incorporation of Mother Tinctures • Select appropriate homoeopathic mother tinctures depending on therapeutic purpose: • Arnica montana – strengthens hair roots, improves circulation. • Jaborandi – stimulates hair growth, prevents premature greying. • Cantharis – reduces dandruff and scalp irritation. • Calendula – provides antiseptic and soothing effect. • Add measured quantities (commonly 5–10 ml per 100 ml of base oil). • Mix thoroughly to achieve uniform distribution. 3. Filtration • Pass the mixture through a clean muslin cloth or fine filter. • This step removes suspended particles and ensures clarity of the oil. 4. Storage • Transfer the prepared oil into amber-colored, airtight glass bottles. • Protect from direct sunlight and excessive heat to prevent oxidation. 196| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
• Label bottles with composition, date of preparation, and usage instructions. 5. Standards & Precautions • Use only pharmaceutically prepared mother tinctures. • Avoid synthetic perfumes, preservatives, or mineral oils. • Maintain hygienic conditions during preparation. • Ensure accurate measurement and proper mixing. 6.3 OINTMENTS, CREAM, POULTICES, PLASTER PREPARATION Topical pharmaceutical preparations play a vital role in the treatment of dermatological and localized conditions. They are designed to deliver active substances directly to the site of application, providing therapeutic, protective, or supportive effects. Among these, ointments, creams, poultices, and plasters represent distinct dosage forms, each with unique characteristics and applications. Ointments are semi-solid preparations intended for external use on the skin or mucous membranes. They serve as protective, emollient, or medicated bases, often providing prolonged contact and occlusion, which enhances drug absorption and softens the skin. Creams are emulsified semi-solid preparations, either oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O). They are smoother, more cosmetically acceptable, and easier to spread than ointments. Their water content imparts a cooling effect, making them suitable for both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Poultices are soft, moist masses applied warm to the skin to relieve inflammation, pain, or infection. Traditionally prepared with herbal or medicated substances, they act by soothing tissues, promoting drainage, and accelerating healing in localized infections or abscesses. Plasters are solid or semi-solid adhesive preparations spread on a backing material such as cloth, paper, or plastic. They are applied for prolonged periods to deliver drugs locally, provide counter-irritant effects, or offer mechanical support and protection. 197Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
6.3.1 OINTMENT Ointments are semi-solid preparations used for the application to the skin. They are prepared by mixing of drug with Vaseline/paraffin. They are also called therapeutic creams. Preparation One part by weight or volume of the required medicine (mother tincture) is mixed with nine parts by weight or volume of Vaseline or paraffin. Procedure There are two different methods to prepare ointment: 1. Mechanical Incorporation Method: One part by weight or volume of the required medicine (mother tincture) is taken with 9 parts by weight or volume of soft white paraffin on an ointment slab and mixed with a spatula until a uniform colour is obtained. 2. Fusion Method: This method is used for commercial purposes. In this method, soft white paraffin is melted in a water bath and the required mother tincture slowly added. The mixture is properly stirred to make it homogenous, then the mixture is cooled and ready to use. Requirements • Required Mother Tincture • Olive oil or Tincture of soap • Ointment slab and Spatula • Heating plate • Measuring Cylinder • Electronic Balance • Paper, Pen, label, gums, scissors. Instruction The Ointments must be labeled as “for external use only” examples- Arnica, Calendula, Rhus Tox, Cantharis, Graphites, Thuja, Sulphur, and Ruta G. Uses: Ointments are used as dressing for wound, ulcer, and burn and for emollient, protective or other surface effects. 198| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
6.3.2 CREAM Creams are semi-solid emulsions intended for external application to the skin. They may be oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, chosen according to therapeutic purpose and patient acceptability. Requirements • Base materials: Oils (e.g., mineral oil, lanolin, cetyl alcohol). • Aqueous phase: Purified water or suitable solvent. • Emulsifying agents: Natural (beeswax, wool fat) or synthetic (sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbates). • Active ingredients: Medicinal substances as per therapeutic need. • Preservatives: To prevent microbial growth (e.g., parabens). • Containers: Clean, sterilized jars or tubes, preferably opaque to protect from light. Procedure • Preparation of Oil Phase: Melt oils, waxes, and lipophilic components together at at approximately 60-70°C.temperature. • Preparation of Aqueous Phase: Dissolve hydrophilic substances in purified water, heat to the same temperature as oil phase. • Emulsification: Slowly add aqueous phase to oil phase (or vice versa) with continuous stirring to form a uniform emulsion. • Homogenization: Mix thoroughly to obtain a smooth and uniform cream. • Cooling: Stir until the mixture cools and thickens into cream consistency. • Addition of Heat-Sensitive Ingredients: Incorporate volatile oils, vitamins, or other sensitive substances after cooling. • Packaging: Transfer into sterilized containers, label with composition, date, and storage instructions. Instructions • Maintain strict hygiene during preparation. • Ensure both phases are at the same temperature before mixing to avoid separation. • Avoid overheating to preserve stability of active ingredients. 199Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy |
• Store creams in cool, dry places, away from direct sunlight. • Use clean spatulas or applicators to prevent contamination. Uses • Medicinal uses of topical drugs (antifungal, antibacterial, corticosteroids). • Cosmetic uses as moisturizers, sunscreens, anti-aging formulations. • Use as protective barrier creams for occupational exposure. • Use like soothing agent cooling effect for inflamed or irritated skin. 6.3.3 POULTICES A poultice is a soft, moist mass of plant material or other substances applied to the body. The “poultice” is from the Latin word poulet’s, it means “porridge”, which means crushed, thick, sticky, soft moist mass drug used as a cataplasm, often heated and medicated. It is used as a spread-on cloth over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. It can be used on wounds such as cuts also. They act firmly on a principle so that they either stimulate the body surface or relieve an inflamed area by supplying medicated substances in the presence of heat and moisture. It helps in drawing infective material from the affected area due to the hygroscopic and absorptive characteristics of the ingredients used. They mitigate pain by releasing tension and promoting perspiration. They act in 2 ways, give support and protection to the affected part and bring it in direct contact with the medication. Basic Method: • Select suitable base (e.g., flour, bread, clay, or herbal material). • Mix with hot water or medicinal liquid to form a thick paste. • Heat gently to a comfortable temperature. • Spread the paste evenly on a clean cloth. Required Equipment: • Bowl or mortar and pestle • Heating source • Spoon or spatula • Clean cloth or gauze 200| Comprehensive Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy