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NAME : NURALYANISA BINTI ZAKARIA MATRIC NUMBER : MS2613108961 PRACTICUM : K2T02B LECTURER’S NAME : MADAM ZARNI ASNITA BINTI ZAKARIA PENANG MATRICULATION COLLEGE BIOLOGY 1 (SB015) FLIPBOOK TOPIC : MOLECULES OF LIFE AND CELL STUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS (SET A)
WATER MOLECULES OF LIFE LIPIDS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS DNA AND RNA MOLECULES 1. STATE THE MAIN TYPE OF MOLECULES OF LIFE (5 MARKS)
2.WITH THE AID OF LABELED DIAGRAM, DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF WATER MOLECULE. (10 MARKS) 1. CONSIST OF AN OXYGEN ATOM & TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS. 2. TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS FORM POLAR COVALENT BONDS (SHARING OF ELECTRONS) WITH AN OXYGEN ATOM. 3. WATER IS POLAR MOLECULE A POLAR MOLECULE : HAVE OPPOSITE CHARGES (UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL CHARGE) OXYGEN REGION HAS A PARTIAL NEGATIVE CHARGE BOTH THE HYDROGEN REGIONS HAVE A PARTIAL POSITIVE CHARGE
4. ANGLE BETWEEN THE 2 HYDROGEN ATOMS IS 104.5° 3 ATOMS FORM A WIDE V SHAPE, NOT A STRAIGHT LINE 5. WATER MOLECULES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY A HYDROGEN BOND. FORMED WHEN A HYDROGEN ATOM IS ATTRACTED TO ANOTHER STRONGLY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM SUCH AS F, O, AND N. A PARTIAL POSITIVE HYDROGEN OF ONE H O MOLECULE IS ATTRACTED TO THE PARTIAL NEGATIVE OXYGEN OF NEARBY H O MOLECULE. 2 2 6. EACH WATER MOLECULE CAN FORM HYDROGEN BONDS WITH UP TO MAXIMUM 4 OTHER WATER MOLECULES. HYDROGEN BONDS ARE WEAKER THAN COVALENT BONDS BUT THEY ARE STRONG ENOUGH TO HOLD H O MOLECULES TOGETHER 2
3. WATER MOLECULES MOVE INTO OR OUT OF CELLS THROUGH OSMOSIS. EXPLAIN ON OSMOSIS AND COMPARE IT WITH SIMPLE DIFUSSION AND FACILITATED DIFUSSION. (10 MARKS) OSMOSIS DIFUSSION FACILITATED DIFUSSION Osmosis is a movement of water molecules from higher water potential region to lower water potential region across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached Difussion is a movement of molecules down its concentration gradient from higher concentration region to lower concentration region without using energy through a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached Facilitated difussion is a movement of ion down its concentration gradient without using energy through a selectively permeable membrane aided by transport protein carrier until equilibrium is reached Characteristics of molecules that can pass through the membrane : small non-charged hydrophobic Transport via channel protein provide a corridor that allow ions to across membrane such as ions and water Transport via carrier protein have a specific binding site then protein change conformation to translocate the solute such as glucose and amino acids Water molecules possess kinetic energy In liquid or gasses form, they move about very rapidly in random directions Water diffuses from region of high water potential to- a region lower water potential 3 types of solution which is isotonic solution, hypertonic solution and hypotonic solution
4. BODY TEMPERATURE MAY RISE DURING HOT DAYS. HOW CAN SWEATING HELPS TO GIVE COOLING EFFECT FOR OUR BODY? WHAT ABOUT ANIMALS THAT DO NOT SWEAT SUCH AS ELEPHANTS? GIVE EXPLANATION BY APPLYING THE CONCEPT RELATED TO THE PROPERTIES OF WATER. PROPERTIES OF WATER IMPORTANCE Water has high latent heat of vaporisation High amount of heat energy (580 calories of heat) is required or absorbed (to break hydrogen bonds) to turn 1 g of water from liquid state into water vapor. This is to break hydrogen bonds to separate water molecules Evaporation of water in sweat on a skin and transpiration from leaves as heat is removed will give a cooling effect
2.A plant can keep cool in the bright sunlight as water evaporates from its surface Transpiration from green leaves, gives cooling effect because the escaping molecules absorb a lot of heat energy 1. When a person’s body temperature begins to rise, he sweats Evaporation of sweat uses a lot of heat energy. This energy has a cooling effect to the skin and helps prevent overheating 3.Animals that do not sweat will bathe or wet themselves with water to prevent their bodies from overheating during hot days In hot weather, an elephant sprays water from its trunk onto its head. Evaporation of this water cool the elephant down. Water molecules with the greatest kinetic energy leave as gas, making the remaining liquid water cooler.