ARCH493 P2 DIGITAL LI SHAW S2026 compressed

Alex Li (20927410) & Caelan Shaw (20930935)Cambridge YWCA Women’s ShelterARCH 473 TECHNICAL REPORT

SITE DESIGN Sun Strategies Wind Strategies Landscaping Strategies Water Strategies 7 8 9 10 WHOLE LIFE CYCLE CARBON EMISSIONS ESTIMATE Carbon Estimate Sheet Reflection LIFE CYCLE Design Approach Material Life Cycle 4 5 AI DISCLAIMER Grammarly AI’s writing assistance tool is used to edit and refine the text in this report. Perplexity and Claude were used in research and finding data sources. The content produced in this report remains authentic to the authors. 1 2 SYSTEMS Systems Intent Overview Diagram Zoning Diagram Passive Systems Active Energy Sources and Systems Renewable Energy Sources and Strategies Water Sources and Systems STRUCTURE Structural Design Intent Gravity Systems Diagram Lateral Systems Diagram 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ENCLOSURE Enclosure Assembly Intent Key Plans and Sections Wall Sections Section Details APPENDIX Project Documentation Calculations Sources 18 19 20 25 26 ## ## 21 22 23 24CONTENTS 01 02 03 04 * 05 06 07

1 Our approach is grounded in efficiency and responsibility, prioritizing a healthy, high-performing building that can reliably serve a sensitive population, using evidence-based and value-driven decisions at every stage. Rather than pursuing speculative or idealized solutions, we focus on practical strategies that meet real-world benchmarks, which includes balancing the carbon-sequestering potential of the project with economics, constructability and site-suitability. We avoid reliance on specialized subcontractors or experimental materials, instead selecting proven material systems that enable efficient, high-performing wall assemblies. Timber serves as the unifying material language of the building. Both the structural system and enclosure are net carbon-sequestering over their full 50+ year life cycle (we anticipate a ~75-year lifespan). The SPF framing and glulam structure achieve approximately −1.59 kgCO₂e/kg, while the acetylated pine façade reaches about −1.69 kgCO₂e/kg. These outcomes are driven by sourcing invasive pine species from organized conservation programs and supply chain optimization. By using wood products derived from conservation thinnings and processed within roughly 200 kilometres of the site, transportation emissions remain minimal compared to the biogenic carbon stored in the material. Where responsible local options are unavailable, we evaluate materials based on performance, durability, cost, and constructability. The acetylated wood facade, is imported due to the absence of domestic production, but its long lifespan and cradle-to-cradle potential justify the added transport impact. Both the structural and enclosure systems are designed for end-of-life recovery, with most materials intended for reuse or biomass rather than landfill. We deliberately avoid assumptions of ideal maintenance and conditions recognizing that buildings must be designed to perform in worse-case scenarios. With the site on a high floodplain, materials are chosen to maximize resilience and minimize replacement needs, opting for engineered products over alternatives such as straw bale or sheep’s wool insulation which would introduce greater risk than benefit, and using concrete over timber foundations to ensure structural integrity.life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 LIFE CYCLE APPROACH 01

Decision Performance (/30) Site Suitability (/20) Embodied Carbon (/20) Constructability (/15) Well-being (/15) Weighted Score (/100) Evidence-Based Rationale Value-Based Rationale Trade-Offs Notes Acetylated Timber Facade System 28 18 17 16 14 93 High performance, long service life, chemical- free, carbon storage, timber product means no specialzied subcontractor needed Consistent timber language reduces institutional feel and helps elevate a sense of home and domesticity Currently no acetylation facility in Canada. Must be imported from the United States. Refer to material comparison matrix in Appendix Concrete Foundations 30 20 8 12 10 80 Best for variable dolostone geology, floodplain resilience, moisture durability. Gurantees safety and stability of building on challenging site. High embodied carbon, limited reuse potential, careful detailing required Strip+Pier approach optimizes volume of material used Stormwater Detention (no infiltration systems) 26 20 12 13 12 83 Guelph Karst Dolostone = fissures allow for water flow but not water absorption, site is on flood plain with high water table Prioritizes site resilience over technological complexity. Native dolostone on site not suitable for water retention. Lower water independence, reliance on municipal systems Refer to Paving and Soil Conditions sections in Part 3 Conservative Rainwater Reuse + Single Green Roof 24 16 14 14 13 81 Offsets non-potable demand (toilets), optimized to balance between economics, user experience and sustainability Provides second- level residents views to green roof. Reduced capture capacity, less ecological roof area Green roof limited to structurally optimal zone only Conventional High- Performance Insulation 27 18 12 15 14 86 Predictable thermal performance, optimized wall thickness, moisture stability, pest resistance, code compliance Prioritizes efficiency and constructability over experimental materials Higher embodied carbon than bio-based alternatives Maintains compact envelope performance No Radiant Floor Systems 25 19 13 14 13 84 Flood risk damage potential, would require heating and cooling be seperated into floor and ceiling systems Prioritizes resilience, maintainability, cost efficiency Less thermal mass benefit, higher operational energy potential Avoids embedded irreversible systems in flood zone Low-VOC + selective reclaimed interiors 26 15 16 14 15 86 Improves indoor air quality, reduces embodied carbon, supports circular sourcing, durable in high-use spaces Warm tactile interiors, avoids over-curated luxury aesthetic Material variability, sourcing limitations, reduced standardization Reuse applied strategically, not as full material system Note: Decisions must exceed a total weighted score of 75 compared to alternatives (not listed here) to be considered optimal 3life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026

5 Using BEAM, Climate Studio, and the Wood Works for Life Cycle Carbon Analysis, we optimized our proposal to achieve a 67 kWh/m2 EUI and a carbon-competitive upfront footprint of -2,884 kgCO2e. These tools integrated conventional constructability with sustainable mechanisms across four key areas: Structure: Using Element 5’s Glulam for select structural elements to optimize span and load demands enabled a practical, active carbon sink while remaining within reasonable cost considerations for the non-profit shelter. The Glulam superstructure sequesters over 17,680 kgCO2e, establishing our carbon-competitive baseline. Refer to the Structure section for more details. Enclosure: Climate Studio, BEAM, and prior building-science content informed our optimized R-42 wall assembly (Effective RSI: 7.46). By specifying acetylated wood cladding, wood fibreboard continuous insulation, and dense- pack cellulose insulation, we designed a high-performance envelope (-72.36 kgCO2e/m2) that slashes peak winter heating loads without sacrificing conventional framing methods. Please refer to Part 6: Enclosure for more details. Systems: Climate Studio and discussions with the sustainability consultants drove our aggressive HVAC optimization, which is critical to maintaining 60-year cycle competitiveness. We integrated an electrified network: a CO2 AWHP feeds radiant ceiling panels, while a DOAS with an integrated ERV (MERV 14) and an exhaust air heat pump recycles internal energy. To prevent efficiency losses, we also provided the kitchen with a dedicated Make- Up Air unit and isolated the greenhouse with its own ERV and hydronic loop, yielding a 77% EUI reduction. Refer to the Systems section for more details. Site: BEAM helped us evaluate our site and the trade-offs in material selection. To offset our heavy upfront carbon penalties, such as the 22,983 kgCO2e generated by our concrete strip-wall foundations and rebar required, we relied on native, high-sequestration materials. Our reclaimed hardwood flooring and timber-heavy construction serve as our primary carbon sink, sequestering 27,193 kgCO2e to fully offset the foundation’s impact, ensuring the site’s footprint aligned with our optimized life-cycle goals.life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 WHOLE LIFE CYCLE CARBON EMISSIONS 02

7 The final Climate Studio simulation yields a Site EUI of 67 kWh/sq. m (77% reduction against the baseline), validating our project’s carbon-competitive optimization focus. An R-42 Envelope (RSI 7.46) and high-efficiency mechanisms (Coefficient of Performance 3.0 Air-Water Source Heat Pump, 80% ERV) reduce peak winter heating to 7 kWh/ sq.m, while exterior louvers help reduce cooling loads. These strategic thermal stability decisions ensures the shelter operates as a secure environmental - both natural and social - catalyst.life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 CLIMATE STUDIO EUI

0%0% 14% 9% 7% 5% 1%1% 82% 55% 84% 55% 20%41% 4% 16% 9% 13% 62%48% 0% 16% 0% 21% 17%10% 0% 4% 0% 6% Davenport - Engineering MetricLawson LDDC - User Experience North-West West South-West Result: Satisfactory Condition Result: Satisfactory Condition Ground GroundRoof Total Roof Total 16life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 WIND ANALYSIS

23 Our building systems prioritize passive strategies to minimize active-system demand, thereby optimizing environmental performance and lifecycle economics. While the high-performance building enclosure handles the primary thermal load, it is supported by solar optimization, operable glazing for mass cooling, and on- site stormwater management. The shallow, variable Guelph Karst Dolostone bedrock renders the site semi- impervious, precluding borehole-dependent geothermal systems and driving out active mechanical strategy. To maximize usable floor area and eliminate the spatial, acoustic, and electrical burdens of complex filtration skid systems, our design embraces “Mechanical Minimalism.” Rather than using a high-maintenance greywater system, the building isolates wastewater streams and relies entirely on an asset-generating rainwater catchment loop. The light-coloured TPO membrane roof on the west wing collects rainwater into a 10,000L Green Water Cistern for non-potable toilet flushing and laundry use, while the east wing/s sedum green roof acts as a thermal buffer and LID runoff mitigator. The active HVAC architecture functions as a highly efficient, decoupled multi-source hydronic loop designed to minimize auxiliary energy drains. Main building ventilation is managed by a Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) with integrated Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) and MERV 14 filtration, while a dedicated kitchen Make- Up Air (MUA) unit handles localized pressure balancing. A central rooftop array of three CO2-Refrigerant Air- Water Heat Pumps (AWHPs) provides the primary thermal baseline, supplemented by an Exhaust Air Heat Pump (EAHP) that extracts sensible heat from the DOAS and greenhouse exhaust streams. These heat pumps feed a centralized, Stratified Combi-Tank. From this single thermal store, a distribution manifold routes a dedicated hydronic loop to the greenhouse floor trenches and a low-temperature radiant panel network for the space conditioning throughout the rest of the building. Simultaneously, internal coils utilize this thermal bank to generate instantaneous, hygienic domestic hot water, maximizing thermodynamic efficiency within a condensed footprint.life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 SYSTEMS 04

1:250 27 Local Manifold Cabinet/Boxes Main Distribution Line (Cold) Main Distribution Line (Hot) PEX Pipes (Cold) PEX Pipes (Hot) Radiant Ceiling Panels Kitchen MUA Supply (Ventilation and Cooling) Air-Water Heat Pump(s) - On Roof Radiant Loop Buffer Tank (Main Building) Isolated Hydronic Buffer Tank (Greenhouse) Exhaust Air Heat Pump Central DX Hydrobox Pump & Manifold Box L1 Plan - Hydronic Looplife cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 ACTIVE SYSTEMS: HEATING & COOLING - RADIANT PANEL RCPs

1:250 28 Supply Ducts & Terminals Return Ducts & Terminals Exhaust Ducts & Terminals Direct Exhaust to Exterior & EAHP ERV Integrated DOAS With MERV 14 Filters Dedicated Greenhouse ERV With MERV 14 Filters Dedicated Kitchen MUA Supply With MERV 14 Filters Kitchen Range Hood Exhaust Roof Dome Vents (Static, Hooded) Air-Water Source Heat Pumps Area Approximate Location of Three (3) AWHP on Roof Operable Transoms for Passive Ventilation For Use in Warm Months Onlylife cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 ACTIVE SYSTEMS: HVAC VENTILATION PLANS

1:250 30 ACTIVE SYSTEMS: WATER

31life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 The site at 61–69 Ainslie Street South is a previously developed urban infill property now classified as an empty brownfield lot. Prior to the placement of foundations and landscaping infill, the existing contaminated fill will be removed from the site and disposed of in accordance with Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP) requirements. Soil remediation and structural infill will be implemented on site under the direction of a geotechnical engineer before construction begins. Given the site’s fluctuating Karst Dolostone bedrock, ranging from approximately 0.2 m to 1.9 m below existing grade, the project adopts a hybrid foundation strategy: strip foundations at the perimeter and piles at the interior to adapt to variable bedrock conditions while optimizing the volume of concrete needed. In reference to the geotechnical report (appendix), the pier and strip foundations were sized in accordance with the report’s bearing capacity recommendations, frost considerations, and allowable foundation bearing criteria. The building is primarily composed of light wood framing and stud walls, prioritizing practicality and economics. Glulam beams are introduced only where longer spans or greater structural capacity are required, allowing the structure to remain efficient while accommodating larger open areas. The structural system is optimized for strength and performance while maintaining efficient use of space, being mindful that thicker wall assemblies are not idea for the project’s program as it eats up floor area on an already constrained site. The sawtooth roof is scaled to span across the open spaces in a way that is both structurally clear and spatially effective. After studying effective sawtooth structural design (refer to appendix) we are able to span the small sawtooths over the glulam beam without requiring intermediate trussing. STRUCTURE 05

39 The enclosure is where our whole-life-carbon target and comfort standards are achieved or lost; thus, we prioritized it as the project’s primary technical instrument. Every assembly follows the ‘perfect wall’ logic: water, air, vapour, and thermal control layers are carried continuously outside the structure. The typical wall assembly reaches R-42 (RSI 7.46): 450.8mm of dense-pack cellulose, a recycled-content biogenic insulation that fills the cavity, and a rigid wood-fibre board (Timber HP) provides vapour-open continuous exterior insulation. The wood fibre breaks the stud thermal bridge and holds the condensing plane above the dew point while remaining vapour- open, allowing the wall to dry inward and outward. Cladding specified in our drawings is a ventilated rain screen of acetylated Scots Pine or Loblolly Pine, two invasive species (in relation to their locations of harvest) with similar biomarkers to the commonly used Radiata Pine. This proposed scenario is modelled on Accoya’s acetylation process and EN 15804 EPD as our performance and carbon proxy. Acetylation reacts the timber with acetic anhydride, conferring Class 1 biological durability and dimensional stability - resisting rot, insects, and warping without toxic preservatives. Scots pine is invasive in Ontario (OIPC 2017); harvesting and acetylating it locally in the Cambridge-KW industrial area turns a regional ecological liability into a durable, low-maintenance façade that naturally silvers over time. Glazing is high-performance, triple-glazed, low-e-coated units in thermally broken frames, sourced exclusively from EPD-backed manufacturers to mitigate embodied carbon. Roofs vary by mass: a TPO membrane over the west sawtooth, whose south slopes carry PV and drive daylight and rainwater capture; a traditional ballasted gravel roof over the central connector, and a sedum green roof over the east wing. Below grade, a sealed, conditioned crawlspace with rigid foundation-wall insulation and a ground polyethylene vapour barrier seals the enclosure on shallow bedrock. Acoustic separation is built into wall and ceiling assemblies in offices, meeting rooms, laundry rooms, and other noisy or acoustically sensitive areas to protect occupant privacy.life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 ENCLOSURE 06

Layer Thick (mm) Solid frac Vol (m3/m2) Mass (kg/m2) Fossil (kgCO2e/m2) Biogenic (kgCO2/m2) RSI R-Value In RSI? Count thick? Acetylated Scots pine (scenario) 19 1.000 0.019 9.785 15.362 15.265 0.000 0.000 0 1 Furring - Sawn softwood (local, framing) 50.8 0.150 0.008 3.505 0.480 6.415 0.000 0.000 0 1 Wood-fibre board (CI) 152.4 1.000 0.152 22.860 13.716 34.290 3.804 21.600 1 1 Plywood/OSB sheathing 12.7 1.000 0.013 7.620 3.429 10.668 0.110 0.625 1 1 2x6 Studwall - Sawn softwood (local, framing) 139.7 0.120 0.017 7.711 1.056 14.112 0.000 0.000 0 0 Cavity Insulation - Dense-pack cellulose 139.7 0.880 0.123 6.884 2.306 10.120 3.584 20.350 1 1 Plywood/OSB sheathing 12.7 1.000 0.013 6.350 3.493 10.160 0.088 0.500 1 1 *Furring - Sawn softwood (local, framing) 50.8 0.150 0.008 2.515 0.201 2.766 0.000 0.000 0 1 *Cavity Insulation - Dense-pack cellulose 50.8 0.880 0.045 14.752 1.180 16.228 0.704 4.000 1 0 Gypsum board (GWB) 12.7 1.000 0.013 8.890 3.467 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 1 PROPOSED WALL TOTAL 450.8 90.873 44.691 120.023 8.291 47.075 Effective RSI/R-Value (after derate) 7.462 42.368 Net upfront A1-A3 (fossil - biogenic) -75.331 Assembly Thick (mm) Eff RSI R-Value Equivalent R/inch Fossil A1-3 (kgCO2e/m2) Biogenic (kgCO2/m2) Net upfront (kgCO2e/m2) Replace /60yr WLC +B4 (kgCO2e/m2) Intensity (per RSI) Cost ($/m2) Conventional method? Multi-storey / Part-3? Moisture/fire risk 60-yr durability PROPOSED: acetylated Scots-pine clad + wood-fibre CI + cellulose 2x6 450.8 7.46 42.37 R-2.5/inch 44.45 116.82 72.36- 1.00 72.36- 9.70- 320 Yes Yes Low (vapour-open) High — 1 cycle *Strawbale as per 1998 Oak Ridge LAID FLAT R-Value, load-bearing + lime/earth render (450mm strawbale -> 600mm wall total) 600+ 4.84 27.48 R-1.4/inch 38.00 150.00 112.00- 2.00 100.60- 20.79- 150 No NO (1-2 storey) High (moisture/render/fire) Med — render upkeep *Strawbale as per 1998 Oak Ridge ON EDGE R-Value, load-bearing + lime/earth render (450mm strawbale -> 600mm wall total) 600+ 5.77 32.76 R-1.8/inch 38.00 150.00 112.00- 2.00 100.60- 17.44- 150 No NO (1-2 storey) High (moisture/render/fire) Med — render upkeep **Strawbale as per BEAM/McCabe 1993 R- Value, load-bearing + lime/earth render (450mm strawbale -> 600mm wall total) 600+ 8.74 49.63 R-2.8/inch 38.00 150.00 112.00- 3.00 89.20- 10.21- 151 No NO (1-2 storey) High (moisture/render/fire) Med — render upkeep Rammed earth (stabilised) + mineral wool insul. 520+ 3.10 17.60 R-0.9/inch 210.00 5.00 205.00 1.00 205.00 66.13 300 No NO (mass/seismic) Freeze-thaw risk High — surface upkeep Hempcrete block + CLT 450 4.10 23.28 R-1.29/inch 70.00 260.00 190.00- 1.00 190.00- 46.34- 360 Partly (CLT yes) Yes (CLT frame) Slow cure / drying Med-High Commercial baseline: steel stud + min. wool + fibre-cement 280 5.20 29.53 R-2.7/inch 165.00 - 165.00 2.00 214.50 41.25 260 Yes Yes Low Med — bridging, ~40yr clad Conventional resi: 2x6 + ccSPF + brick veneer 340 5.00 28.39 R-2.1/inch 120.00 2.00 118.00 2.00 154.00 30.80 300 Yes Limited (resi) Foam traps moisture Med — high fossil foam *Strawbale Eff. RSI based on 1998 Oak Ridge wall test and California Residential Code / IRC Appendix AS = R-1.55/inch laid flat; R-1.85/inch on edge ASSEMBLY COMPARISON — all normalised to equal thermal performance **Strawbale R-2.8 is noted in BEAM based on the McCabe 1993 test of a single straw bale, not a full strawbale wall -> this is not incorrect, however, BEAM leverages the higher end of the contested material range. NOTES: PROJECT WALL ASSEMBLY — exterior to interior (per 1 m2 of wall) Lower 'Intensity (per RSI)' = better. This column is the apples-to-apples comparison; raw 'Biogenic' favours bulky walls and is shown only for transparency. Layer Thick (mm) Solid frac Vol (m3/m2) Mass (kg/m2) Fossil (kgCO2e/m2) Biogenic (kgCO2/m2) RSI R-Value In RSI? Acetylated Scots pine (scenario) 19 1.000 0.019 9.785 15.362 15.265 0.000 0.000 0 Furring - Sawn softwood (local, framing) 50.8 0.150 0.008 3.505 0.480 6.415 0.000 0.000 0 Wood-fibre board (CI) 152.4 1.000 0.152 22.860 13.716 34.290 3.804 21.600 Plywood/OSB sheathing 12.7 1.000 0.013 7.620 3.429 10.668 0.110 0.625 2x6 Studwall - Sawn softwood (local, framing) 139.7 0.120 0.017 7.711 1.056 14.112 0.000 0.000 0 Cavity Insulation - Dense-pack cellulose 139.7 0.880 0.123 6.884 2.306 10.120 3.584 20.350 Plywood/OSB sheathing 12.7 1.000 0.013 6.350 3.493 10.160 0.088 0.500 *Furring - Sawn softwood (local, framing) 50.8 0.150 0.008 2.515 0.201 2.766 0.000 0.000 0 *Cavity Insulation - Dense-pack cellulose 50.8 0.880 0.045 14.752 1.180 16.228 0.704 4.000 Gypsum board (GWB) 12.7 1.000 0.013 8.890 3.467 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 PROPOSED WALL TOTAL 450.8 90.873 44.691 120.023 8.291 47.075 Effective RSI/R-Value (after derate) 7.462 42.368 Net upfront A1-A3 (fossil - biogenic) -75.331 Assembly Thick (mm) Eff RSI R-Value Equivalent R/inch Fossil A1-3 (kgCO2e/m2) Biogenic (kgCO2/m2) Net upfront (kgCO2e/m2) Replace /60yr WLC +B4 (kgCO2e/m2) PROPOSED: acetylated Scots-pine clad + wood-fibre CI + cellulose 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Intensity (per RSI) Cost ($/m2) Conventional method? Multi-storey / Part-3? Moisture/fire risk 60-yr durability 9.70- 320 Yes Yes Low (vapour-open) High — 1 cycle 20.79- 150 No NO (1-2 storey) High (moisture/render/fire) Med — render upkeep 17.44- 150 No NO (1-2 storey) High (moisture/render/fire) Med — render upkeep 10.21- 151 No NO (1-2 storey) High (moisture/render/fire) Med — render upkeep 66.13 300 No NO (mass/seismic) Freeze-thaw risk High — surface upkeep 46.34- 360 Partly (CLT yes) Yes (CLT frame) Slow cure / drying Med-High 41.25 260 Yes Yes Low Med — bridging, ~40yr clad 30.80 300 Yes Limited (resi) Foam traps moisture Med — high fossil foam aterial range. R1 R2 R3 R2 R1 R3 R1 R2 R3 R2 R1 R3 R1 R2 R3 R2 R1 R3 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R3 R1 R1 D4 BB AA AA BB BB BB BB BB BB AA AA AA AA 1:200 KEY LONG SECTION R11:1000 KEY ROOF PLAN 1:200 KEY CROSS SECTION R21:1000 KEY SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:200 KEY LONG SECTION R31:1000 KEY GROUND FLOOR PLAN Continuous Insulation Continuous Insulation Continuous Insulation 41life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 KEY PLANS AND SECTIONS

EFF. RAD. HEAT/COOL 0.5 m MIN. ENTRY BULKHEAD FOR HVAC TERMINAL 2.5 m W/C EXHAUST AIR SUPPLY AIR BULKHEAD 0.5 m RADIANT HEATING/COOLING SEALED, CONDITIONED CRAWLSPACE 0.6 m (24") MIN. DETAIL D3 - WEST SAWTOOTHEDGE TO GREEN ROOF 2% SLOPE 2% SLOPE 5% SLOPE BB 1:20 SECTION BB Cut East to West 43life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026

W-1 F-1 5% SLOPE 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 4 9 1:5 DETAIL D1Exterior Wall to Foundation WALL ASSEMBLIES FLOOR ASSEMBLIES GENERAL NOTES: 1 FINE MESH INSECT SCREEN 2 FLASHING WITH LAPPED AW MEMBRANE FOR DRAINAGE 3 BASE PROTECTION BOARD 5 GROUND COVER MECHANICALLY SEALED AND CLAMPED TO PERIMETER FOUNDATION WALL 6 76mm STRAIGHT TYPE ANCHOR BOLT (12.7mm DIAMETER) 7 203mm L-TYPE ANCHOR BOLT (12.7mm DIAMETER) 8 CONTINUOUS POLYETHYLENE GROUND COVER - ALL JOINTS TAPED/SEALED F-1 20mm RECLAIMED WOOD FLOORING FROM LOCAL RESALE DEPOT FELT UNDERLAYMENT 13mm PLYWOOD SHEATHING 241.3mm 2X10 FLOOR JOISTS SPACED @ 400 O/C WITH DENSE PACKED CELLULOSE INSULATION IN CAVITY 50.8mm CONTINUOUS RIGID INSULATION - ALL JOINTS TAPED/SEALED 25.4mm PROTECTION BOARD 600mm SEALED, CONDITIONED CRAWL SPACE CONTINUOUS POLYETHYLENE GROUND COVER - ALL JOINTS TAPED/SEALED 4 CAPILLARY BREAK - TAPED/SEALANT JOINT ALONG RIGID INSULATION EDGE 9 CONCRETE SHEAR KEY AT BASE OF WALL/FORMED KEY IN FOOTING W-1 25.4mm WALL BASE TRIM LOW VOC INTERIOR FINISH 13mm GWB 88.9mm 2X4 SERVICE CAVITY FOR CONTINUOUS VAPOUR/THERMAL CONTROL 12.7mm PLYWOOD SHEATHING VAPOUR CONTROL MEMBRANE 139.7mm 2X6 STUDS WALL SPACES @ 610mm O/C WITH DENSE PACKED CELLULOSE INSULATION IN CAVITY 12.7mm PLYWOOD SHEATHING AW BARRIER FOR WATERPROOFING AND AIR SEAL, LAPPED 102mm MIN. AT ALL JOINTS 152.4mm CONTINUOUS RIGID WOOD FIBERBOARD INSULATION FOR THERMAL CONTROL 25.4mm VERTICAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C FOR CLADDING FASTENING AND VENTILATION 25.4mm HORIZONTAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C FOR CLADDING FASTENING 19mm ACETYLATED SCOTS PINE VERTICAL WOOD CLADDING WITH TAPERED TONGUE AND GROOVE 44life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026

R-1 W-2 1 1:5 DETAIL D2 Exterior Wall to Parapet WALL ASSEMBLIES ROOF ASSEMBLIES GENERAL NOTES: 1 ROOF DRAINAGE CAP - RAINWATER REDIRECTED TO GREEN CISTERN R-1 50mm BALLAST (GRAVEL) HEAVY-DUTY, NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILE FLEECE FILTER FABRIC 15mm DIMPLED DRAINAGE BOARD FULLY ADHERED 60-MIL. TPO ROOFING MEMBRANE WITH HEAT-WELDED SEAMS 12.7mm GLASS-MAT GYPSUM COVERBOARD 128mm SEMI-RIGID POLYISOCYANURATE INSULATION, STAGGERED IN TWO 64mm LAYERS FOR THERMAL CONTROL AV SELF-ADHERED BITUMINOUS PEEL AND STICK MEMBRANE 19mm EXTERIOR-GRADE PLYWOOD 114.3mm TRIPLE-STUD BUILT UP 2X10 ROOF BEAMS PITCHED AT 2% FOR DRAINAGE 241.3mm 2x10 DIMENSIONAL LUMBER JOISTS FOLLOWING THE 2% PITCH - NO INSULATION IN CAVITY 355.6mm HVAC SERVICE CAVITY SPACE MINIMUM +/- DEPENDING ON PROGRAM CEILING HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS 25.4mm SUSPENDED ACT/GWB/INTERIOR FINISH PER PROGRAM SPACE TYPE W-2 AW BARRIER FOR WATERPROOFING AND AIR SEAL, LAPPED 102mm MIN. AT ALL JOINTS POLYETHYLENE ROOFING MEMBRANE, LAPPED AT JOINTS 12.7mm PLYWOOD SHEATHING 139.7mm 2X6 STUDS WALL SPACES @ 610mm O/C WITH DENSE PACKED CELLULOSE INSULATION IN CAVITY 12.7mm PLYWOOD SHEATHING AW BARRIER FOR WATERPROOFING AND AIR SEAL, LAPPED 102mm MIN. AT ALL JOINTS 152.4mm CONTINUOUS RIGID WOOD FIBERBOARD INSULATION FOR THERMAL CONTROL 25.4mm VERTICAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C FOR CLADDING FASTENING AND VENTILATION 25.4mm HORIZONTAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C FOR CLADDING FASTENING 19mm ACETYLATED SCOTS PINE VERTICAL WOOD CLADDING WITH TAPERED TONGUE AND GROOVE 45life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026

R-2 W-3 P-1 1:5 DETAIL D3Sawtooth Flat Edge to Seedum Green Roof WALL ASSEMBLIES ROOF ASSEMBLIES R-2 NATIVE SEDUM PLANTING COVER 300mm VEGETATION-FREE ZONE - STRIP OF BALLAST AROUND ALL SAWTOOTH AND PARAPET EDGE PERIMETERS 75mm ENGINEERED LIGHTWEIGHT SOIL HEAVY-DUTY, NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILE FLEECE FILTER FABRIC 15mm DIMPLED DRAINAGE BOARD THICK POLYETHLYLENE ROOT BARRIER SHEET AW BARRIER FOR WATERPROOFING AND AIR SEAL FULLY ADHERED 60-MIL TPO ROOFING MEMBRANE WITH HEAT-WELDED SEAMS 12.7mm GLASS-MAT GYPSUM COVERBOARD 128mm SEMI-RIGID POLYISOCYANURATE INSULATION, STAGGERED IN TWO 64mm LAYERS FOR THERMAL CONTROL 19mm EXTERIOR-GRADE PLYWOOD 114.3mm TRIPLE-STUD BUILT UP 2X10 ROOF BEAMS PITCHED AT 2% FOR DRAINAGE 241.3mm 2x10 DIMENSIONAL LUMBER JOISTS FOLLOWING THE 2% PITCH - NO INSULATION IN CAVITY 355.6mm HVAC SERVICE CAVITY SPACE MINIMUM +/- DEPENDING ON PROGRAM CEILING HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS 25.4mm SUSPENDED ACT/GWB/INTERIOR FINISH PER PROGRAM SPACE TYPE W-3 LOW VOC INTERIOR FINISH 13mm GWB 13mm ACOUSTIC WOOL PANEL VAPOUR CONTROL MEMBRANE 139.7mm 2X6 STUDS WALL SPACES @ 610mm O/C WITH DENSE PACKED CELLULOSE INSULATION IN CAVITY 12.7mm PLYWOOD SHEATHING AW BARRIER FOR WATERPROOFING AND AIR SEAL, LAPPED 102mm MIN. AT ALL JOINTS 152.4mm CONTINUOUS RIGID WOOD FIBERBOARD INSULATION FOR THERMAL CONTROL 25.4mm VERTICAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C FOR CLADDING FASTENING AND VENTILATION 25.4mm HORIZONTAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C FOR CLADDING FASTENING 19mm ACETYLATED SCOTS PINE VERTICAL WOOD CLADDING WITH TAPERED TONGUE AND GROOVE P-1 LOW VOC INTERIOR FINISH 13mm GWB 13mm ACOUSTIC WOOL PANEL 139.7mm 2X6 STUDS WALL SPACES @ 610mm O/C WITH DENSE PACKED CELLULOSE INSULATION IN CAVITY 13mm ACOUSTIC WOOL PANEL 13mm GWB LOW VOC INTERIOR FINISH 46life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026

R-2 W-4 R-3 1:5 DETAIL D4 Sawtooth Sloped Edge to Seedum Green Roof WALL ASSEMBLIES ROOF ASSEMBLIES R-2 NATIVE SEDUM PLANTING COVER 300mm VEGETATION-FREE ZONE - STRIP OF BALLAST AROUND ALL SAWTOOTH AND PARAPET EDGE PERIMETERS 75mm ENGINEERED LIGHTWEIGHT SOIL HEAVY-DUTY, NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILE FLEECE FILTER FABRIC 15mm DIMPLED DRAINAGE BOARD THICK POLYETHLYLENE ROOT BARRIER SHEET AW BARRIER FOR WATERPROOFING AND AIR SEAL FULLY ADHERED 60-MIL TPO ROOFING MEMBRANE WITH HEAT-WELDED SEAMS 12.7mm GLASS-MAT GYPSUM COVERBOARD 128mm SEMI-RIGID POLYISOCYANURATE INSULATION, STAGGERED IN TWO 64mm LAYERS FOR THERMAL CONTROL 19mm EXTERIOR-GRADE PLYWOOD 114.3mm TRIPLE-STUD BUILT UP 2X10 ROOF BEAMS PITCHED AT 2% FOR DRAINAGE 241.3mm 2x10 DIMENSIONAL LUMBER JOISTS FOLLOWING THE 2% PITCH - NO INSULATION IN CAVITY 355.6mm HVAC SERVICE CAVITY SPACE MINIMUM +/- DEPENDING ON PROGRAM CEILING HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS 25.4mm SUSPENDED ACT/GWB/INTERIOR FINISH PER PROGRAM SPACE TYPE W-4 LOW VOC INTERIOR FINISH 13mm GWB VAPOUR CONTROL MEMBRANE 139.7mm 2X6 STUDS WALL SPACES @ 610mm O/C WITH DENSE PACKED CELLULOSE INSULATION IN CAVITY 12.7mm PLYWOOD SHEATHING AW BARRIER FOR WATERPROOFING AND AIR SEAL, LAPPED 102mm MIN. AT ALL JOINTS 152.4mm CONTINUOUS RIGID WOOD FIBERBOARD INSULATION FOR THERMAL CONTROL 19mm PROTECTION BOARD 25.4mm VERTICAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C FOR CLADDING FASTENING AND VENTILATION 25.4mm HORIZONTAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C FOR CLADDING FASTENING 19mm ACETYLATED SCOTS PINE VERTICAL WOOD CLADDING WITH TAPERED TONGUE AND GROOVE R-3 SURFACE MOUNTED PV SOLAR PANELS (*NOT SHOWN IN DETAIL) CEDAR SHAKES 25.4mm HORIZONTAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED @ 400mm O/C 25.4mm VERTICAL TIMBER BATTENS SPACED 400mm 0/C AW BARRIER FOR WATERPROOFING AND AIR SEAL, LAPPED 102mm MIN. AT ALL JOINTS 16mm PLYWOOD ROOF SHEATHING 292.1mm 2X12 ROOF RAFTERS SPACED @ 610mm O/C WITH 50mm AIR GAP FOR VENTILATION AND 241.3mm DENSE PACKED CELLULOSE INSULATION AND 241.3mm 2X10 RIM JOIST VAPOUR CONTROL MEMBRANE 13mm GWB LOW VOC INTERIOR FINISH 47life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026

49life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 APPENDIX 07 Part 1 - Life Cycle Overview, Values and Estimates Type Formula Source Biogenic Sequestration C_seq = −(C_frac × 44/12) ≈ −1.83 kgCO₂e/kg IPCC Good Practice Guideline for LULUCF Truck Transport Truck 16-28ft with 11t load Climatiq.io Milling + Kiln Dry C_mill = E_int (kWh/kg) × EF_GRID (kgCO₂e/kWh) Emissions Factors Reference Values, Government of Canada Acetylation C_acet ≈ 0.55 kgCO₂e/kg Accsys EPD 2022 Ontario electrical grid emissions factor E_int ≈ 0.35–0.80 kWh/kg; ON grid EF ≈ 0.028 kgCO₂e/kWh ON IESO 2023

Part Topic Resource 1 - Life Cycle Acetylation https://www.accoya.com/sustainability/sourcing-production/ Glulam Production https://elementfive.co/products/glulam/ 2 - Carbon BEAM https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XIZmv-B8tPWFGkIO_77xFyNGZ8z3ldBywZWBG1YvdVQ/edit?pli=1&gid=485622481#gid=485622481 Wood Works Calculator/Estimator https://cc.woodworks.org/ Material Carbon Sequestration Potential https://www.buildersforclimateaction.org/report---thesis.html Ten Berke Carbon Sequestering Toolkit Design Guide https://tenberke.com/2024/06/20/tenberke-releases-carbon-sequestering-toolkit-for-residential-projects/ 3 - Site Design Solar, Daylighting, Wind Analysis Autodesk Forma Planting https://www.ontario.ca/page/tree-atlas Soil Conditions Geotechnical Report - included in Appendix Site Zoning & Data https://maps.grandriver.ca/web-gis/public/?theme=General&bbox=555543,4800545,555805,4800725 4 - Systems Psychrometric Chart https://andrewmarsh.com/software/psychro-chart-web/ Zoning Metrics Refer to Psychrometric Chart for comfort zone targets CBE Climata Tool https://clima.cbe.berkeley.edu/t-rh Existing Well Data https://www.ontario.ca/page/map-well-records System Environmental Impacts https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/nature-legacy/activities.html#challenge Ventilation https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/air-quality/improve-indoor-air-quality-in-your-home.html#a2 https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/ventilation-indoor-environment.html 5 - Structure Sawtooth Roof Design CES321, Ain Shams University 6 - Enclosure Timber HP Wood Fiberboard https://www.timberhp.com/products/timberboard?__cf_chl_rt_tk=2WbvHxyGuIWnKsuDAb3MEfa0M1O2_DixvNBBLYeGWlg-1782149643-1.0.1.1-45MxBHY74jvXgZ.j0z.OK6_q3V93rj.c_aetwqBlIGk#downloads https://go.timberhp.com/installation-timberboardinstallguide.pdf?_gl=1*15rq9u*_gcl_au*MTk4MTAxNzM4NC4xNzgxNzM0MzQ1 https://go.timberhp.com/datasheet-timberboard.pdf?_gl=1*126y80w*_gcl_au*MTk4MTAxNzM4NC4xNzgxNzM0MzQ1 Townsend Lumber Inc. Local Dimensional Lumber Supplier https://www.townsendlumber.com/forestry-log-procurement/ Timber CWC EPDs https://cwc.ca/articles/epd/ Silex Passive House Windows https://silexfiberglass.com/resources/ https://silexfiberglass.com/high-performance-fiberglass-windows/silex-95h-passive-house-fiberglass-windows/#Resources https://silexfiberglass.com/sustainability/environmental-product-declarations/ Acetylated Wood https://www.ucfp.com/brands/accoya/Accoya/accoya-radiata-pine-A1-plain-sawn-lumber https://www.accoya.com/downloads/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=XY7t43wmrk74.xz_XqB6Oo6M6_G3O..VkkUCXozZlCk-1782200896-1.0.1.1-CHjtZQ1.UlL1JfoXYm5o1ztdFUVkCR.FXgb.YXf9hjs#Sustainability https://www.accoya.com/products/siding/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=j4ENPvixcckff8DCQkcL_N_3ihIWpJvqpzWmRESnJmw-1782200042-1.0.1.1-I9L0XLpLyUb2HJU1XupVMAM9sT6RMq5sAoQvfXbHx8M ASTM E84 Building Standards https://www.intertek.com/building/standards/astm-e84/ Building Science Enclosures https://buildingscience.com/documents/building-science-insights/bsi-137-carole-king-does-foundations Scots Pine https://www.ontario.ca/page/tree-atlas/ontario-southwest?id=6E-1 OIPC_BMP_ScotsPine_FINAL_Mar292017_D4.pdf Local Hanford Lumber Limited Plywood https://www.hanfordlumber.com/product/spruce-csp-fir-dfp-plywood/ https://www.hanfordlumber.com/about/certifications/#cla Cellulose Dense Packed Insulation EPDs - Greenfiber Sanctuary https://www.greenfiber.com/documents-and-tools/documents#all-documents Partel Vara Plus Vapour Membrane https://www.partel.ie/product/vara-plus-smart-vapour-control-layer/ Foundation Anchor Bolts https://www.nachi.org/foundation-anchor-bolts-sill-plate.htm Habitat for Humanity ReStore Cambridge https://www.cambridgerestore.habitatwr.ca/site/shop-building-materials-cambridge-restore Timeless Materials Waterloo https://www.timelessmaterials.com/product-page/mixed-hardwood SOPREMA Waterproofing Membrane https://www.soprema.ca/en/products-systems/colphene-bsw-v-plus?creative=&keyword=colphene%20bsw% 20v&matchtype=b&network=o&device=c&msclkid=c76dd024d5f419e751c8ba1397b8f9dc&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=foundations_canada-en&utm_term=colphene%20bsw% 20v&utm_content=keyword_colphene-bsw-v-plus 50life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Material Matrix - Detailed Summary KEY: ★★ RECOMMENDED ✓✓ VIABLE ✕✕ AVOID ◇◇ REFERENCE Cells: ✓ good ~ fair ✕ weak Tier Cladding option Role in scheme Carbon & sequestrati on Thermal (thin wall) Durability (Zone 6) Heritage + "home" Circularity / DfD Local ≤160 km One-line verdict ★★ RECOMMENDED Reclaimed / salvaged brick Base course ✓✓ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ ~ ✓✓ Heritage + carbon king; hard, secure base at the street datum ★★ RECOMMENDED "Galt Shingle" site-dolostone gabion Base course ✓✓ ✕✕ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ LOCAL BEDROCK — zero transport, demountable, literally Galt ★★ RECOMMENDED Acetylated Timber (Accoya ) Warm body ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ Warm, durable (Class 1 - highest rating), long lifespan, chemical-free; back-ventilate. No specialist subcontractor needed. ★★ RECOMMENDED Cork ICB cladding Warm body ✓✓ ✓✓ ~ ✓✓ ~ ✕✕ Insulates + sequesters + reads "home"; soft at grade, imported ★★ RECOMMENDED Wood-fibre board + lime render Warm body ✓✓ ✓✓ ~ ✓✓ ~ ✕✕ Insulating, sequestering, breathable; render upkeep, board imported ★★ RECOMMENDED Dry-set demountable cassette Delivery method ~ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ ✓✓ ✓✓ No glue, every layer separates — the purest anti-IMP build ✓✓ VIABLE Terracotta rainscreen Datum option ~ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ ~ ✕✕ Honest heritage abstraction (same clay as brick); cold, mostly imported ✓✓ VIABLE Reclaimed-brick-slip panel Datum option ~ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ ~ ✓✓ Abstracts coursing + reuses brick; avoid a cement backing ✓✓ VIABLE "Bio-Brick" NHL-bonded cassette Delivery method ✓✓ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ ~ ~ Reversible lime bond w/ reuse pedigree; lime imported, use NHL 5 ✓✓ VIABLE High-recycled aluminum Accent ~ ✕✕ ✓✓ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ Tough + infinitely recyclable but cold/commercial; zero thermal ✕✕ AVOID Hemp-lime block + render — ~ ~ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ ~ Insulation, not a weather skin; freeze-thaw risk + contested carbon ✕✕ AVOID GFRC w/ recycled aggregate — ✕✕ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ ✕✕ ~ Can sculpt relief but cement carbon + downcycle end- of-life ✕✕ AVOID Recycled HDPE composite — ~ ✕✕ ~ ✕✕ ✕✕ ~ Diverts waste but fossil, combustible, weak end-of-life ✕✕ AVOID Mycelium panel — ✕✕ ✕✕ ✕✕ ✕✕ ✕✕ ✕✕ TRAP: not weatherable — no exterior use ◇◇ REFERENCE Kingspan QuadCore IMP Baseline replaced ✕✕ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✕✕ ✕✕ ~ All-in-one bonded sandwich: high R/in but unrecyclable, commercial ◇◇ REFERENCE New clay brick veneer Heritage benchmark ✕✕ ✕✕ ✓✓ ~ ~ ✓✓ Heritage-perfect but high firing carbon — reuse beats it ◇◇ REFERENCE Vinyl siding Worst-case floor ~ ✕✕ ✕✕ ✕✕ ✕✕ ~ Shown only as the bar to clear 51life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 DETAILED MATERIAL COMPARISON MATRIX

Composition & Mechanism — wood treatments, insulation binders, and the adhesive-circularity spectrum Item Made of / process Property / mechanism Fit for this brief Charring (yakisugi) Surface pyrolysis of cedar/larch Carbon char = hydrophobic, UV-stable, indigestible to fungi/insects; cells beneath stay structural. Lowest-tech, most circular wood option; local cedar; back-ventilate. Thermal modification (TMT) Heat 180–230°C, no chemicals Removes hemicellulose sugars + lowers equilibrium moisture → decay resistance + stability without chemicals. BEST low-carbon LOCAL option (ash/maple/pine); some ON producers. Acetylation (Accoya) Acetic anhydride reacts with cell-wall OH Wood can no longer absorb water → Class 1 durability, ~50-yr above ground, extreme stability. Cradle-to-Cradle GOLD. Durability champion + best-documented non- toxic/recyclable EPD; radiata pine imported. Furfurylation (Kebony) Furfuryl alcohol (ag-waste) polymerized in wood Bio-modifier hardens the wood → Class 1–2 durability; weathers silver. Bio-based modifier from waste; durable; imported, costly. Wood-fibre CI (TimberHP) Softwood chips + PMDI binder + paraffin (board); batt + borate R-3.5/in (board) to R-4/in (batt), vapour-open, carbon-sequestering, recyclable, fire-tested no chem retardants. N.A.-made (Maine) = low transport; NOTE small PMDI/isocyanate binder — not "zero binder". Mineral wool CI Spun stone/slag fibre R-4.2/in, non-combustible, vapour-open, recyclable; higher R/in than wood fibre → THINNER wall. Best non-foam R/in to hit R-40 in ≤380 mm; not bio/sequestering. Kingspan IMP (ref) Steel skins STRUCTURALLY BONDED to foam core One panel = finish+CI+air+water, R-8/in. The bond is permanent → inseparable → landfill. The flaw to fix: it is a bonded sandwich. Do NOT replicate the sandwich. ADHESIVE-CIRCULARITY SPECTRUM Worst → best for reuse/recycle (1) Structural foam-adhesive sandwich (Kingspan) → (2) reversible MINERAL bond: NHL lime (weaker than brick; releases clean — millennia of brick-reuse pedigree) → (3) reversible THERMO-bond: bio-lignin hot-melt (research-stage, debonds on heat) → (4) NO bond: mechanical/dry-set + gravity + ties + gaskets. Lead with (4) dry-set or (2) NHL lime. Treat (3) as a horizon, not a spec. Keep the CI UNBONDED to the facing so layers separate at EOL. WHY each performs. For the "no toxic adhesive, reusable" goal: the cleanest answer is fewer/weaker/reversible bonds — ideally NONE (mechanical). 52life cycle | carbon emission estimates | site design | systems | structure | enclosure | appendix technical report | alex li & caelan shaw | spring 2026 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT WOOD MODIFICATION PROCESSES