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METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING Part 1 Lesson 5: Knowledge and Truth Mr. Edward B. Noda Jr.
✖ ✖ People are already relying on knowledge for their survival. cook one’s food, how to build a shelter, how to build damsto controlflooding, how tocreatelawsto preserve order in society and yes even how to think properly, wewouldstill be in a prehistoric cave. Knowledge literally enabled mankind to survive and Without knowledgeonhowto createafire,howto reachthe presentlevel of our civilization. ✖ 2
What is Epistemology? ✖ “Epistemologyis a sciencedevoted tothe discovery of the proper method of acquiring and validating knowledge” (Rand 1990) To show how we can acquire knowledge. knowledge we acquired is really knowledge (i.e., true). Thepurposeof epistemologythereforeistwo-fold: 1. 2. To giveusa methodof demonstratingwhetherthe 3
The Nature of Knowledge Knowledgeis theclear awarenessandunderstanding of something. * It is based on reality * it is providedby facts * It is observable andevidentontherealworld 4
HOW Do WE Acquire Knowledge? 1. We can acquireknowledgeusingoursenses(Empiricism) 5 Empiricists: 2.George Berkley 3.David Hume 1. John Locke
HOW Do WE Acquire Knowledge? 2. We can acquireknowledgebythinkingwiththeuseof our minds (what philosopherscall therationalfaculty)(Rationalism);knowledge comes from intellectual reasoning. Rationalists:Rene Descartes,BaruchSpinozaandGottfriedWilhelmLeibniz 6
PROCESS OF Acquiring Knowledge 1. Reality Toknow is to know something. This “something” is what Existence is everything there is (another name for it is the Universe).Itincludeseverythingweperceive(animals,plants, human beings, inanimate objects) and everything inside our heads(e.g.,ourthoughtsandemotions)whichrepresentsour inner world. Existence is really all there is to know. If nothing exists knowledge is impossible. philosophers call reality, existence, being. 7
Process Of Acquiring Knowledge 2. Perception Ourfirstandonly contactwithrealityisthrough our senses. Knowledge begins with perceptual knowledge. 3. Concept “an abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)” 8
PROCESS OF Acquiring Knowledge 4. Proposition Facts-propositions or statements observed to be real and truthful Claim-proposition that requires further examination; can be contested Statementsabout the world or reality are called propositions Propositions may or may not carry the truth. 9
PROCESS OF Acquiring Knowledge 5. Argument seriesof statements that provide reasonstoconvince the reader/ listener that a claim/ opinion is truthful. Group of statements that serve to support a conclusion. “There is no hope in the Philippine government” (opinion) “There is no hope in the Philippine government because many officials are corrupt, and Filipino voters continue to elect them.” (argument) 10
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DOMAINS OF TRUTH Objective domain:relatedtoscientific maintains a relative independence from the perspectiveand attitudeofhumanbeings that perceived them. EG: TYPHOON SEASON, WATER’S truths;pertains tothenaturalworldthat BOILINGPOINT (100DEGREESCELSIUS) 12
DOMAINS OF TRUTH Social Domain: Truthis relatedto a general to what is wrong. Based on norms (standard of acceptable behavior in society) EG: maintaining silence inside the chapel;cheering loudly in a basketball game; being silent in the libraryRemember!!! Consensus has certain limitations. It is helpful but notalwaysreliable agreement or consensus on what is right as opposed 13
DOMAINS OF TRUTH Personal Domain:Truth isrelated to and intentions needs to establish “trust” “SINCERITY”;consistenttoinnerthoughts 14
Truth and Justification TRUTH(according to Richard Rorty)- ✖ ✖ justification” JUSTIFICATION is the process of proving process is made up of ways of critically testinga claimagainst certaincriteria. has passed the “proceduresof thetruth orvalidityof a statement.This 15
Each domain of truth has a corresponding justification or has a different criteria for truth: SCIENTIFIC/ OBJECTIVE DOMAIN-Truths are testedagainstempirical evidence SOCIAL DOMAIN-Truths are tested against theiracceptability to a particular groupina particular time in historyPERSONALDOMAIN-Truths are tested againstthe consistency and authenticity of the person who claims it 16
To which domain of truth does each of the following statements fall? 1. 2. 3. “Insickness and inhealth,“till deathdous part.”- Personal Domain Reptiles are cold-blooded. “Don’t talk when your mouth is full!”- 17 ScientificDomain SocialDomain
How do we Know if Something is True? 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. A belief is trueifitcan bejustified orproven through the useofone’ssenses. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief Truth requires to prove an action Subject to test to determine the truth 18
TRUTH VS. OPINION 19
✖Truthis knowledge validated based on the facts of reality. For example the statement “Jose Rizal died in1896” istrue. There aremanysourcesthatcanvalidate facts of realityare independentof your thoughts, feelings or preferences 20
✖When one say that “Jose Rizal is the greatestmanwho ever lived”you are stating your preference and not facts. This is an opinion. interpretation of facts which may reveal biases. Thatstatementrepresentsnotfactsbutan 21
✖OPINION-A statement of judgment of a person about something in the world. Opinions are bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. Example: Case of Extra Judicial killings, war on drugs, Issue on defending West Philippine Sea from China, Government response on COVID 19 OPINIONS are statement of judgment that are in need of further justification. 22
✖ ✖ ✖ CONCLUSION-Judgment based on questioned. BELIEFS-Statements that express explained by facts. EXPLANATIONS-statements that reasons why statement is true. certainfacts;couldstillbecontestedor convictionsthatarenoteasilyandclearly assumetheclaimtobetrueandprovide 23
An opinion has the following characteristics: Cannot be confirmed Open to interpretation Based on emotions Inherently biased While truth is: Independent of one’s interpretation, preferences and biases ✖ 1. 2. 3. 4. ✖ 1. 2. 3. Canbe confirmed withother sources Based onthefacts ofreality 24
SYNTHESIS 25 Nature of Epistemologyand Knowledge Distinguish Truth from Opinion Acquire and Validate Knowledge
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WORLD HISTORY 101ANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECEThe Birthplace of Democracy, Philosophy, and the Olympic Spirit
The Greeks were known for their love of learning, art, sports, and government, and their ideas continue to shape the modern world today. Although the land was mountainous, Greece’s location by the Mediterranean Sea helped its people become skilled sailors, traders, and explorers.ICYDK: IN CASE YOU DON'T KNOWANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECEThe Greeks called their land Hellas and themselves Hellenes. “Greece” is the name later given by the Romans!
Ancient Greece was made up of many small, independent communities called city-states, or polis. Each city-state had its own government, army, and culture.CITY-STATESCITY-STATESCITY-STATESThe most famous city-states were Athens, known for democracy and learning, and Sparta, known for its strong military and discipline.
CULTURECULTURE & DAILY LIFE& DAILY LIFECULTURE & DAILY LIFEGreek culture valued education, balance, beauty, and excellence (called arete).Boys in Athens studied reading, writing, music, and public speaking. In Sparta, boys trained to become soldiers. Greek women managed households and took care of families, although their roles differed by city-state.
PHILOSOPHY AND REASONPHILOSOPHY AND REASONPHILOSOPHY AND REASONThe Greeks were among the first to study the world through reason and observation rather than myth. Famous philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle explored questions about truth, justice, and how to live a good life.ICYDK: IN CASE YOU DON'T KNOWAristotle was the teacher of Alexander the Great, who later spread Greek culture across three continents!
RELIGIONRELIGIONRELIGIONThe Greeks were polytheistic, believing in many gods and goddesses who lived on Mount Olympus. Their gods represented human qualities like love, wisdom, war, and beauty.Zeus – king of the gods Athena – goddess of wisdom and war strategy Poseidon – god of the sea Aphrodite – goddess of love and beauty
FALL OFFALL OF ANCIENTANCIENT GREECEGREECE FALL OF ANCIENT GREECEAfter years of war between Athens and Sparta (the Peloponnesian War), Greek city-states weakened. Later, Alexander the Great united Greece and expanded its empire from Egypt to India. After his death, Greece eventually fell under Roman control, but its culture continued to influence Rome and the entire Western world.
REFLECTION QUESTIONSREFLECTION QUESTIONSREFLECTION QUESTIONS1.Why was geography important in shaping Greek civilization? 2.How did democracy in ancient Athens differ from democracy today? 3.Which Greek contribution do you think has had the greatest influence on our world?
PREHISTORYANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECEThe Birthplace of Democracy, Philosophy, and the Olympic Spirit
DailyDailyDaily AffirmationAffirmationAffirmation Daily AffirmationGratitude transforms life into a beautiful expression of love.I am lowering the volume of negativity in my life, while simultaneously increasing the volume of positivity.Treat yourself withTreat yourself with kindness in your self-kindness in your self- talk.talk. Treat yourself with kindness in your self- talk.my moodboardmy moodboardmy moodboardAbout Me
DailyDailyDaily AffirmationAffirmationAffirmation Daily AffirmationGratitude transforms life into a beautiful expression of love.I am lowering the volume of negativity in my life, while simultaneously increasing the volume of positivity.Treat yourself withTreat yourself with kindness in your self-kindness in your self- talk.talk. Treat yourself with kindness in your self- talk.my moodboardmy moodboardmy moodboardAbout Me