Status of Palamau Tiger Reserve Tigers In Prepared by Prajesh Jena, IFS Deputy Director Palamau Tiger Reserve 2023-2026
© Tiger Cell, Palamau Tiger Reserve
Design and Documentation: © Tiger Cell, Palamau Tiger Reserve
Tiger T1 “Ashoka” — Photo captured by Prajesh Jena, IFS, Deputy Director, Palamau Tiger Reserve
Spotted deer at Betla National Park© Abhay Kumar
Scenic view of New Palamau Fort© Saikat Chatterjee
Palamau Tiger Reserve, one of the earliest tiger reserves established under Project Tiger, remains an ecologically significant landscape within the Central Indian–Eastern Indian conservation landscape. Despite decades of habitat degradation, prey decline, and anthropogenic pressures, the reserve continues to retain substantial potential for tiger recovery and long-term ecological restoration. The present report, “Status of Tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve: 2023–2026,” provides a scientific assessment of tiger presence, movement ecology, and conservation status within PTR. Through systematic camera trapping, scat analysis, pugmark documentation, and field-based monitoring, the report documents seven individual tigers across multiple ranges of the reserve and adjoining forest divisions. These findings clearly establish that PTR continues to function as a critical ecological landscape facilitating tiger movement, habitat connectivity, and genetic exchange between Central India and eastern Indian forest ecosystems. Importantly, the regular documentation of tiger presence since 2023 indicates that PTR is gradually emerging not only as a movement corridor but also as a landscape capable of supporting prolonged occupancy and potential resident tiger establishment. The report further reflects the strengthening of scientific monitoring and adaptive wildlife management practices within the reserve. With sustained habitat restoration, prey augmentation, corridor conservation, scientific management, and community participation, PTR possesses significant ecological potential to re-establish itself as a functionally viable tiger landscape contributing to the long-term conservation of the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and associated biodiversity. I congratulate all officers, researchers, frontline staff, and stakeholders associated with the preparation of this important document and extend my best wishes for the continued success of tiger conservation efforts in Palamau Tiger Reserve. FOREWORD Sanjeev Kumar, IFS Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Head of Forest Force Government of Jharkhand
Palamau Tiger Reserve remains one of the most historically significant and ecologically important tiger landscapes in eastern India. Although the reserve experienced prolonged ecological pressures and declining tiger occupancy over past decades, recent monitoring efforts have demonstrated encouraging signs of ecological recovery and renewed tiger presence within the landscape. The present report, “Status of Tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve: 2023–2026,” presents a scientific assessment of tiger occurrence, movement patterns, habitat utilisation, and landscape connectivity within PTR. Through systematic camera trapping, scat analysis, pugmark documentation, and coordinated field investigations, the report documents seven individual tigers across multiple ranges of the reserve and adjoining forest divisions. These findings clearly indicate that PTR continues to function as a critical ecological corridor facilitating tiger movement and genetic connectivity between the Central Indian and eastern Indian forest landscapes. Importantly, the repeated documentation of tiger presence since 2023 suggests that PTR is gradually demonstrating ecological characteristics capable of supporting prolonged occupancy and potential resident tiger establishment. The report also reflects the strengthening of scientific monitoring systems, coordinated surveillance, and evidence-based wildlife management practices within the reserve. The long-term recovery of PTR will depend upon sustained habitat restoration, prey population management, corridor conservation, conflict mitigation, and active community participation. With continued scientific management and institutional commitment, PTR possesses significant potential to re-emerge as a functionally viable tiger landscape contributing meaningfully to the conservation of the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and associated biodiversity in eastern India. I appreciate the dedicated efforts of all officers, researchers, frontline staff, and stakeholders associated with this important work and extend my best wishes for the continued success of conservation initiatives in Palamau Tiger Reserve. FOREWORD Ravi Ranjan, IFS Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) cum Chief Wildlife Warden Government of Jharkhand
Palamau Tiger Reserve represents one of the most ecologically significant forested landscapes of eastern India and continues to play an important role in maintaining habitat connectivity and tiger movement across the Central Indian–Eastern Indian landscape complex. The reserve, with its diverse dry deciduous forests and connected wildlife corridors, retains significant potential for long-term tiger conservation and ecological recovery. The present report, “Status of Tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve: 2023–2026,” provides a scientific and management-oriented assessment of tiger presence, movement ecology, habitat utilisation, and conservation status within the PTR landscape. Through systematic camera trapping, scat analysis, pugmark documentation, and coordinated field investigations, the reserve documented seven individual tigers across multiple ranges and adjoining forest divisions during the monitoring period. These findings clearly establish that PTR continues to function as a critical ecological landscape facilitating tiger movement and habitat connectivity between Central India and eastern India. Importantly, the repeated documentation of tiger presence since 2023 across habitats such as Kutku, Betla, Garu, Chhipadohar, and Baresanr indicates that PTR is gradually demonstrating ecological characteristics capable of supporting prolonged occupancy and potential resident tiger establishment. The report also reflects the strengthening of scientific monitoring systems, coordinated protection measures, and adaptive wildlife management practices within the reserve. With sustained habitat restoration, prey population management, corridor conservation, scientific monitoring, and community participation, PTR possesses substantial ecological potential to re-establish itself as a functionally viable tiger landscape contributing significantly to the long- term conservation of the Tiger and associated biodiversity. I sincerely appreciate the dedicated efforts of all officers, frontline staff, researchers, veterinarians, trackers, and local stakeholders associated with this important work and extend my best wishes for the continued success of tiger conservation initiatives in Palamau Tiger Reserve. FOREWORD S. R. Natesha, IFS Field Director Palamau Tiger Reserve Government of Jharkhand
The South Division of Palamau Tiger Reserve continues to play an important ecological role in supporting tiger movement, habitat connectivity, and wildlife conservation within the broader Chotanagpur landscape. Forest ranges such as Garu, Baresanr, and adjoining habitats have repeatedly documented tiger presence during recent years, highlighting the conservation significance of the South Division within the PTR landscape. The present report, “Status of Tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve: 2023–2026,” presents scientifically documented evidence of tiger occurrence, movement patterns, habitat utilisation, and corridor functionality within PTR. Through systematic camera trapping, scat analysis, pugmark documentation, and coordinated field investigations, seven individual tigers were documented across multiple ranges of the reserve and adjoining forest divisions during the monitoring period. The repeated documentation of tiger presence since 2023 indicates that PTR continues to function not only as an important ecological corridor but also as a landscape capable of supporting prolonged tiger occupancy. The report further reflects the strengthening of scientific monitoring systems, coordinated surveillance, habitat protection measures, and adaptive wildlife management practices within the reserve. Being directly associated with field monitoring and management operations during this period, I have personally observed the increasing evidence of tiger movement and habitat utilisation across several ranges of the South Division. These developments provide encouraging indications regarding the ecological recovery potential of PTR and reinforce the importance of sustained habitat protection, corridor conservation, prey restoration, and scientific management interventions across the reserve landscape. I hope this report will serve as an important scientific and management reference for future conservation planning and continued strengthening of tiger conservation efforts in Palamau Tiger Reserve. FOREWORD Kumar Ashish, IFS Deputy Director Palamau Tiger Reserve (South Division) Government of Jharkhand
The North Division of Palamau Tiger Reserve has remained one of the most ecologically important components of the PTR, particularly in relation to tiger movement, habitat utilisation, and ecological connectivity between Central India and eastern India. Forest ranges such as Kutku, Betla, Chhipadohar West, and Chhipadohar East have repeatedly recorded tiger presence during recent years, highlighting the continued conservation significance of these habitats for large carnivores. The present report, “Status of Tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve: 2023–2026,” presents scientifically documented evidence of tiger occurrence, dispersal patterns, habitat utilisation, and corridor functionality within PTR. Through systematic camera trapping, scat analysis, pugmark documentation, livestock depredation investigations, and coordinated field surveillance, seven individual tigers were documented across multiple ranges of the reserve and adjoining forest divisions during the monitoring period. The repeated documentation of tiger presence since 2023 clearly indicates that PTR continues to function not only as a critical ecological corridor facilitating tiger movement and genetic connectivity, but also as a landscape demonstrating increasing potential for prolonged occupancy and habitat utilisation. The findings further reflect the strengthening of scientific monitoring systems, rapid-response surveillance, protection measures, and adaptive wildlife management practices within the reserve. Being actively involved in field monitoring, surveillance operations, and evidence collection during this period, I have closely observed the recurring movement and habitat use of tigers across the North Division. These developments provide encouraging indications regarding the ecological recovery potential of PTR and reinforce the importance of sustained habitat protection, prey restoration, corridor conservation, and science-based management interventions for long-term tiger conservation. I hope this report will serve as an important scientific and management reference for future conservation planning and continued strengthening of tiger conservation efforts in Palamau Tiger Reserve. FOREWORD Prajesh Kanta Jena, IFS Deputy Director Palamau Tiger Reserve (North Division) Government of Jharkhand
Acknowledgements I express my sincere gratitude to Shri Sanjeev Kumar, IFS (PCCF HoFF, Jharkhand), for his visionary leadership, constant encouragement, and continued support towards strengthening tiger conservation initiatives in Palamau Tiger Reserve. I am equally thankful to Shri Rajiv Ranjan, IFS (PCCF Wildlife, Jharkhand), for his valuable guidance and support in the preparation of this report. I also extend my gratitude to the National Tiger Conservation Authority for its continuous support and technical guidance for tiger conservation and monitoring activities. I sincerely acknowledge the leadership and encouragement of Shri S. R. Natesh, IFS (Field Director, PTR), whose guidance and support have been instrumental throughout the preparation of this report. I extend special thanks to Shri Kumar Ashish, IFS, for the extensive field visits, long discussions, and valuable insights that greatly enriched this work. I also express my heartfelt gratitude to Shri Kumar Ashutosh, IFS (Retd.) for his regular guidance, constructive suggestions, and continuous updates related to tiger conservation and management in PTR. I would like to acknowledge the dedicated support and cooperation of the Range Forest Officers of PTR, including Shri Ajay Kumar Toppo, Shri Umesh Dubey, Shri Tarun Singh (Retd.), and Shri Shankar Paswan (Retd.). I also extend my sincere appreciation to all the Foresters, Forest Guards, Trackers, and office staff of Palamau Tiger Reserve whose tireless field efforts and commitment form the backbone of tiger conservation in the landscape. I convey my special thanks to the members of the Tiger Cell, PTR — Manish Bakshi,Shahzada Iqbal, Tapas Kramkar, Vivek Tiwari, Abhay Kumar, Om Prakash, Rahul Kumar, and Sanjeev Kumar for their dedicated involvement, long discussions, technical inputs, and continuous support during the compilation of this report. Finally, I acknowledge the collective efforts of all individuals associated with Palamau Tiger Reserve whose dedication and commitment continue to strengthen tiger conservation and wildlife protection in this important landscape. Prajesh Kanta Jena, IFS Deputy Director Palamau Tiger Reserve (North Division) Government of Jharkhand
Executive Summary I-X Introduction 1-7 Tiger Movement in PTR 2023-2026 8-27 Tiger Monitoring Framework 28-34 Tiger Tracking 35-48 Tigers Without Borders: The Vital Role of Intra- and Inter-State Corridors in Conservation 49-52 Vision For Strengthening Tiger Conservation In Palamau Tiger Reserve 53-65 Conclusion 66-70 TABLE OF CONTENTS Annexure
Historic remarks recorded by renowned Indian actor Dilip Kumar appreciating the management and hospitality of Palamau Tiger Reserve during his visit in 1984.
The gentlemen who laid the foundation for the legacy of wildlife conservation in Palamau Tiger Reserve.
Anne Wright with an orphaned tiger cub named “Palamau” in Kolkata
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), located within the biogeographically significant Chotanagpur Plateau landscape in the state of Jharkhand, represents one of the oldest and historically most important tiger conservation landscapes of the Indian subcontinent and constitutes a crucial ecological component of the country’s pioneering wildlife conservation initiative, Project Tiger. Distributed across the Latehar and Garhwa districts, the reserve encompasses a heterogeneous mosaic of tropical dry deciduous forests, riparian habitats, bamboo-dominated patches, undulating hill systems, river valleys, grassland openings, and extensive Sal-dominated forest tracts primarily represented by Sal (Shorea robusta), Mahua (Madhuca longifolia), Palash (Butea monosperma), and bamboo species, thereby creating ecologically diverse habitats capable of supporting a broad spectrum of faunal diversity. The landscape supports an exceptionally rich vertebrate diversity comprising a total of 355 vertebrate species, including 50 species of mammals, 209 species of birds, 39 species of reptiles, 21 species of amphibians, and 36 species of fishes, highlighting the ecological heterogeneity and biological productivity of the reserve ecosystem. I
The reserve historically supported ecologically viable populations of the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), which functioned as the apex predator within the landscape and served as a keystone species regulating trophic dynamics and maintaining ecological equilibrium across the forest ecosystem. The reserve additionally sustains populations of the Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), Gaur (Bos gaurus), Chital (Axis axis), Sambar (Rusa unicolor), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa cristatus), Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus), Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), Dhole (Cuon alpinus), Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Hanuman Langur (Semnopithecus entellus), Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), and several ecologically important reptilian and avian assemblages, thereby emphasizing the reserve’s exceptional conservation significance within eastern India. Historically, PTR occupied a distinguished position within the national tiger conservation framework because the forests of Palamau once supported a comparatively widespread and functionally connected tiger population distributed across contiguous forested tracts extending into present-day Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and adjoining Central Indian landscapes. Earlier tiger monitoring exercises within the reserve were predominantly dependent upon conventional field-based methodologies such as pugmark interpretation, plaster casting of footprints, direct sightings by frontline forest personnel, livestock depredation records, scratch marks, scent spray observations, kill investigations, and information generated through local ecological knowledge systems involving trackers, indigenous communities, and experienced field staff. Although these traditional approaches lacked the precision of contemporary spatially explicit capture– recapture frameworks and molecular techniques, they nevertheless constituted the foundational basis of wildlife monitoring within the reserve for several decades and played a critical role in maintaining continuity of tiger surveillance under difficult terrain and socio-political conditions. During this period, tiger presence across the reserve was strongly associated with ecologically productive habitats within Betla, Kutku, Garu, Chhipadohar, Baresanr, and adjoining forest blocks, where prey abundance, water availability, and dense vegetation cover supported suitable habitat conditions for large carnivores. II
2 Over subsequent decades, however, the reserve experienced a prolonged ecological decline associated with a combination of anthropogenic and ecological pressures, including habitat fragmentation, degradation of prey base, extraction pressures on forests, increasing livestock dependency, human encroachment in fringe areas, reduction in habitat connectivity, disturbance-linked displacement of wildlife, and operational constraints affecting long-term wildlife monitoring and protection. As these pressures intensified, tiger presence across PTR gradually diminished, resulting in a severe reduction in evidence of territorial occupancy and breeding activity. The decline was reflected through progressively fewer direct sightings, declining sign records, sporadic livestock depredation events, and the increasing rarity of confirmed tiger evidence across historically occupied habitats. The ecological decline of PTR subsequently became an important subject of conservation concern at both administrative and scientific levels, particularly because the reserve represented one of the earliest tiger reserves established under Project Tiger. Historical departmental records, management assessments, conservation deliberations, and legal observations relating to habitat degradation and declining tiger occupancy collectively emphasised the urgent necessity of restoring ecological functionality and strengthening scientific monitoring mechanisms within the landscape. The present report, developed through intensive field investigations and scientific monitoring conducted between 2023 and 2026, documents a highly significant phase in the contemporary conservation history of PTR wherein repeated tiger movement and occupancy evidence re-emerged across multiple forest divisions of the reserve and adjoining landscapes. Importantly, the findings demonstrate that PTR continues to function as an ecologically active tiger landscape, facilitating long-distance movement of tigers originating from source populations within the Central Indian Landscape. The reserve presently functions as a critical ecological corridor and landscape connector, facilitating tiger movement, genetic exchange, and ecological continuity between the source populations of Central India and the forested ecosystems of eastern India. III
2 The reserve forms part of a broader metapopulation system connected through structurally and functionally important wildlife corridors extending across Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Jharkhand. These corridors connect PTR with ecologically important tiger-bearing landscapes including Achanakmar Tiger Reserve, Guru Ghasidas National Park, Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve, Similipal Tiger Reserve, Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary, Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, and multiple territorial forest divisions distributed across the Chotanagpur Plateau landscape. A major strength of the present monitoring programme lies in the transition from predominantly traditional wildlife tracking systems toward integrated scientific monitoring methodologies involving systematic camera trapping, georeferenced evidence collection, molecular confirmation through scat analysis, photographic stripe-pattern identification, rapid-response field investigation, kill-site examination, habitat-use assessment, and coordinated surveillance involving wildlife biologists, veterinarians, researchers, frontline forest guards, and trained trackers. Camera trap deployment across strategically important habitats enabled the identification of individual tigers through stripe-pattern analysis, thereby significantly improving the accuracy and reliability of individual-level monitoring. Simultaneously, scat samples collected from different forest compartments were subjected to genetic confirmation, providing molecular-level validation of tiger occurrence in areas where direct photographic evidence remained limited. Field-based sign surveys involving pugmarks, scrape marks, scent-marking sites, kill remains, and movement trails continued to complement modern technological approaches and demonstrated the continued relevance of traditional tracking expertise within contemporary wildlife monitoring systems. This integrated methodological framework substantially strengthened the scientific credibility of tiger documentation within PTR. During the monitoring period, a total of seven individual tigers were identified and documented through a combination of camera-trap captures, pugmark evidence, scat detection, livestock depredation investigations, kill examinations, and direct sightings across multiple ranges of PTR and adjoining forest divisions. IV
2 These individuals primarily comprised dispersing sub-adult and adult male tigers originating from source populations in the Central Indian Landscape, particularly from forested regions of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Several individuals exhibited prolonged occupancy within the reserve, repeatedly utilising habitats in Kutku, Betla, Garu, Chhipadohar West, Chhipadohar East, and Baresanr ranges over extended periods, while some individuals displayed exceptionally long-distance dispersal movements across multiple states before entering or re-entering PTR. One individual originating from the Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve dispersed through Guru Ghasidas National Park and Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary before entering PTR and subsequently reaching Similipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha, thereby demonstrating one of the longest documented dispersal movements recorded within the region. Such movements provide strong empirical evidence supporting the ecological functionality of inter-state forest corridors and emphasise the critical importance of maintaining habitat connectivity outside protected area boundaries. The repeated utilisation of Kutku Range as an entry and movement corridor highlighted the ecological significance of relatively undisturbed riverine habitats, dense undergrowth, dry streambeds, and low-disturbance forest patches that facilitate the safe movement of wide-ranging carnivores. The observed dispersal patterns further demonstrated that tigers moving through PTR frequently utilised natural linear features such as dry nullahs, riverbeds, forested ridges, and low-disturbance vegetation corridors while avoiding densely populated human settlements wherever possible. Simultaneously, the regular and continuous documentation of tiger presence since 2023 through repeated photographic captures, pugmark records, scat detection, livestock depredation events, direct sightings, and prolonged habitat utilisation strongly indicates that PTR is no longer functioning solely as a transient dispersal landscape but is progressively demonstrating the ecological characteristics of a habitat capable of supporting resident tigers and year-round occupancy. The recurring utilisation of habitats within the reserve further reflects the persistence of functional habitat connectivity, ecological suitability, prey availability, water resources, and relatively secure habitat patches within the PTR landscape. V
2 The report additionally documents repeated livestock depredation incidents associated with dispersing tigers within forest-fringe villages adjoining Kutku, Chhipadohar, Garu, and nearby territorial forest divisions. These conflict incidents largely involved unattended cattle grazing near forest boundaries and represented ecologically predictable interactions occurring when dispersing carnivores move through human-dominated landscapes with limited familiarity regarding local prey distribution. Simultaneously, several wild prey kills involving Chital (Axis axis) were also documented, indicating that tigers entering PTR actively utilised available natural prey resources within the reserve. Forest department teams responded rapidly to depredation incidents through evidence collection, crowd-control measures, compensation procedures, surveillance strengthening, and awareness generation among local communities. The report therefore emphasises that future tiger conservation in PTR must integrate ecological restoration with community-oriented coexistence frameworks aimed at reducing retaliatory pressures and strengthening local participation in conservation initiatives. An important institutional development documented during this monitoring period was the initiation of “Operation Ashoka,” a coordinated surveillance and tiger-monitoring initiative implemented to strengthen scientific evidence collection, frontline staff training, rapid-response mechanisms, inter- divisional coordination, and standardised wildlife monitoring protocols across tiger movement areas in Jharkhand. Dedicated teams involving wildlife biologists, veterinarians, researchers, trackers, and forest personnel conducted field investigations in response to tiger evidence, undertook camera trap deployment, collected scat samples for genetic analysis, documented kill sites, and trained local forest staff regarding standard operating procedures associated with tiger monitoring and conflict management. The programme substantially enhanced institutional preparedness for managing transient tiger presence within human-dominated landscapes and improved coordination among territorial divisions experiencing tiger movement. VI
2 The present report, therefore, represents far more than a simple documentation of tiger sightings; rather, it constitutes a comprehensive ecological assessment illustrating the resilience, recovery potential, and continuing conservation significance of PTR within the broader Central Indian and Eastern Indian tiger landscape. The repeated arrival of dispersing tigers, persistence of structurally connected forest corridors, strengthening of scientific monitoring frameworks, prolonged occupancy by multiple individuals, and continued availability of ecologically suitable habitat patches collectively indicate that PTR retains substantial potential for long-term tiger recovery and recolonisation. These developments collectively signify not only the continued ecological resilience of PTR but also the substantial recovery potential of one of India’s historically important tiger reserves established under Project Tiger. With sustained science-based management interventions, strengthening of habitat protection, restoration of prey populations, reinforcement of corridor security, minimisation of anthropogenic pressures, enhancement of scientific monitoring systems, and active integration of local communities into conservation planning and conflict mitigation frameworks, PTR possesses the ecological capacity to re-establish itself as a functionally viable tiger landscape contributing significantly to the long-term conservation of the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and associated biodiversity within the Indian subcontinent. Herds of Chital grazing in the Betla Range VII© Sanjeev Kumar
Bull cattle killed by Ashoka T1 in the Kutku Range VIII© Tiger Cell, PTR© Tiger Cell, PTR
Investigation of tiger pugmarks and planning for tracking operations IX© Sanjeev Kumar© Sanjeev Kumar
Plaster of Paris casting of tiger pugmarks by by Deputy Director, North Installation of camera traps for tiger tracking by f ield trackers X© Sanjeev Kumar© Sanjeev Kumar
Protected areas (PAs) were established in India to conserve wildlife and natural ecosystems in response to increasing habitat loss, fragmentation, and anthropogenic pressures associated with rapid human population growth and developmental activities. Several of these PAs were later designated as tiger reserves (TRs) under Project Tiger in 1973 to strengthen conservation efforts for the Bengal Tiger and the wider biodiversity protected under its umbrella. The presence of viable tiger populations is considered an indicator of ecological integrity, habitat quality, and ecosystem health. Tiger reserves function as important source habitats that sustain breeding populations and facilitate dispersal into surrounding sink landscapes, thereby maintaining regional connectivity and long-term population persistence. These landscapes support tigers, co-predators, prey species, and diverse flora and fauna while also providing critical ecosystem services such as water security, carbon sequestration, climate regulation, medicinal resources, and opportunities for sustainable ecotourism and local livelihoods. Palamau Tiger Reserve, located in the Latehar and Garhwa districts of Jharkhand, India, is one of the country's oldest tiger reserves, established in 1973 as part of Project Tiger. The reserve is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The vegetation includes tropical dry deciduous forests, sal (Shorea robusta) forests, bamboo groves, and grasslands. Key tree species include sal, mahua (Madhuca longifolia), palash (Butea monosperma), and bamboos. Besides tigers (Panthera tigris tigris), the reserve supports a variety of wildlife, including leopards (Panthera pardus), elephants (Elephas maximus), gaur (Bos gaurus), chital (Axis axis) and several species of reptiles and birds. The diverse habitat types within the reserve contribute to its high biodiversity. Chapter 1: Introduction 1© Sanjeev Kumar
The Palamau Tiger Reserve has experienced a substantial decline in its tiger population over the past few decades. Historically, the reserve supported a relatively stable population of tigers, with the highest reported estimate being 51 individuals during the traditional pugmark-based census conducted in 1995. However, subsequent assessments indicated a continuous decline in tiger numbers, primarily attributed to prolonged anthropogenic disturbances, habitat degradation, prey depletion, illegal resource extraction, and the long-term impacts of Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), which significantly affected protection measures, ecological monitoring, and management interventions within the reserve. With the transition from traditional pugmark census methods to more scientifically robust monitoring approaches, including camera trapping and sign-based occupancy estimation under the All India Tiger Estimation (AITE) framework, the declining status of tigers in the reserve became increasingly evident. By 2014, only three tigers were reported from the reserve, reflecting severe demographic decline and population instability. Furthermore, during the 2018 AITE cycle, no tigers were recorded from Palamau Tiger Reserve during the systematic estimation process. Despite this, a dispersing tigress was reported from the reserve shortly after completion of the 2018 estimation cycle and was subsequently monitored in the Chhipadohar East and Betla ranges of the North Division during 2019. The tigress occupied the landscape for several months before being found dead in February 2020, highlighting both the continued ecological relevance of the reserve as a potential sink and dispersal habitat and the persistent conservation challenges affecting long-term tiger persistence in the landscape. Rescued Mundu tiger cubs 2
S. No. AITE Cycle No. of Tigers Remarks 1 AITE 2006 - No camera trapping in PTR 2 AITE 2010 10 (6- 14) 3 AITE 2014 3 Estimates based on scat analysis 4 AITE 2018 0 5 AITE 2022 1 Estimate based on scat analysis 1.1 Tigers in PTR between 2006-2022 In the 2022 All India Tiger Estimation (AITE), no tigers were photo- captured in Palamau Tiger Reserve. However, two scat samples, collected in November 2021 and April 2022, were confirmed to be from a tiger. Genetic analysis revealed that both samples came from the same individual, leading to the conclusion that Palamau Tiger Reserve had just one tiger recorded in the 2022 AITE cycle. (Qamar Qureshi, Yadvendradev V. Jhala, Satya P. Yadav and Amit Mallick (eds) 2023. Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India, 2022. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun) Mosaic of grasslands and forested landscapes in Palamau Tiger Reserve. 3© Rahul Kumar
Most PAs and TRs appear as islands of forest in a sea of human dominated landscapes. In such a scenario, habitat connectivity is extremely essential to prevent species extinction by isolation of population and or restriction of gene flow. Loss of habitat connectivity in close proximity to a tiger source area, owing to Land-use Land-cover change due to various reasons, leads to straying of tigers near human dominated areas in the landscape. Besides, tigers dispersing from one landscape (source) to another (sink) traverse modified landscapes using agricultural fields and similar cover along river courses, feeding on livestock or native wild prey. Dispersing tigers utilize habitats with varying degree of human disturbance and varying Land-use. After leaving the natal areas, the animals get noticed either by people or by forest department in an area, which probably is not conducive for their movement (chance encounter of either sign or direct encounter with humans increase). Therefore, tiger conservation in India solely depends on identification of structural and functional dispersal corridors and on mitigation of conflicts with humans along these (NTCA 2013). 1.2 Corridor between Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand 1.2.1 Corridors in and around PTR The identified corridors represent important habitat linkages facilitating tiger movement across the forested landscapes of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. These corridors connect the Palamau Tiger Reserve with adjoining protected areas, including Betla National Park, Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary, Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary, Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, and Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, allowing dispersal of tigers and other wildlife species across the landscape. These movement pathways are largely influenced by contiguous forest cover, topography, prey availability, and relatively low levels of human disturbance. The corridors maintain ecological connectivity between forest patches and function as important dispersal routes linking tiger habitats of central and eastern India. Recent tiger dispersal records indicate that tigers entering PTR likely used these corridors while moving between the forested landscapes of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. Therefore, conservation and management of these corridors are critical for maintaining gene flow, population connectivity, and long-term persistence of tigers in the region. 4
The tiger movement data from 2023 and 2025 indicate the utilization of these corridors by at least four individual tigers. Camera traps photograph, Pugmarks and scat found in July and September support this, showing evidence of tigers entering the reserve from nearby forests of Chhattisgarh and Garhwa South Division of Jharkhand. These corridors not only facilitate tiger dispersal but also help them avoid human settlements, reducing conflict and enhancing tiger conservation efforts. Hazaribagh WLS and fringes of Lawalong WLS is recorded tiger presence by detecting kills, pugmark and scat. A tiger in Hazaribagh WLS was direct sighted by the Forest Guard and team. Later, team from Palamau also examined the evidences and trained them the evidence collection protocol. 3 cattle killed by tiger at Tandwa Range of Chatra South Division, pugmark collection, kill detection, examination of scat by CCMB, Hyderabad confirmed the presence of tigress. The tiger which captured in Palamau Tiger Reserve was also camera trapped in Similipal Tiger Reserve of Odisha State. The route of the movement to Similipal TR is via Gumla, where pugmarks and kill was detected by the Forest personnel. 1.2.2 Corridors Facilitating Tiger Movement into Palamau Fresh pugmarks of a tiger being documented and recorded by team members 5© Manish Bakshi
Wildlife Corridor in and around PTR 6© Manish Bakshi© Sanjeev Kumar
12 Beautiful view of the landscape in the Kutku Range of Palamau Tiger Reserve, photo captured during the monsoon of 2024. 7© Shahzada Iqbal
Chapter 2: Tiger Movement in PTR 2023-2026 Between period of 2023 & 2026, PTR records 7 individual tigers from different areas. Most of them are entered PTR forest from western side of corridor which also connects Central Indian Landscape. This corridor connects PTR to Bandhavgarh, Sanjay Dubri, Achnakmar Tiger Reserves. Tiger movement in and around PTR from 2023 to 2026. 8
The Kutku Range of the North Division represents an ecologically important habitat within the landscape and serves as a potential entry and settlement zone for dispersing tigers moving through the corridor network. The heterogeneous habitat structure, extensive forest cover, prey availability, and relatively low anthropogenic disturbance in parts of the range make the area suitable for transient and resident tiger use. Field evidence indicating tiger presence has been documented from multiple forest areas within the range, including Sangali, Chemo, Chapia, Kutku, and Turer. These records comprise indirect and direct signs such as pugmarks, scat samples, livestock depredation events, and occasional direct sightings, collectively highlighting the ecological significance of the Kutku landscape for tiger movement and habitat use within Palamau Tiger Reserve. The nearby areas of Bhandaria Range of Garhwa South Forest Division are also occupied by the tigers. The cattle kill, scat and pugmarks are also collected from these areas. The tiger approach to all the ranges of PTR including other territorial forest divisions like Garhwa South, Latehar, Medininagar, Lohardagga, Gumla etc. Even tiger evidences are recorded from Chatra South Division and Hazaribagh Wildlife Division. Cattle kill, Scat, pugmark and direct sighting is recorded from these forest division. A dedicated team of Palamau Tiger Reserve visits all the tiger evidence locations to collect information and surveillance the areas. The team includes Wildlife Biologist, Wildlife Veterinarian, Interns, trained Forest Guards and Trekkers. Field Biologists from Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun are also joined the team. These teams are also designated to provide training to local staff, trekkers and conduct quick questionnaire to get more information regarding tiger presence, their movement, discuss on SOPs, crowd control and surveillance. 9
In February 2023, a young male tiger, originally from the Achanakmar Landscape in Chhattisgarh, was photo-captured in the Balrampur Forest Division of Chhattisgarh. This tiger, exhibiting typical dispersal behaviour, appeared to be moving toward Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR). After spending two weeks in the Balrampur Division, it crossed into Jharkhand in March 2023. The first recorded sighting of the tiger in PTR occurred in the Sangali Sub- Beat of Kutku Range, where it made cattle kill and was found resting in a dry nullah. In addition to being captured on camera traps, the tiger was directly sighted by Deputy Director of the North Division, Prajesh Jena, and the forest department team. This was a significant moment as it marked the first photographic record of a tiger in Palamau in almost four years. Over the next five days, the tiger killed three more cattle. During its time in Kutku Range, it stayed primarily in thick undergrowth near its kills and rested in dry riverbeds. Its movement patterns suggested it remained within a limited area during the day and roamed the surroundings at night. The tiger followed the dry riverbed as a dispersal route deeper into Palamau Tiger Reserve, eventually reaching Mandal Dam before moving into the forests of Chhipadohar West Range. The Saidup compartments (5 to 8), historically known for supporting a healthy tiger population, became its next temporary habitat. The tiger made occasional cattle kills in Saidup but soon moved into the Chhipadohar East Range, continuing its linear dispersal. Unlike in Kutku, the tiger moved quickly through both the Chhipadohar West and East ranges, likely due to increased human presence in these areas. By late March, the tiger was last traced in Kumandih and Barkadih in the North Division. No photographic records were captured from April 2023 onwards, but pugmarks were found in the Garu and Baresanr Ranges of PTR’s South Division. It is believed that the tiger may have returned to Chhattisgarh, though this remains unconfirmed. 2.1 Individual tiger Presence in PTR TIGER-1 (T1) 10© Sanjeev Kumar
To monitor and track the movement of tiger T1 within the Palamau Tiger Reserve landscape, a dedicated monitoring and surveillance initiative named “Operation Ashoka” was launched in March 2023 by the Deputy Director, PTR North Division. The operation focused on systematic evidence collection, surveillance, implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs), conflict mitigation, and coordinated monitoring of tiger movement across the landscape. 11
TIGER-1 captured in Kutku Ashoka T1, f irst camera trapped on 17 March 2023 Tracking team placing camera traps in the Kutku Range for monitoring Ashoka T1. 12© Tiger Cell, PTR© Shahzada Iqbal
Fresh pugmarks confirming the presence of Tiger-2 were first detected in the Kutku Range of Palamau Tiger Reserve in July 2023. During this period, a forest tracker also reported a direct sighting of the tiger; however, no photographic evidence could be obtained. In August 2023, fresh pugmarks of a male tiger were again recorded in the Kutku Range. The observed movement pattern closely resembled earlier records, with the tiger frequently using dry riverbeds as preferred travel routes. This behaviour highlights the importance of these natural corridors for tiger dispersal and emphasizes their significance for future monitoring and protection efforts. Once again, the Kutku Range emerged as a key entry point for tigers dispersing from neighbouring Chhattisgarh. Its relatively undisturbed and pristine habitat also indicates potential suitability for supporting a resident tiger population. Concurrently, fresh pugmarks were recorded in the Garu Range of the South Division, suggesting the possible presence of more than one tiger within Palamau Tiger Reserve. Although no camera-trap images were obtained from Kutku during this period, the earlier direct sighting by a forest tracker supports the tiger’s presence in the range. On 14 August 2023, a young male tiger was finally photo-captured in the Garu Range of the South Division. Stripe pattern comparison confirmed that this individual was different from the previously tracked male. This remained the only photographic record of this tiger, and no subsequent evidence was obtained, indicating that the animal may have dispersed out of the reserve. While the exact origin of this tiger could not be confirmed, it is most likely that it also dispersed from Chhattisgarh. TIGER-2 (T2) Beautiful flowers at Kamaldah Lake. 13© Abhay Kumar
Tiger (T2) captured in Garu East range 14© Tiger Cell,PTR© Sanjeev Kumar
Tiger-3 was photo-captured only once on 4 November 2023 through camera- trap monitoring. The image quality and angle of capture were insufficient to reliably determine the sex of the individual. Despite the limited photographic evidence, the tiger’s continued presence in the area was subsequently confirmed through the detection of multiple fresh pugmarks over a period of approximately two weeks following the initial capture. These pugmarks were recorded across the monitored beats, indicating short- term localized movement and active use of the area. Intensive monitoring efforts were undertaken during this period, including repeated camera-trap checks, pugmark tracking, and field patrols; however, no additional photographic captures or other direct sightings were obtained. After this two-week period, no fresh signs of Tiger-3 were detected, suggesting that the individual may have been a transient disperser that moved out of the monitored area. The brief appearance and subsequent disappearance of Tiger-3 underscore the dynamic and dispersal-driven nature of tiger movements in Palamau Tiger Reserve. Such short-term records highlight the importance of continuous camera trapping, intensive sign surveys, and corridor-focused monitoring to detect and document transient individuals moving through the reserve. Tiger-3 (T3) Local tribal villagers carrying out paddy sowing in the Baresanr Range 15© Mukesh Kumar
Tiger- 3 View of the Teno grassland in the Baresanr Range 16© Tiger Cell, PTR© Saikat Chatterjee
Tiger-4 (T4) is an adult male tiger that dispersed from Guru Ghasidas National Park, Chhattisgarh, and entered PTR during the latter part of 2023. The tiger was first photo-captured in the Betla Range of PTR in November 2023, marking a significant record of long-distance dispersal into the reserve. Following its entry, T4 remained within various parts of PTR until May 2024, indicating prolonged use of the landscape rather than a brief transient passage. During this period, T4 demonstrated successful hunting behaviour and adaptation to the local prey base. Multiple buffalo kills were recorded in the vicinity of Kamaldah Lake, providing clear evidence of active predation and the tiger’s ability to exploit available livestock and wild prey resources. These repeated kill events, combined with consistent sign records, suggested that the tiger was maintaining a temporary activity area within PTR. The last confirmed photographic and sign-based record of T4 during this phase was from the Baresanr Compartment of the South Division. The prolonged stay and repeated use of this area indicate a possible attempt at territorial establishment, particularly given the availability of water sources, prey, and relatively undisturbed habitat. Subsequent to this phase, T4 undertook extensive movements across multiple forest divisions of Jharkhand, reflecting wide-ranging dispersal behaviour typical of adult male tigers. The tiger spent a considerable amount of time in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary and was also recorded moving into Purulia district, highlighting functional landscape connectivity between PTR and adjoining forested regions beyond the reserve boundary. After these extensive movements, T4 returned to Palamau Tiger Reserve and is currently present within PTR. The repeated entry and return of this individual underscore the ecological significance of PTR as both a dispersal destination and a potential long-term habitat for tigers. The movement history of T4 also emphasizes the importance of maintaining habitat connectivity, strengthening inter-divisional coordination, and ensuring intensive monitoring to support tiger conservation at a landscape scale. Tiger-4 (T4) Samrat 17
“Operation Samrat” was a landmark tiger rescue and release operation conducted in Jharkhand on 25–26 June 2025 following the entry of a dispersing tiger into a residential house at Mardu village under Mahilong Range, Ranchi Forest Division. The incident represented a sensitive human– tiger conflict situation requiring immediate technical intervention, scientific management, and coordinated field response. The Palamau Tiger Reserve played a central role in the successful execution of the operation by extending rapid technical, logistical, and field-level support to Ranchi Forest Division. Upon receiving information regarding the tiger’s presence, PTR immediately mobilized its experienced monitoring and rescue personnel, including veterinarians, trackers, frontline forest staff, and wildlife experts. The PTR monitoring team reached the site and conducted critical assessments related to tiger presence confirmation, geographical conditions, crowd management planning, and rescue preparedness. Drawing upon its experience in tiger monitoring and large carnivore management, PTR assisted in developing the rescue strategy, which included a cage-based extraction plan supported by emergency tranquilization preparedness. Forest staff from PTR actively participated in surveillance, crowd control coordination, field positioning, evidence verification, and operational planning throughout the rescue process. Despite heavy rainfall and the presence of a large crowd, the coordinated efforts of the rescue teams ensured that the tiger was safely secured without injury to either humans or wildlife. Following successful capture, PTR further extended support by facilitating the safe transportation and rehabilitation of the tiger within the reserve landscape. The tiger was transported under continuous monitoring to the Garu Range of PTR, where a scientifically selected enclosure with adequate forest cover, water availability, and minimal anthropogenic disturbance had been prepared in advance. Camera traps, enclosure security measures, and post-release monitoring protocols were established by PTR staff to ensure safe acclimatization and continuous observation of the animal after release. Operation Samrat highlighted the growing institutional capacity of PTR in wildlife rescue, rapid response, and scientific carnivore management. The operation also demonstrated the importance of inter-divisional coordination and reinforced the emerging role of PTR as a key center for tiger conservation, rescue preparedness, and landscape-level wildlife management in eastern India. Operation Samrat 18
Operation Samrat T4 Samrat released into the enclosure after a successful rescue operation. 19© Sanjeev Kumar
20 Shri Paritosh Upadhyaya, IFS, Shri S. R. Natesh, IFS, and Shri Prajesh Jena, IFS at the rescue site discussing strategies and operational plans for the rescue mission.© Sanjeev Kumar© Sanjeev Kumar
Tiger- 4, Samrat 21© Tiger Cell, PTR© Tiger Cell, PTR
Tiger-5 (T5) is a young male tiger that originated from Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, and undertook one of the longest documented dispersal movements recorded in the region. The individual travelled an exceptional distance of over 1,100 km, highlighting the remarkable dispersal capability of sub-adult and young adult male tigers in search of suitable habitat and territory. During its dispersal, T5 moved through multiple forested landscapes across central and eastern India. The tiger traversed large parts of Chhattisgarh, passing through Guru Ghasidas National Park and Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary, demonstrating functional connectivity between these protected areas and surrounding forest corridors. The tiger subsequently entered Palamau Tiger Reserve, where it spent a brief period, indicating PTR’s role as an important stopover and transit habitat for long-distance dispersing tigers. After utilizing habitat within PTR, T5 continued its eastward movement beyond Jharkhand. In April 2024, the tiger was photo-captured in Simlipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, confirming the successful completion of an extraordinary transboundary dispersal event across three states. This movement underscores the critical importance of maintaining landscape-level habitat connectivity, securing forest corridors outside protected areas, and strengthening inter-state coordination for effective tiger conservation. The dispersal history of Tiger-5 provides strong empirical evidence that central and eastern Indian tiger populations remain ecologically connected and that long-distance movements are possible when suitable habitat patches and corridors are retained across the landscape. TIGER-5 (T5) Wetland in the Mahuadanr Range 22© Rahul Kumar
Tiger- 5 Lush green forests of Palamau Tiger Reserve — a scenic landscape view. 23© Tiger Cell, PTR© Shahzada Iqbal
Tiger-6 (T6) was first photo-captured in Balrampur Forest Division on 13 November 2024, marking its initial confirmed record during this monitoring period. Shortly thereafter, the tiger moved eastward and entered the Kutku Range of Palamau Tiger Reserve, indicating active dispersal across the inter- state forest landscape. During its stay in the Kutku Range, T6 exhibited clear signs of active use of the area. Several kills were recorded, and fresh pugmarks were repeatedly documented across multiple beats, including Madgari, Chapiya, and Sangali. These records suggested short-term localized movement and hunting activity, supported by consistent sign evidence from field patrols. The tiger was photo-captured again on 17 November 2024 in the Chapiya Beat of Kutku Range, providing the last confirmed photographic record of this individual. Following this capture, intensive monitoring efforts were continued through camera trapping, pugmark tracking, and regular patrolling; however, no further photographic evidence, pugmarks, or other indirect signs were detected. The abrupt disappearance of Tiger-6 after a brief but active presence suggests that the individual was a transient disperser that moved out of the monitored landscape. This observation highlights the dynamic nature of tiger movements in Palamau Tiger Reserve and reinforces the importance of continuous monitoring, rapid-response field surveys, and corridor-focused surveillance to effectively document short-term tiger presence and dispersal events. TIGER 6- (T6) Healthy herd of Chital grazing in the Kasba Sub-Beat of the Betla Range 24© Abhay Kumar
Tiger- 6 (T 6) Aerial view of Kamaldah Lake 25© Tiger Cell, PTR© Sanjeev Kumar
Tiger 7 (T7) (Pratap) Tiger 7 (T7) is a sub-adult male tiger that entered Palamau Tiger Reserve on 4 October 2025. The individual was f irst recorded in SC-6 of the Chhipadohar West Range, North Division. Based on his appearance, body siz e, and behaviour, the animal was identif ied as a dispersing sub-adult male, likely in search of a per manent territory. Locally, this tiger has been named “Pratap” by frontline staff and villagers. During October 2025, T7 was involved in multiple livestock depredation incidents in and around forest-fringe areas of Chhipadohar West Range. These incidents primarily involved unattended or poorly guarded livestock grazing close to forest boundaries, reflecting the typical conflict-prone behaviour of dispersing sub-adult males that are still developing hunting eff iciency on wild prey. In addition to livestock kills, two conf ir med chital kills were recorded during the same period, indicating that the tiger was actively utilising natural prey available within the reserve. Following these initial records, T7 showed signif icant spatial movement within Palamau Tiger Reserve, demonstrating exploratory behaviour characteristic of sub-adult males. After his stay in Chhipadohar West Range, the tiger moved eastwards into the Betla Range and further into the Chhipadohar East Range of the North Division. Subsequent monitoring also conf ir med his presence in the Garu East Range, highlighting a wide-ranging movement across multiple forest blocks and habitat types within the reserve. Camera trap records, pugmark tracking, kill investigations, and f ield intelligence inputs collectively suggest that T7 is actively assessing habitat suitability and prey availability while avoiding sustained dominance interactions with any resident adult males. Such movements are ecologically signif icant, as they reflect the role of Palamau Tiger Reserve as a functional dispersal and holding habitat for tigers moving across the Chotanagpur landscape. As per the latest monitoring inputs, Tiger 7 (T7) is currently within Palamau Tiger Reserve. Continuous surveillance is being maintained through camera traps, regular beat patrolling, and rapid response to livestock depredation cases. Ongoing monitoring of T7 is crucial for understanding dispersal dynamics, mitigating human–tiger conflict, and ensuring timely management interventions to facilitate the safe establishment or onward movement of this sub-adult male tiger. 26
Tiger- 7 T7 Pratap 27© Tiger Cell, PTR©Tiger Cell, PTR©Tiger Cell, PTR
Tiger movements became evident in 2023 - 2025, when multiple signs of their presence were recorded various ranges of Palamau Tiger Reserve. Field teams observed fresh pugmarks, scat, and a kill, providing clear indications of active tiger activity during these months. These consistent signs of movement highlight the importance of these regions as part of the tigers' home range. The data collected will be instrumental in tracking tiger territories and informing management strategies to safeguard the population in the reserve. Chapter:3 Tiger Monitoring Framework 3.1 Tiger Activities 3.1.1 Pugmarks Sign Documentation of tiger pugmarks 28© Tiger Cell, PTR
Several livestock kills are detected from various places from all Ranges of Palamau Tiger Reserve. Most of the kills, which are detected by frontline staffs, are cattle. The compensation for these kills was paid (partial) at the time of detection. Kills of tiger was also observed outside areas of Palamau Tiger Reserve. These areas are Garhwa South Forest Division, Latehar etc. A tiger attacked three cattle in Tandwa Range of Chatra South Division and killed one. This event follows similar tiger activity recorded in September 2024 within the reserve. Given the proximity of both incidents, it is likely that the same tiger is responsible for the attacks. This indicates continued tiger presence and movement between the reserve and surrounding areas 3.1.2 Scat Coollection Scat collection from Betla Range 3.1.3 Kills & Cattle lifting 29© Tiger Cell, PTR©Tiger Cell, PTR© Sanjeev Kumar
Injured cattle following a tiger attack Cattle kill 30© Tiger Cell, PTR© Tiger Cell, PTR
Forest Officers, Staffs, researchers, tracker & villagers have sighted tigers many times in the Palamau Tiger Reserve. March, 2023 tiger was sighted by the frontline staffs after 04 years. The last sighting of the tiger was at Betla when Tigress found dead beside the Safari track. The tiger sighting incidences are occurred many times by the officers also. 3.1.4 Direct Sighting of tiger Tiger sighted by Deputy Director, PTR, Researchers and Tourists 31
Prey and predator 32© Tiger Cell, PTR© Rahul Kumar
In November 2024, new evidence of tiger presence emerged from the Kutku Range, North Division, Palamau Tiger Reserve. The information was significant as it highlighted ongoing tiger movements in an area not frequently associated with such sightings. This finding adds to the cumulative data on tiger distribution in the reserve for 2023-2026. Recent Tiger Activity in Palamau Tiger Reserve Tiger Presence Reported in Kutku Range Field Investigation by Forest Department Team 33© Sanjeev Kumar© Sanjeev Kumar
These November findings complement earlier data presented in the 2023-2025 Tiger Activity Report, which tracked tiger activity until December 2025. The new observations underline the continued presence and movement of tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve, extending the scope of tiger habitat monitoring into previously underreported months. Significance of November Observations Upon receiving the report, a team led by the Range Officer, including veterinarian Dr. Sunil and field biologist Hritik Dhami, conducted an on- ground investigation in Betla to confirm the presence of the tiger. Their search yielded multiple tiger pugmarks, providing additional evidence of the tiger's movement and activity in the region. 34© Sanjeev Kumar
In November 2023, a scat sample collected from the Palamau Tiger Reserve was sent to the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, for genetic testing. On 15th November 2023, the sample was submitted to determine the species and sex of the tiger. The report, received recently, confirmed that the sample belongs to a female tiger (Annexure- I). Previously, four male tigers had been identified in Palamau Tiger Reserve. The discovery of this female tiger is a significant addition to our understanding of the tiger population in the reserve. The presence of a female suggests the potential for breeding, which is critical for the long-term sustainability of the tiger population. This finding will help inform conservation strategies aimed at ensuring the survival and growth of the tiger population in Palamau. Chapter:4 Tiger Tracking 4.1 Genetic Confirmation of a tigress by collecting Scat 35© Sanjeev Kumar
Magnificent view of the Mandal Dam area 36© Rahul Kumar
Camera Trapping Pressure Impression Pad (PIP) Kill data and Scat Direct Sighting Technical tools from used for monitoring MSTrIPES Daily Patrol Locus Tiger Cell Tiger Database Data keeping Plaster of Paris Casting of pugmark Tracing Pugmark on paper Geotag photographs Kill Report Camera Trap Photographs 4.2 Evidence collection Methodology- Tiger tracking and monitoring methodology- Tiger Tracking and Monitoring Methodology Tiger monitoring in Palamau Tiger Reserve employs a combination of advanced technology, traditional tracking techniques, and careful data collection to ensure a comprehensive understanding of tiger movements and behaviour. The following methods are crucial to track the elusive big cats and gather critical data for their conservation: 1. Camera Trapping Camera traps, strategically placed across the reserve, offer a non-intrusive way to monitor tiger populations. Motion-sensitive cameras capture images as tigers move through their territories, helping identify individuals based on their unique stripe patterns. This is particularly useful for long-term monitoring, providing photographic evidence of tiger presence and movement. 37© Abhay Kumar
2. Pressure Impression Pads (PIP) Pressure Impression Pads are a simple yet effective tool in tracking tiger movement. These soft, prepared surfaces are laid out on frequently used tiger paths, such as forest trails and dry riverbeds. When a tiger steps on them, it leaves a clear impression of its pugmarks. These pugmarks help in identifying the tiger’s age, sex, and even its physical condition. 3. Kill Data and Scat Analysis The remains of prey and scat samples provide vital clues about tiger behaviour and health. By examining kill data, forest staff can understand the feeding habits and prey preferences of individual tigers. Scat analysis, meanwhile, helps in genetic identification and can even reveal the tiger’s diet, offering insight into its hunting success and territory. 4. Direct Sightings Though rare, direct sightings by forest staff or tourists provide valuable information on tiger movements and behaviour. Each sighting, when logged and documented, contributes to a broader understanding of the tiger’s range and interactions within the ecosystem. Technical Tools for Monitoring To streamline monitoring efforts, the forest department relies on a set of technical tools designed for real-time tracking and efficient data management. MSTrIPES: This digital tool is used to record field data during patrols, track patrolling efforts, and monitor tiger populations. It plays a key role in managing anti-poaching operations and wildlife protection measures. Daily Patrol: Systematic patrolling is a cornerstone of tiger monitoring. Daily patrol logs record the movements of forest guards, ensuring that tiger habitats are well-surveyed and protected. Locus Map: A GPS tracking app that helps forest staff accurately log their patrol routes and mark locations of significant tiger activity, such as fresh pugmarks or kill sites. 38
Tiger Cell: A database that stores crucial information about each tiger in the reserve, including photographs, scat data, and pugmark impressions. This central repository aids in long-term monitoring and research. Tiger Database: A detailed record-keeping system that compiles all data related to tiger sightings, kills, and movement patterns, helping authorities track individual tigers over time. Data Collection and Record-Keeping Accurate data collection is at the heart of tiger monitoring. Several methods are used to ensure that information is preserved for analysis and future use: Plaster of Paris Casting of Pugmarks: When fresh pugmarks are found, plaster casts are made to preserve an exact replica of the tiger’s footprint. This technique is useful for long-term studies and comparisons between different individuals. Tracing Pugmarks on Paper: In addition to making casts, pugmarks are traced onto paper, which helps in identifying the size, shape, and other defining features. Field trackers measuring tiger pugmark siz e with precision at Kulu do muhan 39© Manish Bakshi© Manish Bakshi
Geotagged Photographs: All photographs, whether from camera traps or field sightings, are geotagged to accurately track the tiger’s location and movement corridors. Kill Reports: Detailed reports are filed whenever a tiger’s kill is discovered, documenting the species of prey, the location, and any additional observations. This data helps in understanding the feeding patterns and territorial behaviour of tigers. Tiger kill site documentation by the f ield team 40© Abhay Kumar
Camera Trap Photographs: Every image captured by camera traps is stored and analysed, with particular attention paid to stripe patterns for individual identification and movement tracking. Together, these methods provide a comprehensive framework for tracking and monitoring tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve, ensuring that conservation efforts are data-driven and focused on the long-term survival of the species. Unique stripe patterns of a tiger 41© Tiger Cell,PTR© Tiger Cell,PTR
flank images of individual tigers 42© Tiger Cell,PTR© Sanjeev Kumar
43© Sanjeev Kumar
Tiger tracking and interaction with villagers by Field Director and Deputy Director After receiving reports of a tiger in the area, the forest department swiftly launched tracking operations. The field director and deputy director actively monitored the tiger's movements, gathering vital data including pugmarks, kills, and scat to assess its behaviour and territory. They also engaged directly with local villagers, addressing concerns and ensuring proactive management of the situation. By maintaining open communication with the community, they helped ease tensions and effectively mitigated potential human-wildlife conflicts on the ground. Shri Kumar Ashutosh, IFS (Retd.) and Shri Prajesh Jena, IFS interacting with f ield trackers regarding tiger movement in the Chhipadohar East Range 44© Manish Bakshi
Field visit of Shri Ravi Ranjan, IFS, PCCF (Wildlife), accompanied by Shri S. R. Natesh, IFS, Field Director, Shri Kumar Ashish, IFS, Shri Prajesh Jena, IFS, Deputy Director, PTR, and Shri Ajay Toppo, RFO, PTR. 45© Sanjeev Kumar© Sanjeev Kumar
Tiger Activity Map: Key Signs of Presence in Palamau Tiger Reserve The map below illustrates the key locations where tiger signs, pugmarks, scat, and kill sites have been recorded in Palamau Tiger Reserve. These signs are critical indicators of tiger movement and territorial behaviour within the reserve. In the Betla and Chhipadohar East Ranges, significant tiger activity has been documented during July and September 2024. Pugmarks have been observed along forest trails, often near water bodies and prey-rich areas, providing insights into tiger pathways. Scat samples collected in these regions were analysed, confirming the presence of both male and female tigers, further validating PTR’s role as an important habitat for these apex predators. This map helps in identifying critical tiger habitats and movement corridors, assisting conservation efforts aimed at protecting tigers and ensuring the long-term sustainability of their population in PTR. Tiger presence signs recorded in Palamau Tiger Reserve and surrounding forest divisions. 46
Tiger Movement Chart: Distribution Across Different Ranges The following chart highlights the movement patterns of tigers across various ranges in Palamau Tiger Reserve during the observation period. This data is based on field evidence collected between 2023-2026, including pugmarks, scat, and kill signs. The chart reflects tiger activity concentrated primarily in the Betla and Chhipadohar East Ranges, where most tiger signs have been documented. These ranges have seen a higher frequency of movements, suggesting they serve as important territories for the resident male tigers. The presence of kills and fresh pugmarks in these areas further indicates that these ranges provide ample prey and suitable habitat conditions for the tigers. Other ranges within PTR have shown sporadic tiger movement, likely due to territorial expansion or dispersal behaviour. This data is valuable in identifying critical areas for monitoring and conservation efforts, as it helps track the movement patterns of individual tigers and assess habitat usage across different parts of the reserve. The chart, alongside the map of tiger signs, provides a comprehensive overview of tiger distribution within PTR, supporting strategic planning for habitat management and wildlife protection. Tiger Movement in PTR In 2023-26 47
Press Highlights: The Return of Tigers to Palamau Tiger Reserve: 48© Sanjeev Kumar
Chapter 5: Tigers Without Borders: The Vital Role of Intra- and Inter- State Corridors in Conservation The ability of tigers to move across vast landscapes is a critical aspect of their survival, genetic diversity, and ecological balance. Their movement patterns offer invaluable insights into the functionality of wildlife corridors—both intra-state and inter-state—highlighting the need for strengthened conservation measures. The extraordinary dispersal of Tiger 4 (T-4) and Tiger 5 (T-5) across Central and Eastern India exemplifies the significance of natural corridors in sustaining tiger populations beyond protected area boundaries. Tiger 4: A Pioneer in Landscape Connectivity Tiger 3 has demonstrated an exceptional ability to navigate through multiple landscapes, making its way from Guru Ghasidas National Park in Chhattisgarh, through Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary and Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary, before entering Palamau Tiger Reserve via the Balrampur Forest Division (Chhattisgarh) and Garhwa South Forest Division (Jharkhand). Once inside Jharkhand, this individual continued its remarkable journey, traversing several forest divisions, including: Latehar Forest Division Chatra South Forest Division Hazaribagh Wildlife Ranchi Forest Division Most notably, Tiger 4 recently expanded its range further east, moving through: Gumla Forest Division → Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary Khunti Forest Division → Seraikela Forest Division Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary 49
This extensive dispersal highlights the effectiveness of intra-state corridors in allowing free movement, enabling tigers to explore new habitats and ensuring long-term population sustainability. Tiger 5: A Testament to Interstate Corridor Connectivity Tiger 5 has further emphasized the importance of functional corridors that transcend state boundaries. Originating from Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve, this individual traveled through Guru Ghasidas National Park, eventually reaching Palamau Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand. After spending considerable time in PTR, Tiger 5 embarked on a long-range dispersal journey, moving across Jharkhand before crossing into Odisha. The recorded movement path includes: Bonai Range, Odisha Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha (current confirmed location) The presence of this individual was verified through camera trap images and confirmed by WII (Wildlife Institute of India), NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority), and the Tiger Cell. 50
Intra-State Corridors Maintain Habitat Continuity Within Jharkhand, Tiger 3 successfully navigated multiple forest divisions, proving that natural corridors still function effectively despite increasing fragmentation. Strengthening these corridors can enhance habitat connectivity and mitigate human-wildlife conflict. Inter-State Corridors Facilitate Genetic Exchange and Population Viability Tiger 4's movement from Madhya Pradesh to Jharkhand and eventually to Odisha highlights the ability of tigers to disperse across large landscapes. These linkages are crucial in preventing genetic isolation and ensuring population resilience. The Urgent Need for Corridor Protection Infrastructure development, habitat fragmentation, and human encroachment pose severe threats to natural corridors. Identifying and legally safeguarding these movement routes will be essential in securing the future of wide-ranging species like the tiger. The Crucial Role of Natural Corridors The movement patterns of Tiger 4 and Tiger 5 provide compelling evidence of the ecological necessity of wildlife corridors, both intra-state and inter- state: 51© Sanjeev Kumar
Conservation Imperatives: Safeguarding Corridors for the Future The incredible journeys of Tiger 3 and Tiger 4 reinforce the urgent need for landscape-level conservation strategies that prioritize corridor protection. Without well-connected habitats, tigers will face increasing challenges in finding prey, mates, and safe passage, leading to potential population declines. Key conservation actions must include: Strengthening legal protection of tiger corridors through ecological assessments and policy interventions. Implementing landscape-scale conservation planning across Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha. Enhancing community participation to minimize human-wildlife conflict and foster coexistence. These tiger movements serve as a wake-up call—conservation efforts must extend beyond protected areas to secure free-ranging landscapes that allow tigers to thrive. By ensuring that intra- and inter-state corridors remain functional, we can safeguard India's tigers for generations to come. 52© Sanjeev Kumar
The long-term vision for strengthening tiger conservation in the Palamau Tiger Reserve is founded upon the objective of transforming the reserve into a functionally secure, ecologically resilient, scientifically managed, and socially inclusive tiger landscape capable of sustaining a viable and breeding tiger population within a restored and self-regulating ecosystem, while simultaneously serving as a critical ecological bridge within the larger Central–Eastern Indian landscape. This vision recognises that tiger conservation in PTR cannot be approached merely through species-centric protection measures, but must instead be addressed through an integrated landscape-level conservation framework that simultaneously strengthens habitat integrity, prey abundance, ecological connectivity, hydrological stability, climate resilience, institutional capacity, and community participation, thereby ensuring the long-term ecological and socio-economic sustainability of the reserve and its surrounding landscapes. Palamau Tiger Reserve, despite being one of the earliest reserves designated under Project Tiger and historically recognised as the site of the world’s first scientific tiger census, experienced prolonged ecological degradation during the past several decades due to anthropogenic disturbances, prey depletion, habitat fragmentation, uncontrolled forest dependency, governance challenges, and weakened protection infrastructure, resulting in the near- functional collapse of tiger populations within the reserve during the early 2000s. However, the recent reappearance and photographic documentation of multiple tigers between 2023 and 2026 has clearly demonstrated that PTR continues to retain ecological potential for large carnivore recovery and landscape-scale restoration, thereby providing an important opportunity for rebuilding a functional tiger ecosystem through strategic, science-driven, and long-term conservation interventions. Chapter 6: Vision For Strengthening Tiger Conservation In Palamau Tiger Reserve 53
The proposed conservation vision therefore seeks to reposition PTR not only as a protected area supporting wildlife populations within its administrative boundaries, but as an ecologically dynamic and climate-resilient landscape capable of supporting ecological processes, facilitating wildlife dispersal, and maintaining genetic connectivity between central Indian source populations and fragmented eastern Indian forest systems. Within this broader landscape framework, PTR is envisioned to emerge as a regionally significant conservation stronghold contributing to the long-term persistence of wide-ranging carnivores, ecosystem stability, watershed security, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation in eastern India. A major component of this vision involves strengthening the protection architecture of PTR through the establishment of a modern, technology- enabled, intelligence-driven, and operationally efficient surveillance and law- enforcement system capable of ensuring near-complete ecological security across the reserve. Existing anti-poaching camps, frontline patrolling systems, and field protection networks are envisioned to be substantially upgraded and integrated with advanced technological tools such as M- STrIPES, AI-supported surveillance platforms, thermal sensors, drone- assisted reconnaissance, camera trap grids, predictive patrolling systems, and GIS-based spatial monitoring frameworks, thereby enabling real-time detection of threats, improved patrolling efficiency, rapid response to illegal activities, and systematic ecological documentation across the landscape. Simultaneously, institutional coordination between forest departments, enforcement agencies, intelligence networks, local communities, and conservation organisations is expected to be strengthened to establish a highly responsive and adaptive protection framework capable of effectively countering poaching, illegal extraction, encroachment, and wildlife crime. The vision further emphasises large-scale habitat restoration and ecological management as foundational pillars for long-term tiger recovery, recognising that the sustainability of apex predators is intrinsically dependent upon the quality, heterogeneity, and productivity of habitats supporting prey populations and ecological processes. 54
Consequently, extensive ecological restoration interventions are envisioned across degraded habitats through assisted natural regeneration, systematic removal of invasive species such as lantana, bamboo regeneration programmes, soil and moisture conservation measures, riparian ecosystem restoration, and expansion and scientific management of grasslands to improve forage availability and ecological carrying capacity. Watershed- based ecological restoration involving stream rejuvenation, check dam construction, restoration of perennial water sources, and waterhole management is further envisioned to stabilise hydrological regimes and reduce seasonal ecological stress within the drought-prone tropical dry deciduous ecosystem of PTR. The long-term recovery and stabilisation of prey populations are recognised as one of the most critical ecological prerequisites for establishing a viable tiger population within PTR, and therefore a comprehensive prey augmentation and trophic restoration strategy is envisioned as a core component of the conservation framework. Scientifically managed programmes involving translocation, soft-release enclosures, controlled breeding initiatives, habitat enrichment, veterinary screening, and post- release ecological monitoring are proposed for key ungulate species such as chital, sambar, and gaur in order to systematically enhance prey density, spatial distribution, and demographic stability across suitable habitats. These interventions are expected not only to strengthen prey availability for large carnivores, but also to restore ecological interactions, trophic dynamics, nutrient cycling, and vegetation processes necessary for maintaining long-term ecosystem functionality and resilience. Simultaneously, the vision envisages carefully planned species augmentation and reintroduction programmes, including the potential supplementation of tigers and other ecologically significant species under the guidance of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and established national protocols. Such interventions are proposed to be undertaken only after rigorous assessment of ecological readiness, habitat quality, prey sufficiency, water availability, and landscape connectivity, thereby ensuring that the reserve possesses adequate ecological carrying capacity to sustain long-term species establishment without inducing ecological imbalance or management stress. 55
Post-release monitoring through radio telemetry, GPS-based movement tracking, genetic assessments, and intensive camera trap monitoring is further envisioned to support adaptive management and evidence-based decision-making throughout the reintroduction process. The vision for tiger conservation in PTR also strongly emphasises the creation of inviolate habitats through voluntary and participatory village relocation from ecologically sensitive core areas, recognising that long-term tiger persistence is fundamentally dependent upon the availability of disturbance-free breeding and territorial habitats. However, this process is envisioned not merely as a relocation exercise, but as a comprehensive socio- economic transformation programme grounded in principles of free, prior, and informed consent, social justice, livelihood security, and human dignity. Relocated communities are expected to receive improved housing, infrastructure, healthcare, education, livelihood opportunities, and long- term economic support, thereby ensuring that conservation objectives are pursued in parallel with human development and social welfare. Ecologically, the reduction of anthropogenic pressures such as livestock grazing, fuelwood extraction, and unsustainable resource dependency is expected to facilitate habitat regeneration, prey recovery, and restoration of ecological processes within core tiger habitats. An equally important dimension of this vision is the integration of local communities into conservation governance through the Jan–Van Bhagidari framework, which seeks to transform conservation in PTR from a historically protection-oriented model into a participatory, livelihood- linked, and community-centred conservation system. Through Eco- Development Committees (EDCs), women-led conservation initiatives, livelihood diversification programmes, eco-tourism development, non-timber forest produce value addition, conservation-linked employment opportunities, and culturally embedded awareness initiatives, communities are envisioned to become active partners and custodians of biodiversity conservation. Such an approach is expected to reduce ecological dependency on forest resources, strengthen local economic resilience, improve conservation awareness, reduce distress-driven migration, and create a long- term social foundation for sustainable wildlife conservation in the region. 56
The vision further recognises that effective tiger conservation cannot be sustained without proactive and scientifically informed human–wildlife conflict mitigation mechanisms. Accordingly, PTR is envisioned to develop an integrated conflict management framework comprising Rapid Response Teams, wildlife veterinary infrastructure, early warning systems, compensation mechanisms, community awareness programmes, and habitat- based interventions designed to minimise conflict risks and promote coexistence between wildlife and local communities. Strengthened prey availability within the reserve, ecological restoration of habitats, improved monitoring of wildlife movement, and establishment of transparent and timely compensation systems are expected to significantly reduce retaliatory pressures on wildlife and improve public support for conservation initiatives . Central to the entire conservation vision is the institutionalisation of science-based research, ecological monitoring, and adaptive management as the primary drivers of decision-making within PTR. The reserve is envisioned to evolve into a knowledge-intensive conservation landscape supported by dedicated Tiger Cells, GIS laboratories, ecological databases, remote sensing platforms, camera trap networks, and long-term ecological research programmes focusing on wildlife population dynamics, habitat ecology, carnivore–prey interactions, corridor functionality, climate resilience, and ecosystem restoration. Such a system is expected to ensure that conservation interventions remain evidence-based, flexible, and responsive to emerging ecological and socio-economic challenges, thereby significantly improving management effectiveness and long-term conservation outcomes. Ultimately, the vision for strengthening tiger conservation in Palamau Tiger Reserve seeks to establish a self-sustaining, ecologically functional, climate- resilient, and socially inclusive tiger landscape that supports stable breeding populations of tigers and associated wildlife, maintains healthy prey populations and ecological corridors, ensures long-term ecosystem security, promotes coexistence between humans and wildlife, and contributes significantly to national and global biodiversity conservation goals. Through sustained institutional commitment, scientific management, participatory governance, and landscape-scale ecological restoration, PTR is envisioned to emerge once again as one of India’s most important tiger conservation landscapes and a national model for integrated ecosystem recovery and long- term wildlife conservation. 57
Tiger Recovery and Gaur Supplementation Programme Proposed Conservation Framework for Palamau Tiger Reserve To strengthen long-term carnivore recovery and restore ecological functionality within PTR, we propose a scientifically designed Tiger Recovery and Gaur Supplementation Programme integrating habitat restoration, prey augmentation, semi-wild acclimatization enclosures, and adaptive post-release monitoring. The programme aims to enhance prey availability, improve habitat carrying capacity, and support tiger population stabilization in the landscape. The proposed intervention consists of two complementary components: Gaur Supplementation Programme The gaur population in PTR currently shows signs of isolation and possible genetic bottlenecking due to prolonged demographic separation and low population exchange with other landscapes. Supplementation of gaur from genetically compatible source populations (preferably from Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, or other suitable central Indian landscapes) is proposed to: Enhance genetic diversity Improve demographic stability Increase prey biomass for large carnivores Restore ecological processes associated with mega-herbivores Proposed Strategy Selection of disease-free founder individuals Soft-release protocol using acclimatization enclosures Veterinary screening and quarantine Radio-collaring and post-release monitoring Habitat suitability and forage assessment prior to release Tiger Recovery Programme The tiger recovery component is envisioned as a long-term conservation initiative focused on strengthening the resident tiger population and improving occupancy across suitable habitats in PTR. Key Components Habitat improvement and water augmentation Reduction of anthropogenic disturbance Strengthening prey base through gaur recovery Protection enhancement and intelligence-based patrolling Scientific monitoring using camera traps and occupancy surveys Tiger supplementation/translocation 58
59 Under construction quarantine and soft-release enclosure system for gaur supplementation and tiger recovery programme in Palamau Tiger Reserve. The enclosure complex includes veterinary quarantine units, acclimatisation paddocks, natural forage zones, water provisioning structures, monitoring towers, and controlled release gates designed to facilitate safe introduction and adaptive wildlife management.
60 Participatory Tiger Conservation under Jan–Van Bhagidari – An Integrated, Multi-Dimensional People–Forest Partnership Framework in Palamau Tiger Reserve Transfor ming a Historically Challenged Landscape Palamau Tiger Reserve represents a landscape of immense ecological value that has, over decades, also experienced deep-rooted socio-economic challenges, including chronic poverty, recurrent drought, limited livelihood opportunities, and phases of socio-political instability, all of which have collectively shaped a fragile and often conflict-prone interface between people and forests, where survival needs frequently led to unsustainable dependence on forest resources, including fuelwood extraction, grazing, and non-timber forest produce collection, and in certain instances, even contributed to illegal activities such as poaching under economic distress. A particularly def ining characteristic of this landscape has been the high level of distress-driven migration among youth, driven by lack of local employment and agricultural uncertainty, which resulted in the weakening of rural economies, disruption of traditional social structures, and gradual erosion of community cohesion and cultural practices, thereby diminishing the infor mal systems of collective responsibility and stewardship that historically regulated sustainable resource use, and consequently contributing to increased ecological pressures, including forest degradation, f ire incidences, and wildlife conflict. Recognising that conservation in such a landscape cannot be sustained through enforcement alone, but must address the underlying socio-economic drivers of ecological degradation, Palamau Tiger Reserve has adopted a transfor mative and forward-looking approach through the Jan–Van Bhagidari (People–Forest Partnership) framework, which seeks to reposition communities from passive resource users to active stakeholders and custodians of biodiversity, while simultaneously improving livelihoods, social well-being, and resilience. Jan–Van Bhagidari: An Umbrella Framework for Inclusive Conservation Under this umbrella, a diverse set of interlinked initiatives has been operationalised, including Bagh Didi, Eco-Guides, Mahua Mitra, Compost Didi, Vanjivi Didi, Bagh Devta, and Parav Bhageedari, among others, which together create a network of livelihood opportunities, behavioural change mechanisms, cultural integration, and conservation-linked responsibilities across communities residing in and around PTR.
61 Institutional Architecture and Community Gover nance The effectiveness of the Jan–Van Bhagidari framework is underpinned by a strong institutional structure comprising Eco-Development Committees (EDCs) and Youth Eco-Clubs, which have been established and capacitated across villages to facilitate decentralised governance, participatory planning, and community-led implementation of conservation and livelihood programmes, thereby ensuring ownership, accountability, and sustainability of interventions, while also strengthening the interface between forest departments and local communities. These institutions serve as platfor ms for dialogue, decision-making, and collective action, enabling communities to actively participate in habitat protection, f ire prevention, eco-tourism, and livelihood initiatives, thereby fostering a sense of shared responsibility and long-ter m stewardship. Core Components of the Jan–Van Bhagidari Framework Bagh Didi: Women as Conservation Catalysts The Bagh Didi initiative represents a transfor mative intervention in which women from forest-dependent communities are empowered as frontline conservation ambassadors, actively participating in wildlife monitoring, conflict mitigation, awareness generation, and livelihood activities, thereby strengthening conservation outcomes while simultaneously promoting gender equity, f inancial independence, and leadership within rural communities. Eco-Guides and Eco-Tourism-Based Livelihoods The development of eco-tourism under PTR has created new avenues for local youth as eco-guides, nature interpreters, and hospitality service providers, enabling them to generate income within their own landscape while fostering environmental awareness among visitors, and this approach not only reduces migration but also strengthens local pride and ownership of natural heritage.
62 Mahua Mitra: Addressing Fire through Livelihood Innovation The Mahua Mitra initiative addresses one of the primary drivers of forest f ires —burning of leaf litter for Mahua collection—by introducing alternative practices such as collection nets, which eliminate the need for f ire while improving the quality of harvested produce and providing better economic returns, thereby aligning conservation objectives with livelihood incentives. Compost Didi: Converting Waste into Wealth Through the Compost Didi programme, women’s groups are engaged in the collection of dry leaf litter and its conversion into organic compost, transfor ming a f ire-prone biomass into a valuable economic resource, while also improving soil fertility, supporting sustainable agriculture, and reducing dependence on chemical inputs, thereby creating a circular economy model rooted in conservation. Vanjivi Didi: Forest-Based Entrepreneurship The Vanjivi Didi initiative promotes entrepreneurship among women through value addition of non-timber forest produce, handicrafts, and locally sourced materials such as bamboo and lantana, thereby strengthening livelihood security while ensuring that forest use remains sustainable and non-destructive. Bagh Devta and Cultural Integration The Bagh Devta initiative integrates cultural beliefs and traditional values into conservation by reinforcing respect for wildlife, particularly the tiger, as a symbol of ecological balance, thereby reviving traditional conservation ethics and strengthening emotional and cultural connections between communities and forests. Parav Bhageedari: Cultural and Social Engagement Through Parav Bhageedari, conservation is linked with local festivals and cultural events, creating platfor ms for awareness, participation, and celebration of nature, thereby strengthening community cohesion and embedding conservation values within cultural practices.
63 Multi-Dimensional Development Outcomes The Jan–Van Bhagidari framework has resulted in a comprehensive and multi- dimensional transfor mation across the PTR landscape, where improvements in livelihoods, education, health, and social structures are directly contributing to conservation outcomes, including: Economic Transfor mation: Diversif ied livelihoods, increased income, and reduced migration Social Revitalisation: Strengthened community cohesion, revival of cultural interactions, and enhanced social participation Women Empower ment: Increased f inancial independence, leadership roles, and decision-making capacity Educational Advancement: Improved school enrolment, access to modern education, and youth development Health Improvements: Better access to healthcare, nutrition, and overall well-being Environmental Benef its: Reduced forest dependency, decline in f ire incidences, improved habitat quality, and enhanced biodiversity conservation These outcomes demonstrate that addressing socio-economic challenges at the grassroots level can lead to tangible ecological gains, creating a system where development and conservation reinforce each other. Conservation Impact and Ecological Resilience From a conservation perspective, the Jan–Van Bhagidari framework has signif icantly contributed to reducing anthropogenic pressures on forests, improving habitat conditions, enhancing community participation in protection activities, and strengthening biodiversity conservation, while also fostering a shift in perception where communities increasingly view forests not merely as resources but as shared natural heritage requiring protection and sustainable management.
64 Towards a Resilient and Inclusive Future The Jan–Van Bhagidari framework represents a scalable and replicable model of inclusive conservation, demonstrating that when livelihood security, social empower ment, cultural revitalisation, and ecological sustainability are integrated within a single framework, conservation becomes a collective endeavour driven by shared benef its and responsibilities, and as PTR continues to expand and strengthen this model, it is poised to transfor m the landscape into a resilient, self-sustaining system where people and wildlife coexist in har mony. In essence, Jan–Van Bhagidari in Palamau Tiger Reserve embodies a holistic transfor mation of a historically marginalised and conflict-affected landscape into a model of opportunity, participation, and ecological resilience, where a network of interlinked initiatives—spanning livelihoods, women empower ment, youth engagement, cultural integration, and biodiversity conservation—has created a foundation for sustainable coexistence, demonstrating that the future of conservation lies in empowering people, strengthening communities, and aligning human aspirations with ecological integrity.
65© Sanjeev Kumar
The findings generated through intensive monitoring, ecological assessments, field investigations, and landscape-level analyses conducted between 2023 and 2026 clearly establish that Palamau Tiger Reserve continues to retain substantial ecological relevance and conservation significance within the broader Central Indian–Eastern Indian tiger landscape despite undergoing prolonged demographic decline, habitat degradation, prey depletion, and anthropogenic disturbances over the past several decades. The repeated detection of tiger presence across multiple ranges of the reserve through camera-trap captures, pugmark records, scat detection, livestock depredation investigations, direct sightings, kill examinations, and movement surveillance demonstrates that PTR remains ecologically functional for large carnivore persistence and continues to support active tiger movement and habitat utilisation across its forested landscape. Importantly, the documentation of seven individual tigers during the monitoring period provides strong scientific evidence that the reserve is not merely functioning as an isolated remnant habitat but continues to operate as an active ecological landscape facilitating dispersal, temporary settlement, and prolonged occupancy of tigers originating from source populations within the Central Indian landscape. The observed movement patterns of multiple dispersing tigers across PTR and adjoining forest divisions further confirm the existence of structurally and functionally important wildlife corridors connecting the reserve with tiger-bearing landscapes of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Jharkhand. The utilisation of corridors linking PTR with Achanakmar Tiger Reserve, Guru Ghasidas National Park, Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve, Similipal Tiger Reserve, Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary, Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, and adjoining territorial forest divisions demonstrates that the reserve continues to play a critically important role in maintaining landscape connectivity, ecological continuity, and genetic exchange between geographically separated tiger populations. Chapter 7: Conclusion 66
Such long-distance dispersal events provide strong empirical evidence that the Chotanagpur landscape still retains ecological permeability capable of supporting wide-ranging carnivores despite increasing fragmentation and anthropogenic pressures. The repeated entry and prolonged occupancy of tigers within habitats such as Kutku, Betla, Garu, Chhipadohar West, Chhipadohar East, and Baresanr further indicate that PTR possesses habitat characteristics suitable for supporting year-round tiger presence rather than functioning solely as a transient movement corridor. The transition from conventional monitoring approaches dependent primarily upon pugmark interpretation and opportunistic sightings toward integrated scientific monitoring methodologies represents one of the most significant institutional achievements documented during the present assessment period. The incorporation of systematic camera trapping, molecular confirmation through scat analysis, georeferenced field evidence collection, photographic stripe-pattern identification, rapid-response surveillance, and coordinated ecological investigations has substantially improved the reliability, precision, and scientific credibility of tiger monitoring within PTR. At the same time, the continued integration of traditional fieldcraft and local ecological knowledge possessed by frontline staff, trackers, and local communities has ensured effective ground-level surveillance across difficult terrain and low-access forest areas. This combined framework of modern scientific methodologies and traditional ecological expertise has significantly strengthened management capacity for documenting tiger occupancy, dispersal behaviour, conflict situations, and habitat utilisation patterns across the reserve landscape. Ecologically, the present assessment demonstrates that PTR continues to retain the fundamental components required for long-term carnivore recovery, including structurally connected forest habitats, ecologically significant riverine systems, perennial and seasonal water sources, diverse vegetation assemblages, and prey-supporting habitat mosaics. The reserve’s rich vertebrate diversity comprising 355 vertebrate species, including 50 mammals, 209 birds, 39 reptiles, 21 amphibians, and 36 fishes, further reflects the ecological heterogeneity and biological productivity of the landscape. 67
However, despite these ecological strengths, the assessment also highlights several persistent management challenges that continue to limit the establishment of a stable breeding tiger population within the reserve. These challenges include inadequate prey density in several habitat blocks, habitat degradation resulting from uncontrolled anthropogenic pressures, forest dependency among fringe communities, invasive species expansion, fragmentation of corridor habitats, livestock grazing pressure, and recurring human–wildlife conflict situations associated with dispersing carnivores. Consequently, long-term tiger recovery within PTR will depend not only upon protection-oriented interventions but also upon comprehensive ecological restoration and landscape-scale management strategies aimed at restoring ecosystem functionality and reducing ecological stressors across the reserve. From a management perspective, the findings clearly indicate that future tiger conservation in PTR must adopt a multi-dimensional and landscape- oriented conservation framework integrating ecological restoration, habitat security, prey recovery, scientific monitoring, corridor conservation, institutional strengthening, and community participation. Strengthening protection infrastructure through technologically advanced surveillance systems, expansion of camera trap networks, integration of M-STrIPES and GIS-based monitoring platforms, intelligence-based patrolling, and rapid- response mechanisms will be critical for ensuring ecological security across the reserve. Simultaneously, habitat restoration interventions involving grassland development, assisted natural regeneration, bamboo restoration, invasive species removal, watershed management, and riparian ecosystem restoration must be prioritised to improve ecological productivity and carrying capacity within core tiger habitats. Prey augmentation programmes involving scientifically managed translocation and habitat enrichment for key ungulate species such as Chital (Axis axis), Sambar (Rusa unicolor), and Gaur (Bos gaurus) will be essential for strengthening trophic dynamics and improving habitat suitability for large carnivores. 68
The present findings additionally emphasise the urgent necessity of securing and restoring wildlife corridors outside protected area boundaries to ensure uninterrupted movement of dispersing tigers across the broader Chotanagpur landscape. Increasing developmental pressures, habitat fragmentation, mining expansion, road networks, and human settlement expansion pose substantial long-term threats to landscape connectivity and may significantly reduce ecological permeability if not addressed through strategic conservation planning. Therefore, corridor management must be integrated into regional land-use planning frameworks through inter-departmental coordination, ecological zoning, restoration of degraded forest patches, mitigation of linear infrastructure impacts, and community-supported conservation initiatives. Maintaining ecological connectivity between PTR and neighbouring forest divisions will remain one of the most important prerequisites for sustaining long-term tiger persistence and genetic exchange within eastern India. The assessment further demonstrates that successful long-term tiger conservation within PTR cannot be achieved without the active participation and socio-economic inclusion of local communities residing in and around the reserve. Consequently, conservation strategies must be implemented through participatory governance frameworks that simultaneously address ecological objectives and livelihood security. Strengthening Eco- Development Committees, promoting sustainable livelihood diversification, enhancing eco-tourism opportunities, improving compensation delivery systems, reducing dependency on forest resources, and integrating local communities into wildlife monitoring and conservation programmes will be essential for fostering coexistence and reducing retaliatory pressures on wildlife. Community-centred conservation approaches such as the Jan–Van Bhagidari framework possess significant potential to transform local stakeholders into active conservation partners and create long-term social support for wildlife protection within the landscape. 69
Overall, the present report demonstrates that PTR continues to possess substantial ecological resilience, habitat recovery potential, and conservation value despite decades of ecological decline. The regular occurrence of dispersing tigers, prolonged occupancy by multiple individuals, persistence of functional corridors, strengthening of scientific monitoring systems, and ongoing management interventions collectively indicate that the reserve retains the ecological capacity to support a stable tiger population in the future. The re-emergence of tiger presence across PTR therefore represents not merely a series of isolated wildlife records but a broader ecological indication of landscape recovery potential within one of India’s historically important tiger reserves. With sustained science-based management, restoration of habitat integrity, strengthening of prey populations, reinforcement of corridor security, minimisation of anthropogenic pressures, enhancement of institutional capacity, and integration of local communities into long-term conservation planning, Palamau Tiger Reserve possesses the ecological potential to re-establish itself as a functionally viable tiger landscape contributing significantly to the long-term conservation of the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and associated biodiversity within the Indian subcontinent. 70© Sanjeev Kumar
Annexure- I 71
Annexure- II 72
Annexure- III 73
Annexure- IV 74
Annexure- V 75
© Sanjeev Kumar
Tiger Cell Palamau tiger Reserve Manish Bakshi Tech Head Tapas Karamkar Field Biologist Abhay Kumar Grassland Expert Aman Kumar Digital Manager
Om Prakash Livilihood Manager & Watershed Expert Vivek Tiwari Tourism Officer Dr. Sunil Kumar Veterinary Doctor Sanjeev Kumar Digital Manager
Palamau Tiger Reserve