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TERM 1 ENGLISH 5 REVIEWER LESSON 1: Recognizing Story Elements Identifying Main Idea of the Story Sequence Events of the Story • A short story is a made-up story that is not as long as a whole book, like a novel. • It consists of different elements generally as: Characters, Plot, Conflict, Setting, and Theme. • Character refers to the people, animals, or creatures in a story. Characters have different personalities, traits, and roles within the narrative. They can be protagonists (main characters), antagonists (opposing characters), or supporting characters who help move the story along. • Setting encompasses the time and place in which a story unfolds. It includes details about the environment, geography, historical period, and cultural context that provide the backdrop for the events of the narrative. • Plot refers to the sequence of events that make up the storyline of a narrative. It includes the exposition (introduction of characters and setting), rising action (events leading to the main conflict), climax (highest point of tension or turning point), falling action (events following the climax), and resolution (outcome or conclusion). The plot drives the story forward and keeps readers engaged as they follow the characters' journey. • Conflict is the central struggle or problem that propels the plot forward and creates tension in the story. Common types of conflict include person vs. person, person vs. self, person vs. society, and person vs. nature. Resolving the conflict is often essential to the development of characters and the resolution of the story. • Theme is the underlying message, lesson, or moral that the author conveys through the story. It reflects the deeper meaning or purpose behind the events and characters' experiences. LESSON 2: Sound Devices and Figures of Speech in Literary Texts • A figure of speech is when we use words in a special way to make our language more interesting or to create a certain effect. 1. Metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unrelated things by stating that one thing is another thing, even though this is not literally true. 2. Simile like a metaphor, makes a comparison between two unrelated things. However, instead of stating that one thing is another thing (as in metaphor), a simile states that one thing is like another thing. 3. Hyperbole is an intentional exaggeration of the truth, used to emphasize the importance of something or to create a comic effect. An example of a hyperbole is to say that a backpack "weighs a ton." 4. Alliteration uses repetition to create a musical effect that helps phrases to stand out from the language around them.
5. Assonance is a scheme in which vowel sounds repeat in nearby words, such as the "ee" sound in the proverb: "the squeaky wheel gets the grease." Like alliteration, assonance uses repeated sounds to create a musical effect in which words echo one another –it's a scheme because this effect is achieved through repetition of words with certain sounds, not by playing with the meaning of words. 6. Consonance is a figure of speech in which the same consonant sound repeats within a group of words. An example of consonance is: "Traffic figures, on July Fourth, to be tough." 7. Personification is a type of figurative language in which non-human things are described as having human attributes, as in the sentence. 8. Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech in which words evoke the actual sound of the thing they refer to or describe. The “boom” of a firework exploding, the “tick tock” of a clock, and the “ding dong” of a doorbell are all examples of onomatopoeia. LESSON 3: Character Emotions and Traits • Dialogue refers to conversation between characters usually enclosed between quotation marks. • Actions can be identified by the verbs used in the sentences to state what a character does. • Emotion refers to one’s feeling or subjective response towards something. • Character Traits describe the character’s personality which is evident by the words they say or the actions they do. • Denotative meaning refers to the literal, dictionary definition of a word. • Connotative meaning refers to the implied or emotional associations associated with that word. LESSON 4&5: Making Predictions and Drawing Conclusions • Predicting outcomes is a reading comprehension skill that shows one’s ability to predict what will happen next to a given situation or scenario. Making prediction is when we use clues in the story to foresee what will happen next. There are two ways to predict an outcome: 1. What the reader already knew or experienced. 2. Clues that are given in a picture or story. • A conclusion is a decision you reach that makes sense after you think about the details or facts that you have read. Drawing conclusions is using information that is implied or inferred to make meaning out of what is not clearly stated. LESSON 6: EXPLANATORY TEXTS AND AUTHOR'S PURPOSE • Explanatory texts are writings that explain how or why something happens. Why is it important to learn about explanatory texts? ▪ To understand how things work. ▪ To follow instructions and do tasks correctly.
▪ To learn about the world around us. ▪ To explain things to others clearly. LESSON 7: Analyzing Informational Texts: Fact vs. Opinion, Summarizing, and Color Symbolism • A fact is a statement that is true and can be proven. • An opinion is a statement that shows what someone thinks or feels. It cannot be proven true or false. • Summarization is the process of shortening a story or text by including only the most important ideas or points. It helps you understand and share the main message without all the extra details. • Color Meanings: a. Red: Often associated with strong emotions like love and anger, can mean stop or danger. b. Blue: Can represent calmness, sadness, or trust. c. Yellow: Often associated with happiness and energy, can also mean caution. d. Green: Represents nature, growth, and safety. e. Black: Can signify power, mystery, or sadness. f. White: Often associated with purity, cleanliness, or simplicity. g. Purple: Can symbolize royalty, luxury, or creativity. • Color in Communication: a. Explain how colors are used in everyday communication. b. Traffic Lights: Red means stop, green means go, and yellow means slow down. c. Advertising: Companies use colors to attract attention and convey messages. For example, red can make people feel excited and hungry, which is why it is used by many fast-food restaurants. d. School and Sports Uniforms: Colors can represent teams and school pride. • Form is a structured document with spaces or blank field in which you can write on, check or select the required information. It is used to gather necessary information for a particular purpose. LESSON 8: NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND VERB TENSES • Noun is a word that name something like a person, place, thing or idea. Kinds of nouns: a. Concrete noun is one that is perceived by the five senses as tangible and real. b. Abstract noun is one that cannot be perceived by the five senses like ideas, concept emotions. c. Collective noun is a noun that refers to a group. • Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. It is used to avoid repetition and make sentences clear and concise. There are different
kinds of pronouns; some of them are personal (subject) pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, relative and reflexive pronoun • Three kinds of Verbs: a. Helping Verbs come before the main verb and "help" to express tense, mood, or voice. b. Linking Verbs are not action verbs, and they do not define any action. Instead, they describe the subject rather than the action like other verbs. c. Transitive Verbs require a direct object (DO) to complete their meaning. • Verb Tenses: o Present Simple Tense use the present simple tense when we want to talk about fixed habits or routines – things that don't change. o Present progressive tense describes action that is happening right now or around the current moment. It is formed with the present tense of the verb “to be” (am, is, are) + the base form of the main verb + -ing. LESSON 9: SENTENCE COMPOSITION AND TONE AND MOOD IN WRITING • An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. • An adjective series is a sequence of adjectives that describes a noun in detail. 1. determiner and observation 6. shape 2. quantity or number 7. color 3. quality (physical) 8. origin or nationality 4. size 9. material 5. age 10. purpose or qualifier • An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells how, when, where, or to what extent something happens. • Adverbs of manner describe how an action is done. They usually come after the main verb or the object. • Structure of Compound-Complex Sentences 1. Compound sentence – has two independent clauses connected by coordinating conjunctions like and, or, but. o An independent clause has a subject, verb and expresses a complete thought. 2. Complex sentence – has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 3. Compound-complex sentences – has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. • Tone refers to the author's attitude towards the subject, while mood is the feeling the reader gets from the text. LESSON 10: NON-VERBAL CUES AND VISUAL LITERACY • Lines can be straight, curved, wavy, zigzag, or diagonal. They define boundaries or imply movement and direction in a composition. • Color refers to the visual sensation produced by the spectrum of light when it interacts with the human eye.
• Shape - circles, squares, triangles, or organic forms. • Texture – is observed through touch or implied virtually. Examples of texture include rough, smooth, bumpy, gritty, or soft surfaces. • Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color or tone. • Form refers to the three-dimensional aspect of an object like shading and highlighting. • Nonverbal cues refer to specific signals or behaviors that convey information without the use of words. These cues can include facial expressions, body language, gestures, tone of voice, eye contact, and other nonverbal signals. • Visual elements are the building blocks of design, including things like images, text, colors, shapes, and lines. • Layout refers to how these elements are arranged on a page to create a visually appealing and organized composition. Some lay out principles: a. Balance - distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space b. Alignment - refers lining up text or graphics on a page. c. Contrast - occurs when two or more visual elements in a composition are different. d. Proximity - the rules of proximity are pretty simple: things that are related should be nearer to each other, and things that are unrelated should be placed further from each other. • Cultural appropriateness refers to the respectful and ethical engagement with aspects of another culture. • Audio Elements in Multimedia: Background music, Sound effects, Voiceovers, Dialogue, Ambient noise, Musical stings, Silence/pauses. Some reasons why audio is crucial in multimedia: 1. Emotional impact 2. Information delivery 3. Enhanced engagement 4. Accessibility for audience with visual impairments 5. Immersion and realistic experience LESSON 11: NEWS REPORTS AND INFORMATIONAL TEXTS • A news report is an informative report, not an opinionated article. Take a look at the following section to understand how you can structure your news report. Structure of a News Report: a. Headline: It tells what the story is about. b. Byline: It tells about the writer of the story. c. Lead: Covers the most important facts. d. Body: Includes a detailed account of the event/occurrence. e. Ending: Talks about the solution or something to think about. • An invitation letter is a formal or informal letter that requests someone’s presence at a special event such as a birthday, wedding, meeting, seminar, or celebration. Its main purpose is to inform and encourage the recipient to attend.
Additional Notes: • Study the life of Teresa Magbanua and Manuel L. Quezon. • Other kinds of adverbs (adverb of time and place) • Suffix-group of letters placed at the end of a word that changes its meaning or function. • Analogy-a comparison of two otherwise unlike things based on resemblance of a particular aspect (ex. House: Residence)