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GROUND TISSUE HAVE 4 KEY TYPE OF CELLS • PARENCHYMA CELLS • - HAVE THIN PRIMARY WALLS AND USUALLY REMAIN ALIVE AFTER THEY BECOME MATURE. PARENCHYMA FORMS THE “FILLER” TISSUE IN THE SOFT PARTS OF PLANTS, AND IS USUALLY PRESENT IN CORTEX, PERICYCLE, PITH, AND MEDULLARY RAYS IN PRIMARY STEM AND ROOT. • COLLENCHYMA CELLS • -HAVE THIN PRIMARY WALLS WITH SOME AREAS OF SECONDARY THICKENING. COLLENCHYMA PROVIDES EXTRA MECHANICAL AND STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, PARTICULARLY IN REGIONS OF NEW GROWTH. • SCLERENCHYMA CELLS • -HAVE THICK LIGNIFIED SECONDARY WALLS AND OFTEN DIE WHEN MATURE. SCLERENCHYMA PROVIDES THE MAIN STRUCTURAL SUPPORT TO THE PLANT. • AERENCHYMA CELLS • --ARE FOUND IN AQUATIC PLANTS. THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN TO BE PARENCHYMA CELLS WITH LARGE AIR CAVITIES SURROUNDED BY IRREGULAR CELLS WHICH FORM COLUMNS CALLED TRABECULAE
THE G TREE GROUND TISSUE HAVE 7 PARTS • 1. PITH • PITH, OR MEDULLA, IS A TISSUE IN THE STEMS OF VASCULAR PLANTS. PITH IS COMPOSED OF SOFT, SPONGY PARENCHYMA CELLS, WHICH IN SOME CASES CAN STORE STARCH. IN EUDICOTYLEDONS, PITH IS LOCATED IN THE CENTER OF THE STEM. • 2. PROTOXYLEM • AS A YOUNG VASCULAR PLANT GROWS, ONE OR MORE STRANDS OF PRIMARY XYLEM FORM IN ITS STEMS AND ROOTS. THE FIRST XYLEM TO DEVELOP IS CALLED ‘PROTOXYLEM’. IN APPEARANCE, PROTOXYLEM IS USUALLY DISTINGUISHED BY NARROWER VESSELS FORMED OF SMALLER CELLS. • 3. XYLEM • XYLEM IS ONE OF THE TWO TYPES OF TRANSPORT TISSUE IN VASCULAR PLANTS, THE OTHER BEING PHLOEM; BOTH OF THESE ARE PART OF THE VASCULAR BUNDLE. THE BASIC FUNCTION OF THE XYLEM IS TO TRANSPORTWATER UPWARD FROM THE ROOTS TO PARTS OF THE PLANTS SUCH AS STEMS AND LEAVES, BUT IT ALSO TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS.[1 • 4. PHLOEM • IS THE LIVING TISSUE IN VASCULAR PLANTS THAT TRANSPORTS THE SOLUBLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MADE DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND KNOWN AS PHOTOSYNTHATES, IN PARTICULAR THE SUGAR SUCROSE,[1] TO THE REST OF THE PLANT. THIS TRANSPORT PROCESS IS CALLED TRANSLOCATION.[2
• 5. SCLERENCHYMA ( BAST FIBER) • SCLERENCHYMA IS THE TISSUE WHICH MAKES THE PLANT HARD AND STIFF. SCLERENCHYMA IS THE SUPPORTING TISSUE AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF PLANTS. • 6. CORTEX • IS AN OUTER LAYER OF A STEM OR ROOT IN A VASCULAR PLANT, LYING BELOW THE EPIDERMIS BUT OUTSIDE OF THE VASCULAR BUNDLES.[1] THE CORTEX IS COMPOSED MOSTLY OF LARGE THIN-WALLED PARENCHYMA CELLS OF THE GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM AND SHOWS LITTLE TO NO STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION. • 7. EPIDERMIS • IS A SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS THAT COVERS THE LEAVES, FLOWERS, ROOTS AND STEMS OF PLANTS. IT FORMS A BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE PLANT AND THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
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