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CHAPTER 4 Aquaculture Water Sources and System DYQ 10223 INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE
At the end of this topic Students should be able to : 4.1 Describe the water sources in aquaculture 4.2 Differentiate the aquaculture production system
4.1 Water Sources in Aquaculture Surface water and ground water sources
Ground Water Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. Also called well water or spring water. commonly considered the most desirable water source for aquaculture because at a given site it is usually consistent in quantity and quality, desirable temperature and free of toxic pollutants and less susceptible to contamination with no predator or parasitic living organism.
Particle of silt and clay Predator s Pesticide s
• Sea • Watershed ponds
Muskeg - nutrient poor peatland (dead plant material Tundra ponds – water from melting grounds that is frozen more than 2 years undergrounds
4.1 Water Sources in Aquaculture Optimum Water Quality for Aquaculture Sources
Importance of Water Quality in Aquaculture
Standard Optimun Value of Water Quality
Warmwater species • Channel catfish and tilapia- Temperature 24 – 32 degree Coolwater species • Walleye and Yellow Perch - Temperature 15 – 29 degree • Salmon and trout – Temperature 9 –18 degree Temperature
Turbidity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Ammonia TOXIC TOXIC NON TOXIC
Plankton / Microphytes
4.1 Water Sources in Aquaculture Water Treatment for Aquaculture Uses
Water treatment for aquaculture uses Ultraviolet (UV) radiation https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=EWh_3Im5rEg Ozone https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=dB6D xsxb8Og Chlorination https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=1Ve- ks-fU3M
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Refer to that part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum from about 10 – 390 nm UV waves are effective at killing microorganisms in the water by strike the organism and be absorbed. Most effective wavelength are from 250 – 260 nm.
Ozone •An allotrophic form of oxygen (O3) •Unstable blue gas with a readily identifiable odor – able degrades from O3 to O2 when temperature increases •Extremely corrosive and dangerous •An excellent virucide and bactericide by disintegrating bacterial cell walls.
Chlorination Chlorine – produced by electrolysis of sodium chloride (common table salt) Chlorine gas – green-yellow color and strong odor Chlorine + H2O = hypochlorous acid (HOCl) The acid effectively kill the bacteria in the water at lower pHs level
Equipment required for water filtration • Screen and bags – remove particulates from the liquid medium (logs, leaves, fish etc), single or a series of screens, suitable mesh sizes • Particle filter/sand filter – housings containing beds of sand, gravel, clay and other materials, water flows through the filter and filter out the suspended materials • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89LiuFwyVB 4&t=1s Mechanical filters
• Sedimentation – practice of holding water and allowing the suspended materials to settle • Centrifugation – speeding up the sedimentation process to increase gravitational forces by using centrifuge • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6a Mczd1D1Q Gravitational filters
• Remove dissolved nutrient from the water • Biological agents – autotrophic (chemotrophic) bacteria • Bacteria form colonies on surfaces of filter particles, secrete a coat of slime for protection • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFiP RE-x-UM • Example filters: rotating disk and drums, submerged beds, fluidized bed, trickling filters • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L64Y 2cSZKxU Biological filters
4.2 AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
1. Open System Open water system is defined as the rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions in natural water bodies (environment) or have direct contact with natural water sources Facilities may be floating submerged or attached to fixed structures Water quality and fish bio-physiology control by the natural factors e.g. climate, location, and water current.
Example : Cage Culture System
2. Semi - Closed System • The rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions in designated culturing system and not directly contact with natural water sources. • The water for culturing activities depend on natural sources which flows into the controlled culture system. • Water quality can be controlled inside the production facilities. • The culturing system includes earthen pond system and raceway system.
Example : Earthen Pond System
Example : Raceway system
3. Closed System Closed systems or ‘closed containment’ farming methods use a barrier to control the exchange between farms and the natural environment. Examples: RAS system, tanks and canvas system. This significantly reduces pollution, fish escapes, negative wildlife interactions, and parasite and disease transfer from farms to marine and freshwater ecosystems. This system aids in maintaining water quality whilst ensuring minimal exchange with natural waterways.
Example : RAS System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ6Lbxe9OMY
Example : Canvas System
4. Hybrid System • The combination of fish culture system with other farming activities. • The culturing activities occur in the same place or neared each other. • The purpose of hybrid system is to support the production growth of both products. • Produce two or more products in one culturing production area. • The system is according to designated timeframe for optimum growth of the products. • The systems include the aquaponics, Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), poultry-fish culture system, agriculture-aquaculture system.
Example : Aquaponic
Example : Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture System (IMTA)
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