11 Artificial IntelligenceUnveiling Smart Technology Around Us Have We Noticed the “Smart” Around Us? Every morning, even before school begins, you may already be using technology that seems surprisingly smart. Perhaps your phone recognises your face when you unlock it. A weather app can warn you about rain, while a navigation app can help your family choose a better route. Later, a video app may suggest a science experiment connected to the kinds of things you enjoy watching. These may feel like separate moments, but they give us our first clue about how intelligent technology has quietly become part of everyday life. Some of these everyday services use Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI does not have to look like a human-shaped robot from a film; often, it works quietly inside the apps and devices we already use. After this chapter, we will be able to... Describe human intelligence and identify different human abilities; Explain Artificial Intelligence in simple words and recognize common AI applications; Identify the key AI domains of Data, Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing; Distinguish AI from automation and explain the basic idea of IoT; Identify sensors and connected devices in homes, schools and cities; Discuss benefits, challenges and responsible use of smart technologies. Warm-Up: Is It AI? Video recommendationsNavigation Suggestions Voice Assistant Weather Prediction Face Unlock Video Recommendations Put ✔ beside the items you think may use AI: Voice assistant Basic calculator Face unlock Automatic door Torch Artificial: Made or produced by people rather than occurring naturally. Intelligence: The ability to learn, understand, reason and solve problems. Connected: Linked so that information can be shared.WORDS TO KNOW
Human IntelligenceLanguage helps us explain an idea clearly or write a story.Logical reasoning helps us find the rule in a number pattern.Visual and spatial thinking helps us read a map or imagine how pieces fit together. Social understanding helps us notice how a friend feels and respond kindly. Learning from experience helps us change our approach after a mistake.Humans and Machines A computer can calculate very quickly and store huge amounts of information, but speed is not the same as human intelligence. People bring emotions, values, common sense, lived experience and responsibility to decisions. Machines perform tasks using programs and data created or provided through human-designed systems.LET’S THINK!Suppose we are learning to ride a bicycle. What information do our eyes, ears, and body give us? What changes do we make after losing balance?a=2 + 3 = 5 Before we can understand Artificial Intelligence, it helps to think about intelligence we already know on our own. When you solve a puzzle, understand a joke, learn a new game or comfort a friend, you are using human intelligence. It helps us learn from experience, understand information, reason, solve problems, communicate, create ideas and adapt when situations change. Humans do not all show intelligence in exactly the same way. A person may be especially strong at language, another at numbers, another at understanding people, and another at designing or making things. These are useful ways of noticing different human abilities; they are not fixed labels for people.Different Ways We Use Intelligence Creativity helps us invent a new game, design, or solution. Chapter 1 Artificial IntelligenceREMEMBERAI can perform some tasks that appear intelligent, but this does not mean a machine experiences the world exactly as a human does. Reasoning: Thinking carefully to reach a conclusion. Adapt: To change our actions when a situation changes. Ability: A skill or power to do something.WORDS TO KNOW
The Meaning of Artificial IntelligenceA SIMPLE IDEAData → patterns → useful output. This is a helpful first model for understanding many AI systems. Not every AI system works in exactly the same way.COMMON MISTAKENot everything done by a computer is AI. AI machine can be useful, fast or automatic without using Artificial Intelligence.Once we understand some of the ways people use intelligence, a natural question follows: can a machine perform certain tasks that need similar abilities? This is where Artificial Intelligence, or AI, comes in. AI refers to computer systems that can perform tasks such as recognising an object in a picture, understanding spoken words, finding patterns in information, making predictions or suggesting useful choices. Many modern AI systems learn patterns from data. Data can include numbers, words, images or sounds. Suppose an AI system is trained to recognise cats in photographs. It can examine many labelled examples, learn useful patterns, and then estimate whether a new picture contains a cat.PredictionCat recognitionVoice inputVideo recommendationAI Is Not MagicAI works through computer programs, algorithms and data. It can produce useful results, but it can also make mistakes. A face recognition system may struggle with a blurry image, and a chatbot may give an incorrect answer. That is why people must check important information and use good judgement.Basic calculator — Follows mathematical rules entered by the user.Face unlock — May use AI/computer vision to compare facial features.Simple timer — Follows a fixed instruction when time runs out.Video recommendation — May use patterns in viewing and other data to suggest videos.Quick CheckWhy is a basic calculator not automatically an example of AI? Give one example of a task for which AI may be useful.AI or Ordinary Instructions? Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence Pattern: A repeated or recognisable arrangement in information. Prediction: A statement about what may happen based on available information. Algorithm: A set of instructions used to complete a task or solve a problem. Data: Facts or information such as numbers, words, pictures or sounds.WORDS TO KNOW
A Brief History of AIThe idea of building machines that can perform intelligent tasks did not appear overnight. It developed step by step as people learned more about computers, mathematics, language and learning. A few milestones can help us see how AI moved from an ambitious research idea to technology that millions of people encounter today.1956 —Researchers met at Dartmouth College in the United States for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. John McCarthy helped organise it, and the event became an important starting point for all a field.Joseph Weizenbaum completed ELIZA, an early program that could respond to type language by using rules and patterns.IBM’s Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a six-game match.2016 —Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo defeated champion Lee Sedol 4-1 in the complex board game Go.ChatGPT was introduced, bringing conversational generative AI to widespread public attention.The phrase ‘artificial intelligence’ appeared in the 1955 proposal for the Dartmouth summer project that took place in 1956.123451966 —1997 —2022 —DEEP BLUE WINSDID YOU KNOW? Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence Think Like a Historian What changed across this timeline? Early systems often focused on narrow tasks. Later systems benefited from more data, improved methods and much greater computing power. Yet even today, AI systems have limits and need responsible human use. Milestone: An important event or stage in development. Research: Careful study to discover or understand something. Chatbot: A computer program designed to communicate through text or voice.WORDS TO KNOW
Domains of Artificial IntelligenceAs AI developed, researchers began using it for different kinds of problems. Grouping these problems into domains makes them easier to understand. Three important domains are Data (including statistical data), Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing. Each focuses on a different kind of information, although real applications can combine more than one domain.DataData is information. It may be numbers, words, pictures, sounds or records of events. AI systems can examine a data to find patterns, group similar items or make predictions. For example, a system may study past weather measurements to help forecast future conditions.Computer Vision Computer Vision helps computers work with information from images and video. It may be used to recognise objects in a photograph, help a phone compare facial features for unlocking, or identify damaged products in a factory.Natural Language Processing (NLP) Natural Language Processing helps computers work with human language. It is used in tasks such as speech recognition, translation, chatbots and analysing text. When a voice assistant turns our spoken request into something a computer can process, NLP may be involved.123RealNOTICE THE OVERLAPOne application can use more than one domain. A smart assistant might process our speech using NLP and also use data to decide which information is useful.Natural Language Processing (NLP)Computer VisionDataReal ApplicationsplantdogcarFace UnlockAHow can I help you? Chapter 1 Artificial IntelligenceQuick CheckMatch each task to the most relevant domain:(a) recognising a dog in a photograph,(b) translating a sentence,(c) finding a pattern in rainfall records.DataComputer VisionNatural Language Processing (NLP) Domain: An area or field of activity or knowledge. Visual: Related to seeing or images. Language: A system people use to communicate using words or signs. Statistical: Related to collecting and examining data to find useful information.WORDS TO KNOW
IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEOne application can use more than one domain. A smart assistant might process your speech using NLP and also use data to decide which information is useful.COMPUTER VISIONNOTICE THE OVERLAPNATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP)DATAAPPLICATION AREAS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEThe domains of AI become more meaningful when we see what they can help people do. In the real world, AI is used to work with large amounts of information, recognise patterns, make predictions and assist people with repeated tasks. That is why AI applications can be found in places as different as a classroom, a hospital, a farm, a bank or a transport system.It can help people analyse large amounts of information more quickly. It can assist with repetitive tasks, leaving people more time for work that needs judgement or creativity. It can support new services in areas such as health, education, transport and agriculture. It can improve accessibility by helping people interact with information in different ways. Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence Domain: An area or field of activity or knowledge. Visual: Related to seeing or images. Language: A system people use to communicate using words or signs. Statistical: Related to collecting and examining data to find useful information.WORDS TO KNOW
Everyday Uses of Artificial IntelligenceAI applications may sound like something used mainly by scientists or large organisations, but many students already meet AI during an ordinary day. Consider Meera, a Class 6 student. Her family checks a navigation app before leaving home; at school she uses a translation tool to understand a new word; later, a music app suggests songs, and a voice assistant helps her set a timer while she works on a science model. Some of these services may use AI, but the important question is not only ‘Is there AI?’ We should also ask: What information is being used? Is the result reliable? Who should make the final decision?A DAY IN MEERA’S LIFEMera’s family checks the navigation app for the fastest and safest route to school.2Meera uses a translation tool to understand the meaning of a new word in her English lesson.3Afternoon: Music AppThe music app suggests songs that she might enjoy based on her listening history.4A voice assistant helps Meera set a timer while she works on her science model.Smart Use Needs Smart UsersPAUSE BEFORE WE SHAREWe should not type private information—such as passwords, home address, phone number or personal photographs—into an unfamiliar AI tool. We should follow our school and family’s rules for online safety.AI systems can make mistakes. They may also reflect problems or unfair patterns in the information used to build or train them. That is why people should check important AI-generated information, compare reliable sources, respect others and take responsibility for decisions.Useful technology should respect people. Fairness, safety, privacy, honesty, kindness and human responsibility matter when we design or use AI.Activity: AI Detectivewhat it does, whether we think it uses AI, what clue supports our answer, and what information we would need to be more certain.‘We are not sure yet’ is a good scientific answer when evidence is missing.Return to the Guiding Inquiry In what ways can AI make everyday life smarter or easier? Give two examples and one reason why human judgement still matters.HUMAN VALUESMorning: Navigation AppAt School: Translation ToolEvening: Voice Assistant1New Word benevolent (adjective)Setting a timer for 20 minutes. Chapter 1 Artificial IntelligenceFor each, write:For one day, record four technologies we notice. Recommendation: A suggestion about something that may suit or help us. Privacy: The right to keep personal information and activities protected. Responsible: Acting carefully and accepting duty for our choices. Bias: An unfair tendency that can favour or disadvantage something or someone.WORDS TO KNOW
Automation and Smart Machines So far, we have looked at systems that can recognise patterns, work with language or make useful suggestions. But some machines seem smart for a much simpler reason: they can perform a task without someone operating them each time. Imagine walking into a corridor and seeing the light switch on because a motion sensor detects movement. Nobody presses a switch. This is automation technology carrying out a task automatically when a rule, schedule or condition is met. As we move from AI to connected devices, keep another question in mind: How can everyday objects become smart and work together to make our lives easier? A simple automatic system does not have to use AI. A timer that turns garden lights on every evening can follow a fixed rule. An automatic door may open whenever its sensor detects someone nearby. These systems can be very useful without learning from data.When Does AI Enter the Picture?AI may be added when a system needs capabilities such as recognising patterns, making predictions or interpreting images or speech. For example, a security camera that simply records video is different from a system that analyses images to identify whether a person, animal or vehicle is present.Automation —A task happens automatically using rules, schedules or conditions.A computer system performs tasks such as recognising patterns, interpreting language or making predictions.Both together —AI may help an automated system decide what action should happen next.Water only when the soil is dry.Automatic does not always mean intelligent. Smart is also a broad product word; always ask what the device actually does.A sprinkler turns on every day at 6:00 a.m. Is this enough evidence to say it uses AI? Why or why not?123 AI —COMMON MISTAKEQUICK CHECK Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence Automation: Using technology so a task happens automatically according to instructions. Automatic: Working by itself once a condition or instruction is met. Condition: Something that must happen before an action takes place.WORDS TO KNOW
Understanding IoT Automation becomes even more useful when devices can share information with other devices or digital services. This leads us to the Internet of Things, or IoT. IoT connects physical objects with digital systems so that they can collect, exchange and sometimes act on information. An IoT device may use sensors to observe its surroundings, a small processor to handle information, and a connection that lets it communicate. Information is communicated. A device or service handles the information. The system may show information, send an alert or cause an action. Suppose a sensor checks the water level in a school tank. The reading can be sent to a connected controller or service. If the level becomes too low, the system can alert the caretaker or switch a pump on according to safe rules. When the tank reaches a chosen level, the pump can stop. This example can be an IoT system without needing AI. If a more advanced system analyses patterns of water use to predict when demand will be high, AI could become another part of the solution. IoT can provide data from connected objects. AI can help analyse that data and find useful patterns. They can work together, but they are not the same thing. 1. Water Level Sensor 2. Connection Signal 3. Controller / Dashboard4. Pump or Valve Action 5. ResultPump ON when level is low A Simple IoT Flow SENSE CONNECT PROCESS ACT A sensor observes something. Example: A Smart Water TankPump OFF when level is normal AI + IoT Think About It If the internet connection stops, which parts of the water-tank system might still work locally? Which features might stop? The answer depends on how the system was designed. Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence Internet of Things (IoT): A network of physical objects that can sense, process or exchange information through connected systems. Network: Two or more devices or systems linked so they can communicate. Actuator: A part that causes a physical action, such as opening a valve or turning a motor. Monitor: To watch or check something over time.WORDS TO KNOW
Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence Smart Devices and Sensors For a smart or connected device to respond to the world around it, it first needs a way to notice what is happening. That is the job of a sensor. A sensor can detect or measure conditions such as light, temperature, movement or moisture and provide this information as input to a system. Different sensors help devices understand different things. Let’s look at some common sensors and what they can do. Common Sensors and What They Do Adjusting outdoor or room lighting. How hot or cold something is Monitoring a classroom or refrigerator. Detecting movement in a corridor. Amount of moisture Images or video Light sensor What it can detect: Brightness Possible use: Temperature sensor What it can detect: Possible use: Motion sensor What it can detect: Movement Possible use: Moisture sensor What it can detect: Possible use: Checking whether soil may need water. Camera What it can detect: Possible use: Observing traffic or scanning a code. Microphone What it can detect: Sound Possible use:Receiving a voice command or measuring sound input. From Input to Action A sensor does not ‘understand’ in the human sense. It produces a reading or signal. A program decides how that information should be processed. An actuator may then perform an action, for example, a motor moves, a valve opens, a buzzer sounds or a light switches on. Sensor / Input Reading or Signal Program / Processing Actuator / Output Detects something in the environment. The sensor sends a reading or signal. The program processes the information and decides what to do. The actuator performs the action or produces the output. OBSERVE Look around our classroom. Can we find a device that receives information from its surroundings? What is its input? What action or output follows? Hands-On: Design a Sensor Solution Choose one problem: lights left on in an empty room, plants becoming too dry, or a water bottle station running empty. In pairs, decide: (1) what should be sensed, (2) what information should be sent, and (3) what action or alert should happen. Sensor: A device that detects or measures a change in its surroundings. Temperature: A measure of how hot or cold something is. Motion: Movement or a change in position. Input: Information that enters a system.WORDS TO KNOW
Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence IoT Around Us The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday devices so they can share information and help us make better decisions. Let's see how IoT can improve places where we live, learn and move around. Once sensors, devices and connections begin working together, IoT can become part of whole environments not just individual gadgets. At home, connected lights, doorbells, thermostats, appliances or safety sensors can share useful information or respond to instructions. A person might check a device from an app or set simple schedules, such as switching selected lights off at bedtime. Smart School A school could use connected technology to monitor water use, classroom temperature, energy consumption or whether equipment is available. A dashboard might help staff notice a leaking tap or unusually high electricity use. Access systems can also help manage entry to selected areas. CROSS-CURRICULAR LINK: SCIENCE + MATHS Measure classroom temperature at the same three times for five days. Make a simple table or graph. What pattern do we notice? Could a connected sensor collect similar measurements automatically? Occupancy: The state of a place being used or having people in it. Access: Permission or ability to enter or use something. Dashboard: A screen that shows important information in one place. Energy: The power needed to make things work.WORDS TO KNOW Smart Home Smart-home technology may improve comfort, safety or energy use, but good security is important. Connected devices should use safe settings, strong passwords where appropriate, and updates provided by trusted makers.A school small is not one with the most gadgets. Technology is useful when it solves a real problem safely, faiy and without unnecessary collection of personal information. DESIGN FOR A PURPOSE 1 2
Chapter 1 Artificial IntelligenceSmart CityThe same idea can extend beyond a home or school to an entire city. Roads, streetlights, water networks, waste services and public transport all produce information that can help people manage services. Connected sensors can report selected conditions , for example, traffic levels or unusual water use so that responsible authorities can respond more effectively.Smart streetlight adjusts brightness and reports faults.Traffic signal adapts to real-time traffic conditions.Public transport tracking shows location and schedules.Water network sensors detect leaks and unusual usage.Waste bins report fill levels so routes can be planned efficiently.Benefits & Challenges of IoTBenefits of IoTConvenience: devices can report information or perform useful actions automatically.Efficiency: measurements can help people use energy, water or time more carefully.Safety and maintenance: sensors can warn people about unusual conditions or equipment problems.Better decisions: real-time measurements can help people understand what is happening.Future of IoTAs sensors become smaller, connections improve and computing becomes more capable, IoT may support new ways of managing everyday resources. Future systems could help buildings save energy, farms monitor crops, cities manage water and transport, and health professionals use approved connected devices. In some cases, AI may analyse sensor data to help people make better predictions.Challenges of IoTPrivacy: connected devices may collect information, so collection should have a clear purpose.Security: poorly protected devices or accounts can create risks.Dependence: systems need sensible backup plans for power, network or device failures.Cost and access: not every family, school or community has equal access to connected technology.Electronic waste and energy: more devices also use materials and power and eventually need responsible disposal.THINK HIGHERYour city can install 1,000 new sensors. What should it measure first, and why? What information should it avoid collecting unless truly necessary? Infrastructure: Basic systems and services that help a place or organisation function. Challenge: A difficulty that needs thought or effort to solve. Security: Protection of devices, information or people from harm or unauthorised access. Sustainable: Able to continue while using resources responsibly and reducing harm.WORDS TO KNOW
Chapter 1 Artificial IntelligenceAUTOMATIONINTERNET OF THINGS Chapter Recap: Artificial IntelligenceHUMAN INTELLIGENCE People learn, reason, create, communicate, understand context and bring values and responsibility to decisions.ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Computer systems can perform tasks such as finding patterns, working with language or images, and making predictions or recommendations. A task happens automatically according to rules, schedules or conditions. Automation does not automatically mean AI. Physical objects can use sensors, processing and connections to collect or exchange information and sometimes cause actions. IoT does not automatically mean AI.The Big Picture1234
Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence
Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence