Mutai+Nicholas Bridging+The+Gap+Pamoja+Community ARCH Spring+2026

i Bridging the Gap Pamoja Community Trade Market and Vocational Hub- Eldoret, Kenya: Inclusive Education and Economic Empowerment for Social Cohesion and Community Resilience. Nicholas Mutai Huy Sinh Ngo, Committee Chair Samuel Olin, Committee Member Sabella Hartman, Committee Member Savannah, GA © May 2026 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Architecture Department in Partial Fulfi llment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture at Savannah College of Art and Design

This thesis is dedicated to my family, Nancy, Nicole, Neema, and Neo, whose love, patience, and unwavering support sustained me throughout this journey. I am especially grateful to my mother and my mother-in-law, who made extraor- dinary sacrifices by leaving their families in Kenya and taking turns staying with us during one of the most challenging periods in our lives. Their care, strength, and selfl essness provided the foundation that enabled me to persevere. The year 2025 was particularly diffi cult for me as a husband, father, and gradu- ate student at the Savannah College of Art and Design. At one point, I consid- ered giving up. I am profoundly grateful to Hsu-Jen Huang and Huy Ngo for their guidance and encouragement, which helped me rediscover my passion for architecture. I also thanks Savannah College of Art and Design, which has been my home since 2019 and has shaped me both as a designer and as a person. I extend my sincere appreciation to my committee members, Sabella Hartman and Samwel Olin, for their invaluable guidance throughout this process. I am also thankful to my classmates and studio colleagues for their friendship and support. Once a Bee, Always a Bee. May God bless you all.

Table of Contents List of Figures 1 Chapter One - Thesis Statement of Intent 9 1.1 Problem 10 1.2 Response 11 1.3 Research 12 1.3 Program 14 1.4 Users 14 1.5 Location 15 Chapter Two - Theoretical Context 17 2.1 Elections in Kenya. 18 2.2 Post Election violence in Kenya. 18 2.3 Economic Inequalities as a catalyst in election violence 19 2.4 Architecture in efforts to prevent Post election violence in Kenya. 22 2.5 Post election hot spots in Kenya. 22 2.6 Architecture empowering communities 23 2.7 Theoretical Framework Overview 26 2.8 Economic and Social Empowerment Through Architecture 27 Chapter Three - Contextual Analysis 29 3.0 Regional Context of Kenya 30 3.1Historical Context 30 3.2. Physical and Geographical Context 30 3.3 Environmental Context 31 3.4. Cultural Context 31 3.5. Political Context 32 3.6 Local Context: Eldoret. 33 ii

3.6.1 Introduction 33 3.6.2. Demographic and Economic Context 33 3.6.3. Environmental Context 34 3.6.4. Architectural Context and Meaningful Places 34 Chapter Four - Site Context 35 4.1 Why, What, How 36 4.2 What will this Thesis Do? 38 4.3. Where is this Happening? 40 4.4. Local Culture 41 4.5. Local Climate 42 4.5.1 Temperature 42 4.5.2 Rainfall 42 4.5.3 Humidity 43 4.5.4 Wind 43 4.5.5 Sun Path 43 4.6. Site 44 4.5.6. Circulation 45 Chapter Five - Programming and Case Studies 48 5.1 Programming Research 49 5.1. Case Studies 49 5.1.1 Mama Sarah Obama Foundation Legacy Cmpus 49 5.1.2 Dandaji Daily Market in Niger 51 5.1.3 kariokor market 53 5.2 Pamoja Community Trade Market & Vocational Hub 55 Chapter Six - Concept and Schematic Design 57 6.1 Site Conditions 58 iii

6.2 Concept Development 60 6.3 Form Exploration 64 6.4 Design strategies 65 6.4.1 Outdoor community space 66 6.4.2 Market Stalls 67 6.4.3 Exhibition Spaces 68 6.4.4 Classrooms 69 6.4.5 Workshops 70 6.4.6 Courtyard 71 6.4.8 Site Design 72 6.3 Review and Feedback 73 Chapter Seven - Design Development 75 7.1 Design Development 78 7.2 Site Spatial Organization 78 7.3 Pedestrian Circulation 80 7.4 Vehicular Circulation 82 7.5 Classrooms & Workshops 84 7.6 Auto & Metal work Workshops 88 7.7 Market Stalls 89 7.8 Multi-Purpose Hall 92 7.9 Courtyard 97 Chapter Eight - Final Deliverables 103 8.1 Final Deliverables 104 8.2 Site Model 105 Bibliography 114 iv

1 Figure 1.1 Destruction of Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 By Photo by Ed Ram/Getty Images) Figure 1.2 Funeral for Victims of Post-Election Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 By Photo by Ed Ram/Getty Images) Figure 1.3 Displaced Persons Carrying their Belongings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 By Photo by Ed Ram/Getty Images) Figure 1.4 Proposed Architectural Interventions by this Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 By Author Figure 1.5 Intervention matrix Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 By Author Figure 1.6 Proposed Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 By Author Figure 1.7 Aerial View of Eldoret from Daima Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 By Author /uasingishu.go.ke Figure 1.8 Eldoret Demographics by Tribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 By Author Figure 3.1 Kenya’s Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 3.2 Eldoret City Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 By Author Figure 3.3 Wheat Farming in Eldoret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 By Author /uasingishu.go.ke Figure 4.1 Location Map of Eldoret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 By Author Figure 4.2 A view of the Eldoret IDP camp, April 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 By : Manoocher Deghati/IRIN. https://www.thenewhuman- itarian.org/photo/200805054/view-eldoret-idp-camp- april-2008-camp-hosts-over-14000-people-displaced- during-post Figure 4.3 The peace Bridge played a central role in Derry’s year as the UK City of Culture in 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 By Peter Muhly List of Figures

2 Figure 4.4 Richard Moore (centre, wearing purple shirt and tie)with the Dalai Lama in 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 By AFP Figure 4.5 Uasin Gishu’s Population Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 By Author Figure 4.6 Kenya’s Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 By Author /uasingishu.go.ke Figure 4.7 Barngetuny Plaza- Eldoret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 By: Lemiso Sato Source: UGC Figure 4.8 Eldoret Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Source Source: WeatherSpark. Figure 4.9 Kenya’s Rainfall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Source Source: WeatherSpark. Figure 4.10 Eldoret Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Source Source: WeatherSpark. Figure 4.11 Wind Diagram-Eldoret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Source Source: WeatherSpark. Figure 4.12 Sun Path and Wind Diagram-Eldoret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 By Author Figure 4.13 Site Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 By Author Figure 4.14 Existing Site Conditions/Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 By Author Figure 4.15 Site circulation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 By Author Figure 4.16 Site walkability diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 By Author Figure 5.1 MSOF Masterplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 By Kéré Architecture inter-community relations Figure 5.2 MSOF Primary School Courtyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 By Kéré Architecture inter-community relations Figure 5.3 MSOF Secondary School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 By Kéré Architecture inter-community relations

3 Figure 5.4 Analysis of MSOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 By Author Figure 5.5 Dandaji Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 By MauriceAscani_DSC3355 Figure 5.6 Dandaji Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 By MauriceAscani_DSC3355 Figure 5.7 Dandaji Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 By MauriceAscani_DSC3355 Figure 5.8 Analysis of Dandaji Daily Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 By Author Figure 5.9 Koriakor Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 By Author Figure 5.10 Kariakor Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 By Author Figure 5.11 Analysis of Kariakor Market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 By Author Figure 5.12 Kariakor Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 By Author Figure 6.1 Existing Structures on site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 By Author Figure 6.2 Site Opportunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 By Author Figure 6.3 Site conditions, Vehicular pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 By Author Figure 6.4 Concept Diagram (Centrality) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 By Author Figure 6.5 Concept Diagram (Conectivity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 By Author Figure 6.6 Site conditions informing programming layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 By Author Figure 6.7 Primary organizing axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 By Author Figure 6.8 Primary organizing axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4 By Author Figure 6.9 Primary organizing axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 By Author Figure 6.10 Divided to respond to site and Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 By Author Figure 6.11 Connecting Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 By Author Figure 6.12 African Traditional Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 By Author Figure 6.13 Hierachy of Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 By Author Figure 6.14 Space organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 By Author Figure 6.15 Outdoor Community Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 By Author Figure 6.16 Market Stalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 By Author Figure 6.17 Exhibition Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 By Author Figure 6.18 Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 By Author Figure 6.19 Workshops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 By Author Figure 6.20 Courtyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 By Author Figure 6.20 Site Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 By Author Figure 7.01 Overall Site Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 By Author Figure 7.02 Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 By Author Figure 7.03 Overall Site Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 By Author

5 Figure 7.04 Pedestrian Circulation Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 By Author Figure 7.05 Pedestrian Circulation Paths (At Main Entrance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 By Author Figure 7.06 Pedestrian Circulation Paths (Towards the Stadium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 By Author Figure 7.07 Vehicular Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 By Author Figure 7.09 Vehicular Circulation (At Main Entrance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 By Author Figure 7.10 Vehicular Circulation (At Main Entrance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 By Author Figure 7.11 Classrooms,Workshops, Exhibition Halls, &Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 By Author Figure 7.12 Courtyard in between Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 By Author Figure 7.13 Interior of a Typical Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 By Author Figure 7.14 Interior of Exhibition Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 By Author Figure 7.15 Interior of Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 By Author Figure 7.16 Typical Section Through Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 By Author Figure 7.17 Auto Mechanics and Metalwork Workshops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 By Author Figure 7.18 Auto Mechanics and Metalwork Workshops Front view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 By Author Figure 7.19 Auto Mechanics and Metalwork Workshops Front Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 By Author Figure 7.20 Floor Plan of typical Market Stalls (Cluster). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 By Author Figure 7.21 Floor Plan of typical Market Stall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

6 By Author Figure 7.23 Rain water harvesting on Market stalls Canopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 By Author Figure 7.22 View of a typical Market Stall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 By Author Figure 7.24 Section Through Market Stalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 By Author Figure 7.25 View of a typical Market Stall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 By Author Figure 7.26 View of the market stalls from the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 By Author Figure 7.27 Multi-Purpose Hall Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 By Author Figure 7.28 A group Performs inside the Interior of the Multi-Purpose Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 By Author Figure 7.29 Front View of the Multi-Purpose Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 By Author Figure 7.30 Courtyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 By Author Figure 7.31 A group Holding a meeting in the courtyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 By Author Figure 7.32 A community interacting and having a meal infront of the courtyard . . . . . . . 98 By Author Figure 7.33 Front Side View of Multi-Purpose Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 By Author Figure 7.34 Vew of space in between Multi-Purpose Hall and Auto Workshops . . . . . . . . . .100 By Author Figure 7.35 Vew of Market Stalls from the East Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 By Author Figure 7.36 Market Stalls viewed from above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 By Author Figure 7.37 View of the Courtyard from the Main Entrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 By Author

7 Figure 7.38 View of the Stadium from the South Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 By Author Figure 8.01 Physical Site Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 By Author Figure 8.02 Proposed Site Within the Overall Site Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 By Author Figure 8.03 Project Physical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 By Author Figure 8.03 Project Physical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 By Author Figure 8.04 Thesis Board 01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 By Author Figure 8.05 Thesis Board 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 By Author Figure 8.07 Thesis Board 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 By Author Figure 8.08 Thesis Board 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 By Author Figure 8.09 Thesis Board 05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 By Author

8 Abstract Bridging the Gap Pamoja Community Trade Market and Vocational Hub for Inclusive Education and Economic Empowerment for Social Cohe- sion and Community Resilience Nicholas Mutai May 2026 This thesis explores architecture as a catalyst for peacebuilding, economic empowerment, and social healing in Eldoret. The proposed Pamoja Commu- nity Trade Market and Vocational Hub transforms part of the Eldoret Show- ground, once used to shelter internally displaced persons during the 2007–2008 post-election violence, into a permanent center for opportunity, reconciliation, and community resilience. The project combines vocational training, counseling spaces, and a community market, linking education with entrepreneurship to create pathways to employ- ment and social cohesion. Inspired by the African tradition of gathering beneath a tree, the design is or- ganized around a central courtyard and circulation spine, demonstrating how architecture can transform a site of displacement into a lasting environment for healing, dignity, and shared prosperity. Keywords: IDP’s, Peacebuilding, Empowerment, Healing, Resilience

9 1Chapter One - Thesis Statement of Intent

10 1.1 Problem For the last two decades, Kenya has experienced recurring episodes of post-election violence, the worst of which occurred in 2007–2008. Thou- sands of people were killed, hun- dreds of thousands displaced, and countless properties were looted or destroyed. Women bore the brunt of gender-based violence, and many children were separated from their parents. The economy, too, suffered greatly as political instability created a dangerous and volatile business envi- ronment. 1According to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, more than 1,200 Kenyans were reported killed, thousands more injured, over 300,000 people displaced and around 42,000 houses and many businesses were looted or destroyed. A signifi cant number of cases of sexual violence were also reported. 2These upheavals have been largely 1 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), March 19, 2008,. “UN Human Rights Team Issues Report on Post-Election Violence in Kenya,” https://www.ohchr.org/en/ press-releases/2009/10/un-human-rights-team-issues-report-post-election-violence-kenya 2 Journal of African Elections, “Understanding Election-Related Violence in Africa,” EISA Journal of African Elections 12, no. 3 (2013): 1–15, https://www.eisa.org/storage/2023/05/2013-journal-of-afri- can-elections-v12n3understanding-election-related-violence-africa-eisa.pdf By Photo by Ed Ram/Getty Images) By Photo by Ed Ram/Getty Images) By Photo by Ed Ram/Getty Images) Figure 1.3 Displaced Persons Carrying their Be- longings Figure 1.2 Funeral for Victims of Post-Election Vi- olence Figure 1.1 Destruction of Property

11 fueled by divisive and inflammatory political rhetoric that exploits Kenya’s ethnic diversity of more than 40 tribes. Politicians have used this rhetoric to sow hatred and mobilize communities against one another. The ease with which such propagan- da spreads is partly due to the millions of unemployed Kenyan youths, many of whom are desperate for economic opportunities. According to Dimpho Motsamai and Hawa Noor M of ACE Electoral Knowl- edge Network; About 70% of those directly involved in post-election vio- lence were young people. This vulnera- ble group has often been manipulated and used as instruments of violence during election cycle. 3At the root of these conflicts lie deep-seated social and econom- ic injustices perpetuated by those in positions of power. Successive political elites have enriched themselves while neglecting the needs of the majority. This entrenched inequality has fostered 3 Hadithi. “The 2007 Post-Election Violence in Kenya.” Accessed September 27, 2025. https://www.hadithi. co/the-2007-post-election-violence-in-kenya mistrust, resentment, and generational poverty, further widening the gap be- tween the rich and the poor. Ultimate- ly, these injustices have created fertile ground for recurring cycles of electoral violence. 1.2 Response Built environments are not only physi- cal structures but also symbolic spaces that can either divide or unite commu- nities. When designed with inclusivity in mind, architecture can contribute to healing historical wounds and cultivat- ing a culture of coexistence. This intervention may take several forms, particularly through the em- powerment of youth. Providing access to technical skills in construction and design equips young people with mar- ketable abilities, reducing vulnerability to unemployment and political ma- nipulation. Additionally, the creation of public spaces for social interaction fosters dialogue, trust, and collective identity across ethnic and cultural divides. Equally important is education

12 on historical preservation and cultural heritage, which encourages commu- nities to value shared traditions and appreciate cultural diversity. 1.3 Research This thesis believe that architecture can play a significant role in peace- building and fostering harmonious social coexistence through both eco- nomic and social empowerment. Built environments are not only physical structures but also symbolic spaces that can either divide or unite communities. When designed with inclusivity in mind, architecture can contribute to heal- ing historical wounds and cultivating a culture of coexistence. Providing access to technical skills in construction and design equips young people with marketable abilities, re- ducing vulnerability to unemployment and political manipulation. Additionally, the creation of public spaces for social interaction fosters dialogue, trust, and collective identi- By Author Figure 1.4 Proposed Architectural Interventions by this Thesis Figure 1.5 Intervention matrix Diagram By Author

13 ty across ethnic and cultural divides. Equally important is education on his- torical preservation and cultural heri- tage, which encourages communities to value shared traditions and appreci- ate cultural diversity. When these components are inte- grated economic opportunity, social interaction, and cultural education ar- chitecture becomes more than a func- tional practice. It emerges as a trans- formative force capable of reducing economic inequalities, strengthening inter-community relationships, and pro- moting cultural exchange. In this way, architecture contributes meaning- fully to sustainable peace and social harmony. The proposed initiative adopts a max- imum 45,000 sq ft vocational school as its primary building typology, incor- porating integrated retail spaces that enable students to acquire practical skills and publicly showcase their work. These retail areas will also provide op- portunities for students to market and sell their products, thereby generating income and fostering entrepreneur- ship. In addition, the facility will include dedicated community spaces de- signed to accommodate large gather- ings and serve as venues for meetings and social engagement. This building typology shall be a prototype mod- el that can be replicated in regions across Kenya that have experienced post-election violence and related atrocities. Eldoret, a cosmopolitan city that has historically been an epicenter of electoral conflict, is identifi ed as the pilot location for this project. Its diversi- ty and history of political unrest make it a strategic choice for testing the effec- tiveness of architectural interventions in fostering peace and coexistence. 1.3 Program The tentative program for the propo- sedempowerment center comprises the spaces organized to support a comprehensive framework of educa- tion, vocational training, entrepreneur- ship, healing, and community engage- ment. Together, these spaces form an integrated environment that facilitates

14 skill development, economic empow- erment, social interaction, and civic participation. The program includes in- structional classrooms, practical work- shops, administrative offices, counsel- ing and support facilities, exhibition areas, market spaces, a multi-purpose hall, and a network of outdoor court- yards and communal gathering spac- es. Each component is strategically arranged to create a cohesive and fl exible institution that addresses the social, economic, and psychological needs of the community while ad- vancing the broader goal of peace- building and long-term resilience. 1.4 Users The project will primarily focus on engaging the youth, who have fre- quently been mobilized and exploited as agents of violence during election periods. By equipping them with con- structive alternatives and opportunities, the project seeks to transform their role from perpetrators to peacebuilders. In addition, women and children who have consistently borne the brunt of electoral violence as victims of dis- placement, gender-based violence, and family separation will also be cen- tral benefi ciaries. 1.5 Location Eldoret, a cosmopolitan city that has historically been an epicenter of elec- By Author /uasingishu.go.keBy Author Figure 1.7 Aerial View of Eldoret from Daima Towers Figure 1.6 Proposed Program

toral conflict, is identified as the pilot location for this project. Its diversity and history of political unrest make it a strategic choice for testing the effec- tiveness of architectural interventions in fostering peace. Uasin Gishu is cosmopolitan culture led by the Kalenjin, Luhya, Kikuyu, Luo, Kamba, Kisii, and others. The 2007–2008 crisis triggered severe inter-ethnic clashes, marked by dis- placement and destruction along ethnic lines, leaving lasting social scars that continue to influence community relations and the pursuit of peace. It has recorded nearly a quarter of all the violence deaths since 1992. Youth, who have often been identifi ed as key actors and mobilized partici- pants in episodes of electoral violence, constitute approximately 35% of Uasin Gishu’s population. According to Dimpho Motsamai and Hawa Noor M of ACE Electoral Knowl- edge Network; About 70% of those directly involved in post-election vio- lence were young people. Youth were mobilized by politicians and local leaders through money, fa- vors, or promises to target opponents. The main reasons why the youth are susceptible to manipulation is (i) High Unemployment & Economic Frustration; Many young people lack stable em- ployment and feel marginalized from opportunities. Politicians capitalize on this discontent by recruiting youth as agents of violence, offering short-term fi nancial incentives or status. (ii) Limited Social Inclusion & Identity Politics Youths are deeply infl uenced by the prevailing ethnic identities and polit- ical narratives of their communities. 15 By Author Figure 1.8 Eldoret Demographics by Tribe

Messaging that framed post-election defeat as an existential threat encour- age youth to see violence as justifi ed defense or retaliation. (iii) Exploitation by Local Networks Some pre-existing youth networks and informal groups who are already pres- ent in the Rift Valley are co-opted into confl ict roles often under direction or tacit approval from political aspirants or leaders. 16

17 2Chapter Two - Theoretical Context

18 2.1 Elections in Kenya. Elections hold signifi cant importance in Kenya’s democratic framework. Since attaining independence from British colonial rule in 1963, the nation has upheld a representative system of gov- ernance that enables citizens to elect their leaders through periodic demo- cratic processes. Elections serve as a vital mechanism through which legitimate citizens exercise their constitutional right to participate in shaping the nation’s leadership. They are instrumental in promoting social justice, peace, and sustainable development by ensuring that leadership is entrusted to individ- uals committed to fairness, account- ability, and the rule of law. Moreover, elections foster national unity by guar- anteeing that all citizens regardless of ethnicity, social class, religion, or gender have an equal voice in gov- 1 Kenya. Constitution of Kenya, Chapter Nine, Part 2, Article 136, “Election of the President,” Kenya Law Reform Commission, accessed October 8, 2025, https://klrc.go.ke/index.php/constitution-of-ken- ya/128-chapter-nine-the-executive/130-part-2-the-president-and-deputy-president/304-136-elec- tion-of-the-president 2 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). “UN Human Rights Team Issues Report on Post-Election Violence in Kenya.” OHCHR Press Release, March 2008. Accessed Sep- tember 27, 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2009/10/un-human-rights-team-issues-re- port-post-election-violence-kenya ernance. Free, fair, and transparent elections are therefore essential to strengthening democratic institutions, enhancing public trust, and guiding Kenya’s political and socio-economic progress. 1According to the constitu- tion of kenya 2010, the President shall be elected by registered voters in a national election conducted in accor- dance with this Constitution and any Act of Parliament regulating presiden- tial elections. An election of the Pres- ident shall be held on the same day as a general election of Members of Parliament, being the second Tuesday in August, in every fi fth year; or in the circumstances contemplated in Article 146. 2.2 Post Election violence in Kenya. Kenya has however experienced post-election violence ever since, the worst being the 2007 post-election. 2According to The Offi ce of the UN

19 High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), more than 1,200 Kenyans were reported killed, thousands more injured, over 300,000 people displaced and around 42,000 houses and many businesses were looted or destroyed. A signifi cant number of cases of sexual violence were also reported. A key underlying factor was Kenya’s deeply rooted history of ethnic divi- sions. During the colonial era, British administrators implemented policies that favored certain ethnic groups over others in matters of land own- ership, economic opportunities, and access to political power. 3According to Apollos (2001), ethnicity in Kenya has become deeply intertwined with politics. During elections, politicians and political groups often use ethnic differences to rally support, appeal- ing to people based on their tribal or community identity rather than shared national interests. Leaders tend to favor the ethnic groups they belong 3 Apollos, M. “Ethnicity, Violence and Democracy.” Africa Development 26, no. 1 (2001): 99–144. 4 U.S. Census Bureau, “Kenya – World Population Clock,” accessed March 11, 2026, https://www.census. gov/popclock/world/ke 5Hadithi. "The 2007 Post-Election Violence in Kenya." Accessed September 27, 2025. https://www.hadithi. co/the-2007-post-election-violence-in-kenya to, which strengthens ethnic loyalties and divisions. As a result, this form of ethnic-based politics has often led to tensions and violent confl icts between communities, especially during elec- tion periods because of a “winner- takes-all” political culture. The Winner controls Power, and National Resourc- es creating a country of two halves; the halves and the Have nots. The have nots often opt to fi ght for survival. These confl icts have largely been fu- eled by the fact that Kenya is a cos- mopolitan society . 4According to U.S. Census Bureau, International Database Kenya has 57 Million people of differ- ent tribes. 2.3 Economic Inequalities as a cat- alyst in election violence 5According to Hadithi, Economic dis- parities were a central factor in inten- sifying the tensions that culminated in the 2007 post election violence in Ken- ya. The Kenyan economy has histori- cally been characterized by marked

20 inequalities, with wealth and econom- ic influence concentrated among a narrow elite, primarily those with close ties to political power. This structural concentration of resources fostered persistent perceptions of marginaliza- tion and socio-economic exclusion among other communities. The Kikuyu community, by virtue of its historical as- sociation with the presidency, is widely perceived as having disproportionately benefi ted from state patronage and economic opportunities, thereby exac- erbating inter-ethnic grievances. High levels of poverty, chronic un- employment, and limited access to fundamental services including educa- tion, healthcare, and infrastructure fur- ther add to their frustrations, particular- ly among the youth. This demographic, confronted with limited economic prospects, is highly susceptible to polit- ical mobilization, often incentivized by elites through monetary inducements or promises of future gains. 6According to Richard Tomlinson, Kenya’s pa- 6 Richard Tomlinson, “The Political Economy of Regional Inequality in Post-Independence Kenya,” South African Geographical Journal 64, no. 1 (1982): 21-40. tronage system mainly benefi ts a few powerful groups the managerial elite, wealthy Kikuyu businesspeople, and rich farmers, most of whom are based in Central Province and Nairobi. These areas are also the most economically developed, which helps them attract more government resources and politi- cal attention. As a result, wealthier and more politically connected regions keep receiving more benefi ts, while poorer areas are left behind. The managerial elite often use their wealth in unproductive ways, such as buying land for speculation or luxury spending, which increases rural pov- erty and landlessness instead of pro- moting real development. Because of this unequal system, educated people often leave rural areas to seek better opportunities in cities, worsening re- gional inequalities. Overall, Kenya’s political and class structures favor the interests of the wealthy and pow- erful, making it unlikely that national policies will truly help the poorer, rural

21 regions. In regions such as the Rift Val- ley, where land tenure has historically been a source of contestation, eco- nomic inequalities is closely interwo- ven with ethnic tensions. Colonial era land injustices, perpetuated through post-independence governance, has left numerous communities feel- ing dispossessed and economically marginalized. These unresolved his- torical grievances created conditions in which economic frustrations could readily translate into ethnic antago- nism, thereby contributing signifi cantly to the outbreak of violent conflict in the aftermath of the elections. 7Ac- cording to Hadithi, Economic dispar- ities were violent conflict in the af- termath of the elections.8 According to Ochieng, Charles Otieno P., Frank Khachina Matanga, and Chrispinous Iteyo in their study “Causes and Con- sequences of Post-Election Violence in Kenya,” interviews were conducted in Nairobi, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Kisumu, 7Hadithi. "The 2007 Post-Election Violence in Kenya." Accessed September 27, 2025. https://www.hadithi. co/the-2007-post-election-violence-in-kenya 8Ochieng, Charles Otieno P., Frank Khachina Matanga, and Chrispinous Iteyo. “Causes and Conse- quences of Post-Election Violence in Kenya.” African Journal of Empirical Research 4, no. 2 (Octo- ber 2023): 480-492. and Mombasa counties with a sample of 450 participants, including lawmak- ers, voters, IEBC offi cials, and media personnel. As shown in Table 2.1, the majority identifi ed two primarycauses of post-election violence in Kenya: the “winner-takes-all” electoral system and voter incitement. This thesis seeks to examine these factors further and propose strategies for addressing this persistent challenge. Table 2.1Causes of Post-election vio- lence in Kenya Cause Mean S. D “Winner-takes-it-all” election system 4.364 0.482 Voter incitement by politicians 4.364 0.482 Poor electoral conflict resolution mechanisms 4.275 0.656 Disputed election outcomes 4.271 0.464 Perceived bias of the electoral management body 4.199 0.771 Discriminatory enforcement of electoral laws 4.161 0.513 Impunity and incitement by politicians 4.161 0.513 Lack of transparency in vote tallying and counting 4.098 0.586 Weak laws on election violence perpetrators 4.098 0.586 Perceived rigging by the elector- al management body 3.97 0.901 Overall Mean 4.196 0.596

22 2.4 Architecture in efforts to pre- vent Post election violence in Kenya. 9 In the aftermath of post-election violence in Kenya, a range of actors including the Church, international organizations, and civil society groups have implemented various initiatives aimed at promoting peace and rec- onciliation among warring communi- ties. According to Muema Wambua, the Catholic Church in Eldoret un- dertook “peace connector” projects that focused on the reconstruction of key community infrastructure such as schools, roads, and bridges. These ini- tiatives actively involved local commu- nities in the rebuilding process, thereby fostering reconciliation, restoring social trust, and encouraging integration across divided groups. Such interven- tions illustrate how architectural and infrastructural projects can function 9 Wambua, Muema. “Strengthening Kenya’s Infrastructure for Peace Towards 2022 Elections.” Ku- jenga Amani, August 5, 2022. Social Science Research Council. https://kujenga-amani.ssrc. org/2022/08/05/strengthening-kenyas-infrastructure-for-peace-towards-2022-elections 10 UN-Habitat. 2019. Inclusive, Vibrant Neighbourhoods and Communities: UN-Habitat Flagship Pro- gramme. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 11 Cho, Seung Yeon, Erin Connors, Faizaa Fatima, and Utku Yalim. Preventing Post-Election Violence Based on the Kenyan Experience. Stanford University, March 13, 2015. https://law.stanford.edu/ wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Cho-Connors-Fatima-Yalim-Preventing-Post-Election-Violence-Based- on-the-Kenyan-Experience.pdf as powerful tools for peace building, extending beyond their utilitarian pur- poses to support processes of social healing and cohesion. 10 According UN Habitat on United Nations Human Settlement program spatial inequality often caused by unequal distribution of wealth and political machinations often lead to concentration of pover- ty and multiple deprivations in certain pockets of the city. 2.5 Post election hot spots in Ken- ya. Eldoret, a cosmopolitan city that has historically been an epicenter of elec- toral conflict, is identifi ed as the pilot location for this project. Its diversity and history of political unrest make it a strategic choice for testing the effec- tiveness of architectural interventions in fostering peace and coexistence. 11 According to a research done by Commission of Inquiry into the Post

23 Election Violence (CIPEV) many deaths occurred especially in the Rift Valley and spread across regions of occu- pied by Kikuyus. The table below shows these deaths by the numbers. This per- sistent pattern of violence underscores the urgent necessity for the design and implementation of robust mitigation mechanisms that address both the immediate triggers and the structural causes of electoral conflict. It further justifi es the strategic importance of situating these mitigation efforts within the Rift Valley Province a region that has consistently experienced the high- est levels of violence, loss of life, and forced displacement since the onset of multiparty democracy in the 1990s. The Rift Valley’s socio-political com- plexity, characterized by historical land disputes, ethnic heterogeneity, and political marginalization, makes it not only the most affected region but also a critical focal point for peacebuild- ing and sustainable reconstruction initiatives. By concentrating mitigation strategies in this area, policymakers and peace practitioners can directly engage with the epicenter of electoral tensions, fostering long-term stability and promoting inclusive development that may serve as a model for other conflict-prone regions across the country. 2.6 Architecture empowering com- munities Buildings and public spaces are more than just physical structures they can bring people together or keep them apart. When designed to include everyone, architecture can help heal past divisions and promote peace. One way to do this is by empowering young people through training in con- struction and design, giving them use- ful skills and reducing unemployment and political tension. Creating shared public spaces also helps people from different backgrounds meet, talk, and build trust. Finally, teaching about cul- tural heritage and history encourages communities to respect their shared traditions and celebrate diversity.12 Ac- cording to Morphogenesis, an Archi-

24 tectural fi rm in India, several communi- ty projects across the world have been used as tools of empowerment to the vulnerable in the community. Examples include The YWCA Campus in Dwarka, Delhi, designed by Morpho- genesis is a residential and vocational training facility for working women, emphasizing community, culture, en- vironment, and economy. It supports underprivileged and economically disadvantaged individuals. The design includes multi-level green spaces and terraces that act as thermal buffers while supporting social and academic activities. The basement, inspired by traditional Indian baolis, provides a se- cure, flexible space for women’s social and recreational use. Another example is the The Butaro District Hospital in Burera, Rwanda, designed by MASS Design Group, serves as a compelling example of architecture contributing to post-con- fl ict recovery and community em- powerment. Rwanda, scarred by the 12 Morphogenesis, “How Can Design Be Used as a Tool to Empower Communities?”, Morphogenesis, accessed October 8, 2025, https://www.morphogenesis.org/media/how-can-design-be-used-as-a- tool-to-empower-communities 1994 genocide against the Tutsi and ongoing ethno-political tensions, faced severe losses in health infrastructure and personnel. To address these chal- lenges, the Rwandan government, with support from Partners In Health, rebuilt the health system, focusing on providing high-quality medical care in underserved regions. Buttaro District Hospital offers comprehensive services, including emergencies, maternal, neo- natal, cancer, and outpatient care, while also functioning as a center for medical education in East Africa. MASS Design Group, whose mission emphasizes architecture that promotes justice and human dignity, guided the hospital’s design and implementation. The facility’s terraced layout, outdoor hallways, large operable windows, and natural ventilation reduce disease transmission, maximize daylight, and provide patients and staff with views of the surrounding landscape. The use of local volcanic stone not only lowered the project’s carbon footprint but also

25 stimulated the local economy by cre- ating jobs for craftsmen, fostering pride and community engagement. Overall, the hospital exemplifies how thought- ful architectural design can support health, social cohesion, and economic development in post-conflict settings. 13 Another example is Medellín, Colom- bia’s second-largest city with about 4 million people, grew rapidly due to ru- ral-to-urban migration and was deep- ly affected by armed conflict and drug-related violence. Informal hillside settlements, called comunas, became centers of crime and extreme social in- equality. To address these challenges, the city introduced a “social urbanism” strategy between 2004 and 2007, led by former Mayor Sergio Fajardo and Alejandro Echeverri. This approach used architecture and public spaces to reduce violence and inequality by providing opportunities, improving se- curity, and fostering hope. Projects included new schools, librar- ies, cultural centers, transportation 13 McGuirk, Justin. “Social Urbanism and the Transformation of Medellín, Colombia.” Journal of Urban Affairs 36, no. 3 (2014): 243–261. infrastructure like the Metro cable and escalators, and public spaces in poor neighborhoods. Multidisciplinary teams collaborated closely with residents to ensure the projects met community needs. By creating safer, inclusive, and engaging environments, social urbanism helped reconnect commu- nities and became a model for urban regeneration and reduce urban vio- lence. The above examples show how architects and architecture can play a vital role in post-confl ict reconstruction. They demonstrate that architects not only design buildings but also shape processes that consider local contexts, involve communities, work with multi- disciplinary teams, and address both technical and social needs. By com- bining practical solutions with aesthetic and symbolic values, architects can make reconstruction projects more sustainable, restore dignity, create opportunities for positive change, and strengthen social bonds, supporting broader peacebuilding efforts. In sum,

26 architecture possesses signifi cant po- tential to contribute to peacebuild- ing by leveraging the transformative capacities of design, planning, and construction processes. By shaping the built environment, these disciplines can enhance social cohesion, foster inclusive interactions, and strengthen individuals’ sense of belonging and attachment to their communities. Through such interventions, urban and architectural strategies can actively support reconciliation, mitigate con- fl ict, and promote sustainable interper- sonal and communal relationships. 2.7 Theoretical Framework Over- view The use of architecture to empower communities affected by conflict, such as those impacted by post-election violence in Kenya, is grounded in hu- man-centered, participatory, and so- cially responsive design theories. These frameworks emphasize that architec- ture is not merely a physical construct but a tool for social transformation, community rebuilding, and economic revitalization. Key theoretical compo- nents include: Participatory Design Theory: Architec- ture engages local communities in the planning and design process. In Ken- ya’s confl ict-affected regions, involving residents in decisions about schools, marketplaces, or community centers fosters agency, restores communal identity, and facilitates reconciliation among previously warring groups. Socio-Spatial Theory: Social interac- tions are shaped by physical spaces. Reconstructing public spaces, markets, and civic centers in post-election vio- lence zones can rebuild trust, encour- age dialogue, and promote collabora- tion across ethnic and political divides. Sustainable and Resilient Development Theory: Infrastructure projects that are economically viable and environmen- tally sustainable provide long-term livelihoods, skills development, and local economic growth. For commu- nities affected by political violence, such projects support resilience against future social and economic shocks.

27 2.8 Economic and Social Empow- erment Through Architecture Vocational training plays an important role in empowering individuals and strengthening communities, contribut- ing to both social and economic de- velopment. By providing people with practical skills and knowledge, it helps them secure employment and support community growth. 14Vocational programs address the skills gap by offering training that match- es job market needs in areas such as construction, healthcare, and technol- ogy. This improves employability and enhances the overall quality of the workforce. Beyond economic benefits, vocational training also helps reduce poverty by enabling individuals to access bet- ter-paying jobs, improving living stan- dards, and reducing social inequalities. It further promotes personal growth and self-confi dence, empowering people to take active roles in commu- nity development and contribute to 14 Institute of Vocational Training, “Integrating Vocational Training With Community Development: A Case Study,” Vocational Training Institute, accessed October 9, 2025, https://instituteofvocational- training.com/integrating-vocational-training-with-community-development-a-case-study/ long-term progress. Architecture can play a critical role in mitigating the effects of post-election violence through several mechanisms. One of the most important is the re- building of critical infrastructure. The reconstruction of schools, health cen- ters, and marketplaces provides essen- tial services and creates employment opportunities. In Kenya, rebuilding schools and community facilities in vi- olence-affected counties has restored access to education and healthcare, revitalized local economies, and rebuilt livelihoods disrupted by confl ict. Another key mechanism is community participation. Involving residents di- rectly in the design and construction process fosters practical skills, a sense of ownership, and strengthened social bonds. This participatory approach is particularly valuable in communities fractured by political violence, as it encourages collaboration, trust, and mutual understanding among formerly divided groups.

28 Architecture also contributes through symbolic and cultural restoration. Designing spaces that reflect local cultural identity and shared heritage helps restore community pride and collective memory, contributing to the healing of the social fabric torn apart by post-election violence. Similarly, inclusive urban planning, which priori- tizes safe and accessible public spac- es, reduces social tension, encourages daily interaction, and supports integra- tion across diverse social and ethnic groups.These frameworks significantly influence architectural practice and society. Architects working in post-con- fl ict regions like Kenya increasingly adopt interdisciplinary approaches, in- tegrating insights from social sciences, economics, and peace studies. Their focus shifts from purely aesthetic de- sign to creating spaces that promote healing, empowerment, and resilience. This approach aligns architecture with broader societal trends, including community-led development, social entrepreneurship, and participatory governance, thereby enhancing its role in building equitable and resilient societies. In the long term, architecture designed with social empowerment in mind fos- ters sustainable peace, supports eco- nomic recovery, and strengthens civic engagement. Examples in Kenya’s post-election violence zones—such as collaboratively designed community centers, roads, and schools—demon- strate these benefi ts by restoring infra- structure, providing jobs, promoting so- cial cohesion, and creating platforms for dialogue and reconciliation. These projects highlight the practical value of participatory, socially responsive, and resilient architectural frameworks in promoting long-term peace and com- munity empowerment.

29 33Chapter Three - Contextual Analysis

30 3.0 Regional Context of Kenya 3.1Historical Context Kenya’s regional identity has been shaped by a complex historical evolu- tion that intertwines indigenous tradi- tions, colonial legacies, and post-inde- pendence transformations. Before colonial rule, the territory that is now Kenya was part of a vast net- work of regional trade and cultural exchange across East Africa. Coast- al settlements such as Mombasa and Lamu were central to the Indian Ocean trade, connecting Africa to Arabia, India, and Persia. This interac- tion fostered the development of the Swahili culture, blending African, Arab, and Asian influences. During the British colonial period (1895– 1963), Kenya’s integration into region- al structures intensifi ed through the construction of the Uganda Railway, linking Mombasa to Lake Victoria. This infrastructural development not only served economic and administrative goals but also reshaped spatial and social hierarchies, privileging certain regions over others. Post-indepen- dence, Kenya inherited these uneven development patterns, which continue to infl uence its regional disparities and political tensions today. The margin- alization of the northern and coastal regions—historically neglected under colonial rule—has contributed to social exclusion and periodic confl ict, reflect- ing deep-rooted historical inequities within the broader East African con- text. 3.2. Physical and Geographical Context Kenya is situated along the equator in the eastern part of Africa, bordered by Somalia, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Ugan- da, Tanzania, and the Indian Ocean. Its total land area is approximately 582,646 square kilometers, encom- passing a wide range of physical land- scapes—from the fertile highlands of the central region to the arid plains of the north and the coastal lowlands of the east. The Great Rift Valley, running north to south through the country, defi nes

31 much of Kenya’s topography and infl u- ences settlement patterns, agriculture, and transportation networks. The Lake Victoria Basin to the west connects Kenya with Uganda and Tanzania, while the Indian Ocean coastline links it to global maritime routes. This geog- raphy situates Kenya as a regional hub for trade and mobility within the East African Community (EAC). However, it also reinforces spatial inequalities: arid and semi-arid regions in the north and northeast remain economically mar- ginalized compared to the more de- veloped highlands and urban centers. 3.3 Environmental Context Kenya’s environmental context is characterized by diverse ecosystems, ranging from mountain forests and sa- vannas to coastal mangroves and arid deserts. The country is rich in biodiversi- ty but also highly vulnerable to climate variability and environmental degra- dation. Recurrent droughts, floods, and desertifi cation have become more frequent due to climate change, dis- proportionately affecting pastoral and agricultural communities in northern and eastern Kenya. These environmental stresses are not confi ned within national borders; they form part of a regional ecological sys- tem shared with neighboring countries in the Horn of Africa. Drought-induced migrations and cross-border confl icts over water and grazing resources are common, highlighting the intercon- nectedness of environmental and social stability in the region. Conse- quently, environmental management and climate adaptation have become central to Kenya’s regional policy and planning agenda. 3.4. Cultural Context Kenya is a richly diverse country with over 42 ethnic groups, each with dis- tinct languages, customs, and tra- By Author Figure 3.1 Kenya’s Population

32 ditions. The majority of these ethnic groups are Kikuyu’s, Luos, Kamba’s and the Kalenjin. Kikuyus are a dom- inant group found in Central Kenya and Scattered all over the country. They have pro- duced four of the five presidents of Kenya. These communities often ex- tend beyond Kenya’s borders, reinforc- ing transboundary cultural and kinship ties with populations in Uganda, Tanza- nia, Ethiopia, and Somalia. This cultural interconnectedness en- riches Kenya’s social fabric but also contributes to complex identity politics, particularly during electoral process- es. Ethnicity remains a strong marker of political affiliation and regional belonging. The persistence of ethnic polarization has repeatedly influenced post-election violence, underscoring the need for inclusive spatial and ar- chitectural interventions that promote shared identities and civic engage- ment. The Swahili culture along the coast, blending African and Arab infl u- ences, also symbolizes Kenya’s histori- cal openness to intercultural exchange within the Indian Ocean world. 3.5. Political Context Politically, Kenya serves as a regional powerhouse within the East African Community (EAC) and the Intergov- ernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). It plays a signifi cant role in peacekeeping, mediation, and re- gional diplomacy, often engaging in conflict resolution efforts in Somalia, South Sudan, and Ethiopia. Nairobi hosts major international institutions, including the United Nations Offi ce in Nairobi (UNON), reinforcing its geopo- litical importance. Domestically, Kenya’s political land- scape has been marked by eth- nic-based party politics and conten- tious elections, which often refl ect deeper structur al inequalities. Despite periodic re- forms, political competition continues to exploit ethnic divisions and spatial marginalization, resulting in cycles of post-election violence. These ten- sions highlight the interdependence

33 of political and spatial justice, where exclusion from resources, services, and decision-making translates into both social unrest and architectural frag- mentation. Regionally, Kenya’s political stability is crucial to East Africa’s broader peace and economic development. Its suc- cess or failure in managing diversity, youth inclusion, and equitable devel- opment thus carries implications not only within its borders but also across the wider region. 3.6 Local Context: Eldoret. 3.6.1 Introduction Eldoret, the capital of Uasin Gishu County, is one of Kenya’s fastest-grow- ing towns. Founded in the early 20th century as a trading post, it has grown into an economically and architec- turally signifi can commerce add to its cosmopolitan nature. The Kalenjin heritage is central to the town’s cultural identity, especially in athletics. Religious diversity churches, mosques, and temples also plays a social and community role. 3.6.2. Demographic and Economic Context Uasin Gishu is cosmopolitan culture led by the Kalenjin, Luhya, Kikuyu, Luo, Kamba, Kisii, and others. It has been shaped not only by in- ter-ethnic coexistence but also by Ken- ya’s history of post-election violence. The 2007–2008 crisis triggered severe inter-ethnic clashes, marked by dis- placement and destruction along ethnic lines, leaving lasting social scars that continue to infl uence community relations and the pursuit of peace. Key economic sectors: Agriculture: Maize, wheat, and dairy. Industry: Rivatex East Africa, Unga Group, Kenya Pipeline Company. By Author Figure 3.2 Eldoret City Population

34 Education & Health: Moi University and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH). Commerce: Rupa’s Mall and Zion Mall showcase modern retail growth. 3.6.3. Environmental Context Eldoret’s ecology includes the Sosiani River, fertile plains, and forest patch- es. Challenges include river pollu- tion, waste management, and urban sprawl. Conservation initiatives include river restoration, tree planting, and eco- parks. To support sustainability. Climate responsive architecture aligns with the plateau’s temperate conditions. 3.6.4. Architectural Context and Meaningful Places Eldoret’s architecture blends colonial heritage with modern design. Early colonial buildings, like the Town Hall, are simple and climate-adapted. Con- temporary structures use concrete and glass, evident in institutional, commer- cial, and residential projects. Key landmarks include: Place / Space Signifi cance Eldoret Town Hall Colonial civic landmark and ad- ministrative hub Moi University (Main Campus) Academic center shaping architec- tural education Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) Major healthcare and institutional anchor Rupa’s Mall & Zion Mall Modern retail architecture and urban growth Sosiani River Park (proposed) Ecological and recreational vision Iten & Kaptagat Renowned athletic training zones sym- bolizing regional identity Figure 3.3 Wheat Farming in Eldoret By Author /uasingishu.go.ke

35 44Chapter Four - Site Context

36 4.1 Why, What, How As previously stated, this thesis seeks to examine and propose architectural approaches to reducing the effects of post-election violence in Eldoret, a town that has repeatedly experienced election related conflict since Kenya’s independence. Cycles of violence fol- lowing election periods have disrupted social cohesion, slowed local develop- ment, and led to loss of life, particularly among vulnerable communities. This study views architecture not simply as a physical backdrop to these events, but as a practical tool for the develop- ment and empowerment of the peo- 1 Charles Otieno P. Ochieng, Frank Khachina Matanga, and Chrispinous Iteyo, “Causes and Conse- quences of Post-Election Violence in Kenya,” African Journal of Empirical Research 4, no. 2 (2023): 480–492, https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.4.2.50 ple of Eldoret and its environs. 1 According to Charles Otieno P. Ochieng, Frank Khachina Matanga, and Chrispinous Iteyo, the conse- quences of post-election violence have been dire and detrimental to Kenya. The country has experienced widespread internal displacement, substantial loss of life, extensive de- struction of property, and incidents of sexual violence. Beyond the immedi- ate physical devastation, post-election violence has had far-reaching eco- nomic consequences, including the collapse of businesses, loss of revenue, rising unemployment, and deepening poverty. At a societal level, the vio- By Author Figure 4.1 Location Map of Eldoret

37 lence has severely strained social co- hesion, leaving many individuals with lasting emotional trauma, diminished trust in governance, and persistent fears regarding personal and familial security. 2 Central to the perpetuation of post-election violence is This thesis is situated in Eldoret due to its regional signifi cance, rapid urban growth, and its historical experience with post-elec- tion violence since Kenya’s indepen- 2 Ibid dence. Eldoret, the capital of Uasin Gishu County, is among Kenya’s fast- est-growing towns. Established in the early twentieth century as a trading post, it has evolved into a key eco- nomic and architectural hub within the Rift Valley region. The study examines Eldoret’s regional, social, economic, and architectural contexts to inform planning and design strategies that are responsive to local Figure 4.2 A view of the Eldoret IDP camp, April 2008 By : Manoocher Deghati/IRIN. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo/200805054/ view-eldoret-idp-camp-april-2008-camp-hosts-over-14000-people-displaced-during- post

38 identity, promote ecological balance, and foster social cohesion, particularly in communities affected by recurrent electoral conflict the manipulation of unemployed and politically unin- formed youth by political actors, who incite aggression along ethnic lines. Individuals and communities are fre- quently targeted based on perceived tribal and political affi liations, thereby deepening ethnic divisions and social tensions. At its core, this violence is often triggered by disputed electoral outcomes and the absence of effec- tive confl ict-resolution mechanisms. These conditions foster perceptions of exclusion and injustice, prompting ag- grieved groups to resort to violence as a means of expression and resistance. 4.2 What will this Thesis Do? Kenya’s post-election violence has been sustained by deep seated ethnic divisions, political manipulation, and the marginalization of youth, particu- larly those who are unemployed and lack access to civic education. These 3 Dominic McGrath and Mike McBride, “Londonderry Peace Bridge: Ten Years of City’s ‘Structural Handshake’,” BBC News, June 25, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle- west-57607699 tensions are not only social and polit- ical but also spatial, refl ected in seg- regated neighborhoods, contested public spaces, and areas that become fl ashpoints during elec tion cycles. In this context, this thesis plan plays a transformative role in post-election recovery by creating spaces that pro- mote learning, inclusion, and construc- tive engagement among residents of Eldoret.The Peace Bridge in Derry/Lon- donderry provides a valuable prece- dent for how the built environment can facilitate reconciliation through both symbolism and everyday use. 3 According to Dominic McGrath and By Peter Muhly Figure 4.3 The peace Bridge played a central role in Derry’s year as the UK City of Culture in 2013

39 Mike McBride, the Peace Bridge in London Derry North Ireland was intend- ed to connect the once predominate- ly-Protestant east bank of the city to the mostly Catholic west. It is a “sym- bolic structure of the peace-building work and reconciliation” in the city and across Northern Ireland. The thesis will provide an educational and social connector between communities his- torically divided along ethnic and po- litical lines. It will provide platforms for civic learning, dialogue, and shared cultural expressions. The core function of this Thesis is Youth empowerment which is central to post-election recov- ery efforts. By integrating educational facilities, vocational training centers, libraries, and community hubs within or adjacent to peacebuilding infra- structure, architecture can provide alternatives to political manipulation and violence. Spaces that support skills development, entrepreneurship, and civic education help redirect youth en- ergy toward productive participation in society, reducing their vulnerability to incitement during election periods. Beyond their symbolic value, these in- terventions encourage sustained inter- action through daily activities such as walking, cycling, learning, and recre- ation. This normalization of cross-com- munity engagement fosters mutual understanding and trust, which are essential for long-term peace. In the aftermath of electoral violence, such spaces can also host reconciliation programs, public forums, and memori- al activities, embedding post-election recovery into the physical fabric of the city. Ultimately, peacebuilding archi- tecture in Kenya should be understood as both a social and educational tool. By linking divided communities, By AFP Figure 4.4 Richard Moore (centre, wearing purple shirt and tie)with the Dalai Lama in 2013

40 empowering youth through access to knowledge and opportunity, the built environment can contribute meaning- fully to healing, resilience, and dem- ocratic stability in the post-election period. 4.3. Where is this Happening? This thesis is situated in Eldoret due to its regional significance, rapid urban growth, and its historical experience with post-election violence since Ken- ya’s independence. Eldoret, the capital of Uasin Gishu County, is among Kenya’s fast- est-growing towns. Uasin Gishu is cosmopolitan culture led by the Kalenjin, Luhya, Kikuyu, Luo, Kamba, Kisii, and others. It has been shaped not only by in- ter-ethnic coexistence but also by Ken- ya’s history of post-election violence. The 2007–2008 crisis triggered severe inter-ethnic clashes, marked by dis- placement and destruction along ethnic lines, leaving lasting social scars that continue to infl uence community relations and the pursuit of peace. Established in the early twentieth cen- tury as a trading post, it has evolved into a key economic and architectural hub within the Rift Valley region. The study examines Eldoret’s regional, social, economic, and architectural contexts to inform planning and design strategies that are responsive to local identity, promote ecological balance, By Author By Uasingishu.go.ke Figure 4.5 Uasin Gishu’s Population Demo- graphics Figure 4.6 Kenya’s Population

41 and foster social cohesion, particularly in communities affected by recurrent electoral conflicts. Eldoret is located on the Uasin Gishu Plateau at an elevation of approxi- mately 2,100 meters above sea level. This highland setting results in a temper- ate climate that signifi cantly influences settlement patterns, building forms, and architectural responses. 4.4. Local Culture Eldoret is widely recognized as one of Kenya’s primary agricultural hubs, with wheat and maize as the dominant crops cultivated due to its fertile soils and favorable highland climate. The city is equally renowned as an ath- letics powerhouse, proudly branded the “Home of Champions.” It has pro- duced world-class athletes who have dominated the global stage, including Eliud Kipchoge, David Rudisha, Faith Kipyegon, and the late Kelvin Kiptum, among many other distinguished sports fi gures. At the same time, Eldoret has histori- cally experienced a highly contested political landscape, with periods of tension that have occasionally resulted in conflict. Despite this, the city remains profoundly cosmopolitan, hosting di- verse ethnic communities and religious traditions. Christianity is the dominant faith, and religious institu- tions play a vital role not only as spiri- tual centers but also as social support systems that strengthen communal bonds. Eldoret’s built environment refl ects its dual identity as both a growing urban center and a region rooted in agrarian life. The cityscape is characterized by expanding residential neighborhoods alongside modern commercial de- velopments. Notable landmarks such as Barngetuny Plaza and KVDA Plaza stand as architectural icons that sym- Figure 4.7 Barngetuny Plaza- Eldoret By: Lemiso Sato Source: UGC

42 bolize the city’s economic ambition and urban evolution. Overall, Eldoret embodies a strong work ethic, deeply rooted ethnic identities, and signifi cant economic opportunity derived from agriculture and athletics. However, these strengths require deliberate spatial and institu- tional frameworks that can foster daily interaction, mutual dependence, and harmonious coexistence among its diverse communities. 4.5. Local Climate 4.5.1 Temperature According to Eldoret has a cool, mild highland climate influenced by its ele- vation on the Uasin Gishu Plateau. The area experiences moderate tempera- tures ranging from 11°C to 27°C, with distinct wet and dry seasons. Generally pleasant daytime conditions and cool nights make the climate well suited for agriculture, human settlement, and year-round habitation. The warm season in Eldoret runs from early Feb- ruary to early April, with average highs above 78°F; March is the hottest month (79°F high, 54°F low). The cool season lasts from mid-June to late August, with highs below 72°F; July is the coldest month (71°F high, 52°F low). This data will inform passive design strategise like Providing deep over- hangs or verandas on the North and South façades. vertical shading devices or trees on east and west sides and Introduction of courtyards to improve daylight and airfl ow. 4.5.2 Rainfall Eldoret experiences rain throughout Source Source: WeatherSpark. Source Source: WeatherSpark. Figure 4.8 Eldoret Temperature Figure 4.9 Kenya’s Rainfall

43 the year with monthly variations. April experiences the most rainfall with an average of 8.9inches with January ex- periencing the least with an average of 1.1 inches. 4.5.3 Humidity In Eldoret, perceived humidity remains consistently low throughout the year, with virtually no periods classifi ed as muggy, oppressive, or uncomfortable. The design strategies in response to this shall be to Encourage cross-ventilation to prevent moisture buildup. Use of breathable materials (timber, masonry, ventilated roofs), Providing large roof overhangs to protect walls from rain, and Including high ceilings or cleresto- ry openings to allow warm moist air to rise and escape. 4.5.4 Wind Prevailing winds in Eldoret generally come from the East / Southeast, with occasional west winds during June–Au- gust. Align corridors or courtyards par- allel to wind fl ow. The design strategies to address this shall be to Use perme- able ground floors or shaded outdoor circulation and avoiding blocking wind with large solid building masses. 4.5.5 Sun Path Eldoret is located very close to the equator at approximately 0.5° N lati- tude, which results in the following solar conditions. The sun rises almost directly in the east Source Source: WeatherSpark. Source Source: WeatherSpark. Figure 4.10 Eldoret Humidity Figure 4.11 Wind Diagram-Eldoret

44 and sets in the west throughout the year. Around March and September (equinoxes) the sun passes almost directly overhead at noon. This phe- nomena indicates that the East and West façades receive the strongest solar heat gain, especially in the morn- ing and afternoon which calls for the building to be oriented such that the long axis of buildings sits on East–West axis.This will minimize the East and West wall exposure to sun and reduces over- heating. In addition to orientation, Provision of deep overhangs or verandas on the North and South façades and use of vertical shading devices or trees on East and West sides help to reduce overheating. Courtyards also improve daylight and airfl ow. 4.6. Site The site, which forms part of the larger Showground is currently owned by the Agricultural Society of Kenya (ASK). The site is situated within a dense urban environment, surrounded by a mix of By Author Figure 4.12 Sun Path and Wind Diagram-Eldoret

45 commercial and residential develop- ments. It is directly adjacent to the Kapsabet–Eldoret Main Road and is further served by several feeder roads, making it highly accessible to both ve- hicular and pedestrian traffi c. This site has been deliberately select- ed due to its historical significance as the location of the largest Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp during the 2007–2008 post-election violence. 4According to The New Humanitarian, the showground served as a place of 4 The New Humanitarian, “Official Camps Closed but IDPs Still Struggling,” February 11, 2009, accessed January 2, 2026, https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/82869/kenya-official-camps-closed- idps-still-struggling refuge for more than 14,000 people who had lost their homes and family members as a result of the violence, and it functioned as a central hub for humanitarian assistance and relief efforts. This thesis therefore seeks to reimagine and transform the site from a landscape marked by pain, dis- placement, hunger, and despair into an architectural setting that embodies hope, justice, opportunity, and em- powerment. Other factors that influ- enced the choice of this site include By Author Figure 4.13 Site Location

46 Figure 4.15 Site circulation diagram By Author Figure 4.14 Existing Site Conditions/Views By Author

47 The site is also adjacent to Langas, a dense and socially diverse community, increasing civic relevance. 4.5.6. Circulation The site is located within an urban envi- ronment and is well connected by an established network of roads and pe- destrian pathways. It is directly served by the main highway, Kisumu Road, ensuring high accessibility. The site lies within a 15-minute walking radius of the surrounding community, ensuring easy access for both primary users and the public. Its proximity to the Langas neighborhood, heavily affected by the violence, positions the Empowerment Center as an accessible hub for heal- ing, dialogue, and community reinte- gration. Figure 4.16 Site walkability diagram By Author

48 Chapter Five - Programming and Case Studies

49 5.1 Programming Research As previously stated, this thesis exam- ines and proposes architectural ap- proaches to mitigating the impacts of post-election violence in Eldoret, a town that has repeatedly experienced election-related conflict since Kenya’s independence. Recurrent cycles of violence following electoral periods have undermined social cohesion, impeded local development, and re- sulted in loss of life, particularly among vulnerable communities. This thesis argues that architecture can contribute to peacebuilding through healing and harmonious social coex- istence through economic and social empowerment. It emphasizes youth vocational training as a key strategy for building practical skills, reducing unemployment, and limiting political manipulation. The integrated trade market enables them to turn those skills into economic opportunities. To heal the community, Inclusive pub- lic spaces foster dialogue, trust, and collective identity across cultural and ethnic lines, and education in heritage preservation promotes respect for shared traditions and cultural diversity. Ultimately, the built environment is un- derstood not only as a physical setting but as a symbolic space with the power to either divide or unite communities. 5.1. Case Studies 5.1.1 Mama Sarah Obama Foun- dation Legacy Cmpus Mama Sarah Obama Foundation Legacy Campus is Located in Kogelo, Siaya County, Kenya and It was de- signed by Architect Francis Kéré. This project provide a relevant frame- work for informing the programmatic direction of this thesis. The project’s mission was to promote a sustainable, community through education. This directly aligns with the objectives of this research though in a different sphere of vocational training. The Mama Sarah Obama Foundation demonstrates how architecture can function as a social catalyst by inte-

50 grating educational, communal, and empowerment spaces. MSF Project has the following program; Administration Offi ces, Early Childhood development Center, Chapel, Primary SchoBlock, Secondary School block, Dormitory Block, Teaching open fi elds, Dining Hall, Assembly Hall, and Playing fi elds. Another key component of this thesis is the inclusion of a community market as part of the vocational school program, By Kéré Architecture inter-community relations By Kéré Architecture inter-community relations By Kéré Architecture inter-community relations Figure 5.1 MSOF Masterplan Figure 5.2 MSOF Primary School Courtyard Figure 5.3 MSOF Secondary School

51 conceived as a spatial and social in- strument for post-election recovery. In contexts such as Eldoret, where electoral violence has repeatedly disrupted livelihoods and fractured inter-community relations, shared eco- nomic spaces can play a critical role in rebuilding trust and everyday interac- tion among diverse groups. The market is therefore intended not only as a place of commerce, but as a neutral civic space where individ- uals from different communities can meet, trade, and coexist peacefully.By embedding the market within an ed- ucational and vocational framework, the project links skills training directly to economic participation, enabling youth and vulnerable populations to transition from learning to income generation. This integration supports long-term peacebuilding by address- ing one of the underlying drivers of post-election violence, i.e. economic marginalization while fostering interde- pendence through shared commercial activity. 5.1.2 Dandaji Daily Market in Niger Dandaji Daily Market in Niger, de- signed by Atelier Masōmī Architects, provides valuable insight into how market architecture can facilitate social cohesion and empowerment in post-conflict or fragile contexts. The project demonstrates how open, fl exible, and climatically responsive market spaces encourage informal interaction, collective ownership, and economic resilience. These principles directly inform the proposed commu- nity market in Eldoret, positioning it as a catalyst for reconciliation, livelihood recovery, and sustained peace pro- grams. Another key component of this thesis isBy Author Figure 5.4 Analysis of MSOF

52 the inclusion of a community market as part of the vocational school program, conceived as a spatial and social in- strument for post-election recovery. In contexts such as Eldoret, where electoral violence has repeatedly disrupted livelihoods and fractured inter-community relations, shared eco- By MauriceAscani_DSC3355 By MauriceAscani_DSC3355 By MauriceAscani_DSC3355 Figure 5.5 Dandaji Market Figure 5.6 Dandaji Market Figure 5.7 Dandaji Market

53 nomic spaces can play a critical role in rebuilding trust and everyday interac- tion among diverse groups. The mar- ket is therefore intended not only as a place of commerce, but as a neutral civic space where individuals from dif- ferent communities can meet, trade, and coexist peacefully.By embedding the market within an educational and vocational framework, the project links skills training directly to econom- ic participation, enabling youth and vulnerable populations to transition from learning to income generation. This integration supports long-term peacebuilding by addressing one of the underlying drivers of post-election violence, i.e. economic marginaliza- tion while fostering interdependence through shared commercial activity. Dandaji Daily Market in Niger, provides valuable insight into how market ar- chitecture can facilitate social cohe- sion and empowerment in post-con- fl ict or fragile contexts. The project demonstrates how open, flexible, and climatically responsive market spac- es encourage informal interaction, collective ownership, and economic resilience. These principles directly in- form the proposed community market in Eldoret, positioning it as a catalyst for reconciliation, livelihood recovery, and sustained peace programs. 5.1.3 kariokor market Kariakoo Market in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Architect: Beda Amuli. Concept: An African market imag- ined under the shade of trees, with the tree’s trunk and branches translated into a structural concrete canopy. The market is Located along Swahili Street and Congo Street in Kariakoo, combining covered market halls with By Author Figure 5.8 Analysis of Dandaji Daily Market

54 active street trading. It is Strategically positioned near major roads and bus terminals, ensuring high accessibility and foot traffic. Challenges facing the market include Ongoing congestion, security risks, in- By Author By Author Figure 5.11 Analysis of Kariakor MarketFigure 5.10 Kariakor Market Figure 5.9 Koriakor Market By Author

55 formality, tax and management ineffi - ciencies. 5.2 Pamoja Community Trade Mar- ket & Vocational Hub For this thesis to fully fulfi ll its goals of (i) economic empowerment, (ii) social interaction and integration, and (iii) cultural education and preservation, the planning and organization of spac- es must be undertaken in a deliber- ate and methodical manner. Spatial confi guration is critical in ensuring that each function effectively supports both individual development and col- lective community resilience. The spaces that support these objec tives includeclassrooms, administrative offi ces, community engagement spac- es, laboratories, market stalls, sanitary facilities, assembly halls, computer lab- By Author Figure 5.12 Kariakor Market

56 oratories, and outdoor community gar- dens and green spaces. In addition, well-defi ned pedestrian and vehicular circulation systems are essential to ensure accessibility, safety, and seam- less interaction between the various programmatic components.within the facility has to be clearly laid out to the facility to function properly.

6 57 Chapter Six - Concept and Schematic Design

58 6.1 Site Conditions The existing site forms part of a larger open fi eld owned by the Agricultural Finance Corporation and is current- ly designated as the Eldoret Show- ground. Situated within an urban con- text in Eldoret, the site benefi ts from strong connectivity through an estab- lished network of roads and pedestri- an pathways. It is directly served by Kisumu Road, a major highway, ensur- ing high accessibility and visibility. It is adjacent to Langas, a dense, socially diverse neighborhood which gives it substantial civic relevance and strate- gic social positioning. Its proximity to this vibrant community strengthens the project’s potential impact on econom- ic inclusion, coexistence, and every- day urban life. With a total site area of approximately 563,626 square feet and a proposed built footprint of about 60,000 square feet, the site offers signifi cant spatial fl exibility. This allows for phased devel- opment, future expansion, and adap- tive growth over time. The site also holds historical signifi - cance, having served as a temporary shelter for internally displaced persons (IDPs) during Kenya’s post-election vio- lence. This layered history of displace- ment and refuge provides a critical foundation for the design approach. By Author Figure 6.2 Site OpportunityFigure 6.1 Existing Structures on site By Author

59 The proposed concept responds to this memory, emphasizing healing, dignity, and long-term empowerment rather than temporary relief. The deteriorated temporary timber structures can be removed without im- pacting site character, environmental quality, or project viability. The 563,626 sq. ft. site comfortably ac- commodates the proposed 60,000 sq. ft. footprint, allowing for strategic pro- gram layout and future expansion. 6.1a. Travel Path and Noise The western edge of the site, defi ned by the Kisumu Highway and adjacent high-density residential development, Figure 6.3 Site conditions, Vehicular pollution By Author

60 experiences the highest levels of ve- hicular movement, pedestrian activi- ty, and urban intensity. This condition directly informs the spatial organization of the Pamoja Community Trade Mar- ket and Vocational Hub by positioning the most active and publicly accessi- ble functions along this frontage. The market, exhibition spaces, civic gather- ing areas, and primary entrance plaza are strategically located at this edge to capitalize on visibility, accessibility, and constant public engagement. In addition to maximizing economic op- portunities for trainees and local entre- preneurs, these highly active programs act as a contextual buffer, absorbing traffi c noise and creating a protective urban edge that shields the interior of the campus from the surrounding congestion. Moving deeper into the site, the spatial character gradually transitions from highly public and energetic to increas- ingly quiet and introspective. Voca- tional classrooms, counseling spaces, library facilities, and educational en- vironments are organized toward the eastern side of the site, where reduced noise and fewer external disturbances provide an atmosphere conducive to concentration, reflection, and personal growth. This deliberate public-to-pri- vate gradient reinforces the thesis objective of transforming a historically traumatic site into a place of healing and empowerment. By using program placement to mediate between the dynamic urban context and more contemplative internal spaces, the de- sign creates a balanced environment where economic exchange, skill devel- opment, and psychosocial restoration coexist within a cohesive architectural framework. 6.2 Concept Development 6.2.1 Centrality The design is centered on the idea of interaction and convergence, cre- ating a shared space where people from different cultures, ethnic groups, and skill levels come together to learn, trade, and collaborate. In response to Kenya’s history of post-election vio-

61 lence, the project uses architecture to foster everyday encounters that build trust, understanding, and social cohe- sion. At the core of the scheme is a central focal point that symbolizes unity and togetherness, inspired by the tradition- al African gathering tree where com- munities meet to exchange ideas and resolve conflicts. The market, vocation- al school, and civic spaces are orga- nized around this communal heart, reinforcing centrality as both a spatial and symbolic concept. This central space becomes a strong expression of collective identity, where economic empowerment, education, and dialogue are integrated within a shared environment. By transforming a site once associated with displace- ment into a place of opportunity and connection, the project embodies the values of Pamoja—togetherness—and Harambee—pulling together. 6.2.2 Connectivity The design creates a strong connec- tion between indoor and outdoor activities, allowing classrooms, work- shops, and market spaces to extend into courtyards, shaded walkways, and public plazas. This seamless relationship encourages flexible use, informal learn- ing, and active community engage- ment. Social connectivity is fostered through a network of pedestrian spines and gathering spaces that bring to- gether trainees, artisans, and com Figure 6.4 Concept Diagram (Centrality) By Author Figure 6.5 Concept Diagram (Conectivity) By Author

62 munity members, promoting collabora- tion, trust, and social cohesion. Visual connectivity is achieved through open courtyards, transparent facades, and clear sightlines across the campus, enhancing orientation, security, and a shared sense of belonging. 6.2.3 Edge Condition of the Site The site’s edge condition generates a flute-like node that can inform the building’s spatial organization and cir- culation logic. A natural point of convergence emerges, acting as a centripetal force that draws movement and program toward a unifi ed focal core. This condition establishes a linear spine that operates as the primary organiz- ing axis of the site, structuring circula- tion, program distribution, and spatial hierarchy along a clear design frame- Figure 6.6 Site conditions informing programming layout By Author

63 By Author Figure 6.7 Primary organizing axis By Author Figure 6.8 Primary organizing axis

64 work. The design spine forms the center of the Empowerment Center, connecting key functions and radiating outward to classrooms, workshops, and communal spaces. It organizes circulation while fostering connectivity and social inter- action. 6.3 Form Exploration The architectural form is inspired by the African tradition of gathering be- neath a tree, a symbolic place where communities convene to exchange knowledge, resolve conflicts, and con- duct trade. Reinterpreting this cultural archetype, the design is organized around a central spine that serves as the primary space for gathering, heal- ing, information exchange, and circu- lation. From this communal core, the various program elements including vocational training, market, and civic spaces branch outward like the cano- py of a tree. This spatial organization establishes a clear hierarchy and reinforces the concept of centrality, with all functions connected to a shared civic heart. The resulting architecture creates an environment that supports dialogue, learning, and economic empowerment, By Author By Author By Author Figure 6.9 Primary organizing axis Figure 6.10 Divided to respond to site and Concept Figure 6.11 Connecting Central

65 fostering social cohesion and collec tive growth within the community. 6.4 Design strategies The architectural language of the Pamoja Community Trade Market and Vocational Hub draws inspiration from the environmental intelligence embed- ded in traditional African vernacular architecture, particularly the indige- nous hut typologies found throughout East Africa. These structures evolved over generations in direct response to local climatic conditions, using steeply pitched roofs, generous overhangs, breathable wall assemblies, and ele- vated roof forms to create naturally comfortable interiors without reliance on mechanical systems. By reinterpret- ing these time-tested principles in a contemporary architectural expres- sion, the project establishes a strong cultural connection while delivering a high-performing and climate-responsive built environ ment. The buildings employ pitched roofs that increase the volume of interior spaces and create a thermal reservoir above occupied zones. As solar radi- ation warms the interior, hot air natu- rally rises toward the roof apex, where strategically placed high-level open- ings and ridge vents allow it to escape By Author Figure 6.12 African Traditional Architecture Figure 6.13 Hierachy of Space By Author

66 through the stack effect. Simultaneous- ly, lower openings, operable windows, perforated brick screens, and shaded courtyards draw cooler air through the buildings, maintaining continuous cross-ventilation. Deep roof overhangs protect walls and glazing from direct solar gain while providing shaded out- door circulation and gathering spaces that remain usable throughout the day. This passive cooling strategy is particu- larly appropriate for Eldoret’s temper- ate highland climate, where daytime warmth and cool evening tempera- tures can be moderated through natural ventilation and thermal mass. Exposed brick walls absorb heat slowly during the day and release it gradually as temperatures drop, while perforat- ed masonry allows fi ltered light and air to enter without compromising privacy or security. Together, these elements reduce dependence on air condition- ing, lower operational costs, and cre- ate healthy, well-ventilated learning and market environments. Beyond environmental performance, the roof becomes a symbolic architec- tural element within the thesis. Much like the traditional African hut served as a place of shelter, gathering, and community identity, the elevated roof forms of the empowerment center signify protection, dignity, and col- lective aspiration. They shelter spaces for vocational training, commerce, dialogue, and healing, reinforcing the project’s broader mission of transform- ing a site once associated with dis- placement and conflict into a resilient environment that nurtures opportunity, social cohesion, and long-term peace. 6.4.1 Outdoor community space The outdoor community space serves Figure 6.14 Space organization By Author

67 as the social heart of the Pamoja Community Trade Market and Vo- cational Hub, providing an inclusive open-air environment where learning, healing, recreation, and community interaction converge. Positioned at the center of the campus, this landscaped courtyard and plaza system links the market, classrooms, workshops, coun- seling facilities, and civic hall, creating a vibrant setting for daily encounters and collective activities. 6.4.2 Market Stalls Market stalls are strategically posi- tioned along the site’s public edge and the primary circulation spine to establish a vibrant interface between the Empowerment Center and the surrounding community. Located adjacent to the main entrance and extending along the central pedestri- an axis, they activate the threshold by drawing visitors into the site and creat- ing a highly visible zone of daily activity By Author Figure 6.15 Outdoor Community Space Figure 6.16 Market Stalls By Author

68 and exchange. Architecturally, the stalls function as both an economic catalyst and an urban connector. Their placement reinforces permeability by blurring the boundary between the street and the campus, allowing commerce and social interaction to flow naturally from the public realm into the heart of the development. This arrangement trans- forms the entrance sequence into a dynamic “Skill Street,” where products fabricated in the vocational workshops are displayed, marketed, and sold, showcasing the direct relationship be- tween training and entrepreneurship. As an integral component of the civic core, the market establishes a center of economic interdependence where artisans, students, and local residents engage in everyday transactions. The continuous presence of trade fosters informal encounters, strengthens so- cial ties, and encourages cooperation among diverse community groups. By embedding commercial activity within the spatial and symbolic center of the project, the market converts econom- ic exchange into a tool for empow- erment, self-reliance, and long-term social cohesion. 6.4.3 Exhibition Spaces Exhibition spaces are strategically posi- tioned between classrooms and out- door courtyards, forming transitional zones that blur the boundary between formal instruction and public engage- ment. These spaces provide opportuni- ties for students to display prototypes, artwork, and fi nished products, making Figure 6.17 Exhibition Spaces By Author

69 the process of learning and production visible to the wider community. By inte- grating exhibition areas directly into cir- culation routes and shared gathering spaces, the design encourages daily interaction with displays and transforms movement through the campus into an educational experience. This arrangement extends learning beyond the classroom into communal spaces, where ideas can be shared, discussed, and celebrated. The exhi- bition zones reinforce the connection between education, craftsmanship, and entrepreneurship by allowing trainees to showcase their work to peers, visitors, and potential custom- ers. In doing so, they foster a culture of transparency, creativity, and recogni- tion, while strengthening the project’s broader goal of linking skill develop- ment with community engagement and economic empowerment. 6.4.4 Classrooms Classrooms at the empowerment center are conceived as flexible and adaptable learning environments that extend beyond the limits of enclosed instruction. Designed to accommo- date a range of teaching methods, from formal lectures to hands-on work- shops and collaborative group activ- ities, these spaces support interactive Figure 6.18 Classrooms By Author

70 education and practical skill devel- opment. Operable walls, generous openings, and direct access to adja- cent courtyards allow the classrooms to expand into outdoor learning areas, creating a seamless relationship be- tween interior and exterior spaces. The classrooms are strategically linked to exhibition zones, where students can display prototypes, artwork, and fi nished products. This integration trans- forms learning into a visible and partic- ipatory process, enabling trainees to share their achievements with peers, mentors, and the broader communi- ty. By connecting education, making, and public engagement, the design fosters confidence, creativity, and en- trepreneurial development. More than instructional spaces, the classrooms function as environments for personal growth and social reinte- gration. They provide safe, inclusive settings where individuals affected by unemployment, displacement, and so- cial division can acquire practical skills, rebuild self-esteem, and reconnect with the community. Through this spa- tial and programmatic integration, the classrooms become a critical compo- nent of the project’s broader mission to promote empowerment, economic opportunity, and long-term social co- hesion. 6.4.5 Workshops Workshops at the Empowerment Cen- ter are designed as fl exible, hands-on environments that support vocation- al training, experimentation, and the development of practical skills. Config- Figure 6.19 Workshops By Author

71 ured to accommodate programs such as auto mechanics, welding, carpen try, and fabrication, these spaces are organized to support both individual instruction and collaborative learn- ing. Large work areas, integrated tool storage, durable materials, and direct access to outdoor yards allow students to engage in real-world production and technical training within an effi - cient and adaptable setting. The workshops are closely connect- ed to classrooms, exhibition spaces, and the central market, creating a continuous sequence from learning to making to enterprise. Students can develop technical competencies, fabricate products, and showcase or sell their work within the same campus environment. This integration reinforces the project’s goal of linking education with entrepreneurship, enabling partic- ipants to transform acquired skills into sustainable livelihoods. Beyond their instructional role, the workshops serve as spaces of creativ- ity, confi dence-building, and social reintegration. They provide opportuni- ties for individuals affected by unem- ployment and social instability to gain marketable skills, generate income, and contribute meaningfully to their communities. Through this combination of technical training and economic opportunity, the workshops become a key architectural component in advancing empowerment, resilience, and long-term social cohesion. 6.4.6 Courtyard The central courtyard serves as the Figure 6.20 Courtyard By Author

72 social and spatial heart of the Empow- erment Center, organizing the major program elements into a cohesive and interconnected environment. Posi- tioned at the core of the campus, it links classrooms, workshops, exhibition areas, and communal spaces, cre- ating a shared outdoor room where circulation, learning, and social inter- action converge. This central space reinforces the project’s concept of unity and convergence by bringing together trainees, artisans, entrepre- neurs, and community members within a common setting. Designed as a flexible and multifunc- tional space, the courtyard accom- modates a wide range of activities, including informal learning, exhibitions, community gatherings, performances, and civic events. Its open and acces- sible character encourages sponta- neous encounters and everyday in- teraction, extending educational and social activities beyond the boundaries of enclosed rooms. By functioning as both a circulation node and a com- munal gathering space, the courtyard strengthens the connection between the different program components and fosters a strong sense of collective identity. 6.4.8 Site Design The site plan organizes programs around a central communal court- yard, with circulation radiating to classrooms, workshops, healing spaces, exhibitions, and community services. Public functions such as market stalls activate the site edge, while quieter spaces like counseling and learning areas are placed deeper within the site. The layout promotes connectivity, accessibility, and social interaction, reinforcing the center’s role in healing and community empowerment.The site also holds historical signifi cance, having served as a temporary shelter for internally displaced persons (IDPs) during Kenya’s post-election violence. This layered history of displacement and refuge provides a critical founda- tion for the design approach. The pro- posed concept responds to this mem-

73 ory, emphasizing healing, dignity, and long-term empowerment rather than temporary relief. Ultimately, the over- arching vision is to reimagine the site’s identity, transforming it from a place of temporary refuge into a permanent hub for social cohesion, resilience, and empowerment. 6.3 Review and Feedback The committee expressed apprecia- tion for the overall thesis proposal and its ambition to contribute meaning- fully to addressing Kenya’s recurring post-election violence. They acknowl- edged the project’s intention to posi- tion architecture as part of a broader social and civic solution. Figure 6.20 Site Design By Author

74 They advised refi ning the program from a general market model to a trade market directly integrated with the proposed trade school. This they argue is a more targeted intervention: one that intentionally trains young people, develops practical skills, and converts thoseskills into tangible economic op- portunities.

75 7Chapter Seven - Design Development

76 By Author Figure 7.01 Overall Site Plan

77

Market stalls Market stalls Exhibition Hall Back entry Automotive training school yard Classrooms/Offices Workshops Workshops Class room Ablution block Courtyard Courtyard Library Market stalls (Spacious for Bulk/Large Products) Main Courtyard Secondary entrance Stadium Seating Main Parking Area Vehicular exit Vehicular entry Multi-Purpose Hall Welding/Metal Workshop Block Auto-Mechanical Workshop Block Service entry/Exit Main Hall Outside Seating Main entrance Convenience store/Ablution block 01 01 02 02 03 03 04 04 05 05 06 06 07 07 08 08 09 09 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 2323 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 Classroom29 29 Exhibition Hall30 30 Stadium31 31 01 02 03 0404 050 06 077 08 090 101 11 12 1131 141 1151 02 177 0404 08 101 03 01 050 06 090 11 19 181 2020 21 077 300 242 255 277 232 26 99299 88288 11 31 11 222 12 11 141 1131 11 1151 1151 177 181 19 2020 21 222 232 242 255 26 277 88288 99299 300 31 78 7.1 Design Development The design development phase trans- lates the schematic concept into a fully resolved architectural proposal for the Empowerment Center. During this stage, the overall design is refi ned into a coordinated and detailed scheme in which all programmatic spaces are carefully developed to support their intended functions, relationships, and performance requirements. The pro- cess ensures that the building’s spatial organization, structural systems, material expression, and technical components work together to realize the project’s vision of healing, learning, and economic empowerment. 7.2 Site Spatial Organization The Empowerment Center is struc- tured around a clear spatial hierarchy that guides users through a deliberate progression from public to private and from open to enclosed environments. By Author Figure 7.02 Program

79 This organizational strategy establishes a gradual transition from highly ac- cessible communal spaces to more focused and specialized areas, rein- forcing the center’s core objectives of social interaction, learning, healing, and economic empowerment. Pub- lic functions such as the market, civic plaza, and community gathering areas are positioned along the primary front- By Author Public Spaces Semi-Public Spaces Private Spaces Figure 7.03 Overall Site Program

80 age to maximize visibility, accessibility, and engagement with the surrounding neighborhood. These active and po- rous spaces serve as the social inter- face of the project, inviting participa- tion and fostering everyday exchange. Moving inward, semi-public zones in- cluding Multi-purpose hall, counseling areas, Meeting Spaces, and courtyard create environments for shared learn- ing, dialogue, and personal develop- ment. These spaces mediate between the dynamic public realm and the more concentrated vocational facil- ities, encouraging interaction while maintaining a greater sense of enclo- sure and focus. At the deepest and most protected parts of the site, work- shops and training facilities provide dedicated environments for hands-on skill development and productive work. This progression from open to enclosed educational and vocational settings reflects a journey of reintegra- tion and empowerment, where individ- uals move from community engage- ment and healing toward knowledge acquisition, technical mastery, and economic self-suffi ciency. 7.3 Pedestrian Circulation An interwoven network of pedestrian pathways extends throughout the Em- powerment Center, stitching together buildings, courtyards, and public spac- es into a cohesive architectural frame- work. More than a circulation system, these paths function as connective tissue that links the market, classrooms, workshops, civic spaces, and land- scaped courtyards, enabling seamless move-ment across the site. Their fl uid arrangement reinforces the thesis con- cept of connectivity by creating multi- ple points of encounter, visual overlap, and social exchange. As users move through the campus, the pathways encourage spontaneous interaction, strengthen relationships between pro- grams,and promote social integration, transforming circulation into an active spatial element that supports healing, learning, and community cohesion.

81 By Author Figure 7.04 Pedestrian Circulation Paths By Author Figure 7.05 Pedestrian Circulation Paths (At Main Entrance)

7.4 Vehicular Circulation The site benefi ts from a well-estab- lished transportation and pedestrian infrastructure that provides strong phys- ical connectivity to the surrounding ur- ban fabric. Fronting Kisumu Road, one of Eldoret’s principal arterial corridors, the site enjoys direct vehicular and pedestrian access, ensuring a high de- gree of visibility and accessibility. This strategic frontage positions the project within a major movement corridor, facilitating effi cient connections to adjacent neighborhoods, commer- cial districts, and public transportation routes. The existing network of roads and walkways integrates the site into the broader city structure, reinforcing its role as a highly accessible civic des- tination and a central hub for commu- nity engagement, vocational training, and economic exchange. 82 By Author Figure 7.06 Pedestrian Circulation Paths (Towards the Stadium)

83 By Author Figure 7.07 Vehicular Circulation By Author Figure 7.09 Vehicular Circulation (At Main Entrance)

7.5 Classrooms & Workshops Classrooms within the Empowerment Center are articulated as flexible, po- rous learning environments that dissolve the boundary between inte- rior and exterior. They extend directly into courtyards and exhibition zones, establishing a continuous spatial fi eld that supports experiential learning, skill acquisition, and public engagement. Organized along a clear spatial gradi- ent, these learning spaces accommo- date multiple teaching modes ranging from structured instruction to hands on production and collabora tive exchange. Operable edges, visu- al permeability, and direct access to outdoor areas enable fluid transitions be- tween programs, reinforcing adapt- ability. In this way, learning becomes both visible and participatory, posi- tioning the classroom as a catalyst for social reintegration, empowerment, and community interaction. 84 Figure 7.10 Vehicular Circulation (At Main Entrance) By Author

85 Figure 7.11 Classrooms,Workshops, Exhibition Halls, &Library By Author 1. Exhibition Hall A 3.0 Exhibition Hall B 11. Classroom B 1.1 Book Drop Off 3.1 Office 12. Workshop B 1.2 Staff 3.2 Office 13. Courtyard 1 2.0 Library 4.0 Staff Room 14. Staff Room 2.1 Book Drop Off 5.0 Classroom 15. Classroom 2.2 Office 6.0 Workshop C 16. Storage 2.3 Office 7.0 Courtyard 2 17. Classroom 2.4 Office 8.0 Girls Toilets 18. Classroom 2.5 Meeting Room 9.0 Boys Toilets 19. Workshop A 2.6 Reading Area 10. Staff Room

86 Figure 7.12 Courtyard in between Classrooms By Author Figure 7.13 Interior of a Typical Classroom By Author

87 Figure 7.14 Interior of Exhibition Hall By Author Figure 7.15 Interior of Library By Author

88 7.6 Auto & Metal work Workshops The workshop zone (W1–W10) is con- ceived as a cohesive vocational hub that integrates learning and making. The mechanical (W1) and welding classrooms (W5) are directly con- nected to the auto (W4) and welding workshops (W8), enabling a seamless transition from theoretical instruction to hands-on application. This spatial relationship reinforces experiential learning, allowing users to immediate- ly engage with tools, materials, and real-world fabrication processes. Supporting spaces, including tool storage (W3, W7) and staff areas (W2, W6), are strategically positioned to ensure effi cient workfl ow, accessibility, Figure 7.16 Typical Section Through Classrooms By Author

89 and supervision. The main storage (W9) serves as a central node for materials and fi nished products, while the park- ing area and yard (W10) extend activ- ities outward, accommodating vehi- cle movement, outdoor training, and large-scale production. Together, the cluster operates as an organized sys- tem that promotes safety, productivity, and skill-based empowerment. 7.7 Market Stalls Market stalls are strategically located along the public edge and central spine of the site, activating the civic Figure 7.17 Auto Mechanics and Metalwork Workshops By Author

90 Figure 7.18 Auto Mechanics and Metalwork Workshops Front view By Author Figure 7.19 Auto Mechanics and Metalwork Workshops Front Elevation By Author

91 threshold and establishing a perme able interface between the street and the campus. This arrangement anchors the economic core of the project, fostering commercial exchange social interaction, and continuous public en- gagement throughout the center. Water catchment system divert and store rain water, providing clean, free water source that reduces storm water runoff as well as demand on potable water supplies. This harvested water is used for toilet fl ushing, landscaping, and laundry. Figure 7.20 Floor Plan of typical Market Stalls (Cluster) By Author

92 7.8 Multi-Purpose Hall By Author Figure 7.23 Rain water harvesting on Market stalls Canopy Figure 7.22 View of a typical Market StallFigure 7.21 Floor Plan of typical Market Stall By Author By Author

93 Figure 7.24 Section Through Market Stalls By Author By Author Figure 7.25 View of a typical Market Stall

94 The Multi-Purpose Hall serves as the civic heart of the Pamoja Communi- ty Trade Market and Vocational Hub, providing a fl exible and inclusive space for community gathering, dia- logue, cultural expression, and collec- tive healing. Strategically positioned near the center of the campus, the hall functions as a neutral meet- ing ground where diverse ethnic and social groups can come together for public forums, peacebuilding work- shops, vocational exhibitions, perfor- mances, and community celebrations. Architecturally, the hall is conceived as a highly adaptable volume capable of accommodating a wide range of activities, from large assemblies and training seminars to cultural events and youth programs. Its direct relationship to the central courtyard and surround- ing public spaces allows indoor func- tions to extend outdoors, reinforcing openness, accessibility, and social in- teraction. Within the thesis framework, the Multi-Purpose Hall symbolizes unity Figure 7.26 View of the market stalls from the South By Author

95 and shared identity.By creating a ded- icated space for dialogue, education, and cultural exchange, the building supports reconciliation and strengthens social cohesion while fostering a sense of ownership and belonging among the community. M1 Main Multi-Purpose Hall M9 Reception M2 Stage M10 Conference/Meeting room M3 Entry Lobby M11 Toilets M4 Hallway M12 Hallway M5 Counsellor M13 Lobby M6 Small meeting room M14 Outside Seating M8 Main Admin Office M15 Courtyard By Author Figure 7.27 Multi-Purpose Hall Floor Plan

96 Figure 7.28 A group Performs inside the Interior of the Multi-Purpose Hall Figure 7.29 Front View of the Multi-Purpose Hall By Author By Author

7.9 Courtyard The central courtyard serves as the spatial and social heart of the Empow- erment Center, organizing the sur- rounding classrooms, exhibition spac- es, workshops, and communal areas into a cohesive and interconnected environment. Positioned at the core of the campus, it functions as the prima- ry gathering space where circulation paths converge, reinforcing the proj- ect’s overarching concept of connec- tivity and collective interaction. Architecturally, the courtyard acts as a fl exible multi-functional outdoor room that accommodates communi- ty meetings, cultural events, informal teaching, exhibitions, and every- day social interaction. By extending learning and engagement beyond enclosed classrooms, it creates a dy- namic interface between education, vocational training, and public life. Exhibition spaces open directly onto the courtyard, allowing student work, demonstrations, and community activ- ities to become visible and accessible to all users. 97 Figure 7.30 Courtyard By Author

98 Figure 7.31 A group Holding a meeting in the courtyard Figure 7.32 A community interacting and having a meal infront of the courtyard By Author By Author

As a central place of encounter, the courtyard symbolizes unity and shared purpose. It transforms circulation space into a vibrant civic landscape where individuals from different ethnic, so- cial, and economic backgrounds can gather, learn, and build relationships. In this way, the courtyard embodies the thesis objective of using architectureto foster empowerment, reconciliation, and long-term community resilience. 99

100 Figure 7.33 Front Side View of Multi-Purpose Hall Figure 7.34 Vew of space in between Multi-Purpose Hall and Auto Workshops By Author By Author

101 Figure 7.35 Vew of Market Stalls from the East Side Figure 7.36 Market Stalls viewed from above By Author By Author

102 Figure 7.37 View of the Courtyard from the Main Entrance Figure 7.38 View of the Stadium from the South Side By Author By Author

103 88Chapter Eight - Final Deliverables

104 8.1 Final Deliverables The fi nal deliverables for the Pamoja Community Trade Market and Voca- tional Hub consist of a comprehensive set of physical and graphic materials that communicate the design pro- cess, architectural concept, and fi nal proposal. Physical Models Two physical models were developed Figure 8.01 Physical Site Model By Author

105 Figure 8.02 Proposed Site Within the Overall Site Context By Author

106 to illustrate the project at different scales and levels of detail: Existing Site Model Depicting the broader context of the Eldoret Showground site, highlighting its relationship to Kisumu Road, surround ing neighborhoods, and the overall site conditions. Final Architectural Model representing the completed design of the Empowerment Center, including the vocational training facilities, com- munity market, civic spaces, and land- scaped courtyards. Presentation Boards The thesis is presented through fi ve architectural boards, each measuring 20 inches by 30 inches. Together, these boards communicate the full develop- ment of the project, including: Research and Problem Statement – Background on post-election violence in Kenya and the role of architecture in peacebuilding. Site Analysis and Context – Mapping, urban analysis, opportunities, and con- straints of the Eldoret Showground site. Concept Development – Design evo- lution, conceptual diagrams, and the “Tree of Empowerment” organizing principle. Design Resolution – Site plans, floor plans, sections, elevations, and envi- ronmental strategies. Final Visualization and Outcomes – Photorealistic renderings, physical models, and evaluation of how the project fulfi lls its social, economic, and architectural objectives.

107 Figure 8.03 Project Physical Model By Author

108 Figure 8.03 Project Physical Model By Author

109 Figure 8.04 Thesis Board 01 By Author

110 Figure 8.05 Thesis Board 02 By Author

111 Figure 8.07 Thesis Board 03 By Author

112 Figure 8.08 Thesis Board 04 By Author

113 Figure 8.09 Thesis Board 05 By Author

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