PHYSICS (Pages 1–22) ⭐ Matter and Measurement Physical Quantity A physical quantity is anything that can be measured. Examples: ● Length ● Mass ● Time ● Temperature Fundamental Quantities ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ These cannot be obtained from other quantities. Quantity SI Unit Symbol Length metre m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Temperature kelvin K Electric current ampere A Amount of substance mole mol Luminous intensity candela cd Remember: There are 7 fundamental quantities. Derived Quantities ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ These are formed by combining fundamental quantities.
Examples ● Area = Length × Breadth ● Volume = Length × Breadth × Height ● Density = Mass ÷ Volume ● Speed = Distance ÷ Time SI Unit SI Unit means the internationally accepted standard unit. Example Length → metre (m) Measuring Instruments Quantity Instrument Length Scale / Measuring tape Time Stopwatch Volume Measuring jar Mass Balance Least Count ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Definition Least count is the smallest value that can be measured by an instrument. Example Scale Least count = 0.1 cm (1 mm) Mass
Definition Mass is the amount of matter in an object. SI Unit kilogram (kg) Volume Definition Volume is the space occupied by an object. SI Unit m³ Density ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Definition Density is the mass contained in unit volume of a substance. Formula Density = Mass ÷ Volume SI Unit kg/m³ Unit Conversions ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Learn these. 1 km = 1000 m 1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 10 mm 1 kg = 1000 g
1 g = 1000 mg 1 L = 1000 mL 1 L = 1000 cm³ 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 minute = 60 seconds Correct Way to Write Units ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Correct 20 N 2 kg 10 cm 810 kg/m³ Wrong 20n 2 KG 10 Cms Relative Motion An object may appear at rest to one observer but in motion to another. Example A hat on a running child ● Relative to the child → Rest ● Relative to the ground → Motion Frequently Asked Questions
✔ Difference between Fundamental and Derived quantities ✔ Least count ✔ Density formula ✔ SI units ✔ Measuring instruments ✔ Unit conversions CHEMISTRY (Pages 51–66) Matter ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Definition Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter. Examples Water Air Stone Wood Properties of Matter ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Matter ✔ has mass ✔ occupies space Experiment Air occupies space
Take a glass with a towel inside. Immerse it upside down in water. Observation The towel does not get wet. Reason Air inside the glass occupies space. Experiment Air has mass Weigh ● an empty football ● an inflated football Observation Inflated football has greater mass. Reason Air has mass. States of Matter ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Solid Has ✔ fixed shape ✔ fixed volume Examples Stone Wood
Ice Liquid Has ✔ fixed volume ✘ fixed shape Examples Water Milk Oil Gas Has ✘ fixed shape ✘ fixed volume Examples Air Oxygen Hydrogen Physical Change ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Definition A change in which no new substance is formed. Usually reversible. Examples
Melting ice Melting wax Breaking glass Chemical Change ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Definition A change in which a new substance is formed. Usually irreversible. Examples Burning paper Rusting iron Cooking food Ripening banana Difference Physical Change Chemical Change No new substance New substance formed Usually reversible Usually irreversible Temporary Permanent Heating Wax Solid wax → Heat → Liquid wax Liquid wax → Cool → Solid wax This is a physical change because no new substance is formed.
BIOLOGY (Pages 102–121) Plant Nutrients ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Plants need nutrients for healthy growth. Macronutrients Needed in large quantity. Examples Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulphur Micronutrients Needed in small quantity. Examples Iron Zinc Copper Boron Biofertilisers ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Definition Biofertilisers are living microorganisms that increase soil fertility naturally. Advantages
✔ Eco-friendly ✔ Improve soil quality ✔ Help nitrogen fixation ✔ Do not pollute soil Artificial Fertilisers Prepared in factories. Advantages Fast plant growth. Disadvantages ● Pollute soil ● Pollute water ● Kill useful microorganisms Nano Fertilisers Very small-sized fertilisers. Advantages ✔ Less wastage ✔ High efficiency ✔ Less pollution ✔ Plants absorb nutrients better Hydroponics ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Definition Growing plants without soil using nutrient solution. Advantages
✔ Saves water ✔ Faster growth ✔ No soil needed Vertical Farming ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Definition Growing plants in vertical layers. Advantages ✔ Saves land ✔ Suitable for cities ✔ Higher production Precision Farming Uses ● Sensors ● Computers ● Machines to give the correct amount of water and fertiliser. Advantages ✔ Less waste ✔ Higher yield Drip Irrigation ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Water reaches the roots drop by drop. Advantages ✔ Saves water
✔ Reduces weed growth ✔ Better crop growth GM Crops Definition Genetically Modified (GM) crops are plants whose genes are changed to improve useful characteristics. Advantages ✔ Pest resistant ✔ Higher yield ✔ Better quality Need to preserve local varieties because they maintain biodiversity and may be better adapted to local conditions. ⭐⭐⭐ MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS (Memorize) 1. Physical quantity – Anything that can be measured. 2. Fundamental quantity – A quantity that cannot be derived from other quantities. 3. Derived quantity – A quantity obtained by combining fundamental quantities. 4. Least count – The smallest measurement an instrument can measure. 5. Mass – The amount of matter in an object. 6. Volume – The space occupied by an object. 7. Density – Mass per unit volume. 8. Matter – Anything that has mass and occupies space. 9. Physical change – A change in which no new substance is formed. 10. Chemical change – A change in which a new substance is formed. 11. Biofertiliser – Living microorganisms that improve soil fertility. 12. Hydroponics – Growing plants without soil. 13. Vertical farming – Growing plants in stacked vertical layers. 14. Drip irrigation – Supplying water directly to plant roots, drop by drop. These notes cover the key concepts from your specified pages and align well with the style of questions in the model paper, making them a strong exam revision guide.