SET A NAME: MATRICS NO: PRACTICUM: MUHAMMAD AMIRUL HAKEEM BIN GHAZALI MS2613107999 H3T01A
MOLECULES OF LIFE DNA & RNA LIPIDS PROTEIN WATERCARBOHYDRATES
STRUCTURE OF WATER • Water is a polar molecule (Unequal distribution of electrical charges) • Oxygen region has a partial negative charge • Hydrogen region has a partial positive charge • Water molecule consists of 1 oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atom • 3 atoms (oxygen & hydrogen) forms a wide V shape HYDROGEN BOND Partial Negative Charge Partial Positive Charge
• Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bond. • Angle between 2 hydrogen atom is 104.5 degree. • Formed when hydrogen atom is attracted to another strongly electronegative atom • A partial positive hydrogen atom is attracted to the partial negative oxygen of nearby water molecule. • Each water molecules can form hydrogen bond with up to maximum 4 other water molecules
OSMOSIS Name Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Molecules Involved Small, non-polar (O₂, CO₂) Larger/polar molecules (glucose, ions) Water only Membrane Proteins Not needed Needed (channel/carrier proteins) Aquaporins may assist Examples Gas exchange in lungs Glucose uptake in cells Water absorption in root hair cells Net movement of water from high water potential region ( low solute concentration) to a region low water potential ( high solute concentration) through a selectively permeable membrane. SIMILARITIES Passive transport Does not require Direction is moving down the concentration gradient
SWEATING • Water has a high latent heat of vaporization • Water is released from our skin in the form of sweat • Water require energy to break the hydrogen bond • Water will absorb the heat energy from our body and separate the water molecule (evaporation) thus produce a cooling effect • Sweating help us reduce the heat energy from our body and maintain the optimum temperature for our body
ANIMAL WITHOUT SWEAT GLAND • Animal without sweat gland has to relies on external factor to cool themselves • Animal in this category usually lives in a habitat that is near to a water body • Animal without sweat glands has a lot of method to cools themselves • Animal such as elephant frequently bathes and spray itself with water • Animals such as hippopotamus and buffalos love to wallows in muddy area or in a water body
• Wallowing creates a temporary, external layer of moisture directly on the skin • Providing the water necessary for evaporation • The heat energy from the blood vessel of such animal is absorbed into the water • Water absorbed the heat energy and reach its latent heat of vaporization • Water will evaporate into the atmosphere • This process produce a cooling effect on the animal. • This will help them regulate their body temperature and avoid heat strokes
REFERENCES • Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Biology Form 4 (DLP) (KSSM), Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2019. • Biology Notes SB015 KMPP (2026/2027) • Making Use Of Mud, National Geographic, 2019 https://explorer- mag.nationalgeographic.org/voyager_april_2019/making_use_of_mud