4th ASRIC Programme Book

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BREAKOUT ROOM BIOLOGY LINK ZOOM: https://zoom.us/launch/jc/96653164299 ROOM B1 CHAIR: DR. AISHAH BINTI MOHD MARSIN CO-CHAIR: MS. TAVASURIA ELANGOVAN TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-002 Dr Nurulnadia Binti Mohd Yusoff Toxicity of Leachate to Fish Embryos 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-023 Dr Siti Noorbaizura Bookhari Integrating Trail Morphology and Soil Compaction Indicators for Assessing Physical Carrying Capacity at Gunung Tebu Hiking Trail, Terengganu, Malaysia 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-030 Dr Nurulhuda Zakaria Influence of soil properties on nesting habitat preferences of the Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis) at Sungai Terengganu 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-034 Ms Nurul Athirah Hazwani Mohd Rajme Influence Of Environmental Factors on Phytoplankton Community Structure in The Ara River, Penang 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-041 Dr Norhafiz Hanafi Morphological Diversity and Length-Weight Relationship of Family Sciaenidae in Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-103 Ms Farrah Nazuha Binti Mansor Effects of Dietary Spirulina Platensis and Bromelain on Ovarian Development in Bighead Catfish (Clarias Macrocephalus) LUNCH BREAK 7 3.30 - 3.45 PM AB-L-118 Dr Noor Adelyna Mohammed Akib DNA Barcoding Reveals Species Diversity and Genetic Relationships of Queenfishes (Scomberoides Spp.) In Malaysian Waters. 8 3.45 - 4.00 PM AB-L-124 Dr Shaparas binti Daliman Advancing Agricultural Land Monitoring in Kelantan: Crop Classification Using Landsat 8 Imagery and GIS-Based Supervised Techniques

ROOM B2 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. TS DR NORASHIKIN BINTI MAT ZAIN CO-CHAIR: DR. ROZLIANAH FITRI SAID TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-033 Mrs Nur Aina Afrina Amil Zooplankton Community Structure and Diversity as Indicators of Ecological Health in A Public Recreational River 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-039 Dr Siti Mariam Binti Muhammad Nor Optimization Of the Loss on Ignition Method for Soil Organic Carbon Quantification in Tropical Mangrove Forests of Setiu Lagoon, Terengganu 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-104 Ms Nur Akmal Suliman Functional Feed Supplementation with Spirulina platensis and Bromelain Improves Liver Health in Clarias macrocephalus 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-106 Dr Nurul Shahida Redzuan Preliminary Assessment of Ecosystem Health in Two Kenyir Lake Tributaries using Phytoplankton Diversity and Community Structure 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-032 Dr Tan Gim Cheong Potential of Kaempferia Parviflora Extract in Ameliorating Organotocicity Induced by Fenitrothion in Murine Model 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-037 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khomaizon Binti Abdul Kadir Pahirulzaman Isolation And Antagonistic Potential of Endophytic Fungi from Durio Zibethinus Against Selected Durian Pathogens LUNCH BREAK 7 3.30 - 3.45 PM AB-L-014 Dr Nur Azira Tukiran Nutritional and Safety Evaluation of Grasshoppers as a Potential Halal Alternative Protein Source 8 3.45 - 4.00 PM AB-L-049 Assoc. Prof. Dr Norasmah Basari Morphological and Nectar Factors Affecting Stingless Bee Foraging Preferences

ROOM B3 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. ZUL ARIFF BIN ABDUL LATIFF CO-CHAIR: DR. AISHA MOHD DIN TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-005 Dr Kharul Azmi Mu'azzam Binti Abdul Rahman Biological Activity of Natural Henna, Lawsonia inermis Leaf Extract Against Human Skin Pathogens 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-029 Ms. Lavinia Manimaran Microbiological and Physicochemical Characterization of School Drinking Water in Orang Asli Communities of Perak 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-059 Dr Pauline Liew Woan Ying Extraction Of Probiotic Microorganisms from Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Aerobic Pond Water 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-097 Dr Sree Vaneesa Nagalingam Antibacterial face foam cleanser using ethanolic leave extract of Plectranthus amboinicus 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-107 Ms Chin Nee Nee Expression, Purification, and Antigenicity Evaluation of A Recombinant Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein C-Terminal Fragment in Escherichia coli 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-021 Dr Shahidee Zainal Abidin Sex-Stratified Species-Level Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Alzheimer's Disease Revealed by Shotgun Metatranscriptomic Sequencing LUNCH BREAK 7 3.30 - 3.45 PM AB-L-111 Mr Muhammad Amir Shafiq Bin Mohd Suhaimi Exploring the Potential of Native Microbial Communities for Biofilm Formation and Treatment of Polluted River Water Using Macrocomposite 8 3.45 - 4.00 PM AB-L-125 Mr Muhammad Syahmi Mohd Zaid Antibiofilm Activity of an Epigenetic Modifier-Treated Arctic Fungal Extract Against Oral Bacteria

ROOM B4 CHAIR: DR. FAUZIAH ABU BAKAR (UPM SARAWAK) CO-CHAIR: DR. NORHAZLIN JUSOH@MOHD JUSOH TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-017 Mr. Wang Zilong Growth and Adaptive Morphophysiological Responses of Brassica rapa to Phosphate Starvation 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-027 Ms Choo Jocelyn Spent Mushroom Substrate Co- Feeding Modulates HDPE Plastic Waste Consumption and Microplastic Fate in Zophobas Atratus 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-052 Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Thilahgavani Nagappan Molluscicidal Potency of Caulerpa Lentilifera Extracts Against Pomaceae Canaliculata (Golden Apple Snail) 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-053 Mrs Affidah Mardziah binti Mukhtar Environmental Conditions Influencing Bacterial Viability and Growth within Concrete Matrices: A Review 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-063 Prof. Dr Tengku Haziyamin Tengku Abdul Hamid Impact of Supplementing Lactococcis Lactis as Probiotics on EMS/AHPND Infected White-Legged Shrimp 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-068 Ms Then See Yi Cloning, Expression, and Antigenic Evaluation of Rabies Glycoprotein (RABVG) in Escherichia coli LUNCH BREAK 7 3.30 - 3.45 PM AB-L-073 Mrs Iwana Izni Zainudin Targeted Structural Engineering of Scytalidium acidophilum Xylanase for Enhanced Thermostability 8 3.45 - 4.00 PM AB-L-101 Ms Nur Ardhani binti Mohammed Zulkhifli Microbial Exopolysaccharides from Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YB02 As Eco-Friendly Alternatives to Conventional Fibres

ROOM B5 CHAIR: DR. MOHAMAD HALIM BIN MOHAMAD SHARIFF CO-CHAIR: DR. HANUM BINTI YA'AKUB TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-009 Prof. Kesaven Bhubalan Exploiting Marine Bacteria for Renewable Biomaterial Synthesis in Support of Circular Economy Principles 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-025 Ms Ngui Chai Wen Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Backhousia citriodora Leaf Extracts Against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-069 Ms Prahvina N Transdermal Absorbance of Kaempferia Parviflora Nanoparticle Extract Synthesized by Nanoprecipitation Using an Eggshell Membrane Model 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-081 Ms Hasyimah Binti Zainal Abidin Isolation And Molecular Identification of Carbonic Anhydrase-Producing Bacteria with Potential for Carbon Capture and Utilization 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-085 Ms Nur Haziqah binti Zainudin Fabrication of Pineapple Leaf- Derived Cellulose Acetate/Polyethylene Oxide Electrospun Fibers as a Potential Wound Dressing Material 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-045 Dr Siti Suhaila A Rahman Establishment of Aseptic Cultures and Plantlet Regeneration of Anthoshorea roxburghii from a Selected Mother Tree

ROOM B6 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. INDAH BINTI MOHD AMIN CO-CHAIR: DR. RASHIDAH BINTI IBERAHIM TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-011 Dr Syazuani Binti Mohd Shariff Integrating Wetland Monitoring and Hydrological Data Using Machine Learning for Flood Risk Assessment 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-013 Ms. Nik Maisya Syuhada Binti Zolaimi Tissue-Specific Microrna Regulation of PP2C and COI1 Mediates Hormonal Reprogramming in Salinity-Stressed Zea Mays Var. Ceratina 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-110 Ms. Noor Shaireen Shahira binti Khalid Gamma-Induced In Vitro Mutagenesis and Identification of Genetic Variation in Bentong Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc. cv. BENTONG) Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-112 Ms. Nurul Ain Binti Mohamed So’adi Effect of Moringa oleifera Oil on Growth By Performance and Histological Alteration of Intestine of Clarias gariepinus 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-113 Ms Rasyida Adlina bin Azli Evaluation of Sugar Mud as an Alternative Ingredient in Duck Feed Formulation 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-129 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur Aida Binti Hashim Surveillance of Cylas Formicarius Infestation and Assessment of Community Awareness: Strategic Frameworks for Sweet Potato IPM in Terengganu, Malaysia

ROOM B7 CHAIR: DR. NUR SABRINA AHMAD AZMI CO-CHAIR: MS. ZAIDATUL SHAKILA BINTI MOHAMAD ASHARI TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-061 Ts. Suzy Rini Anak Gindi Proximate Composition, Physicochemical Properties, And Microbiological Stability of a High Energy Sago-Based Nutrition Bar 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-020 Dr Latiffah Karim Water Affinity of Oven-Dried Durian Seed Powder and Freeze- Dried Durian Seed Powder 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-048 Ts. Farah Syahirah Abdul Shukri Physicochemical And Sensory Properties of Vegan Dabai Mayonnaise 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-055 Ms Nurul Athirah Binti Juraimi Effects of Torch Ginger Essential Oil Concentration and Plasticiser Type on the Physical Properties of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Starch-Based Edible Films 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-071 Ms Nursyuhada Binti Usman Physicochemical Characteristics and Processing Responses of Edible Bird's Nest (EBN): Insights into Central and Corner Portions 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-095 Professor Dr. Chye Fook Yee Innovative Functional Snack Made from Sustainable Edible Cricket (Acheta domesticus)

ROOM B8 CHAIR: DR. MASHANI MOHAMAD CO-CHAIR: DR. RAZIF DASIMAN TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-120 Dr Kwong Phek Jin Influence Of Traditional and Agarwood (Aquilaria Malaccensis) Tea Bases Combined with Pineapple-Spearmint Infusion on the Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Sensory Acceptance of Kombucha 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-098 Dr Nizaha Juhaida Mohamad Improved Functional Properties of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Flour Through Microwave Blanching for Instant Noodle Production 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-080 Mr Muhammad Hafiz Bin Roslan Effect of Pretreatment Methods on the Physicochemical Properties, Resistant Starch Content, and Doughnut Quality of Breadfruit Flour 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-079 Mrs Najihah Binti Abdul Halim Melissopalynological and Physicochemical Characterization of Apis dorsata Honey from Gelam Forests Ecosystem in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-062 Ts. Suzy Rini Anak Gindi Optimizing Consumer Acceptance of Dabai (Canarium Odontophyllum) Milk as a Novel Plant-Based Milk Alternative Through Sensory Evaluation

ROOM B9 CHAIR: DR. NOER HARTINI DOLHAJI CO-CHAIR: MS. NOR EZZAWANIS BINTI ABDULLAH THANI TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-057 Ms. Nurul Jannah Binti Ibrahim Valoration of Banana Trunk Agricultural Waste: Sustainable Approach To Cellulose Nanocrystal Production 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-070 Vanessa K. Villaceran Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Anti- Inflammatory Evaluation of Macerated Kaempferia Parviflora Leaf Extracts 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-108 Assoc. Prof. Ts.Dr. Azila Adnan Effects of N-Acetylglucosamine Supplementation on Bacterial Cellulose Yield, Morphology, and Tensile Strength 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-116 Dr Nurhaida Binti Kamaruddin Implementation And Validation of A CRE-LOXP Recombination System for Pyrg Selectable Marker Recycling in Aspergillus Niger 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-114 Mr Masrizal bin Masadi Effect of Temperature, Humidity, and Egg Turning Frequency on Hatchability and Duckling Viability in Small-Scale Incubation Systems 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-121 Dr Amaliawati Ahmad Latiffi In Silico Evaluation of a Novel Peptide as a Potential Inhibitor Of KPC-2.

ROOM B10 CHAIR: DR. CHOW YIT LAI CO-CHAIR: DR. ILYANIE HJ YAACOB TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-012 Dr Siti Aisyah Razali In Silico Drug Repurposing Against Tilapia Lake Virus Polymerase Identifies Antiviral Lead Compounds via Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Profiling 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-018 Dr Ahmad Hafiz Murtadha Bin Noor Din Effects of Anti-nNAV1.5 Antibodies on MHC I Antigen Processing Machinery in Breast Cancer Spheroid 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-044 Dr Phoon Lee Quen Acute and Subacute Toxicity Assessment of a Chalcone Mannich Base with Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity: Effects on Hepatic Inflammatory and Antioxidant Gene Expression in C57BL/6 Mice 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-056 Ms Nurul Fathiah Hairul Anuar Time-Dependent Impairment of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function by Lapatinib in Differentiated CACO-2 Monolayers 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-036 Ms Nik Alya Dayana Aziz Biocontrol Potential of Native Pseudomonas Spp. Against Sclerotium rolfsii-Induced Foot Rot in Chilli (Capsicum annuum) 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-024 Ms Sandya Ramu Effects Of Bromelain and Spirulina platensis Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization and Reproductive Performance of Clarias macrocephalus

ROOM B11 CHAIR: DR. EVANA KAMARUDIN CO-CHAIR: DR. ANNA ANDREW TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AB-L-006 Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr Vigneswari Sevakumaran Emerging Potential of Sustainable Bioplastics for Future Biomaterials 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AB-L-003 Assoc Prof Wan Syaidatul Aqma Wan Mohd Noor Potential of Fungal Biosurfactant and Enzymes in Polyethelene Terephthalate (PET) Biodegradation 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AB-L-028 Dr Nur Karimah Binti Mukhtar Evaluating Organic Waste Fertilisers on Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L. Moench) Growth Performance 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AB-L-035 Dr Nor Akma Ismail Physicochemical, Glucose Dialysis Retardation Index (GDRI) And Sensory Properties of Bread Incorporated with Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) Decoction Calyx Powder 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AB-L-060 Dr Jong Bor Chyan Long-Term Viability of High-Ion-Beam- Irradiated Bacterial Glycerol Stocks Preserved at -80 °C for 14 Years 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AB-L-064 Ms Noraliza Alias Growth Response of Forest Tree Seedlings to Different Fertilizer Regimes under Nursery Conditions

BREAKOUT ROOM CHEMISTRY LINK ZOOM: https://zoom.us/launch/jc/96653164299 ROOM C1 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. MANSOOR ABDUL HAMID CO-CHAIR: DR. AHMAD NAZEER CHE MAT TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-004 Mrs. Nurul Huda Abdul Wahab Comprehensive Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Potential, and Antibacterial Activity of Garcinia Atroviridis (Guttiferae) Fruit Extracts Against Selected Microbial Strains 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-019 Ms Sabrina Wafi Binti Mohamad Fauzi Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity from Etlingera triorgyalis (Baker) R.M.Sm 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-025 Assoc. Prof. Dr Md. Uwaisulqarni Osman Synthesis, Structural Characterisation, DFT Analysis and Conductivity Studies of Protonated 4- (2-Bromo Phenyl)Thiosemicarbazide Dopant with Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-002 Dr Ismail Md Rasib A Review on Epoxidation Pathways, Fatty Acid Behaviour, and Kinetic Considerations in Vegetable Oil Transformation 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-017 Assoc. Prof. Deny Susanti Optimisation Of Soxhlet Extraction Parameters For Α-Mangostin Recovery from Garcinia Mangostana L. Pericarp Using Response Surface Methodology 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AC-L-034 Ms Nur ‘Afifah Md Yusoff Development of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis–Diode-Array Detection Approach For Simultaneous Determination of Antibiotic, Mycotoxin, and Herbicide Contaminants

ROOM C2 CHAIR: DR. RUWAIDA ASYIKIN ABU TALIP CO-CHAIR: DR. NAJMAH BINTI P.S HASSAN TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-005 Dr Asnuzilawati Binti Asari Synthesis of Cinnamic Acid Amide Using Carbodiimide Coupling Reagent 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-083 Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Amal A.M. Elgharbawy A Fish By-Product and Lemon Oil Nanoemulsion Accelerates Cutaneous Wound Repair in Adult Zebrafish: Concentration- Dependent Efficacy and Gut- Microbiome Profiling 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-096 Ms Nor Fazreeniza binti Nor Ashikin Porous ZIF-8/Carbon Aerogel Composites for Electrochemical Sensing of Imidacloprid: Optimisation by Response Surface Methodology 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-097 Ms Fauziah binti Md Tahib Comparison of Sample Preparation Methods for Untargeted LC–MS Q- TOF Metabolite Profiling of OCT- Embedded Mouse Aortic Tissue 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-106 Assoc. Prof. ChM. Dr. Hasmerya Maarof Chemometric Classification of Erasable and Disappearing Inks Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AC-L-066 Mr Muhammad Afiq Bin Rosli Gold@Silver Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Optical Detection of Pharmaceutical Pollutants

ROOM C3 CHAIR: DR. NOR AKMALAZURA BINTI JANI CO-CHAIR: MS. NORSAKINA ZURINA BINTI ZULKIFLI TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-001 Ts.ChM.Dr Nabilah Bt Ismail Catalytic Degradation of Methy Qrange using fetaml/H2O2 peroxide system: Optimization via Response Surface Methodology 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-089 Dr Soraya Shafawati Binti Mohamad Tahier Chemometric-Assisted Standardization of Christia vespertilionis for Natural Antioxidant Applications 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-037 Ms Aunie Aqelah Binti Fisol Preparation Of Zinc Oxide – Sulfur – Doped Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst for Methylene Blue Degradation 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-040 Ms Wan Amira Athifa Shaifudin Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse for Glucose Production 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-045 Mrs Hada Masayu Ismail @ Dahlan Green Extraction of Rosmarinic Acid from Salvia Officinalis Leaves Using Deep Eutectic Solvents 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AC-L-012 Ms. Nurul Anisa Binti Mohd Azmi Sustainable Enzymatic Synthesis of Cetyl Palmitate Optimized by Response Surface Methodology

ROOM C4 CHAIR: CHM DR NORLIZA DZAKARIA CO-CHAIR: DR V JEYANNY VIJAYANATHAN TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-010 Dr Rumaisa Nordin Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities in Pleurotus pulmonarius Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) Extracted by Different Solvents through Mechanical Agitation 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-011 Ir. Ts. Dr. Azinoor Azida binti Abu Bakar Short-Term Temporal Relationships Between Physicochemical Parameters and Microbial Contamination in a Tropical River 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-023 Nabihah Umairah Binti Abd Gaffar Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphate in Commercial Instant Noodle Soup Waste 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-030 Mr Kong Zi Hao Valorising Dragon Fruit Peel Waste for the Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Antibacterial Activity Against Escherichia coli AND Salmonella Typhimurium 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-038 Ms Celine Lim Chi Jing Evaluating Mesocosm-Scale Wetlands in Mitigating Pharmaceutical Risks to Environmental Health 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AC-L-073 Associate Prof Ir Ts Dr Norhafezah Kasmuri Synergistic Behaviour of Fungi and Bacteria Utilizing Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in Water Environment

ROOM C5 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. WAN MOHD AFIQ WAN MOHD KHALIK CO-CHAIR: CHM DR. AZIZUL HAKIM LAHURI TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-049 Dr Ng Si Ling Development of a Biodegradable Polyhydroxylalkanoate-Polyvinyl Alcohol-Alginate Biocarrier for Enhanced Biofilm Formation and Acid Orange 7 Decolorization 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-053 Dr Siti Solehah Binti Ahmad Norrahma Characterization of Nanocellulose Derived from Malaysian Plantation Forest Species for Environmental Remediation Application 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-054 Dr Nazzatush Shimar Jamaludin Comparative Evaluation of Transition Metal Catalysts for the Glycolytic Depolymerization of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-057 LiHansheng Preparation of Wheat Straw Biochar- Supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Composite for Passivation of Chromium(VI)-Contaminated Soil 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-056 Mrs Wan Noni Afida Ab Manan Adsorptive Removal of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution Using Oil Palm Trunk-Derived Activated Nanomagnetic Biochar: Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AC-L-088 Ms Rani Nursheela Binti Muhtadiah Optimization of Spray Drying Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology of Coconut Sap (Cocos Nucifera L.) Powder

ROOM C6 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. NURHIDAYATULLAILI MUHD JULKAPLI CO-CHAIR: DR. NURUL' AIN BINTI JAMION TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-003 Mrs. Shafikah Abdullah An Overview of Kinetic Models for the Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-014 Assoc. Prof. ChM. Dr Syara Binti Kassim A Smart SERS Platform Using SMMA Functionalize with Gold– Silver for Sensitive Molecular Analysis 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-039 Ms Nursyafiqah Binti Jori Roslan Layere Double Hydroxide / Biomass as Sorbent Material for Removing Pharmaceutical Contaminants from Aqueous Solution: A Mini Review 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-041 Dr Rida Tajau Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable UV-Curable Matte Coatings Based on Palm Oil Derivatives 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-062 Dr Ellie Teo Yi Lih One-Step Hydrothermal Reduction and Surface Functionalization of Graphene Oxide Using Phenothiazine for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AC-L-075 Mr. Shaharuddin Hashim Developing Oil Sorbent from Lignocellulosic Fibres

ROOM C7 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. DR HANIS MOHD YUSOFF CO-CHAIR: DR. ERNEE NORYANA BINTI MUHAMAD TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-036 Mr Eric Tiong Effect of Production Parameters on the Iodine Adsorption Performance of Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-058 Assoc. Prof. ChM. Dr Farhanini Binti Yusoff Reduced Graphene Oxide– Magnetite Nanoparticles as a Potential Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-077 Dr Kumuthini Chandrasekaram Sporopollenin-Methylimidazolium Biosorbent: Comparing MSPME and DMME Performance 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-093 Ms. Fatin Nurain Binti Norasmy The Properties of Blend Rubber Seed Oil-Derived Epoxy/Bio-Filler Composites for Sustainable Coating Applications 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-009 Assoc. Prof. Dr Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik Ethanolamine-Functionalised Magnetic Activated Carbon Tablets for Efficient Micro-Scale Extraction of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Antidepressant Drugs from Aqueous Samples

ROOM C8 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. DR. NOOR AZILAH MOHD KASIM CO-CHAIR: MS. ADIBATUL HUSNA FADZIL TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-022 Mrs Nursyahirah Binti Ismail Synthesis, Characterization and Corrosion Inhibition On 4-Ethyl-3- Thiosemicarbazide Meldrum’s Acid: Surface Analysis, Electrochemical Studies 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-024 Dr Nor Hayati Muhammad Effect of HVA-2 on Natural Rubber and Poly(Vinyl-Alcohol-Co-Ethylene) Blends 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-032 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar Carbon Microspheres Potential as Catalyst Aluminium Sulfate Capsules 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-021 Dr Nurul Hakimah Lazim Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Solution Blended Natural Rubber Latex-Based Films 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-059 Dr Rafidah Binti Jalil Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Reinforced Paper from Eucalyptus Wood for Sustainable Packaging Applications

ROOM C9 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. DR. HO LI NGEE CO-CHAIR: DR. FAIEZAH BINTI HASHIM TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-028 Mr Aiman Bin Suhaimi Freeze-dried grafted chitosan/algae/zeolite- salicylaldehyde grafted by hydrothermal process for optimized removal of brilliant green dye: Application of response surface methodology multivariate analysis 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-029 Dr Arniza Ghazali Pyrogenic Materials Ordering Precision Resilience in Commodity Crops 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-048 Dr Muhammad Qadri Effendy Mubarak Structural Insights into the Substrate Binding Preferences for Kojic Acid Monooleate Synthesis 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-060 Mrs Khairun Nasriah Binti Azmi Selective Optical Chemosensor for Tyramine Based on a Zinc(II) Schiff Base Complex Derived from 4,4’-Methanedianiline and the Application in Food Analysis 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-067 Ms Nor Alia Amira Zailan Melastoma Malabathricum L. Leaves Plant Extract Incorporated into Water-Based Emulsion: Phytochemical and Physicochemical Analysis 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AC-L-103 Dr Khairil Juhanni Abd Karim Imidazolium-Based Poly(Ionic Liquid)s For Congo Red Dye Adsorption Study

ROOM C10 CHAIR: DR. NABILAH SAAFIE CO-CHAIR: MS. SITI NORIAH BT MOHD SHOTOR TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-018 Ms Anjelica Robert Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity from Alpinia glabra Ridl. 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-052 Mr. Sharir Aizat Bin Kamaruddin Comparative Assessment of the Performance of Tension and Regularized Spline Interpolation to Predict Variations in Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Salinity, and Temperature in the Surface Water of Sungai Kilim, Kedah 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-006 Mr. Mohd Azril Bin Riduan Overview of Banana Stem–Wood Dust Particle Board Bonded with Phenol Formaldehyde 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-069 Ms Nursyuhadah Binti Samat Phytochemical Composition Study and Total Phenolic Content of Banana (Musa Balbisiana) Peel Extracts Using Different Solvents and Extraction Time 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-100 Mr Muhammad Nur Hafiz Shaidan Integrated Chemical Characterisation and Elemental Toxicity Assessment of Commercial Monkey Repellent Formulations

ROOM C11 CHAIR: DR. MUNIRAH BINTI ONN (UITM PG) CO-CHAIR: MS. WAHIDA BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN (UITM ARAU) TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AC-L-033 ChM. Yuswanie binti Md Yusof From Waste to Wellness: Spent Tea Waste Extracts as Potent Natural Inhibitors of Digestive Enzymes Linked to Diabetes and Obesity 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AC-L-068 Mr Aiman Alif Bin Bashari Comparative Study of Organic, Ionic Liquid and Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Melastoma Malabathricum L. 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AC-L-070 Dr Mahanim Binti Sarif @ Mohd Ali A Physicochemical Assessment of Bamboo-Derived Solid Biofuels 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AC-L-047 Ms Neesha Irdeanna Ahmad Arshad Development Of a Z-Scheme ZnO/CdS/BiOCOOH Ternary Photocatalyst for Degradation of Tetracycline in the Continuous Flow System 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AC-L-064 Dr Ahmad Nazeer Che Mat Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO2 into Organic Oxygenates over Bimetallic Ag/Mn Photocatalyst under Visible Light

PHYSICS LINK ZOOM: https://zoom.us/launch/jc/96653164299 ROOM P1 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. SITI NORASMAH SURIP CO-CHAIR: DR. OMAR FARUQI BIN MARZUKI TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AP-L-006 Dr Anis Nazihah Mat Daud Effects of Water and Sugar Adulteration on the Acoustic Properties of Malaysian Stingless Bee Honey for Quality Control Applications 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AP-L-019 Dr Fatin Saiha Omar Tuning The Porous Architecture of Nickel Phosphate for Supercapattery 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AP-L-021 Dr Khadijah Hilmun Kamarudin Ionic Conductivity Optimization of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based CMC-AN Via Chemical Modification Using Different Plasticizers 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AP-L-024 Dr Haslinawati Mohd Mustapha Comparative Structural And Chemical Characteristics Of Banana-Peel-Derived Activated Carbon Produced Via ZnCl2 And FeCl3 Activation 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AP-L-025 Ms Siti Nur Amalina Binti Halidi Optimization of Infill Density and Pattern on Mechanical Properties of PLA 3D Printed by Using Altair HyperStudy Software 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AP-L-048 Dr Nor Kamilah Saat In Vitro Bioactivity and Cytocompatibility of Waste- Derived Calcium Fluoroaluminosilicate Glass- Ceramics

ROOM P2 CHAIR: DR. SITI NOR HAFIZA MOHD YUSOFF CO-CHAIR: DR. FATIN HANA BINTI NANING @ ZIN TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AP-L-033 Ms Nur Liyana Nasrin Binti Ahmad Mihafizuddin Synergistic Effect of Propylene Carbonate (PC) Plasticizer and Silicon Dioxide (SiO₂) Filler On PVDF-HFP Composite Polymer Electrolytes: Structure-Property Relationships, Ion Transport Mechanisms, And Future Perspectives 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AP-L-047 Mr Mohd Fadzlan Bin Junaidi Performances Study of Bamboo- Cotton Nonwoven Fabric (BCNF) Blends for Dermatitis Management 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AP-L-049 Ts Hazmin binti Mansor Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Bacillus Subtilis in Microstructural Evolution of Sustainable Concrete 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AP-L-050 Mrs Wong Ai Moi Taguchi-Guided Evaluation of Tensile Strength and Peak Force in Naturally Treated Plantain (Musa Paradisiaca) Fibre Specimens 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AP-L-045 Dr Nur Areisman Salleh Effect of Nanocrystalline Cellulose Loading on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Electrospun PVA Nanofiber Composites 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AP-L-030 Dr Nora Salina Md Salim Ball Milling as a Physical Processing Route for Morphological and Functional Modification of Pineapple-Derived Biomass Powders

ROOM P3 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. WAN MAISARAH BINTI MUKHTAR CO-CHAIR: DR. HARYANA MOHD HAIRI TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AP-L-005 Dr Muhd Azhar Zainol The Influence of Setback Distance on Airflow Behavior Over Idealized Building Arrays Using Large Eddy Simulation 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AP-L-041 Prof Dr Sithi Vinayakam Muniandy Modelling Fluctuation Characteristics of Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion (SPDC) Entangled Photons 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AP-L-042 Mr. Farid Idreen bin Mohd Shahadan Impact of Crystal Polarity on the Optoelectronic Characteristics of AlGaN Deep-Ultraviolet LEDs 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AP-L-043 Ms. Nurin Hazeera Binti Noor Shamsir Efficiency Droop Suppression in AlGaN DEEP-UV LEDS Using Bilayer Insertion Layers 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AP-L-067 Mr Raja Ibrahim Putera bin Raja Mustapha Continuous-Variable Entanglement Dynamics In A Cascaded Multi- Octave {\boldsymbol{\chi }}^{\left(2\right)} Waveguide System 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AP-L-017 Ms Zhang Jingya Compact Pendulum-Type Seismometer Based on Off-Axis- Core Fiber Bragg Gratings Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Point-By-Point Method 7 12.15 - 12.30 PM AP-L-034 Ms Nur Hidayah Binti Suhaiza Current Capabilities of Optical Fiber Sensors in Environmental Microplastic Detection: A Review of Principles, Methodologies and Performance

ROOM P4 CHAIR: DR. SITI NURBAYA SUPARDAN CO-CHAIR: DR. ARBANAH BINTI MUHAMMAD TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AP-L-013 Mr Bonny Jinggut Anak Dominic Merikan Predictive Control and Energy Management of Low-Pressure Hybrid Solar-Hydrogen Energy Conversion Systems: A Review 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AP-L-064 Mr. Izznur Hafiz bin Mohamed Ultrafast S-Band Mode-Locked Thulium-Doped Zblan Fibre Laser Utilising Ce-MOF-808 as a High- Performance Saturable Absorber 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AP-L-061 Ts. Mohd Hazwan bin Mohamed Norli The Perfect Grasp: Redefining Pre-Writing Readiness through a 3D-Printed Multisensory Jig 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AP-L-062 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Nazrul Rosli Structural And Electronic Insights into Pyrite-Oxalate Modified Chitosan: A Density Functional Theory Study 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AP-L-023 Dr Ahmad Nazib Alias Numerical Techniques for Infinite- Chain Energy Gap Prediction of Polytetrafluoroethylene from Semi-Empirical PM6 Calculations 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AP-L-063 Ms Norshafarina Ismail Influence Of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles on Thermal Properties of LDPE for HVDC cable insulation

ROOM P5 CHAIR: DR. SITI SUMAIYAH BINTI SHEIKH ABDUL AZIZ CO-CHAIR: MS. MARYAM BINTI MOHAMMAD TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AP-L-012 Mr Melvin Sean Anak Joseph A Review of Low-Pressure Solar– Hydrogen Systems: Pem Electrolysis, Storage, Fuel Cells, and Control for Small-Scale Power 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AP-L-065 Mr Syamin Aziq Bin Ahmad Saharuddin 1.03-kW Peak Power Picosecond Soliton EDFL Mode-Locked via Crystal Violet Saturable Absorber 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AP-L-015 Mr Muhammad Afiq Ikhwan Zainuddin Analysis of structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of chromium-doped lanthanum cobaltite perovskite La0.7Ca0.3CrxCo1-xO3 (x = 0 – 0.06) 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AP-L-016 Dr Husniyah Aliyah Lutpi Enhancing The Physical and Mechanical Characteristics Of β - TCP Through MGO and TIO2 Modification 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AP-L-028 Dr Farish Irfal Saaid High-Shear Homogenization- Assisted Conversion of Polycrystalline LiNi0.94Co0.05Al0.01O2 Cathodes into Single-Crystal Particles 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AP-L-055 Dr. Asmahani Awang Turning Waste into Usable Resources: Impact-Resistant Glass Containing Organic Fibers as Reinforcement Agents

ROOM P6 CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. NURHIDAYATULLAILI MUHD JULKAPLI CO-CHAIR: DR. NORAZRIENA YUSOFF TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AP-L-031 Assoc. Prof. Ts Dr Fadhlina Che Ros Phase Analysis of Hafnium and Niobium Substitution Towards LaZrTa3O11 (LZT) Phase 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AP-L-046 Dr Asniza Mustapha Evaluating The Suitability and Potential of Paulownia for Binderless Particleboard Production 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AP-L-052 Dr. Wan Afin Fadzlin binti Wan Mohd Fadzli Effect of Surfactant Type on the Dispersion of Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Applications 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AP-L-060 Ms Nur Qistina Karmila Binti Hussain Dielectric Behaviour of PVDF- HFP Nanocomposites: Comparative Roles of TiO2 and BaTiO3 in Tailoring Interfacial Polarization 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AP-L-004 Ms Nur Miza Osman Sustainable Shielding Performance of Waste-Derived Seashell Concrete and Bi₂O₃/WO₃-Epoxy Layers for Diagnostic X-ray Applications 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AP-L-029 Mr Mohd Hidayat bin Ab Rahman A Review of Critic and TOPSIS- Based MCDM Methods for Evaluating Natural Fibre- Reinforced Composites

ROOM P7 CHAIR: DR. NAZIRUL NAZRIN BIN SHAHROL NIDZAM CO-CHAIR: DR. NOOR FADHILAH MUHAMAD SAHAPINI TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM AP-L-058 Ms Nur Ain Amelin Binti Mat Yaakob Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Soccer Ball Trajectory Prediction 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM AP-L-059 Dr Rafael Julius Nonlinear Dynamical Regimes in a Cascaded Multi-Octave ꭓ(2) Waveguide System 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM AP-L-069 Mr Danish Akalil Bin A. Razak Numerical Investigation of Quantum Well and Quantum Barrier Thickness Effects on the Internal Quantum Efficiency Of 240-NM Algan-Based Deep- Ultraviolet LEDs 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM AP-L-032 Ms Fatima Az Zahra Binti Roslan Effect of Y123:Er123 Ratio in The Liquid Source Pellet on The Infiltration Growth and Nano Pinning Performance of (Y, Er)Ba2Cu3O7-x Bulk Superconductors 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM AP-L-066 Mr Muhamad Amirul Iskandar Stable Dissipative-Soliton Mode- Locked Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM AP-L-036 Mr Abang Mohamad Harith Bin Abang Beniamin The Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets Content on the Hardness of Mg-6%Zn-0.5%Mn Magnesium-Based Composites

BREAKOUT ROOM FYP LINK ZOOM: https://zoom.us/launch/jc/96653164299 ROOM FYP1 CHAIR: DR. LOW KIM FATT CO-CHAIR: MS. NAZWA BINTI JON TIME PARTICIPANT ID NAME TITLE 1 10.45 - 11.00 AM FYP-01 • Nur Alia Hanis Binti Mohd Kafii • Nur Najwa Binti Zuhairi • Nur Syahadah Binti Ab Manap Beef Tallow as a Natural Base for Sunscreen Formulation 2 11.00 - 11.15 AM FYP-02 • Muhammad Ikram Alimi Bin Mohamd Izhar • Muhammad Arith Izmier Bin Nor Asri • Muhammad Ammar Iqmal Bin • Mohammad Anuar Semi-Quantification of Protein Concentration in Different Commercialized Dairy and Non-Dairy Products Using Simple Spectrophotometric Method 3 11.15 - 11.30 AM FYP-03 • Sofie Aisyah Mohd Faizal • Nur Jawahir Zulkiflee • Nur Athirah Hanim Azlan Preliminary Investigation of Effective Microorganisms (EM) Mudball Removal Efficiency for Cadmium (Cd) And Chromium (Cr) In Artificial Lakes: A Case Study at UiTM Tapah 4 11.30 - 11.45 AM FYP-04 • Siti Nurazwani Aina Binti Mohamad Khaijuhari • Nurul Ainaa Binti Shamsul Bahri • Qistina Balqis Binti Zainul Ariffin Comparative Abundance and Diversity of Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Across Agricultural and Human-Modified Habitats in Perak, Malaysia 5 11.45 - 12.00 PM FYP-05 • Syazwina A'liah Binti Abdul Malik • Nur Fakhirah Binti Sufarjo @ Mohd Fadhil • Muhammad Naqiyuddin Bin Zamri Comparative Compression Testing of Walking Pads Fabricated from Recycled HDPE, Waste Tyre Rubber and Coconut Coir 6 12.00 - 12.15 PM FYP-07 • Alleya Mysarrah Binti Muhamad Fairuz • Khadijah Farhana Binti Mohd Yusra • Ikhmal Hisham Bin Mohd Ridzuan Spatial Determinants of Arthropods Biodiversity Across Campus Microhabitats

MICROALGAE BASED BIOREFINERY FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Prof. Dr. Eko Agus Suyono, M.App.Sc. Faculty of Biology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Email: eko_suyono@ugm.ac.id ABSTRACT Microalgae represent a versatile biological platform for addressing climate, energy, food, and health challenges through an integrated biorefinery approach. This work centers on three species, Haematococcus lacustris, Euglena gracilis, and Chlorella sp. cultivated as third-generation biomass sources capable of rapid growth, high productivity, and vertical cultivation on limited land, without competing with food crops. The biorefinery framework converts a single microalgal biomass stream into diverse high-value products spanning food, feed, energy, biomaterials, and bioactive compounds, while simultaneously functioning as a biological carbon capture system. Key findings demonstrate paramylon production in E. gracilis with potential benefits against metabolic syndrome and obesity, astaxanthin synthesis in H. lacustris as a potent antioxidant, and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production in Chlorella sp. for edible coating applications. Environmental applications include bioremediation of copper-contaminated water and diatom-based biosilica composites for biomaterial reinforcement. Energy-relevant findings show local Euglena sp. strain IDN33 containing palmitic and stearic acids suitable for biodiesel production, while feed trials show Euglena supplementation improving fish growth performance up to sevenfold. Precision cultivation is supported by IoT-based real-time monitoring toward a data-driven decision framework. Despite these advances, industrial-scale deployment faces persistent challenges in cultivation, harvesting, and post-harvesting efficiency, which are being addressed through bioflocculation, advanced extraction methods, and waste-stream valorization. Collectively, this research positions microalgae biorefinery as a scalable, integrative solution advancing circular bioeconomy and sustainability goals, contingent on continued cross-sector collaboration and process standardization.

WASTE-DERIVED NANOMATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION: POTENCIES, STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT Is Fatimah 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia. 2Nanomaterials and Sustainable Chemistry Research Centre, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Chemistry Research Building, Kampus Terpadu UII, Jl. Kaliurang Km 14, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Email: isfatimah@uii.ac.id ABSTRACT The increasing generation of industrial wastes threaten the environment sustainability if the strategy for pollution prevention is not planned and performed. In other side, agricultural and industrial wastes could be the potencies as the raw material for providing remediation technologies such as adsorption, or advanced oxidation process towards organic-contaminated wastewater treatment. Many researchers reported the waste-derived nanomaterials have emerged as promising functional materials that simultaneously address waste valorisation and environmental remediation. This talk presents recent strategies for transforming waste resources into value-added nanomaterials and explores their potential applications in the removal and degradation of environmental contaminants. Highly attentions and recent advancements were given to the biomass waste valorisation into functional materials. It covers the innovations to metal/metal oxide-modified hydroxyapatite as adsorbent and photocatalyst for dye-decontamination process. Some biowastes consist of chicken bone, snail shell, and fish waste are the potential raw material or calcium source in preparation for hydroxyapatite (HAp). Modification by tricobalt tetroxide (Co3O4), nickel oxide (NiO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) exhibited the enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic capability water containing contaminant such as bromophenol blue (BPB), methyl violet (MV) and rhodamine B. Studies on materials’ performances as function of synthesis method, metal modifier have been performed, however green chemistry analysis and sustainability assessment throughout the synthesis and application are still required. Key aspects including chemical and energy usage, standardization of feedstock, waste volume of the process, potential secondary environmental risks, and integration of sustainability assessment into process design are within consideration. Finally, challenges and future perspectives will be discussed with motivating interdisciplinary studies in term of sustainability.

APPLIED SCIENCE FOR A SUSTAINABLE INDIA: FROM RESEARCH TO REAL-WORLD IMPACT R. C. Singh Department of Physics Sharda School of Engineering & Science Sharda University, 32, 34 Knowledge Park-3 Greater Noida-201310 (Uttar Pradesh) INDIA Email: rcsingh@sharda.ac.in; rcsingh_physics@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This abstract examines the crucial role of applied science in India's path to a sustainable future, in line with the ambitious vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. Achieving this goal requires translating scientific research findings into concrete, practical results across various sectors. Applied science underscores the central importance of research and technological innovation in addressing the country's pressing challenges in energy, water, agriculture, healthcare, waste management, climate change, and urban development. The focus is on transforming scientific knowledge into scalable, affordable, and locally relevant technologies that improve quality of life while conserving natural resources. Applied science can accelerate India's transition to renewable energy, resource-efficient production, sustainable agriculture, smart infrastructure, a circular economy, and low-carbon technologies. Emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, advanced materials, biotechnology, nanotechnology, digital technologies, and simulation and modelling offer powerful tools for developing evidence-based and cost-effective solutions. For a lasting impact, however, closer collaboration between universities, research institutions, industry, government agencies, and civil society is essential. The future of a sustainable India lies in an innovation ecosystem where research addresses societal needs, is supported by entrepreneurship and policy, and is evaluated based on measurable environmental and socioeconomic outcomes. By strengthening the research- to-application pathway, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and training skilled professionals, India can translate scientific excellence into tangible societal benefits. Applied science will thus become a powerful tool for sustainable development, technological independence, economic growth, and a viable future for India.

METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS: WHAT CLINICIANS NEED TO KNOW Moawiya A. Haddad Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117 Jordan Email: haddad@bau.edu.jo ABSTRACT Ultra-processed foods have become a dominant part of modern diets, and emerging evidence links them to adverse metabolic outcomes.This narrative review synthesizes evidence from PubMed and Google Scholar on the health effects of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), drawing on epidemiological studies, randomized controlled trials, and mechanistic research from peer-reviewed literature. Literature was identified through structured searches of major medical databases, with emphasis on studies examining associations between UPF consumption and metabolic outcomes, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, lipid metabolism, systemic inflammation, and overall cardio metabolic risk. Also Special Populations exposure – children, adolescents, middle eastern population. Finally the current guidelines, counseling patients, regulatory frameworks and practical strategies to reduce UPFs. High intake of UPFs is consistently related to adverse metabolic outcomes, including increased risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Clinical and experimental research articles suggests that UPFs promote excess caloric intake through hyper-palatability, low satiety value, and rapid digestibility. Additionally, these foods are linked to dysregulation of glucose metabolism, increased systemic inflammation, and unfavorable lipid profiles. Controlled feeding studies demonstrate that diets high in UPFs lead to greater energy intake and weight gain compared to minimally processed diets, even when macronutrient composition is matched.Ultra-processed foods play a significant role in the development and progression of metabolic disorders. Clinicians should be aware of the metabolic risks associated with high UPFs consumption and incorporate dietary assessment and counseling into routine care. Emphasizing whole, minimally processed foods may improve metabolic health outcomes.

DIVERSITY OF NITIDULIDAE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) IN BUILT-UP AREAS OF UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, JENGKA CAMPUS, PAHANG Mahanan DL1, Muhyizul Hafiz PQ1, Syed Razman SMT1, Adzhari MAF1, Supian DH1 and Bujang R1* 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jengka Campus, 26400 Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang *roziana2916@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the diversity, abundance, and distribution of Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) in selected built-up areas of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Jengka, Pahang. Sampling was conducted using banana-baited traps placed at seven locations representing different anthropogenic environments within the campus. Collected specimens were preserved and identified in the laboratory using morphological characteristics under a dissecting microscope. A total of seven species of the genus Carpophilus were recorded, namely C. marginellus, C. nepos, C. maculatus, C. mutilatus, Carpophilus sp. 1, C. hemipterus, and C. obsoletus. Among these, C. mutilatus and C. obsoletus were the most dominant species. Beetle abundance varied among sampling days and locations, with higher abundance observed in areas with vegetation cover and greater availability of organic matter.The Shannon–Wiener diversity index showed the highest diversity at Field 1 (H = 1.624), while the lowest diversity was recorded at the Biology Plot Area (H = 0.000), indicating strong variation in species diversity among locations.The findings indicate that built-up environments within the campus are capable of supporting diverse Nitidulidae communities. Future studies are recommended to include longer sampling periods, seasonal comparisons, and additional trapping methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of sap beetle ecology in urban environments. Keywords: Nitidulidae, Carpophilus, banana-baited traps, built-up areas, UiTM Jengka Themes: Biodiversity

TOXICITY OF LEACHATE TO FISH EMBRYOS Mohd Yusoff N1,2*, Hasnizam NSS1 and Hamdan NIA 1 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 2Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *nurulnadia@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Leachate generation is an unavoidable consequence of landfill and open dumpsite operations, posing significant environmental concerns due to its potential toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of landfill leachate on the embryos of Anabas testudineus. Leachate samples were collected on two separate occasions from the Sungai Ikan Landfill, Terengganu. The results demonstrated that exposure to high leachate concentrations (60–100%) resulted in substantial embryo mortality from 37% to 97%. Surviving embryos were predominantly unhatched or exhibited developmental deformities. In contrast, embryos exposed to a 30% leachate concentration showed a high hatching success rate (>94%), with relatively low deformity incidence (<13.33%). The most frequently observed abnormalities included embryo coagulation (3.0–93%) and tail malformations (26–73%), indicating that specific components of the leachate may disrupt critical stages of embryonic development. Additionally, apoptosis analysis using propidium iodide staining and fluorescence microscopy revealed increased embryonic cell death, further confirming the toxic impact of the leachate. Notably, the findings suggest that a 30% dilution of Sungai Ikan landfill leachate may be relatively safe for embryonic development. This concentration could therefore be considered as a preliminary dilution strategy prior to storage in a sanitary containment system. Keywords: climbing perch; landfill; Sungai Ikan, Terengganu Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

POTENTIAL OF FUNGAL BIOSURFACTANT AND ENZYMES IN POLYETHELENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) BIODEGRADATION Wan Mohd Noor WSA1*, Qiuhong NIU2 and Xuyang WEI1,2 1Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia 2College of Life Science, Research Center of Henan Provincial Agricultural Biomass Resource Engineering and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China *syaidatul@ukm.edu.my ABSTRACT Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used plastic with an excellent mechanical property, but its resistance to degradation possesses a major environmental threat. Traditional disposal methods such as incineration and landfilling are energy-intensive and environmentally harmful. Therefore, biological degradation, particularly by microorganisms has gained attention as a promising eco-friendly solution. This study aimed to screen and characterised biosurfactant-producing and PET-degrading fungi from plastic- contaminated environments, optimise fermentation parameters for biosurfactant production and evaluate the synergistic effects of biosurfactants on PET degradation. Soil and water samples were collected from a contaminated Malaysian mangrove forests and highly plastic-contaminated rivers in China. A total of 161 fungal isolates were obtained. Surface activity assays were used to assess biosurfactant production; concurrently lipase and esterase assays evaluated enzymatic activity for PET degradation. Trichoderma asperellum PBW1 was identified as the most potent biosurfactant producer (EI24 =69.14 ±2.08%, ST = 48.2 ±2.1 mN/m), while Geotrichum klebahnii ETG-W-1-5 showed the highest PET degradation ability (weight loss rate 7.01 ± 2.14% in 30d), confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and weight loss analysis. Biosurfactants were extracted from PBW1 using acid precipitation and organic solvent extraction methods. Their physical and chemical properties, along with their composition, were analysed using acid bromophenol blue, methylene blue, sulfuric acid-anthrone, ninhydrin assay, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and LC-MS. The biosurfactant was determined to be an anionic type, characterised by an amino acid-like terminal structure. It contained sugars, lipids and a complex biosurfactant with a lipid core. When applied to PET degradation, the PBW1-derived biosurfactants significantly enhanced degradation efficiency, with degradation product content 1.85 times higher than that in the treatment without biosurfactant addition. These findings highlight the potential of synergistic interactions between fungal biosurfactants and enzymes in improving PET biodegradation. The study offers new microbial resources and biocatalysts for plastic waste management, providing valuable insights into environmentally friendly strategies for PET bioremediation. Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Fungal biodegradation, Biosurfactants, Plastic waste bioremediation, Mangrove ecosystems Themes: Applied Biology

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL DRIED JELLY FROM TEBU GAJAH (Albizia myriophylla): A SUSTAINABLE BIOINDUSTRY APPROACH Lai FC.1 and Hassan SR1* 1Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *roshayu.h@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and characterize a functional dried jelly made from Albizia myriophylla, a medicinal plant renowned in Malaysia for its traditional therapeutic effects, including antioxidant properties. Despite its potential, its application in modern food innovation remains limited. This study first formulated the jelly using different concentrations of agar powder (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% w/v) and assessed its consistency. Dehydration was then performed under four drying conditions: food dehydrator drying at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, and sun drying. The methodology focused on characterizing the physicochemical properties of the samples, including pH, moisture content, colorimetric analysis, and texture analysis (TPA). Furthermore, the functional potential of the dried jelly was evaluated through screening of phytochemical components (flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/terpenoid) and a DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Visual consistency assessment results showed that increasing the agar concentration significantly improved the firmness of the jelly matrix. Drying analysis showed that higher temperatures can remove moisture faster but often resulted in more severe degradation of bioactive compounds compared to gentler drying methods. Characterization results showed that the dried jellies retained measurable phytochemicals and antioxidant activity, with sun-dried and low-temperature (40°C) dried samples retaining more bioactive components. This study proved that A. myriophylla can be successfully integrated into a stable plant-based gelling matrix, supporting the development of sustainable bio-industries and providing a high-value functional food for health-conscious consumers. Keywords: Albizia myriophylla, functional dried jelly, agar, antioxidant activity, DPPH assay. Themes: Food Science and Technology, Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF NATURAL HENNA, Lawsonia inermis LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST HUMAN SKIN PATHOGENS Abdul Rahman KAM1, Karimah NM1, Azman MSAR1, Hafizoh NS1, Amira NB1, Jalil MTM2 and Mursyida ZI1 1 Department of Agro Based Industries, Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia 2School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia *kharul.am@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT Synthetic dyes are widely used in decorative cosmetics such as nail polishes, nail stains, skin creams and temporary tattoos because of their vibrant colors, low production cost, and long-lasting effects. Despite their popularity, the direct application of synthetic dyes to the nails and skin can lead to allergic reactions and skin irritation due to the aggressive chemical content like ammonia, peroxide, and PPD (para- phenylenediamine). Thus, natural henna, Lawsonia inermis, is a superior option for safe, chemical-free dyes that have a nourishing effect on the skin. The current study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of natural henna leaf extracts against common human skin pathogens by employing disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was adopted to elucidate the structural degeneration of microbial cells after exposure to the extract. The methanol extract of L. inermis exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against all test microorganisms, with an inhibition zone ranging from 11.3±0.9 mm to 21.7±0.5 mm. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the methanol extract were in the range of 62.5 to 250 μgmL-1 and 125 to 1000 μgmL-1, respectively. The SEM micrographs of the bacterial cell, Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrated significant structural damage beyond repair by the formation of a dent on the cell surface and secretion of a thick mucoid layer as a bacterial cell response to the stress condition after exposure to the extract. Natural henna extract possesses effective antibacterial potential against skin pathogens and may serve as a promising natural treatment for skin infections. Keyword: skin pathogens, Lawsonia inermis, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, scanning electron microscope Themes: Microbiology, Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources.

EMERGING POTENTIAL OF SUSTAINABLE BIOPLASTICS FOR FUTURE BIOMATERIALS Sevakumaran V1* 1Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu *vicky@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Sustainable bioplastics have emerged as a critical class of next-generation biomaterials, offering eco-friendly alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics while addressing biomedical needs. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) stand out as bacterial biopolymers produced under nutrient-limited conditions. PHAs are highly valued for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and inert in-vivo degradation products, making them suitable for applications such as drug delivery systems, implants, scaffolds, tissue engineering, and artificial organ constructs. In particular, poly(3- hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] has gained attention due to its non-cytotoxicity and favorable biological properties. Surface modification strategies, including nanofabrication and chemical modification, are employed to enhance cell–scaffold interactions and proliferation. Complementing PHAs, other natural polymers derived from marine organisms are increasingly explored for biomedical innovation. Collagen, extracted from fish and other marine sources, provides structural integrity and excellent biocompatibility, making it indispensable in tissue engineering and wound healing. Chitosan, obtained from crustacean shells, contributes biodegradability, antimicrobial activity, and cell adhesion properties, further broadening the scope of sustainable biomaterials. Together, PHAs, collagen, and chitosan exemplify the versatility and promise of sustainable bioplastics. Their synergistic properties pave the way for advanced biomedical applications, supporting the vision of eco-friendly, high-performance biomaterials for regenerative medicine and drug delivery. Keywords: bacterial plastics, biomedical applications, chitosan, circular bioeconomy, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Themes: Biotechnology, Microbiology

CHARACTERIZATION OF CHARCOAL FROM COCONUT SHELL AND RICE HUSK Ying LX¹, Mhd Ramle SF1*, Ibrahim NI¹, Hamid ZAA¹ and Ameram N¹ 1Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *fatimah.m@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT Biochar derived from biomass is becoming increasingly popular due to its potential applications in energy generation, agriculture, and environmental management. This work focuses on the characterisation of biochar produced from two distinct biomass sources, coconut shell and rice husk, via controlled pyrolysis. The goal of this study was to assess and compare the physicochemical properties of the produced biochars, including moisture content, ash content, pH, bulk density, calorific value, and biochar production. The coconut shell and rice husk were subjected to controlled slow pyrolysis in an oxygen-limited environment, followed by natural cooling, and then the produced biochar was characterised using standard laboratory techniques. Results of the experimental work indicated that coconut shell biochar had a greater bulk density and calorific value than rice husk biochar, demonstrating that it is better suited for energy-related uses. Conversely, rice husk biochar contained markedly higher levels of ash content with 36.93% and produced substantially greater amounts of biochar (37.86%) compared to coconut shell biochar, which had a lower recorded ash content of 5.71% and 29.55% of biochar yield. This phenomenon is attributed to the high silica and inorganic mineral levels found in rice husk, whereas biochar made from coconut shell displayed a significantly higher calorific value than rice husk, with 32.49% and 14.87%, respectively. Overall, the results showed that the biomass feedstock type significantly impacted biochar characteristics and prospective uses. Coconut shell biochar was more suited for energy conversion, but rice husk biochar was better suited for soil amendment and environmental uses. This work sheds light on feedstock selection for sustainable biochar synthesis and utilisation. Keywords: Biomass; biochar; coconut shell; rice husk; characteristic Themes: Green Chemistry Applications and Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Chemistry

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF pH AND TEMPERATURE ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM FOOD WASTE Moahamad Izzat AA1 and Hassan SR1* 1Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *j22a0020@siswa.umk.edu.my ABSTRACT The growing amount of vegetable food waste has caused major problems with the environment, due to the inappropriate disposal and greenhouse gas emissions. Anaerobic digestion is a sustainable method for turning the food waste into biogas which is the renewable source. However, the operational factors like pH and temperature have a significant impact on this process’s efficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the laboratory- scale anaerobic digestion to investigate the effects of different pH levels and temperatures on biogas and methane production from vegetable food waste. The objective of this study was to assess the features of total solids and volatile solids characteristics, examine the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), determine biogas production trends and calculate methane yield under various operational conditions. The experiment was conducted using batch anaerobic digester operated at pH 6, 7 and 8, as well as temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C. the water displacement method was used to measure the biogas volume, while methane content was estimated by assuming that the biogas produced contained 60% methane. The findings demonstrate that the pH 8 produced the maximum COD removal efficiency, neutral pH, which is pH 7 produced the highest cumulative biogas volume and consistent methane output. According to temperature studies, it indicated that 40°C was the optimal condition for biogas production. These results show that the vegetable food waste is a good substrate for anaerobic digestion and that improving the production of biogas and methane need strict pH and temperature regulation. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, vegetable food waste, biogas production, methane yield, COD reduction Themes: Food Science and Technology, Biotechnology, Environmental Sustainability, Bio- Industrial Technology, Renewable Energy.

EXPLOITING MARINE BACTERIA FOR RENEWABLE BIOMATERIAL SYNTHESIS IN SUPPORT OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRINCIPLES Bhubalan K1,2* 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia, 21030 2Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia, 21030 kesaven@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT The marine environment, distinguished by its vast microbial diversity, serves as a valuable resource for isolating bacteria with significant biotechnological potential. Among these, certain marine-derived strains have demonstrated the ability to synthesize two important biomaterials: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and rhamnolipids (RLs). PHAs are biodegradable polymers with physicochemical properties similar to conventional plastics, while RLs function as biosurfactants with notable surface activity and biocompatibility. These biomolecules have been successfully produced by local marine bacterial isolates under nutrient-limited conditions, utilizing excess carbon sources. The overlapping biosynthetic pathways of PHA and RL production offer an avenue for simultaneous synthesis within a single microbial system. Bioprocess optimization has been conducted using both shake-flask experiments and fermenter-scale production. Renewable agro-industrial by-products, including residues from sugarcane refining and oleochemical processes, have been employed as cost-effective carbon substrates, supporting a sustainable approach to biomaterial generation. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] remains the predominant homopolymer synthesized, though copolymers containing 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) units have also been developed and characterized. The applicability of these biomaterials spans multiple sectors, including aquaculture, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. In particular, studies are underway to evaluate the environmental behavior of PHA microparticles in marine organisms, aiming to replace plastic microbeads and mitigate microplastic pollution. The integration of local marine bacteria, renewable substrates, and environmentally friendly production processes underscores the potential for advancing circular economy frameworks and realizing the waste-to-wealth concept through sustainable biomaterial innovation. Keywords: marine bacteria; biomaterial; circular economy Themes: Biotechnology, Microbiology

EVALUATION OF SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIABILITY AMONG MULTI-LOCATIONAL TRIALS OF SUPERIOR HIGH YIELDING Strobilanthes crispa CLONES Samsul Bahari SN1,2*, Shairul Izan, R.2, Farah Fazwa, M. A.1, Juju Nakasha, J.2, Sures Kumar, M.1, Nor Fadilah, W.1 and Masitah M. T.1 1Plant Improvement Program, Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor 2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia *syafiqah@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Strobilanthes crispa is an important medicinal herb with increasing commercial and pharmaceutical value due to its high levels of bioactive compounds. The successful establishment and productivity of superior high-yielding clones are strongly influenced by environmental factors, particularly soil characteristics. This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical variability of soils across multi-locational trial plots established for superior high-yielding Strobilanthes crispa clones in Malaysia. Soil samples were collected during the early establishment stage from four clonal trial sites located at the FRIM Research Station at Mata Ayer, Perlis, Setiu, Terengganu, Selandar, Melaka, and FRIM, Kepong, Selangor. Physical and chemical soil properties, including soil texture, dry pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium, were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. The results revealed considerable variability in soil physicochemical properties among the four locations, reflecting differences in local environmental and edaphic conditions. Variations in soil fertility status and texture composition may influence clone adaptation, nutrient availability, and overall plant performance across locations. The findings provide important baseline information for understanding genotype × environment interactions and for developing suitable site management strategies for the cultivation and large-scale production of superior S. crispa planting materials. This study also contributes valuable reference data for future agronomic and multi-locational evaluation of medicinal plant clones in Malaysia. Keywords: Clonal trial, genotype x environment interactions, medicinal plant, plant breeding, soil variability Themes: Plant Science

INTEGRATING WETLAND MONITORING AND HYDROLOGICAL DATA USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT Mohd Shariff S1* 1ECONATREA, School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus, Malaysia *syazuani@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Wetlands play an important role in regulating hydrological processes and reducing flood risk by retaining excess water and slowing surface runoff. However, this area is facing degradation, land-use changes, and increasing climate variability. This consequently reduced wetlands’ capacity to function effectively as natural flood regulators. At the same time, machine learning (ML) has been increasingly used for flood prediction by analysing hydrological and environmental data. Although studies on ML-based flood prediction and wetland monitoring have increased significantly, the integration of wetland spatial information and hydrological variables for flood risk assessment remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to examine the integration of wetland monitoring and hydrological data using ML for flood risk assessment. This study adopts a conceptual approach based on a review of selected peer reviewed journal articles obtained from Scopus and Web of Science indexed databases. The findings indicate that ML based integration of remote sensing and hydrological data improves the ability to identify relationships between wetland changes and flood occurrence. Wetland information derived from spatial data, can be integrated with hydrological variables to improve flood prediction and estimate flood severity. The preliminary conceptual framework for the future development of integrated ML based flood prediction models will provide a comprehensive and data driven framework for flood risk assessment and sustainable flood management. Keywords: flood risk, flood management, machine learning, remote sensing, wetlands Themes: Artificial Intelligence in Biology

IN SILICO DRUG REPURPOSING AGAINST TILAPIA LAKE VIRUS POLYMERASE IDENTIFIES ANTIVIRAL LEAD COMPOUNDS VIA MOLECULAR DOCKING AND PHARMACOKINETIC PROFILING Tirillah N1 and Razali SA1,2* 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Biological Security and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *aisyarazali@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV), a segmented negative-sense RNA virus within the order Articulavirales, has inflicted catastrophic losses on global aquaculture across 17 countries, with stock mortality rates exceeding 90% in acute outbreaks, however no approved antiviral therapy exists. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a structurally minimal heterotrimer of PB1-, PB2-, and PA-like subunits resolved at the initiation state (PDB: 8PSN), represents a conserved and virus-specific therapeutic target central to genome replication and transcription. Exploiting the conserved catalytic architecture of RdRp across negative-sense RNA viruses as a rational basis for compound selection, we applied an integrated in silico pipeline encompassing sequence conservation mapping, structural quality validation, pharmacokinetic profiling, and site-directed molecular docking to identify repurposed antiviral leads against 8PSN. Multiple sequence alignment of 8PSN against three phylogenetically proximal Amnoonviridae RdRp homologues identified a conserved catalytic residue cluster, namely Arg155, Lys216, Asn218, Met266, and Asp289, that defines the polymerase active site across the family. Reliability of the cryo-EM-derived 8PSN model was confirmed by ERRAT analysis (91.29%) and PROCHECK Ramachandran assessment (89.7% residues in favoured regions), supporting its suitability for structure-based docking. Seven clinically established antivirals with documented activity against structurally homologous viral polymerases were screened for drug-likeness; six satisfied Lipinski’s Rule of Five, with myricetin excluded due to excessive polar surface area (151.59 Ų) and hydrogen bond donor count. AutoDock Vina docking against the predicted 8PSN active site identified pimodivir (−9.1 kcal/mol), brequinar (−8.7 kcal/mol), and teriflunomide (−8.3 kcal/mol) as top-ranked candidates. Interaction profiling via BIOVIA Discovery Studio revealed convergent but structurally distinct binding modes within the conserved palm-fingers catalytic interface: pimodivir engaged Arg155 and Asn218 via hydrophobic and hydrogen bond contacts, brequinar anchored at Arg155 and Asp289, and teriflunomide formed stabilising interactions at Lys151. Collectively, these findings nominate pimodivir, brequinar, and teriflunomide as priority candidates for empirical validation through in vitro RdRp inhibition assays and TiLV-infected cell models, advancing the antiviral discovery pipeline for a pathogen with significant food security implications. Keywords: Tilapia Lake Virus; TiLV; molecular docking; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; antiviral drug repurposing; aquaculture Themes: Biomolecular Sciences, Biotechnology, Microbiology

TISSUE-SPECIFIC MICRORNA REGULATION OF PP2C AND COI1 MEDIATES HORMONAL REPROGRAMMING IN SALINITY-STRESSED ZEA MAYS VAR. CERATINA Zolaimi NMS1, Mohamad Shaiful Bahri MSC1, Harith-Fadzilah N2, Mahmod NH1, Hasan Nudin NF1, Abu Bakar MF1 and Alias N1* 1School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Tembila Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan *nadiawati@unisza.edu.my ABSTRACT Salinity stress is a major abiotic constraint for maize production, yet the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulatory mechanisms in anthocyanin-rich varieties remain poorly understood. This study investigates the molecular response of purple waxy (PW) maize (Zea mays var. ceratina cv. Raja Pulut WX300) under 100 mM NaCl stress. Utilising an integrated in silico and RT-qPCR approach, we identified zma-miR164f-3p and zma-miR159e-5p as high confidence regulators of the Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Jasmonic Acid (JA) pathways, targeting PP2C and COI1, respectively. Candidate miRNAs were prioritised based on stringent Expectation (E) scores (E ≤ 2.0) and unpaired energy (UPE) values (-1.0 kcal/mol), ensuring high target- site accessibility. Expression profiling revealed a sophisticated, tissue-specific regulatory strategy. miR159e was drastically upregulated in leaves (~8.97-fold) but downregulated in roots (~0.64-fold). Conversely, miR164f was downregulated in roots (~0.55-fold), suggesting a “release” of post- transcriptional repression on PP2C to modulate ABA sensitivity while miR164f remained stable in the leaves (~1.16-fold). These findings demonstrated miRNA-driven phytohormone regulation as means of modulating the potential negative impact of these signals on its root growth. This additional layer of phytohormone regulations contributes to the expanded knowledge of mechanisms regulating maize’s resilience and paves the way for potential future genetic improvements. Keywords: salinity stress, microRNA, PP2C, COI1. Themes: Plant and Animal Science, Biomolecular Science, and Biotechnology.

NUTRITIONAL AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF GRASSHOPPERS AS A POTENTIAL HALAL ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN SOURCE Tukiran NA1*, Ahmad Fadzillah N1, and Jamaludin MA1 1International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jln Gombak, 53100 Selangor, Malaysia. *aziratukiran@iium.edu.my ABSTRACT The increasing demand for sustainable alternative protein sources has generated interest in edible insects, particularly grasshoppers, for their high nutritional value and lower environmental impact compared to conventional livestock. However, their suitability within halal food systems requires consideration beyond permissibility alone, particularly regarding nutritional quality, food safety, and the principles of halalan tayyiban. This study evaluates grasshoppers as a potential halal protein source from nutritional and safety perspectives through a literature-based review of existing studies. Previous studies indicate that grasshoppers generally contain high protein content, beneficial fatty acids, essential amino acids, and important minerals comparable to conventional animal protein sources. Nevertheless, their nutritional composition varies according to species, geographical location, environmental conditions, feed substrate, and processing methods. The review also highlights several important safety concerns, including microbial contamination, allergenicity, heavy metal accumulation, mycotoxins, and possible insecticide residues, particularly in wild-harvested grasshoppers and locusts. Therefore, proper handling, hygienic processing, and safety monitoring are essential to ensure product quality and safety. Overall, grasshoppers demonstrate promising potential as an alternative protein source that aligns with the principles of halalan tayyiban, although safety assurance and quality control remain crucial. This study provides preliminary insight to support future research and the development of safe and acceptable insect-based protein products. Keywords: grasshopper, edible insects, nutritional composition, food safety, halalan tayyiban Themes: Applied Biology

DEVELOPMENT OF AN In Vitro PROPAGATION SYSTEM FOR Eucalyptus deglupta Mohd Kasim NS1*, Nor Hasnida, H. 1, Nazirah, A. 1, Tengku Nurul Munirah, T.A.R.1, Muhammad Mursheid, M.Y.1, Rozidah, K.1, Rohani, A.1, Nor Izatty Atikah, J.S.1, Nur Fadhlin Shakina, S.1, Mohamad Faizal S.1 and Dasrul Iskandar, D.2 1Tissue Culture Laboratory, Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan. 2 Forest Plantation Program, Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan. *syahira@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Eucalyptus deglupta is a fast-growing tropical hardwood species with increasing importance in plantation forestry and tree improvement initiatives. The establishment of a reproducible in vitro propagation system is essential to ensure a continuous supply of juvenile planting materials for early-stage evaluation and nursery production. This study describes the development of an integrated micropropagation workflow for E. deglupta, encompassing aseptic seed germination, shoot multiplication, root induction, and acclimatization in the nursery. Seeds of E. deglupta collected from FRIM Research Station (SPF) Selandar, Melaka were surface sterilized using Ethanol and Clorox® and germinated under controlled in vitro conditions. Juvenile nodal explants excised from aseptic germinated seedlings were used as explants and cultured on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 0.1 mg L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to stimulate axillary shoot proliferation. Elongated shoots were subsequently transferred to half-strength WPM devoid of plant growth regulators to induce root formation. Culture responses were monitored based on shoot development, rooting ability, and general plantlet morphology under controlled environmental conditions. Rooted shoots were carefully removed from culture vessels, washed to eliminate residual medium, and transferred to Jiffy pellets for primary acclimatization under high-humidity conditions before establishment in polybags in the nursery. The regenerated plantlets were established under nursery conditions and showed normal morphological appearance during early observation. This propagation framework provides a structured platform for producing E. deglupta plantlets and serves as a foundation for future optimization and potential integration into breeding and plantation development programs. Keywords: Eucalyptus deglupta, micropropagation, shoot proliferation, root induction, acclimatization. Themes: Biotechnology

GROWTH AND ADAPTIVE MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Brassica rapa TO PHOSPHATE STARVATION Wang Z1 and Shahbuddin D1* 1School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *dahliashah@usm.my ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and development, and its deficiency significantly affects crop morphology and physiology. This study investigated the morphophysiological responses of B. rapa under varying P concentrations using pot and hydroponic experiments. In the pot experiment, a completely randomized design with six P concentration gradients and three harvest periods was used to evaluate biomass accumulation, leaf and root traits, chlorophyll content, and tissue P concentration. Plant growth increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the greatest treatment differences observed at day 45. Phosphorus deficiency induced dark green leaf coloration, indicating a protective adaptive response. Adequate P supply significantly increased aboveground biomass, leaf area, and root length, while decreasing the root-to-shoot ratio. Leaf area and root length reached saturation at moderate P concentrations (0.225 gL⁻¹), whereas stem biomass and chlorophyll content continued to increase up to the highest concentration (1.35 gL⁻¹), suggesting tissue-specific P requirements. A hydroponic experiment comparing phosphorus-sufficient (P+) and phosphorus-deficient (P−) conditions was conducted using two B. rapa varieties, pak choy (PC) and sawi bunga (SB). Leaf area, chlorophyll content, and stomatal characteristics were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PC showed significantly greater leaf area under P+ conditions, while SB also exhibited higher chlorophyll content and leaf area under P+ treatment. SEM analysis revealed contrasting stomatal plasticity under P deficiency: stomatal density increased by 24.7% in PC but decreased by 22.2% in SB. Both varieties showed reduced stomatal aperture, smaller stomatal area, and wrinkled guard cell surfaces under P deficiency, indicating impaired stomatal function. These findings highlight contrasting stomatal adaptations and provide useful indicators for screening phosphorus-efficient B. rapa genotypes. Keywords: Phosphorus deficiency, Morphophysiology, Brassica rapa, Stomatal Plasticity Themes: Biotechnology

EFFECTS OF ANTI-nNAV1.5 ANTIBODIES ON MHC I ANTIGEN PROCESSING MACHINERY IN BREAST CANCER SPHEROID Murtadha AH1,2 and Mokhtar NF2* 1Natural Product Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia 2Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia *fatmawati@usm.my ABSTRACT Neonatal Nav1.5 (nNav1.5), a voltage-gated sodium channel isoform, has been implicated in breast cancer invasion and metastasis, but its role in regulating MHC I antigen processing machinery (APM) remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of novel monoclonal (mAb) and polyclonal (pAb) anti-nNav1.5 antibodies on MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer spheroid morphology and expression of APM- and metastasis-related genes. Spheroids were generated using the liquid overlay method and treated for 7 days, with untreated spheroids used as calibrators. Gene expression was quantified by qPCR using the 2−ΔΔCt method. Both mAb and pAb significantly reduced spheroid volume at day 7 compared with untreated controls. Relative to day 0, untreated spheroids retained 56.10% volume, whereas mAb- and pAb-treated spheroids were reduced to 23.74% and 33.25%, respectively. nNav1.5 transcript expression remained unchanged following antibody treatment. Within the MHC I APM pathway, TAP1 (mAb: 4.81-fold; pAb: 3.66-fold) and MHC I (mAb: 5.76-fold; pAb: 3.79-fold) showed the strongest mRNA upregulation, followed by moderate increases in PSMB9 and TAP2. CD274 expression was not significantly altered. Metastatic marker, FN1, was markedly downregulated (mAb: 0.50-fold; pAb: 0.16-fold). However, another metastatic marker, MMP1, was strongly upregulated (mAb: 4.98-fold; pAb: 4.21-fold). In conclusion, antibody-mediated targeting of nNav1.5 suppresses MDA-MB-231 spheroid volume, potentially via increased compaction, and selectively modulates MHC I APM- and metastasis-associated genes without altering nNav1.5 transcription. These findings suggest that the antibodies contribute to intracellular signalling changes affecting tumour architecture and immune-related gene expression in breast cancer spheroids. However, future studies are required to investigate the potential feedback mechanism of nNav1.5 and confirm the functional inhibition of the antibodies. Keywords: nNav1.5, antibodies, breast cancer, spheroid, antigen processing machinery Themes: Biomolecular Sciences, Biotechnology

ENHANCING BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES: CHARACTERIZATION OF A MULTICOPPER OXIDASE FROM POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON DEGRADER Pseudomonas putida B4 Suzana A1, Chee Fah W1*, Saripah Salbiah S, Som Cit S1, Rosmilah M1, Iffah Izzati Z3, Mardiana Mohd A4 and Raja Noor Zaliha Raja A5 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan ldris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan ldris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia 3Synthetic Biology and Cell Factory Section, Malaysia Genome Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 5Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor *cheefah@fsmt.upsi.edu.my ABSTRACT The bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) has gathered significant environmental concern. Introduction of whole PAHs-degraders in bioremediation presents limitations including survival of strains and problems with international legislation. Hence, biocatalysis offers alternatives to improve the bioremediation strategies due to its advantages in reducing production of toxic sub-products and minimizing impact on the environment. In this study, a recombinant multicopper oxidase, codenamed PPB4_MCO, was purified from Pseudomonas putida B4 and several parameters for physical and chemical characterization were investigated. The PPB4_MCO was expressed (~54 kDa) and purified with protein fold increase up to 8.7 and 157 % yield via affinity chromatography. The PPB4_MCO had shown optimum activity at 70 ℃ (12h half-life) and pH 3.0, with its thermal and pH stabilities were detected ranging from 4 - 100℃ and pH 3.0 – 6.0, respectively. The chemical characterization exhibited activities in 1.0mM of all tested inhibitors. Meanwhile, PPB4_MCO activity was enhanced in the presence of 1.0mM and 5.0mM of Cu2+, Fe3+, Mg2+ and Na+. The PPB4_MCO activity was detected in 25% (v/v) of both water- and nonwater-micible organic solvents, with significant activity enhancement was visualized in ethylbenzene, ethanol, n-hexadecane, n-dodecane and crude petroleum. Analysis on the circular dichroism spectrometry had demonstrated a relative stability of α-helix and β-sheet in 0 – 50% (v/v) ethanol, in contrast to significant changes of 48.3%, 48.3%, and 3.4% of α-helix, β-sheet and random coil, respectively, in 75% (v/v) ethanol. The latter observation was corresponded with the decline of PPB4_MCO relative activity at 75% ethanol and above. This study signified as a blueprint for protein engineering in designing super- bioremediators which are able to degrade environmental pollutants in any given conditions. Keywords: PAHs degrader, Pseudomonas putida B4, multicopper oxidase Themes: Biotechnology, Biomolecular Sciences, Green Chemistry Applications

WATER AFFINITY OF OVEN-DRIED DURIAN SEED POWDER AND FREEZE-DRIED DURIAN SEED POWDER Ahmad Naim Rohaizan1, Latiffah Karim1*, Hafiza Yahya1, Hanis Nadia Yahya1 and Siti Radhiah Omar1 1Food Biotechnology program, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *latiffah16@usim.edu.my ABSTRACT Durian seed is often wasted but it can be utilized as a hydrocolloid since it has quite an excellent water affinity. The water affinity of durian seed is influenced by the presence of sugar group in seed mucilage of durian. To prolong the durian seed shelf-life, assistance of preservation techniques such as oven-drying and freeze-drying is necessary. This study aims to find out the water affinity of oven-dried durian seed powder and freeze-dried durian seed powder. Among parameters used in this study include water solubility, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and thermal behaviour. The water holding capacity (352.2g water /100g durian seed powder) and oil holding capacity (392.2g oil /100g durian seed powder) of freeze-dried durian seed powder were also higher than their equivalents for the oven-dried durian seed powder ((155.5g water /100g durian seed powder) and (198.7g oil / 100g durian seed powder)). Freeze-dried durian seed powder (61.70%) has better water solubility compared to oven-dried durian seed powder (46.28%). Oven- dried durian seed powder lose 9.44% weight at temperature range of 50°C-100°C and 70.55% at temperature range of 100°C-300°C during heating process of thermogravimetric analysis, which is less compared to freeze-dried durian seed powder that lose 12.03% weight at temperature range of 50°C-100°C and 100% weight at temperature range of 100°C-300°C. Freeze-dried durian seed powder’s particles are more uniform in terms of size and shape than its oven-dried counterparts according to scanning electron microscope images. Oven-dried and freeze-dried durian seed powder also showed they could potentially be utilised as alternative hydrocolloid sources, such as food thickener and food emulsifier, since they demonstrated good water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and water solubility. Keywords: Food security; hydrocolloid; oven drying; freeze drying; water holding capacity. Themes: Food science and Technology

SEX-STRATIFIED SPECIES-LEVEL GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE REVEALED BY SHOTGUN METATRANSCRIPTOMIC SEQUENCING Abidin, SZ 1*, Abdol Samat, HN 1, Ling, KH 2,3, Mahadzir, H 4 and Tengku Muhammad, TS 5 1 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor. 3 Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeing®), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor. 4 Department of Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur. 5 Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu *shahidee.zainal@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most prior investigations have relied on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which limits taxonomic resolution to the genus level and captures microbial presence rather than activity. In this study, we employed shotgun metatranscriptomic sequencing to characterise transcriptionally active gut microbiota at species- level resolution in AD patients compared to age-matched controls, with analyses stratified by sex. In AD females, a pronounced and broad dysbiosis was identified across 1,335 differentially active species. This dysbiosis was characterised by significant enrichment of Bifidobacterium longum (log₂FC = +8.98), Sutterella parvirubra (log₂FC = +6.77), Intestinibacter bartlettii (log₂FC = +6.78), and Coprobacter secundus (log₂FC = +6.43), taxa associated with mucosal barrier disruption, neuroinflammatory signalling, and neuroactive metabolite production. This was accompanied by a near-complete loss of methanogenic archaea, including Candidatus Methanomethylophilus alvus (log₂FC = −20.39) and fermentative taxa, including multiple Ruminococcus species, indicative of severely compromised gut homeostasis. In AD males, a more focused but equally severe dysbiosis was observed across 264 differentially active species. This dysbiosis was dominated by the collapse of keystone butyrate-producing taxa, including Cloacibacillus porcorum (log₂FC = −13.06), Cloacibacillus sp. An23 (log₂FC = −12.30), and Megasphaera stantonii (log₂FC = −12.25). This was accompanied by a marked overgrowth of multiple Veillonella strains (log₂FC up to +18.11). These changes shifted the gut metabolic environment toward lactate consumption at the expense of short-chain fatty acid production. Collectively, these findings reveal sex-dimorphic patterns of gut microbiota dysbiosis in AD. Females exhibited broader restructuring of the inflammatory community, whereas males showed a targeted loss of neuroprotective fermenters. These results underscore the value of metatranscriptomic sequencing for uncovering sex-specific, species-level, functionally active microbial alterations in AD. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Gut-brain axis; Metatranscriptomic analysis; Gut microbiota dysbiosis Themes: Microbiology; Biomolecular sciences; Neuroscience

EFFECT OF IMMEDIATE AND DELAYED SURFACE STERILIZATION ON THE IN VITRO ESTABLISHMENT OF RUBROSHOREA LEPROSULA EXPLANTS COLLECTED FROM MATURE MOTHER TREES Nazirah A. 1*, Nor Hasnida H. 1, Siti Suhaila A.R. 1, Nur Syahira M.K. 1, Rozidah K. 1, Nor Fadilah W. 1, Farah Fazwa MA. 1 and Faridah A.A. 1 1Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109, Kepong, Selangor *nazirah@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT The establishment of shoot explants collected from mature mother trees for tissue culture is often limited by microbial contamination, phenolic oxidation, and rapid physiological deterioration following excision. Delays between explant collection and surface sterilization may further reduce tissue viability and compromise successful culture establishment. This study evaluated the effect of immediate and delayed surface sterilization on the in vitro establishment of mature Rubroshorea leprosula explants collected from selected mother trees (>20 years old) in Hutan Simpan Ulu Sedili, Johor. Immediate surface sterilization (M1) was performed in the field using a Portable Laminar Airflow (PORLA) system to minimize the interval between explant excision and processing, whereas delayed surface sterilization (M3) involved a two-day cold storage period (4°C) prior to laboratory processing using the same sterilization protocol. Explants were evaluated after one week based on clean culture, fungal contamination, tissue greenness, viability, and phenolic leaching. Overall, immediate surface sterilization maintained a substantially higher proportion of green explants (97.9%) and viable explants (97.9%), whereas delayed surface sterilization resulted in 97.8% browning and only 1.1% viable explants. Although delayed processing produced a higher proportion of contamination-free cultures (95.5%) than immediate processing (80.9%), these explants exhibited more severe phenolic leaching and greater physiological deterioration. These findings indicate that contamination control alone does not guarantee successful tissue culture establishment and suggest that post-harvest physiological deterioration may be a more important factor limiting explant establishment than microbial contamination. Minimizing the interval between explant collection and surface sterilization is critical for the successful in vitro establishment of mature Rubroshorea leprosula. Immediate field processing using a portable laminar flow (PORLA) provides a practical strategy for preserving explant physiological integrity when same-day laboratory processing is not feasible. Keywords: Rubroshorea leprosula, mature explant, tissue culture, surface sterilization, PORLA, phenolic leaching. Themes: Biotechnology

INTEGRATING TRAIL MORPHOLOGY AND SOIL COMPACTION INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING PHYSICAL CARRYING CAPACITY AT GUNUNG TEBU HIKING TRAIL, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA Mohd Rizal MSS1, Brandy SN1, Bookhari SN1* and Wan Ahmad WMNH2 1Studies of Parks and Amenity Management, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia *sitinoorbaizura@uitm.edu.com.my ABSTRACT Physical carrying capacity is a fundamental concept in recreation ecology, referring to the maximum level of recreational use that an environment can sustain before unacceptable physical degradation occurs. Effective assessment requires indicators that capture both surface and subsurface responses to visitor use. This study evaluates trail width, trail depth, and soil compaction as integrated indicators of physical carrying capacity along the Gunung Tebu Hiking Trail, Terengganu, Malaysia. A quantitative approach was employed using rapid survey techniques, cross-sectional trail measurements, and a three-point pocket penetrometer. Data were collected before and after a controlled simulation involving 200 hikers between May and September 2025 across Lowland Dipterocarp, Hill Dipterocarp, and Upper Dipterocarp Forests. Results revealed that 65.4% of sampling points experienced trail widening and measurable depth changes, particularly along the trail centreline, indicating increasing erosion and surface degradation. Simultaneously, soil compaction levels generally increased following recreational use, with the most severe impacts recorded in the Upper Dipterocarp Forest. At the same time, the Hill Dipterocarp Forest exhibited consistently moderate compaction associated with higher visitation intensity. Compaction was greatest at the trail centre, reflecting concentrated foot traffic patterns that corresponded with observed changes in trail morphology. The combined findings demonstrate that trail deformation and soil resistance provide complementary evidence of recreation-induced impacts and offer a more holistic assessment of physical carrying capacity than either indicator alone. This integrated approach strengthens recreation resource monitoring and provides practical guidance for sustainable trail design, targeted maintenance, visitor management, and the long-term conservation of sensitive tropical forest environments. Keywords: recreation ecology, physical carrying capacity, trail morphology, soil compaction, pocket penetrometer, trail width and depth Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

EFFECTS OF BROMELAIN AND Spirulina platensis SUPPLEMENTATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF Clarias macrocephalus Ramu S1, Othman R1*, Suliman NA1, Mansor FN1, A. Ghani IF1, Mohtar SH1, Mohd Zan MS2, Zulperi Z3 and Md Yasin IS3 1Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala Pilah Campus, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia *roshani@unisel.edu.my ABSTRACT Improving nutrient utilization and reproductive efficiency is essential for sustainable aquaculture production and broodstock management. This study evaluated the individual effects of bromelain and Spirulina platensis supplementation on nutrient utilization, pellet quality, serum biochemical responses, and reproductive performance of Clarias macrocephalus broodstock. Ninety broodstock fish were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: control, bromelain-supplemented diet (0.02%), and S. platensis-supplemented diet (2%) for 16 weeks. Proximate composition, physical pellet properties, serum biochemical parameters, and reproductive performance were analyzed using triplicate measurements and one-way ANOVA at p < 0.05. The bromelain-supplemented diet had higher protein (34.93 ± 1.03%) and fat content (20.92 ± 2.34%), while the S. platensis-supplemented diet had higher carbohydrate content (39.27 ± 1.02%) and water stability (177.67 ± 10.60%) compared with the control diet. Bromelain supplementation improved serum biochemical responses, including albumin, amylase activity, and triglyceride levels, while S. platensis supplementation enhanced metabolic status and reproductive performance. Fertilization, hatchability, and larval survival rates were significantly higher in bromelain-fed broodstock (94.86%, 82.91%, and 88.67%, respectively) and S. platensis-fed broodstock (93.25%, 77.58%, and 85.33%, respectively) compared with the control group (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that bromelain and S. platensis supplementation improved nutrient utilization, physiological responses, and reproductive performance of C. macrocephalus broodstock, suggesting their potential as functional feed additives in sustainable aquaculture nutrition. Keywords: Bromelain, Clarias macrocephalus, nutrient utilization, reproductive performance, serum biochemistry, Spirulina platensis Themes: Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BACKHOUSIA CITRIODORA LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST FOODBORNE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA Ngui C. W.1* and Shahbuddin D.1 1School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *chaiwen634@gmail.com ABSTRACT Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle) is an aromatic medicinal plant known for its antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of B. citriodora against two common foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol and 70% methanol, yielding extraction efficiencies of 9.47% and 9.67%, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids in both extracts. Antibacterial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. The ethanolic extract produced the largest inhibition zones, reaching 23.7 ± 0.6 mm against S. aureus and 26.0 ± 1.0 mm against E. coli at 20% (w/v). MIC values for both extracts against S. aureus were 5% (w/v), while against E. coli the MIC values were 1.25% (w/v) for the ethanolic extract and 10% (w/v) for the methanolic extract. The findings suggest that B. citriodora leaves are a promising source of natural antibacterial compounds and may have potential applications in food preservation and antimicrobial product development. Keywords: Backhousia citriodora, foodborne pathogen, phytochemical screening, agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration assay Themes: Microbiology, Biotechnology

ANTIOXIDANT AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF PHENYLATED TETRAHYDRO-Β-CARBOLINE DERIVATIVES Mohd Nor Hazalin NA1,2, Mohamed SA 1*, Pungot NH4,5, Chia CT5 and Hashim SN6 1Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 43200 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMiSE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 43200 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 3Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Tekonologi MARA, Perak Branch, 35400 Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia 4Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 43200 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 5Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, 40450, Malaysia 6Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malacca Branch, Jasin Campus, 77300 Merlimau, Malacca, Malaysia *mazleena@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives (THβC) have attracted significant interest due to their diverse pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, a series of phenylated tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives was evaluated for their antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities to explore their potential as multifunctional neuroprotective agents. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, while AChE inhibitory activity was assessed using Ellman’s colorimetric method. The tested compounds exhibited moderate antioxidant activity with DPPH IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.77 to 21.49 mg/mL. Among the evaluated derivatives, compound G showed the strongest radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 6.77 ± 0.41 mg/mL). In the AChE inhibition assay, compound K displayed the most potent inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 8.26 ± 2.61 mg/mL). Although the activities were lower than those of the reference standards, the results suggest that phenylated tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives possess promising dual antioxidant and anti- cholinesterase properties. These findings highlight the potential of the phenylated tetrahydro-β-carboline scaffold as a lead structure for the development of multifunctional agents targeting oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Keywords: Tetrahydro-β-carboline; antioxidant activity; acetylcholinesterase inhibition; DPPH; FRAP; neuroprotective agents Themes: Biomolecular Sciences

SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE CO-FEEDING MODULATES HDPE PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION AND MICROPLASTIC FATE IN Zophobas atratus Choo J1, Chong HY1, Kwong PJ1*, Sethupathi S2, Tan GC3 and Chan MY4 1Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 3Department of Allied Health Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 4Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. *kwongpj@utar.edu.my ABSTRACT The accumulation of plastic waste, particularly high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and the disposal of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) pose significant environmental challenges. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SMS co-feeding on HDPE consumption, microplastic fate and physiological response of Z. atratus larvae. The effects of HDPE plastic feeding on larval survival, nutritional composition, plastic consumption and microplastic accumulation in the gut and frass were evaluated to explore the biotechnological potential of insects in resource recovery and circular bioeconomy applications. A 28-day feeding experiment was conducted using three dietary treatments: T1 (SMS), T2 (SMS + HDPE) and T3 (HDPE) alone. Larvae fed solely with HDPE exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater weight loss (-0.10 ± 0.06 g / larva) compared with those fed solely with SMS (0.04 ±0.01 g/ larva) or SMS co-fed with HDPE (-0.01± 0.01 g/ larva), while mortality rates remained comparable among the treatments (4.44 - 7.04%). In terms of microplastic accumulations, larvae fed HDPE alone accumulated significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher numbers of microplastics in the gut (893.67 ± 31.80 particles) and frass (770.00 ± 21.50 particles) than larvae receiving SMS co-feeding, which contained 545.00 ± 23.50 and 209.78 ± 10.77 particles, respectively. In addition, HDPE feeding resulted in larvae containing significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower nitrogen (6.11 ± 0.01%) and lipid (19.77 ± 0.23%), whereas SMS co-feeding partially alleviated these nutritional declines, maintaining nitrogen and lipid contents at 7.19 ± 0.02% and 27.40 ± 0.15%. In conclusion, SMS co-feeding modulated the physiological responses and microplastic fate of Z. atratus during HDPE consumption, reducing microplastic accumulation and alleviating nutritional stress without altering HDPE consumption rate. These findings highlight the potential of agro-industrial by-products to support insect-mediated plastic processing. Keywords: Insect-mediated plastic processing, Microplastic accumulation, Superworm, Insect biotechnology, Agro-industrial by-products Themes: Biotechnology, Insect studies, Environmental chemistry

EVALUATING ORGANIC WASTE FERTILISERS ON SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOUR L. MOENCH) GROWTH PERFORMANCE Mukhtar NK1, Farah IMA1, Muazzam KAAR1, Azman MSAR1, Md Zain N1, Sidek N1, Bakar THSTA1 and Zakaria S1 1Department of Agro Based Industries, Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia *karimah.m@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT Fertilisation is critical for optimising plant development by providing essential nutrients often deficient in soil matrices. In sustainable agriculture, utilising organic waste as an alternative nutrient source has gained significant traction. This study evaluated the efficacy of various waste-derived organic fertilisers on the growth performance of sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L. Moench). The experimental treatments consisted of specific organic liquid formulations, including fish amino acids (FAA), fermented plant juice (FPJ), fermented fruit juice (FFJ), and indigenous microorganisms (IMO), sourced from fish, vegetable, fruit, and rice wastes, respectively. Each treatment was diluted to two concentrations: 1 % (1 L water, 10 mL treatment) and 2 % (500 mL water, 10 mL treatment), and commercial fertiliser was used as positive control, applied to the plants at 20 mL quantities weekly. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with three replications. Results indicated that the organic waste treatments significantly influenced the vegetative and physiological development of sorghum. Notably, the 2% FAA treatment which was composed of fish waste, molasses, and effective microorganisms (EM) exhibited the most pronounced biostimulatory effect. Under this treatment, plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, and chlorophyll content significantly increased by mean values of 33.39 cm, 5.04, 27.77 mm, and 2.05 SPAD units, respectively, demonstrating comparable efficacy to the commercial control. This study concludes that FAA serves as a highly viable, sustainable organic fertiliser that enhances robust growth performance in sorghum cultivation. Keywords: sorghum, fish amino acids, agro industrial waste, liquid organic fertiliser, growth performance Themes: Applied Biology

MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARATERIZATION OF SCHOOL DRINKING WATER IN ORANG ASLI COMMUNITIES OF PERAK Manimaran L1, Abu Bakar A1*, Si Nang SC1*, Mohd Najib SA2 and Saidin S1* 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia 2Department of Geography and Environment, Faculty of Human Sciences, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia *syazwan@fsmt.upsi.edu.my ABSTRACT Access to safe drinking water remains an important public health concern for Orang Asli communities in rural Malaysia. In school settings, children may be exposed to unsafe water if the water source, storage system, or tap outlet is contaminated. However, limited studies have examined both chemical and microbial risks in drinking water used by Orang Asli schools. This study assessed the quality of drinking water at five Orang Asli primary schools in Perak by examining water samples from source, storage, and tap-outlet points. A cross-sectional study design was used. Basic water quality parameters, including pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and salinity, were measured on site. Heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, and iron, were analysed in the laboratory. The Department of Environment Water Quality Index was also calculated to classify the overall water condition. In addition, DNA-based tests were used to detect Escherichia coli, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Giardia lamblia. The results showed that lead exceeded the WHO guideline of 0.01 mg/L at all five schools and at all sampling points, ranging from 7.4 times higher at SK Pos Bersih to 22.2 times higher at SK Pos Raya. Although all tap outlets were classified as Clean based on the Water Quality Index, this classification did not reflect the presence of lead or microbial contamination. Escherichia coli was detected at source points in four schools but not at tap outlets. Ascaris lumbricoides was detected at tap outlets in two schools, while Giardia lamblia was detected at two source points. These findings show that routine water classification alone is not enough to ensure safe drinking water in rural Indigenous school settings. Regular heavy metal testing, microbial monitoring, and targeted improvements to school water systems are needed to protect children’s health and support sustainable access to safe drinking water. Keywords: Orang Asli, Drinking water quality, school water safety, heavy metal contamination, microbial pathogens, Water Quality Index Themes: Microbiology

INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON NESTING HABITAT PREFERENCES OF THE SOUTHERN RIVER TERRAPIN (BATAGUR AFFINIS) AT SUNGAI TERENGGANU Zakaria N1*, Kandasamy SV1 and Muhammad Nor SM1 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *nurul_huda@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT The critically endangered Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis) faces severe global declines due to habitat destruction, pollution and anthropogenic nesting disturbances. This study evaluated critical soil physicochemical factors influencing natural nesting habitat suitability at Lubuk Kawah, Kuala Berang. The riverbank was stratified into Lower, Middle, and Upper Bank sampling zones. In each zone, soil sample were collected and analysed for soil pH, soil moisture and grain size. Results indicated significant zonal variation in pH (p < 0.05), establishing a clear spatial gradient where the Upper Bank zone exhibited the highest values and the Lower Bank zone recorded the lowest. Sediment texture analysis also revealed significant variation specifically within the 355μ grain fraction (p < 0.05). While individual egg counts per nest did not vary across zones (p = 0.6919), moisture levels and coarser grain size fractions (2.00mm to 500μ) significantly governed overall zonal egg distribution. In conclusion, Southern River Terrapin displays selective nesting preferences tightly linked to distinct soil micro-environments along the riverbank. These insights provide vital baseline data for identifying and replicating optimal nesting habitats in targeted conservation and sanctuary restoration initiatives. Keywords: freshwater turtle, grain, moisture, pH, physicochemical, sand Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

POTENTIAL OF Kaempferia parviflora EXTRACT IN AMELIORATING ORGANOTOCICITY INDUCED BY FENITROTHION IN MURINE MODEL Ong S.S.T.X.1, Ding H.M. 1, Tan H.X. 1, Kwong P.J. 2 and Chan M.Y.3, Tan G.C. 1* 1Department of Allied Health Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia 2Department of Food Science and Agriculture, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia 3Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia *tangc@utar.edu.my ABSTRACT Fenitrothion (FNT) is a widely used pesticide associated with oxidative stress and histomorphology alteration in vital organs such as the testis, liver and kidneys. Meanwhile, there are no established research based on the protective effect of Kaempferia parviflora against pesticide-induced toxicity on murine model. Therefore, the purposes of the study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant content of K. parviflora extract (KPE) on different solvents and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of KPE against FNT-induced pathological changes in the testis, liver and kidneys. Rhizomes of K. parviflora were extracted using 3 different solvents (aqueous, ethanol and hexane) and antioxidant activities of extracts were evaluated (DPPH, TPC and TFC). A total of 12 male ICR mice were randomly assigned into four treatment groups and administered FNT, KPE, or their combination via intragastric gavage for 28 days. A total of 12 male ICR mice were randomly assigned into four treatment groups and administered FNT, KPE, or their combination via intragastric gavage for 28 days. Following treatment, 3 male mice per group were sacrificed for testis, kidney and liver histology assessments. Ethanolic extract of K. parviflora has significantly higher antioxidant properties and content than aqueous and hexane extracts (P<0.05). Meanwhile, KPE has exhibited a mitigating effect towards fenitrothion-induced reproductive impairment, as well as exerts protective effects against hepatic and renal damage, which implies the potential usage as alternative treatment. However, more studies are required to evaluate on sub-chronic treatment of KPE with FNT on pre-clinical studies and suitable dosage of KPE on infertile human studies. Keywords: Kaempferia parviflora; Fenitrothion; Oxidative Stress; Hepatotoxicity; Nephrotoxicity Themes: Plant and Animal Science

UNVEILING ZOOPLANKTON DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS IN A TROPICAL RECREATIONAL RIVER Ismail AH1*, Badulisham NA1 and Amil NAA1 1School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang *azmahanim@usm.my ABSTRACT A study of the zooplankton community was conducted in the Pinang River, a public recreational river located in Balik Pulau, Penang. Zooplankton samples were collected using a 35-μm mesh net at four sampling stations. Overall, 26 zooplankton taxa were recorded, consisting of three main groups: Rotifera, Copepoda and Cladocera. The zooplankton community was dominated by Rotifera (24 taxa), with numerous taxa occurring across the four sampling stations. Bdelloidea was consistently present at all stations during the study period, generally with moderate to high abundance. Among the rotifers, Lecane sp., Testudinella sp., Cephalodella sp., Brachionus sp., and Proalides sp. showed relatively broad distributions, although their occurrence varied among stations and sampling months. Regarding the zooplankton abundance, Station 2 recorded the highest average zooplankton abundance, followed by Station 3 and Station 4. The results indicate that the zooplankton assemblage was strongly characterised by rotifers, with considerable spatial and temporal variation in the occurrence and relative abundance of individual taxa. Keywords: zooplankton, recreational, river; Bdelloidea Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

EXPLORING PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY IN A TROPICAL URBAN RIVER Ismail AH1*, Pudin S1 and Mohd Rajme NAH1 1School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang *azmahanim@usm.my ABSTRACT This study investigated phytoplankton community composition, abundance, and diversity in the Ara River, southwest of Penang. Monthly sampling was conducted from November 2024 to January 2025 at three stations. A total of 65 phytoplankton species representing seven phyla were identified, with Bacillariophyta being the most diverse group (31 taxa), followed by Chlorophyta (18 taxa) and Cyanophyta (10 taxa). Among the most abundant taxa were Anabaena sp., Diadesmis confervacea, and Pinnularia sp. Phytoplankton diversity varied among sampling periods and stations, reflecting changes in community composition and abundance within the river. Spearman’s correlation revealed a strong positive relationship between species number and the Margalef richness index (r = 0.766), indicating that increases in species number contributed directly to greater phytoplankton richness. Overall, the Ara River supported a diverse phytoplankton community dominated by diatoms, with genera such as Anabaena, Pinnularia, Navicula, and Gomphonema contributing substantially. The findings provide baseline information on phytoplankton composition and diversity in the Ara River and highlight the potential of phytoplankton communities for assessing ecological conditions in tropical urban river ecosystems. Keywords: phytoplankton, river, Anabaena, urban Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

PHYSICOCHEMICAL, GLUCOSE DIALYSIS RETARDATION INDEX (GDRI) AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BREAD INCORPORATED WITH ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA) DECOCTION CALYX POWDER Lee XY1, Ismail NA1*, Mohd Maidin N1and Mohd Fauzi NF.1 1Faculty of Food Science and Agrotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu *akma.ismail@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyces commonly utilized to produce juice and beverages. However, the roselle calyx residue is always considered a waste product which usually discarded after the juice extraction process. The calyx residue can be processed into a powder to be used as an ingredient in various food products. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the physicochemical, glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), and sensory properties of bread incorporated with roselle decoction calyx powder (RDCP). The RDCP was incorporated into the dough formulation at four different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%). It was found that the incorporation of RDCP into the bread formulation increased the moisture (20.79 – 27.09%), ash (0.69 – 0.79%), and crude fiber contents (1.80 – 3.70%). Conversely, it caused a reduction in crude fat (7.72 – 6.30%) and crude protein contents (13.42 – 8.12%). Although the carbohydrate content showed a slight decrease, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed across all formulations, indicating a relatively stable carbohydrate content. Furthermore, as the RDCP level increased, the lightness of the crust color increased, while the lightness of the crumb color decreased. In terms of texture, increase in hardness and chewiness, while decreasing springiness and cohesiveness were observed. Meanwhile, the specific volume of bread decreased significantly with increasing RDCP incorporation. Sensory analysis revealed that the 5% RDCP formulation achieved the highest panel acceptance, with a score of 5.70 ± 0.88, outperforming the other formulations. Moreover, GDRI analysis showed that higher levels of RDCP resulted in increased GDRI values, with all bread formulations exhibiting a gradual decrease in GDRI values over time. In conclusion, incorporating RDCP into bread helped to utilize the waste into a nutritious product. Keywords: Roselle, calyx; bread; GDRI Themes: Food Science

BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF NATIVE PSEUDOMONAS SPP. AGAINST SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII-INDUCED FOOT ROT IN CHILLI (CAPSICUM ANNUUM) Aziz NAD1 and Azmi NSA1* 1Department of Plant Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia *sabrinaazmi@iium.edu.my ABSTRACT Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), a high-value agricultural commodity in Malaysia, frequently faces severe yield losses due to foot rot disease caused by the soil-borne phytopathogen Sclerotium rolfsii. Despite the agronomic impact of this disease, the exploration of native Pseudomonas species as biocontrol agents against A. rolfsii remains limited in this region. This study evaluated the biocontrol efficacy of Pseudomonas spp. against S. rolfsii through in vitro assessments—including dual culture and sealed plate assays, exopolysaccharide (EPS) quantification, and extracellular enzyme profiling—followed by in vivo greenhouse trials on chilli seedlings. In vitro results demonstrated that both P. oryzihabitans UIA 67 and P. psychrotolerans UIA 58 effectively suppressed A. rolfsii. While P. oryzihabitans UIA 67 exhibited slightly higher mycelial inhibition in dual culture (30.26% vs. 29.31% at 7 days post-inoculation) and greater EPS production (7.0 × 10⁻³ g), P. psychrotolerans UIA 58 significantly outperformed in volatile- mediated inhibition (50.56% in sealed plate assays). Furthermore, P. psychrotolerans UIA 58 displayed superior protease and lipase activities. Consequently, P. psychrotolerans UIA 58 was selected for in vivo trials. Chilli seedlings treated with P. psychrotoleransUIA 58 via soil drenching showed a marked reduction in disease severity, recording only 30% (5-day pre-treatment) and 40% (24-hour pre-treatment) severity, a significant decrease from the 100% mortality observed in the untreated pathogen control. These findings highlight P. psychrotolerans UIA 58 as a highly promising, eco-friendly biocontrol agent for managing chilli foot rot. Future studies will focus on characterizing its specific volatile and antifungal metabolites alongside field-scale efficacy evaluations. Keywords: Biological control; Capsicum annuum; Sclerotium rolfsii; Pseudomonas psychrotolerans; Foot rot disease Themes: Microbiology, Plant and Animal Science

ISOLATION AND ANTAGONISTIC POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM Durio zibethinus AGAINST SELECTED DURIAN PATHOGENS Sufian NSA1, Abdul Rahman KAM1 and Pahirulzaman KAK1* 1Department of AgroBased Industry, Faculty of AgroBased Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *khomaizon@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT Durio zibethinus (durian) is an economically vital tropical fruit in Malaysia, but its industry faces severe threats from pests and diseases such as Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora root rot, and scale insects. These infections drastically reduce crop yields and farmer profitability. To address this, utilizing biocontrol agents like endophytic fungi offers a sustainable management alternative. This study aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from healthy durian trees and evaluate their antagonistic potential against major durian pathogens. Endophytes were isolated from various tissues (leaves, twigs, and bark) across different maturity stages using six growth media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), and both media supplemented with either host plant powder (HPP) or host plant extract (HPE). The antimicrobial potential of the isolates was evaluated against six durian pathogens using the agar plug diffusion method. A total of 251 endophytic fungal isolates were successfully obtained, with senescent leaves harboring the highest density of endophytes. PDA and MEA+HPP were identified as the optimal isolation media. Notably, nine isolates (Strains MPM2.21, PPS2.3, PPO1.2, PPY2.4, MS3.1, MES3.1, MOY1.3, PPM3.1, and MPM1.1) exhibited prominent antagonistic effects against the tested pathogens. Most of these candidate endophytes effectively inhibited the growth of Geotrichum candidum, a destructive fungal pathogen isolated from infected durian trees. This study highlights the potential of native endophytic fungi as effective biocontrol agents. These findings provide valuable insights for agricultural stakeholders looking to adopt eco-friendly alternatives to combat pathogen infections and protect crop yields. Keywords: Durio zibethinus, endophytes, durian pathogens, biocontrol agents, antimicrobial activity Themes: Applied Biology

EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITOSAN FROM SHRIMP SHELL AND FISH SCALE WASTES AND POTENTIAL HYDROGEL APPLICATIONS Zar Ei NA1 , Mohamed Rehan M1 * and Mat Radzi S1 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Kampus Nilai, Bandar Baru Nilai 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *maryam@usim.edu.my ABSTRACT Uncontrolled seafood processing can result in a large amount of biowaste production, including fish scales and shrimp shells, which may pose environmental challenges if not properly managed. This study valorised these wastes by extracting chitosan through demineralisation, deproteinisation, and deacetylation processes. The extracted chitosan was characterised using ATR-FTIR and compared with commercial chitosan. Shrimp shells yielded more chitosan (15.10 ± 13.68%) than fish scales (9.80 ± 7.89%). FTIR analysis confirmed successful deacetylation, with degree of deacetylation (DDA) values of 65.54 ± 0.77% for shrimp shell and 60.87 ± 6.08% for fish scale chitosan, compared with 88.20 ± 0.45% for commercial chitosan. Waste-derived chitosan exhibited higher moisture contents (fish scale: 7.46 ± 0.44%; shrimp shell: 8.42 ± 0.25%) and ash contents (fish scale: 5.07 ± 2.95%; shrimp shell: 2.14 ± 1.21%), which may have contributed to reduced solubility in 1% vv-1 acetic acid. Due to the comparatively lower purity and gel-forming performance of the extracted chitosan, hydrogel formulation studies were conducted using commercial chitosan (2% and 3% wv-1) crosslinked with 0.5% wv-1 tannic acid. The resulting hydrogels exhibited distinct pH-responsive swelling behaviour, with maximum swelling observed at pH 3, potentially due to protonation of the amino group, while maintaining greater stability at pH 7. The 3% chitosan hydrogel showed a significantly higher 24-hour swelling ratio than the 2% formulation. These findings demonstrate the potential of seafood-processing waste as a sustainable source of chitosan and provide insight into the development of pH-responsive hydrogel materials for sustainable applications. Keywords: Chitosan hydrogel, degree of deacetylation (DDA), FTIR spectroscopy, pH-responsive hydrogels, tannic acid Themes: Food Science and Technology

OPTIMIZATION OF THE LOSS ON IGNITION METHOD FOR SOIL ORGANIC CARBON QUANTIFICATION IN TROPICAL MANGROVE FORESTS OF SETIU LAGOON, TERENGGANU Mohd Razali NA1, Muhammad Nor SM1,2,3*, Jaafar M1, Sahari MSI1, Naser MA4 and Juahir H5 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Mangrove Research Unit (MARU), Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Blue Economy Advancement Centre, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 4Institute of Tropical, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 5Faculty of Bioresources & Food Industry (FBIM), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia *sitimariam@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Mangrove soils are key reservoirs of belowground organic carbon, yet quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) reliably remains challenging. The loss-on-ignition (LOI) method is widely used to estimate SOC from soil organic matter (SOM), but inconsistent ignition temperatures and durations can bias results. This study optimized LOI conditions for tropical mangrove soils from Setiu lagoon, Terengganu. A total of 420 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) from three sites, strongly dominated by sand (>96%) with medium grain size and poor sorting. The soil samples were combusted at 300–600 °C for 2–7 h using a muffle furnace. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the effects of temperature and heating duration on SOM and SOC. Temperatures below 550 °C caused incomplete combustion and underestimated SOC, whereas at 550– 600 °C, heating duration had no significant effect. Complete oxidation was achieved at 550 °C for 3 h, producing SOM values of 5.54–8.47% and SOC values of 1.9–2.5%. These findings demonstrate that standardized LOI protocols, coupled with region-specific conversion factors, are essential for accurate SOC quantification in sandy tropical mangrove soils. Optimized methods provide a reliable foundation for blue carbon assessments, informing carbon accounting, conservation, and restoration strategies in coastal wetlands. Keywords: Blue carbon, Loss-on-ignition, soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, lagoon Themes: Environmental Chemistry; Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

EVENT-SPECIFIC DETECTION METHOD FOR GENETICALLY MODIFIED EUCALYPTUS EVENTS H421 AND 751K032 USING TAQMAN REAL-TIME qPCR ASSAY Mohd Kasim NA1*, Lee CT1, Ng CH1, Basherudin N1, Muhammad N1 and Wan Sulaiman WS2 1Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Biosafety (DoB), 62574 Putrajaya, Malaysia *ainikasim@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Eucalyptus is a key forest plantation species widely cultivated for timber production. To enhance its resilience and productivity, FuturaGene Ltd. (Brazil) has developed genetically modified (GM) Eucalyptus, including the fast-growing event H421 and the herbicide-resistant event 751K032. To date, there is no official registration of GM Eucalyptus in Malaysia, in other words, by far no application has been filed for their release or importation. As such, any GM Eucalyptus is regarded as unauthorized under the Biosafety Act 2007 in Malaysia. In view of the potential presence of unauthorized GM Eucalyptus plantations in Malaysia, the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), in collaboration with the Department of Biosafety (DoB) have developed a reliable detection method. This method involves TaqMan real-time qPCR assay, particularly for GM Eucalyptus events H421 and 751K032 detection. In this study, a standard plasmid containing the plant actin as endogenous gene, and the event-specific sequences of events H421 and 751K032 was constructed and used as the reference molecule. All the primers and probes were rigorously assessed and optimised. The limit of detection for both the GM events was approximately 100 copies. The method was highly specific to GM events H421 and 751K032, supported by assays with different plant species and other GM samples. The method has been subsequently applied to screen Eucalyptus trees sampled from eight plantations in Peninsular Malaysia. No GM Eucalyptus events H421 and 751K032 were detected in any of the tested samples. This study presents an accurate and robust method for identifying GM Eucalyptus events H421 and 751K032, providing a critical tool to support compliance with the national biosafety regulations. Keywords: Genetically modified Eucalyptus; event-specific detection; H421; 751K032 Themes: Biotechnology

MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF FAMILY SCIAENIDAE IN BATU MAUNG, PENANG, MALAYSIA Baharudin F1, and Hanafi N1* 1School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia *hafizhanafi@usm.my ABSTRACT This study assessed the morphological diversity, length–weight relationship (LWR), and seasonal abundance of Sciaenidae species in Batu Maung, Penang. Sciaenidae are ecologically and economically important components of coastal fisheries, yet information on their morphological variation and seasonal growth dynamics in northern Penang waters remains limited. Fish samples were collected monthly from November 2025 to April 2026, encompassing the Northeast Monsoon and Interphase Monsoon seasons. Morphometric and meristic characters were recorded for species identification and comparative analyses. Morphological variation among species was examined using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), while growth patterns were evaluated through the length–weight relationship model (W = aLᵇ). Seasonal abundance was determined based on monthly catch frequencies. The results revealed distinct morphological differences among Sciaenidae species, particularly in body depth, fin morphology, and branchial characteristics, reflecting variations in ecological adaptation and habitat utilization. PCA indicated that several morphometric traits contributed substantially to species discrimination. LWR analysis demonstrated seasonal differences in growth patterns, with some species exhibiting positive allometric growth (b > 3), suggesting a faster increase in body weight relative to length. Johnius borneensis and Pennahia anea were the dominant species throughout the study period and displayed marked fluctuations in abundance between monsoon seasons. These variations likely reflect seasonal environmental changes influencing habitat conditions, resource availability, and population dynamics. Overall, this study provides baseline information on the morphological diversity, growth characteristics, and seasonal distribution of Sciaenidae species in Batu Maung waters. The findings enhance understanding of the ecological attributes of Sciaenidae fishes in Penang’s coastal ecosystem and offer valuable scientific information to support future fisheries management, biodiversity conservation, and monitoring programmes in Malaysian coastal waters. Keywords: Sciaenidae, morphological diversity, length–weight relationship, seasonal abundance, Batu Maung. Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of natural resources

GREEN EXTRACTION AND SPRAY DRYING OF BRAZILIN FROM CAESALPINIA SAPPAN L. FOR FUNCTIONAL PREMIX BEVERAGE FORMULATION Ismail R1, Ibrahim UK1* and Abd Karim SF1 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia *ummi985@uitm.eu.my ABSTRACT Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood has long been utilized as a traditional herbal remedy and beverage ingredient due to its high content of brazilin, a bioactive compound known for its potent antioxidant properties. However, the incorporation of brazilin into functional beverage products is often constrained by challenges associated with extraction sustainability, solvent safety, and compound stability. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a brazilin-rich functional premix drink using environmentally friendly extraction and drying technologies. Brazilin was extracted from Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood using a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based extraction method. The effects of pH and extraction temperature on brazilin recovery were investigated to identify the optimal extraction conditions. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, while colour characteristics were determined based on lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness/blueness (b*) values. The optimized extract was subsequently spray-dried using maltodextrin as a carrier agent to produce a stable powder. The resulting powder was formulated with citric acid and sodium chloride to develop a functional premix beverage, and sensory evaluation was conducted to assess its suitability for consumer acceptance. The findings demonstrated that DES extraction effectively enhanced the recovery of brazilin-rich extracts with high antioxidant activity. Spray drying improved the handling and storage stability of the extract while preserving its antioxidant properties. The formulated premix exhibited good solubility, desirable colour stability, and acceptable sensory attributes, indicating its potential as a functional beverage product. Overall, this study highlights the feasibility of integrating green extraction and spray-drying technologies to valorize Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood into a stable, antioxidant-rich functional premix drink, thereby supporting the development of sustainable nutraceutical and functional food products. Keywords: Caesalpinia sappan L., brazilin, antioxidant, deep eutectic solvent (DES), spray drying, functional beverage Themes: Food Science and Technology

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PEEL EXTRACTS FROM SELECTED RAMBUTAN CULTIVARS Zulkipli H1, Yunus NA2 and Shahbuddin D2* 1Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, 35400 Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia. 2School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *dahliashah@usm.my ABSTRACT Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia, particularly Peninsular Malaysia, where it is widely cultivated and exported. While the edible aril is commonly consumed, the peel is often discarded as agricultural waste despite its potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of peel extracts from three rambutan cultivars: Anak Sekolah (R191), Mutiara Merah (AG28), and Mutiara Wangi (GB44). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites, including saponins, coumarins, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids, while flavonoids were detected exclusively in the ethanolic extract of cultivar R191. The antibacterial efficacy of methanolic and ethanolic peel extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays. Both extracts exhibited inhibitory activity against S. aureus, with ethanolic extracts demonstrating greater antibacterial effectiveness than methanolic extracts. In contrast, neither extract showed significant inhibitory effects against P. aeruginosa. The findings indicate that rambutan peel extracts, particularly ethanolic extracts, possess promising antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria and may serve as a sustainable source of natural antimicrobial agents. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for the observed antibacterial activity and to evaluate their potential applications in pharmaceutical and food preservation industries. Keywords: Nephelium lappaceum, rambutan peel waste, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial potential Themes: Biotechnology

ACUTE AND SUBACUTE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF A CHALCONE MANNICH BASE WITH ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY: EFFECTS ON HEPATIC INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT GENE EXPRESSION IN C57BL/6 MICE Rama Murthy J1, Sew KY1, Lew YX1, Tai KY1, Ng MYT1,2,3, Chang CC4 and Phoon LQ1,2,3* 1Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 2Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 3Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 4Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia *phoonlq@utar.edu.my ABSTRACT The current treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) only provide symptomatic relief, indicating the need for better acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Chalcone Mannich bases showed potential as inhibitors of AD. However, toxicity profiles remained insufficiently studied. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-[4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5 ((dimethylamino)methyl) phenyl]-2-propene-1-one (DM1) (IC50 = 0.0269 μM) in the C57BL/6 mouse model, with an emphasis on safe dose determination and hepatic TNF-α, GST, and IL-6 expression. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined using an in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assay. An acute toxicity study was conducted from 10 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg with 10 dosage groups (n=1 per dosage group), which determined the approximate LD50 (1,750 mg/kg). The subacute toxicity was performed using four experimental groups: control, low dose, medium dose and high dose for 14 days with oral administration of DM1. Body weight, food, and water consumption were recorded daily. The livers were then harvested for RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, followed by quantification of TNF-α, GST and IL-6 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Macroscopic morphology showed no significant differences, whereas statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent- samples t-tests showed significant differences in body weight changes, food and water consumption, and TNF-α upregulation when comparing treatment groups and the control group. There were no significant differences in gene expression of GST and IL-6. Although DM1 had a significant impact on TNF-α gene expression, these findings alone are not sufficient to conclude that it is hepatotoxic. Therefore, further studies are necessary to support and strengthen the conclusion of its hepatotoxicity. Keywords: Chalcone Mannich base; Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; Toxicity assessment; Hepatotoxicity Themes: Biomolecular Sciences

ESTABLISHMENT OF ASEPTIC CULTURES AND PLANTLET REGENERATION OF ANTHOSHOREA ROXBURGHII FROM SELECTED MOTHER TREE A Rahman SS¹*, Mohd Ariff FF¹, Muhammad Faizal FN1, Omar M2, M SK1, Wook NF1, Koter, R1 and Hassan NH1 ¹Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Jalan Foxworthy, Kepong, 52109, Malaysia ²Forest Department of Peninsular Malaysia Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50660 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia *sitisuhaila@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Anthoshorea roxburghii (Meranti Temak Nipis) is a valuable Dipterocarp species widely used for timber production in Malaysia and other parts of Southeast Asia. However, the propagation of superior genotypes remains a challenge due to the limited availability of planting materials and the recalcitrant nature of their seeds. This study aimed to develop an in vitro propagation protocol using nodal explants collected from a selected mother tree. Nodal segments were surface sterilized using EtOH, NaOCl, AgNO₃, and HgCl₂ before culture initiation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with plant growth regulators, BAP. Culture performance was assessed based on contamination control, shoot induction, and root formation. The sterilization protocol resulted in 72% clean cultures. Among the treatments evaluated, T8 produced the highest response (62.5%), followed by T7 (53.5%). Tukey's HSD analysis indicated that both treatments were statistically similar (p > 0.05). Higher root induction was observed in the liquid medium, with 30% of the samples producing roots, compared to 23% in the semi-solid medium. However, complete plantlets showed low survival rates (20%) after the acclimatization process. The study showed that nodal explants from selected mother trees can be used for the in-vitro propagation of Anthoshorea roxburghii. The protocol developed provides a useful starting point for the clonal propagation of elite planting materials and supports future efforts in the conservation and deployment of superior genetic resources. Keywords: Anthoshorea roxburghii; in-vitro regeneration; clonal propagation; Dipterocarp Themes: Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

HABITAT HETEROGENEITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ODONATA COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AT UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA SARAWAK Aman-Zuki A1*, Sebinting NE1 and Mohammed MA2 1Department of Forestry Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. 2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. *ameyraaman@upm.edu.my ABSTRACT Odonata are reliable bioindicators of aquatic ecosystem health, yet their diversity within specific microhabitats of Borneo remains under-documented. This study aims to evaluate and compare the species richness, abundance, and diversity of Odonata between two distinct environments; the Borneo Base Forest and open areas at Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak (UPMS). Field sampling was conducted over a three- month period using a random transect-based sweep netting method. A total of 200 individuals representing 13 species across three families (Libellulidae, Gomphidae, and Coenagrionidae) were recorded. The Borneo Base Forest exhibited higher species richness (11 species) and overall diversity (Shannon-Wiener H' = 1.887) compared to the open area (8 species, H' = 1.881), which conversely displayed higher species evenness and lower dominance. Notably, forest-specialist species such as Microgomphus chelifer dominated the shaded, closed-canopy environment, whereas the disturbance-tolerant Neurothemis fluctuans was highly abundant in the sun-exposed open areas. Chi-square analysis revealed a highly significant difference in species composition between the two habitats (p < 0.0001), despite no significant difference in median population abundance. These findings underscore how habitat heterogeneity directly influences Odonata assemblages. The study highlights the ecological importance of undisturbed forested ecosystems in supporting sensitive specialist taxa and recommends preserving riparian buffers to maintain functional biodiversity within developing areas. Keywords: Odonata, bioindicator, species diversity, habitat heterogeneity, Borneo Themes: Insect Studies, Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Biology Education

TRAIT COORDINATION AND HYDRAULIC STRATEGIES AMONG SAPLINGS OF DOMINANT TREE SPECIES IN A LOWLAND TROPICAL FOREST Mohd Noh NA1,2*, Mas E2, Hamid H3, Mohamed Mohidin FS4, Mohamad Azmi NCK4, Yao TL4, Nik Hassan NF4, Nasardin M4, Muniran Z4 and Yaakub MSN4 1Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), USA 3Faculty of Forestry & Environment Division, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia *nurfarahaqilah@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Tropical forest saplings experience strong variation in light availability and water conditions, which shape their physiological and hydraulic strategies. This study examined variation in gas exchange, water-use efficiency, leaf water potential, and structural traits among saplings of six dominant tree species in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia. We measured photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intrinsic water- use efficiency (iWUE), leaf mass per area (LMA), and leaf water potential, and evaluated trait coordination using regression analyses and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed a weak but significant relationship between A and gs, indicating that carbon assimilation was not strongly governed by stomatal conductance alone. PCA revealed two dominant axes explaining 67.9% of the total variance, representing a trade-off between carbon gain and water-use efficiency, and a gradient of hydraulic stress and structural investment. Species occupied distinct positions along these axes, reflecting contrasting ecological strategies. For instance, Rubroshorea pauciflora exhibited a conservative strategy associated with high LMA and lower water potential, while Monocarpia maingayi and Rubroshorea acuminata showed traits consistent with higher stomatal conductance and water use. These findings highlight the diversity of physiological strategies among tropical saplings and underscore the importance of hydraulic and structural traits in shaping species responses to environmental variability. Keywords: gas exchange, leaf traits, saplings, tropical forest, Pasoh Themes: Plant Science

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF VEGAN DABAI MAYONNAISE Abdul Shukri FS1,2*, Abidin MZ1,2 and Langan S2 1Centre for Research of Innovation & Sustainable Development (CRISD), University of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak. 2School of Engineering & Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak. *farah.syahirah@uts.edu.my ABSTRACT Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum) is a highly nutritious indigenous fruit of Sarawak with diverse processing potential, particularly for plant-based diets. Despite its benefits, published research on utilizing dabai as a raw material for value-added products remains limited. This study evaluates the nutritional composition, microbiological stability, and consumer acceptability of a novel vegan mayonnaise formulated from dabai pulp. Proximate analysis revealed the following ranges across formulations: moisture (53.06% ± 0.50% to 55.51% ± 0.48%), ash (0.97% ± 0.15% to 1.00% ± 0.20%), protein (1.05% ± 0.00% to 1.19% ± 0.00%), fat (25.22% ± 0.00% to 36.26% ± 0.00%), carbohydrates (6.34% ± 0.08% to 18.13% ± 2.71%), and energy content (303.66 ± 10.85 to 356.08 ± 0.37 kcal/100g). Microbial analysis confirmed that the vegan dabai mayonnaise is shelf-stable at both ambient and refrigerated temperatures. Sensory evaluation indicated that Formula 1 achieved the highest overall acceptance (mean score: 7.04), with a majority of panelists expressing a strong willingness to purchase. These findings demonstrate that dabai-based vegan mayonnaise is a rich source of healthy fats, carbohydrates, and energy, highlighting its strong potential for commercialization. Keywords: dabai, vegan, mayonnaise, physicochemical, sensory evaluation Themes: Food Science & Technology

MORPHOLOGICAL AND NECTAR FACTORS AFFECTING STINGLESS BEE FORAGING PREFERENCES Norasmah B1,2* and Sarah Najiah R1 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2 Special Interest Group Apis and Meliponine, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *norasmah@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT In Malaysia, meliponiculture has become an important economic activity, as stingless bees produce honey and other valuable products that support local livelihoods. To maintain effective pollination services and ensure the sustainability of meliponiculture, it is essential to understand the interactions between stingless bees and flowering plants. We investigated the detailed structure of the mouthparts of three species of stingless bees (Geniotrigona thoracica, Heterotrigona itama, and Tetragonula laeviceps) and measured the volume and sugar concentration of nectar in the flowers they visited. We then compared floral tube length with the bees' tongue length to determine how these traits influence flower choice. A total of 28 flowering plant species were evaluated. The results showed considerable variation in bee mouthpart morphology, as well as in nectar volume and sugar concentration among flower species. Unlike honey bees, each sensillum on the flabellum of stingless bees consists of a single sensillar strand, indicating a possible difference in nectar extraction efficiency between honey bees and stingless bees. Moreover, stingless bees most frequently visited Averrhoa carambola, Duranta erecta, Antigonon leptopus, Cuphea hyssopifolia, and Clerodendrum spinosum. These flowers had high nectar sugar concentrations (≥35%) and floral tube lengths ranging from 2.0 mm to 7.1 mm, which closely matched the tongue lengths of the bee species studied. The findings demonstrate that both nectar quality and floral morphology are important factors influencing the foraging preferences of stingless bees. This knowledge can help optimize pollination efficiency, promote plant reproduction, conserve habitats, and aid in the restoration of native plants. Protecting these interactions can help ensure the long-term survival of these pollinators and the plants on which they depend. Keywords: Stingless bees, Bee mouthparts, Floral tube length, Nectar sugar concentration, Plant–pollinator interactions, Pollination ecology Themes: Insects Studies, Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR POSTPARTUM CARE AMONG MALAY TRADITIONAL PRACTITIONERS (MTPs) IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Mohd Zahri KN1*, Mohd Rusli NM1, Mustapha NM1, Mat Yaacob N, Modingin D2, Mat Saad AH1, Muhammad Nawi MM1, Jamaludin F1, Tan AL1, Baharuddin IN1 and Kamarulzaman F1 1 Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong 2Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 5060 Kuala Lumpur *khadijahnabilah@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT For generations, traditional postpartum care has been a cornerstone of maternal health in Malaysia, with traditional medicine continuing to play an important role in supporting postpartum recovery through therapeutic methods and plant-based remedies. Malaysia hosts a large number of Malay traditional practitioners (MTPs) who draw on local natural resources. Thus, this study aims to document and compile postpartum care knowledge and plant-based remedies practiced by the Malay community. Under the ‘Comprehensive Documentation of Malay Traditional Knowledge Related to Plants in Peninsular Malaysia’ project, an exploratory study using semi-structured interviews and a series of plant sample collections was conducted and gathered from MTPs across all states in Peninsular Malaysia from 2013 to 2025. A total of 322 medicinal plant species belogings to 111 families and 200 genera were identified. Among the documented medicinal plants, Cymbopogon nardus (11.52%), Alpinia galangal (10.18%), Pandanus amaryllifolius (9.62%), Curcuma domestica (8.85%) and Morinda citrofolia (6.39%), were the most widely used species. Meanwhile, traditional formulations incorporated a wide range of plant parts, including rhizomes, bulbs, roots, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and whole plants. The findings also revealed that postpartum care provided by MTPs mainly involves oral herbal supplements such as jamu/ubat periuk and topical applications like herbal baths, hot compression (bertungku), vaginal steam bath (bertangas), body wrapping (berbekung) and traditional remedy (pilis and param) that are widely used for restoration of physical and mental health of postpartum mother. The documentation of this traditional knowledge contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and provides a valuable foundation for future pharmacological and safety evaluations of the reported plant-based remedies. Keywords: postpartum care, medicinal plants, traditional knowledge, Malay traditional practitioners Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

CENTELLA BIOPATCH: BIOACTIVE ANTIOXIDANT BIODEGRADABLE PATCH Kavinesh SK¹* ¹Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia 2Bioaromatic Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *aishahmarsin@umpsa.edu.my ABSTRACT Oxidative stress at wound sites can delay tissue repair, while many conventional non-biodegradable patches contribute to medical waste and often provide only passive protection. This study aimed to develop a biodegradable antioxidant patch by incorporating hydrodistilled Centella asiatica essential oil into chitosan and gelatin matrices, and to compare the influence of polymer type on antioxidant retention, morphology, and release behaviour. Fresh Centella asiatica leaves were dried, powdered, and extracted by hydrodistillation, followed by GC-MS screening of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. Chitosan- and gelatin-based patches were prepared by solvent casting with oven-assisted drying, and their antioxidant performance was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Surface and cross-sectional morphology were examined by SEM, while release behaviour was tested in phosphate buffer saline at pH 7.4 and 37 ± 0.5 °C over 24 h. Hydrodistillation produced a clear, colourless essential oil with a mild herbal odour and a yield of 2.5%. The free essential oil showed 62.00% radical scavenging activity at 10 mgmL- 1, while the chitosan and gelatin antioxidant-incorporated patches showed 48.00% and 42.00%, respectively. This confirming retention of antioxidant functionality after formulation. SEM analysis showed continuous and compact films without severe cracks, large pores, or obvious phase separation. Release studies demonstrated gradual extract release, with gelatin showing faster release of 95.24 ± 3.78% and chitosan showing more controlled release of 86.53 ± 3.62% at 24 h. Overall, the findings indicate that Centella asiatica-loaded biodegradable patches are promising antioxidant delivery materials, with chitosan being more suitable for sustained protection and gelatin for rapid antioxidant delivery in wound dressing applications. Keywords: biodegradable patch, antioxidant, Centella asiatica, chitosan, gelatin, wound dressing Themes: Biotechnology, Biology Education

MOLLUSCICIDAL POTENCY OF Caulerpa lentilifera EXTRACTS AGAINST Pomaceae canaliculata (GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL) Rohaizad RS1, Allauddin MIH1, Azmi WA, Palaniveloo K2 and Nagappan T1* 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute for Ocean and Environmental Sciences (IOES), University Malaya, Wilayah Persekutuan, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. *thila.vani@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT The invasive golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) causes severe economic losses in many Asian countries by aggressively destroying the paddy yield. This destruction also raised alarming needs for eco- friendly biocontrol agents. Our current study evaluated the molluscicidal activity of crude ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of green seaweed, Caulerpa lentilifera against adult golden apple snails from Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. The seaweed was thoroughly cleaned from debris, partially air dried before being extracted in the respective solvents for 4 days. The solvent filtrates were concentrated in vacuo to obtain gummy extracts. The molluscicidal assay was carried out by exposing the adult golden apple snails (n=5 per concentration) to 50–500 ppm extracts for 72 h with mortality recorded every 12 h. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest potency achieving 92% mortality at 300 ppm after 48 h (LC₅₀ = 145 ppm; LC₉₀ = 287 ppm) while ethanol and hexane extracts showed moderate activity (LC₅₀ = 210 and 268 ppm, respectively). Histological examination revealed severe epithelial damage in the digestive gland of treated snails. Preliminary GC-MS analysis identified terpenoids and fatty acid derivatives as putative bioactive constituents. These findings demonstrate that C. lentilifera ethyl acetate extract is potent against golden apple snail and has the potential to be developed into eco-friendly molluscicide. Further field validation and isolation of secondary metabolites from C. lentilifera extract is currently on going. Keywords: Caulerpa lentilifera, Pomaceae canaliculata, molluscicidal agent. Themes: Biotechnology

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS INFLUENCING BACTERIAL VIABILITY AND GROWTH WITHIN CONCRETE MATRICES: A REVIEW Mukhtar AM¹, Mohamed JJ¹, Ibrahim NA¹ and Ter TPT¹* 1Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, University Malaysia Kelantan Malaysia. *affidah.mukhtar@gmail.com.my ABSTRACT The world’s most widely used construction material is concrete, but its sensitivity to microcracks constantly questions its future behavior over a lifetime. Advancements in microbial self-healing techniques, especially with Bacillus subtilis and Sporosarcina pasteurii, present attractive measures to extend the service life of concrete via microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP). However, the severe environment inside concrete (high alkaline, low moisture and high curing temperature, and nutrient deprivation) imposes a great limitation on long-term survival and the performance of a bacterium. The review critically examines recent (2022–2024) studies on environmental parameters influencing bacterial viability in the concrete matrix. It also presents a discussion on encapsulation methodologies, nutrient delivery options, and enhancements in mix designs to support the enhancement of bacterial tolerance and self-healing abilities. Despite the success of encapsulation and nutrient carrier techniques in supporting metabolic activity, problems such as non- uniform distribution of bacteria, high costs, and lack of standardized test procedures remain. The review emphasizes the need for joint and multidisciplinary approaches that integrate materials science, microbiology, and smart release technology towards the development of sustainable and low-cost bio- concrete systems. These developments have significant potential to reduce costs, enhance structural longevity, and promote sustainable utility structures. Keywords: Microbial, Self-healing concrete, Bacillus subtilis, Sporosarcina pasteurii, Encapsulation techniques, Sustainable infrastructure. Themes: Biology, Environment and Chemistry

TRACING THE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN SABAH THROUGH BAYESIAN TEMPORAL ANALYSIS Faik AAM¹, ²*, Rodrigues KF¹, Kumar VS¹, Najmuddin SUFS², Wong N³ and Bakar AMSA³ 1Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2BioAgriTech Research (BioATR) Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 3Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Services Sabah, P.O. Box 59, 89457 Tanjung Aru, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *ainol@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a significant threat to poultry production globally, yet the phylogeographic history of NDV in Sabah remains poorly characterised. This study employed Bayesian temporal phylogeographic analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary origins and circulation patterns of NDV in Sabah. Partial fusion (F) gene sequences from 16 NDV isolates collected in Sabah during 2022 were analysed alongside 33 regional reference strains. After sequence alignment and curation in Geneious, approximately 700 bp of the F gene were retained for analysis. Bayesian phylogenetic inference was performed in BEAST, incorporating sampling year and location as priors to enable temporal calibration. Convergence diagnostics confirmed adequate mixing across parameters (effective sample size >200), and the time-scaled phylogeny was summarized using TreeAnnotator and visualised in FigTree. The resulting phylogeographic tree revealed that Sabah NDV isolates do not form a single monophyletic lineage but rather cluster into multiple distinct groups with disparate evolutionary histories. The largest cluster exhibited an estimated time to most recent common ancestor of approximately 13.9 years, suggesting sustained local circulation preceding detection in 2022. A geographically distinct Tawau cluster demonstrated more recent divergence (~2.6 years), whilst two additional isolates nested within regional clades (node ages 6–14 years), indicating periodic viral introduction from neighbouring populations. These findings indicate that NDV circulation in Sabah reflects a complex phylogeographic pattern shaped by both longstanding endemic circulation and recurrent regional transmission. This temporal framework provides a foundation for investigating specific viral migration pathways and source populations. Keywords: Newcastle disease virus, Sabah, Bayesian phylogenetics, Phylogeography, Fusion gene, Beast Themes: Biotechnology, Biomolecular Sciences, Microbiology

EFFECTS OF TORCH GINGER ESSENTIAL OIL CONCENTRATION AND PLASTICISER TYPE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORANGE-FLESHED SWEET POTATO STARCH-BASED EDIBLE FILMS Juraimi NA1 and Mohd Marsin A2 1Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia *athirahnurul105@gmail.com ABSTRACT Conventional plastic packaging can be linked to two major global crises which are plastic pollution and food waste due to its non-biodegradability, long degradation period and limited functionality as a passive barrier. This study addresses the need for sustainable active packaging by developing biodegradable edible films using orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) starch infused with torch ginger essential oil (TGEO). The objective of this study was to extract starch from OFSP and essential oil (EO) from torch ginger (TG) and to develop starch-based edible films incorporated with varying concentrations of TGEO (0.0 %, 0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 % w/w) and different plasticisers (glycerol and sorbitol). OFSP starch was extracted and used as the film-forming biopolymer while TGEO was incorporated as a natural antioxidant. The thickness, water solubility (WS) and transparency of the developed films were assessed for physical properties. The findings demonstrated that as TGEO concentration increased, the film thickness increased from 0.083 mm to 0.126 mm which indicated improved solid matrix formation. WS decreased from above 44 % in control films to approximately 33 – 35% in TGEO-incorporated films due to the hydrophobic nature of the TGEO that can improve water resistance. Sorbitol-based films showed the lowest transparency value of 58.65 which was explained by light scattering from scattered oil droplets and partial sorbitol crystallization. Overall transparency also reduced with increasing TGEO concentration. These findings demonstrate the potential of OFSP starch and TGEO as sustainable active packaging materials by effectively utilising them to develop biodegradable films with improved functionality. Keywords: edible film, starch, essential oil, biodegradable, active packaging Themes: Food Science and Technology, Biotechnology, Biomolecular Sciences

TIME-DEPENDENT IMPAIRMENT OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION BY LAPATINIB IN DIFFERENTIATED CACO-2 MONOLAYERS Hairul Anuar NF1, Wan Mohamad Zain WNI1*, Ibahim MJ1, Abdul Rahman A1 and Mohd Azraai A2 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia *wnizzah@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Lapatinib is a dual ErbB1/ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor widely used in the treatment of solid malignancies. Despite its clinical efficacy, gastrointestinal toxicity, particularly diarrhoea, remains a common adverse effect that may compromise treatment adherence and patient quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity contributes to the pathogenesis of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated diarrhoea. This study evaluated the time-dependent effects of lapatinib on cell viability, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular permeability in differentiated Caco-2 monolayers. Cell viability was assessed using a WST-based assay following exposure to lapatinib (28 μM) and Triton X-100 (0.5–10%), which served as a barrier-disrupting positive control. Monolayers exhibiting TEER values exceeding 800 Ω·cm⁻² were treated apically, and barrier integrity was monitored through TEER measurements at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Paracellular permeability was determined by Lucifer yellow transport across transwell-grown monolayers. Lapatinib reduced Caco-2 viability to approximately 50% after 96 h, indicating partial growth inhibition, whereas the barrier-disrupting positive control Triton X-100 induced more pronounced cytotoxicity. In differentiated Caco-2 monolayers, lapatinib treatment produced a time-dependent decline in barrier integrity, as evidenced by progressively reduced TEER values, reaching 646 ± 85 Ω·cm⁻² at 96 h. This was accompanied by increased paracellular permeability, with Lucifer yellow transport reaching 2.018 ± 0.627% at 96 h compared with untreated controls, p = 0.0186. These effects were less pronounced than those observed with Triton X-100. Lapatinib induced time- dependent reductions in Caco-2 cell viability and intestinal barrier integrity, accompanied by increased paracellular permeability. Further investigation of tight junction proteins is required to determine whether alterations in their expression or localisation contribute to these changes. Keywords: lapatinib; intestinal barrier; Caco-2 cells; permeability; tyrosine kinase inhibitor Themes: Biomolecular Sciences

VALORATION OF BANANA TRUNK AGRICULTURAL WASTE: SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL PRODUCTION Ibrahim NJ1, Mhd Ramle SF1*, Ameram N2, Ibrahim NI2 and Abdul Hamid ZA2 1Faculty of Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *fatimah.m@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT The escalating generation of agricultural residues presents a significant environmental challenge, necessitating innovative valorization strategies to support a circular bioeconomy. This study explores a sustainable approach to transforming banana trunk (Musa acuminata) pseudostem waste sourced from Pontian, Johor, into high-value Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs). The isolation process involved sequential chemical pretreatments consisting of pre-alkalization with 6% (w/v) NaOH and bleaching with 10% H2O2 to remove hemicellulose and lignin, followed by acid hydrolysis using 64% (w/w) H2SO4 at 45°C for 45 minutes. Gravimetric analysis revealed a reproducible mean CNC isolation yield of 0.53 ± 0.12 wt.% relative to the raw, non-pretreated biomass. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis confirmed the successful reduction of the fibers into the nano-scale regime, showing a primary hydrodynamic diameter centered between 240 nm and 268 nm, with an overall Z-average size of 215.1 ± 15.3nm and a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.441 ± 0.05. Zeta potential analysis indicated exceptional colloidal stability, with a strong negative surface charge of -34.7 ± 0.1 mV, demonstrating that sulfuric acid hydrolysis effectively grafted stabilizing sulphate ester groups onto the nanocellulose surface, thereby preventing particle agglomeration. Furthermore, UV-Vis spectroscopy at 280 nm revealed low absorbance values that increased linearly with concentration (R2 = 0.9967, consistent with the Beer-Lambert Law), confirming both high optical clarity and the effective elimination of residual lignin during pretreatment. These findings validate that banana trunk agricultural waste is a highly viable, reproducible precursor for generating stable, high-purity CNCs suitable for sustainable applications in nanocomposites and advanced biomaterials. Keywords: Banana trunk waste, Musa acuminata, Cellulose Nanocrystals, Acid hydrolysis, Colloidal stability, Valorization Themes: Biotechnology

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF ECO-ENZYMES AS A POTENTIAL MATERIAL FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD REDUCTION AROUND MOBILE PHONE CHARGERS Hing JN1*, Jong BC1, Liew PWY1 and Muhammad ZABZ1 1Agrotechnology and Bioscience Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000 Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia *hing@nm.gov.my ABSTRACT The potential health effects of non-ionising electromagnetic (EM) radiation have attracted considerable public concern. Recent evidence suggests that EM radiation may induce biological effects at the cellular level. Thus, prompting investigations into various materials that can reduce electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, including biological products such as eco-enzymes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of eco-enzymes in attenuating EMF emissions from a mobile phone charger. EMF measurements were recorded at distances of 5, 10, and 15 cm and at eight angular positions (0°–315°) under different shielding conditions (no shielding, drinking water, and eco-enzyme solutions at concentrations of 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100%). The results revealed that the distribution of EMF around the charger was non- uniform and that attenuation was independent of eco-enzyme concentration. Under the experimental conditions tested, eco-enzymes produced from vegetable waste did not provide effective EMF shielding. Further research to investigate the factors influencing EMF attenuation in biological materials is recommended. Keywords: electromagnetic attenuation, non-ionising radiation, electromagnetic shielding Themes: Microbiology

EXTRACTION OF PROBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT AND AEROBIC POND WATER Liew PWY1*, Jong BC 1, Hing JN1 and Muhammad ZZ1 1Agrotechnology and Bioscience Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia), Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia *paulineliew@nm.gov.my ABSTRACT Samples of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and aerobic treatment pond water was obtained from a palm oil mill in Dengkil. The samples were examined for the presence of probiotic properties. Analyses were performed on solid agar medium supplemented with appropriate substrates including skim milk, cellulose, xylan and starch. The results shown both POME and aerobic treatment pond water were reservoirs of aquaculture probiotic bacteria. Approximately 70% of POME and 85% of aerobic treatment pond water consortia showed at least one of the probiotic properties examined. Besides, both the bacterial consortia also showed nitrification properties against ammonia and nitrite which were beneficial for improving the quality of aquaculture water. Keywords: palm oil mill effluent, aerobic pond water, probiotic bacteria Themes: Microbiology, Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Biotechnology

LONG-TERM VIABILITY OF HIGH-ION-BEAM-IRRADIATED BACTERIAL GLYCEROL STOCKS PRESERVED AT -80 °C FOR 14 YEARS Jong BC1*, Liew PWY1, Hing JN1 and Muhammad ZZ1 1Agrotechnology and Bioscience Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia), Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia *jongbc@nm.gov.my ABSTRACT Long-term preservation of irradiated bacterial stocks is an important issue in radiation biology, particularly for studies involving mutation stability, and post-irradiation phenotypic analysis. In the present work, we evaluated the viability of bacterial glycerol stocks stored continuously at -80 °C for 14 years following exposure to a high ion beam irradiator at TIARA, JAEA in year 2011. Archived bacterial cultures of genus Bacillus that had previously undergone ion beam irradiation were retrieved from cryogenic storage and examined for their ability to recover after prolonged preservation. The recovery of viable cells after 14 years provides useful evidence for the stability of cryopreserved irradiated stocks and supports their continued use in long-term radiation biology investigations. Besides, the revived bacterial cultures also maintained their mutagenetic phenotype in cellulose degradation. Overall, this study demonstrated the practical value of -80 °C glycerol storage as a long-term preservation strategy for bacteria subjected to high ion beam irradiation and has important implications in microbial biotechnology, especially for those responsible for the conservation of genetic resources. Keywords: Long-term viability, Mutation stability, Bacillus, Cryopreservation Themes: Microbiology

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND MICROBIOLOGICAL STABILITY OF A HIGH ENERGY SAGO- BASED NUTRITION BAR Gindi SR1* and Hii SL1 1Department of Food Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia *suzy@uts.edu.com.my ABSTRACT A high energy sago-based nutrition bar was developed to meet market demand and cater to consumer needs for innovative product variety. Sago is an underutilized source of starch and carbohydrates compared to commonly consumed cereals and grains such as wheat flour and rice in nutrition bars. This study aimed to evaluate the proximate, physicochemical, and microbiological characteristics of the bar that incorporating sago pellet, jackfruit flesh and seed, and stingless bee honey. Beforehand, the bar completed the series of formulations evaluation to optimize the product acceptance which includes taste, appearances, and texture. Proximate analysis with AOAC standard method was used to determine moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate (calculation method). These sago-based nutrition bar was high in carbohydrate (82.09%), energy (419.64 kcal), but low in protein (1.13%), and fat (9.64%). High carbohydrate and energy nutrition bar good in provided consumers with immediate energy or can sustained energy for athlete/sportsmen. The stability of nutrition bar was greatly influenced by its physicochemical properties and microbiology results, notably moisture content (5.52%), water activity (0.37), pH (3.99), and colour (L*=32.72, a*=5.26, b*=15.15). Microbiological test through (Bacteriological analytical manual method) was done on Total Plate Count and DRBC agar showed no growth for 12 weeks. Low moisture content and water activity will contribute to a longer shelf-life. As a conclusion, this sago-based nutrition bar can provide an immediate energy and sustain energy for consumers need. Furthermore, the physicochemical analysis resulted a stable condition that will prolong the shelf-life. Keywords: Sago pellets, Jackfruit, Nutrition value, Stingless bee honey, High energy Themes: Food science and technology

OPTIMIZING CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF DABAI (CANARIUM ODONTOPHYLLUM) MILK AS A NOVEL PLANT-BASED MILK ALTERNATIVE THROUGH SENSORY EVALUATION Gindi SR1*, Alan ACJ1 and Hii SL1 1Department of Food Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia *suzy@uts.edu.com.my ABSTRACT This study evaluated the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of a newly developed plant- based milk formulated from Canarium odontophyllum (dabai), a nutrient-rich indigenous fruit from Sarawak, Malaysia. Formulation optimisation was conducted using Design-Expert® version 10 software through a mixture design approach, with dabai pulp, dabai kernel, and sugar as the independent variables, while water and guar gum were maintained at constant levels. A total of fourteen formulations were generated and evaluated for sensory acceptability by 30 untrained panelists using a 9-point hedonic scale. The optimised formulation, comprising 5.32% dabai pulp, 5.32% dabai kernel, and 9.27% sugar, achieved the highest overall acceptability score (7.17). This formulation also recorded favourable mean scores for flavour (7.20), sweetness (7.47), aroma (6.13), creaminess (6.83), and texture (6.63). Contour plot analysis derived from the mixture design revealed distinct regions of optimal ingredient proportions that significantly enhanced sensory attributes, thereby validating the effectiveness of the optimisation strategy. Overall, the findings demonstrate that dabai-based milk exhibits strong sensory appeal and considerable potential as a dairy-free alternative, highlighting the value of locally sourced plant materials in the development of acceptable and innovative plant-based beverages. Keywords: Canarium odontophyllum, Dairy-free beverage, Experimental design, Product formulation, Sensory acceptability Themes: Food science and technology

IMPACT OF SUPPLEMENTING LACTOCOCCIS LACTIS AS PROBIOTICS ON EMS/AHPND INFECTED WHITE-LEGGED SHRIMP Khairina K1, Mohd Firdaus N2 and Tengku Haziyamin TAH1* 1Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of science, International Islamic university Malaysia, Jalan Istana 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 2Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic university Malaysia, Jalan Istana 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *haziyamin@iium.edu.my ABSTRACT Shrimp aquaculture has been facing severe threats from Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), a devastating disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The disease has not only caused significant economic burden, but it also raises environmental and health concerns following the overuse of antibiotics, which fuels antimicrobial resistance. In a recent work, a Lactococcus lactis strain has showed potential as probiotics for shrimp in combating EMS. A study was carried out further using large sample size (~40 per group) and activated charcoal-treated V. parahaemolyticus to mimic real-world EMS infection scenarios. Juvenile shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) were divided into four groups: Treatment A (untreated controls), Treatment B (probiotic-treated), Treatment C (probiotic-treated with infection), and Treatment D (infected without probiotics). The effects of L. lactis supplementation were evaluated through changes in survivability, feed conversion ratio (FCR), weight gain and length gain, which were then statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey (LSD) tests (p < 0.05). The findings showed that shrimp treated with L. lactis experienced significant improvements in weight gain, length gain, and survival. However, the charcoal treated V. parahaemolyticus has no effect on its virulency. The study indicated the potential of L. lactis strain as an effective and suitable probiotic for use in shrimp production, especially in the face of disease challenges. Keywords: Lactococcus lactis, Early mortality syndrome, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Themes: Biotechnology, Microbiology, Food Science and Technology

GROWTH RESPONSE OF FOREST TREE SEEDLINGS TO DIFFERENT FERTILIZER REGIMES UNDER NURSERY CONDITIONS Noraliza Alias1*, Muhammad Ishak, Azmina Asyiqin Mohd Rafeé and Yahaya Hamid 1Nursery Branch, Forest Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan *noraliza@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT The selection of an appropriate fertilizer regime is essential for producing high-quality forest planting materials in nursery operations. This study evaluated the growth response and seedling quality of two indigenous tropical forest tree species, Hopea odorata (Merawan Siput Jantan) and Anthoshorea roxburghii (Meranti Temak Nipis), under two fertilizer regimes: NPK Green fertilizer and organic fertilizer (8:8:8). Seedlings were grown under controlled nursery conditions and monitored for morphological growth performance. Growth parameters including seedling height, root collar diameter, and biomass accumulation were assessed to determine the effectiveness of each fertilizer treatment. The comparative evaluation aimed to identify the fertilizer regime that best promotes vigorous seedling growth and improves overall planting stock quality for forestry applications. Results demonstrated that fertilizer type significantly influenced seedling growth, although the magnitude of the response varied between species. NPK Green fertilizer generally promoted faster vegetative growth and greater biomass accumulation, whereas the organic fertilizer enhanced balanced growth and produced seedlings with desirable quality characteristics. Species- specific responses indicated that nutrient requirements differed between H. odorata and A. roxburghii, emphasizing the importance of tailoring fertilizer management according to species requirements. These findings provide valuable information for optimizing nursery fertilization practices to improve the production of quality forest seedlings for reforestation, restoration, and plantation establishment. Keywords: forest nursery, fertilizer regime, NPK Green fertilizer, organic fertilizer, Hopea odorata, Anthoshorea roxburghii Themes: Biology

PHENOLIC PROFILING AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA CALYX EXTRACTS OBTAINED BY SEQUENTIAL SOLVENT EXTRACTION Mohd Kamal NH1, Fauziah A1, Ihsan Safwan K1, Zaridah MA1, Hafidz HA, 1 Azman M1 and Nazrin CS1 1Natural Product Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia *mohdkamal@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces are widely recognized as a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential; however, systematic evaluation of phenolic distribution and antioxidant performance across extracts obtained using solvents of different polarity remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the phenolic profiling, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress–modulating effects of H. sabdariffa calyx extracts obtained through sequential solvent extraction. Dried calyces were sequentially extracted using hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), butanol, and water. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) assays, while phenolic profiling was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Among the extracts, the aqueous fraction exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (38%), followed by butanol (13%) and DCM extracts (10%), whereas the hexane extract showed negligible activity (<1%). FRAP analysis revealed a similar trend, with the aqueous extract demonstrating the strongest reducing power (650 μmol Fe²⁺ equivalent/g sample), compared to butanol (320 μmol Fe²⁺ equivalent/g) and DCM extracts (250 μmol Fe²⁺ equivalent/g). Total phenolic content was highest in the aqueous extract (47 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample), followed by DCM (41 mg GAE/g) and butanol extracts (34 mg GAE/g), while the hexane extract contained minimal phenolics (17 mg GAE/g). Lipid peroxidation analysis showed that polar and semi-polar extracts significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to the negative control, indicating effective inhibition of oxidative damage. HPLC profiling confirmed the presence of dominant hydroxycinnamic acid–related compounds with characteristic absorption maxima at 325–330 nm. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, with correlation coefficients of r = 0.81 (TPC vs DPPH) and r = 0.83 (TPC vs FRAP). Overall, these findings demonstrate that phenolic compounds are the primary contributors to the antioxidant capacity of H. sabdariffa calyx extracts and that solvent polarity critically influences phenolic recovery and functional antioxidant performance. This study provides a comprehensive chemical basis for optimizing extraction strategies and supports the development of phenolic-rich roselle extracts as natural antioxidants for food and nutraceutical applications. Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa, Phenolic compounds, Antioxidant activity, Sequential solvent extraction, HPLC profiling Themes: Natural Product

MOLECULAR CONFIRMATION OF Trichogramma chilonis AS AN EGG PARASITOID OF FALL ARMYWORM (Spodoptera frugiperda) IN SARAWAK, EAST MALAYSIA Muhamad Azmi Mohammed1*, Nichard Sirang Lawing1, Ng Jing Mei1, Marthiuz Ghany Buang1, Ameyra Aman-Zuki2, Patricia King Jie Hung1 and Salmah Yaakop3 1Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak, Nyabau Road, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia 2Department of Forestry Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak, Nyabau Road, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia 3Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *mm_azmi@upm.edu.my ABSTRACT The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest that has become an important constraint to corn production in Malaysia. Although Trichogramma chilonis has been reported as an egg parasitoid of fall armyworm in Peninsular Malaysia, its association with this pest has not been documented in Sarawak. This study was conducted to identify egg parasitoids associated with fall armyworm in a corn field in Mukah, Sarawak using morphological identification and DNA barcoding. Fall armyworm egg masses were collected from naturally infested corn plants and reared under laboratory conditions until parasitoids emerged. Genomic DNA was extracted from adult parasitoids, followed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The resulting sequences were compared with those available in the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) databases for species confirmation. The COI sequences showed more than 99% similarity with Trichogramma chilonis, confirming the identity of the parasitoid. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of T. chilonis parasitizing S. frugiperda in Sarawak, representing the first documented association of this parasitoid with fall armyworm in East Malaysia. The findings provide baseline information for future studies on the conservation and utilization of indigenous egg parasitoids in the biological control of fall armyworm in Sarawak. Keywords: Trichogramma chilonis; Spodoptera frugiperda; DNA barcoding; biological control; Sarawak; corn Themes: Insect Studies; Plant and Animal Science

ROOTING PERFORMANCE OF AIR-LAYERED ELITE Anthoshorea roxburghii G. DON USING DIFFERENT ROOTING MEDIA FORMULATIONS FOR SOURCE BUSH ESTABLISHMENT Kumar SM, Fazwa FMA, Fadilah NW, Noraliza A, Nadiah S, Nabilah SSB, Samsuri TH, Adib MDK 1Plant Improvement Programme, Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Malaysia *sures@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Anthoshorea roxburghii (Meranti Temak Nipis) is one of the most valuable commercial timber species in tropical forestry. The establishment of superior planting materials is essential for enhancing plantation productivity and sustaining genetic improvement programmes. While progeny trials are commonly used to evaluate the genetic performance of selected families, the propagation of superior genotypes through vegetative methods is required to conserve and multiply elite genetic resources. Air layering offers a practical propagation technique; however, rooting success largely depends on the rooting medium used. This study evaluated the effects of different rooting media formulations on the rooting performance of marcotted shoots collected from elite trees selected through the second-stage screening of a progeny trial established from seeds of 27 half-sib mother trees originally selected for superior timber production. The objective was to identify the most suitable rooting medium for establishing a source bush of genetically superior planting materials. Four rooting media formulations were evaluated: T1 (100% soil), T2 (soil and cocopeat, 1:2), T3 (100% cocopeat), and T4 (cocopeat and compost, 1:1). All treatments were supplemented with Christmas Island Rock Phosphate (CIRP) to promote root initiation. Rooting performance was evaluated after three months based on rooting percentage, root number, root length, and root diameter. Significant differences were observed among the rooting media. The highest rooting percentage was achieved in T3 (95.6%), followed by T2 (84.4%), T4 (66.7%), and T1 (53.3%). Likewise, T3 produced significantly greater root number, longer root length, and larger root diameter than the other treatments. The superior performance of cocopeat is attributed to its high water-holding capacity, excellent aeration, low bulk density, and favourable physical properties that facilitate root initiation and subsequent root development. These findings demonstrate that 100% cocopeat is the most effective rooting medium for air layering of elite A. roxburghii and provides a practical propagation protocol for establishing source bushes, enabling the large-scale multiplication of genetically superior planting materials and accelerating the deployment of improved germplasm for sustainable plantation forestry. Keywords: Anthoshorea roxburghii, air layering; cocopeat, vegetative propagation, tree improvement, source bush. Themes: Plant Propagation, Tree Improvement

CLONING, EXPRESSION, AND ANTIGENIC EVALUATION OF RABIES GLYCOPROTEIN (RABVG) IN Escherichia coli Then SY1, Sum MSH1 and Andrew A2* 1Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2 Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak *aanna@unimas.my ABSTRACT Rabies virus (RABV) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen that is universally fatal once clinical symptoms manifest. Since the declaration of Sarawak’s rabies outbreak in July 2017, a devastating 94 cases and 87 fatalities have been reported, underlining an urgent need for robust diagnostic and surveillance tools. The RABV surface glycoprotein (RABVG) is the sole surface-exposed viral antigen responsible for host receptor binding and eliciting neutralizing antibodies, making it an ideal target for diagnostic development. This study aimed to clone and express a truncated, recombinant RABVG using an Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system. The RABVG gene was amplified using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), cloned sequentially into pCR2.1 and pET28a vectors using One Shot Mach1-T1 competent cells, and transformed into Rosetta (DE3) cells for expression. Successful expression and purification yielded a recombinant RABVG of approximately 24.09 kDa, verified by SDS-PAGE and Nickel-HRP immunoblotting of its His-tag. Crucially, immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the purified protein reacted with antibodies in vaccinated dog serum (10/75), confirming the preservation of key antigenic epitopes. These findings suggest that the expressed recombinant glycoprotein holds strong potential as a functional antigen for downstream applications, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lateral flow assay, antibody development, and aptamer selection for rabies detection and surveillance networks. Keywords: Rabies virus, glycoprotein, E. coli expression system Themes: Biotechnology

TRANSDERMAL ABSORBANCE OF KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA NANOPARTICLE EXTRACT SYNTHESIZED BY NANOPRECIPITATION USING AN EGGSHELL MEMBRANE MODEL Prahvina N.1, Wan Suriyani Wan-Ibrahim 1*, Vanessa K. Villaceran1 and Azfi Zaidi Mohammad Sofi 1Department of Technology Bioindustry, Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, University Malaysia Kelantan, Kampus Jeli, 19700 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *suriyani.wi@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT Kaempferia parviflora (Black ginger) is renowned for its high levels of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and strong antioxidant potential. However, its efficacy for topical applications is restricted by poor water solubility and low skin permeability. This study aimed to synthesize a stable K. parviflora nanoparticle hydrogel via antisolvent precipitation and to evaluate whether this formulation enhances transdermal absorption and bioactivity delivery compared with a raw extract gel. The bioactive compounds were isolated by ethanolic maceration. The nanoparticles were synthesized via an antisolvent precipitation with Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) acting as a surfactant stabilizer. This stable nanoparticle suspension was stirred into the Carbopol 940 hydrogel matrix for the transdermal absorbance test. The in vitro comparative transdermal absorbance test was conducted using an eggshell membrane (ESM) model with phosphate- buffered receptor phase and cumulative diffusion monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The crude ethanolic extract showed a yield of 8.19% and exhibited potent antioxidant activity with 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼50 value of 0.44 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−1 in DPPH assays. The comparative study of the membrane absorbance has achieved a clear twofold increase in cumulative transdermal absorbance. At minute 120, the gel carrier with nanoparticles suspension showed the highest absorbance of 0.915 which was significantly higher than that of gel carrier with raw extract which reached 0.467 at same time point. The ethanolic extract of K. parviflora was successfully encapsulated in the hydrogel matrix stabilized with surfactant using tween 80 and this has shown to overcome the solubility barriers of raw extracts. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate the high efficiency of the formulated nano-hydrogel, as an excellent delivery system for raw extract compounds, ideal for advanced pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical topical applications. Keywords: Kaempferia parviflora, antisolvent precipitation, nanoparticle, eggshell membrane, transdermal absorption Themes: Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds; Biotechnology and Bioprocessing; Food and Health Sciences

PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EVALUATION OF MACERATED KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA LEAF EXTRACTS Vanessa K. Villaceran1, Wan Suriyani Wan-Ibrahim1*, Prahvina Nagaraja1 and Nur Sakinah Mohamed Tamat1 1 Department of Technology Bioindustry, Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, University Malaysia Kelantan, Kampus Jeli, 19700 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *suriyani.wi@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT Kaempferia parviflora, commonly known as black ginger, is a medicinal plant, recognized for its diverse bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties. While the rhizomes of this plant have been extensively studied, the leaves remain underutilized and are often discarded as agricultural waste despite their potential phytochemical value. This study aimed to extract and evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory potential of K. parviflora leaf extracts. Fresh and dried leaves were extracted using aqueous maceration at a ratio of 1:3 (w/v; 100 g leaves in 300 mL distilled water) for 24, 48, and 72 h at room temperature. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted to detect major secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. The results indicated that the 24 h maceration period exhibited the highest presence of phytochemical constituents in both fresh and dried leaf extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, while anti-inflammatory activity was determined using the protein denaturation assay with mefenamic acid as the standard drug. The fresh leaf extract demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 8.9 μg/mL compared to the dried leaf extract (IC₅₀ = 32.8 μg/mL) (n = 3). In contrast, the dried leaf extract exhibited greater anti-inflammatory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 5.8 μg/mL compared to the fresh leaf extract (IC₅₀ = 24.5 μg/mL). These findings demonstrate that K. parviflora leaves, often treated as agricultural waste, possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The results highlight the potential utilization of K. parviflora leaves as a sustainable source of functional bioactive compounds for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. Keywords: Kaempferia parviflora, black ginger, phytochemical screening, aqueous maceration, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity Themes: Biotechnology and Bioprocessing, Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds, Food and Health Sciences

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSING RESPONSES OF EDIBLE BIRD’S NEST (EBN): INSIGHTS INTO CENTRAL AND CORNER PORTIONS Usman N¹, Abdul Haiyee Z², Asli NA³, Zubairi SI⁴, Chang LS⁵ and Tan ETT¹* ¹Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia ²Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia ³Centre for Functional Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia ⁴Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia ⁵Division of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Health Sciences, IMU University, Malaysia *eddietan@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a high-value commodity that has considerable economic importance in Malaysia, for its rich glycoprotein content. However, most of the EBN research focuses only on the whole nests or the premium central portion. The heavily cemented and structurally distinct corner portions are often classified as lower-grade material and poorly characterised despite showing distinct antioxidant potential. This review evaluates current evidence on the physical, chemical, spectroscopic, and functional differences between the central and corner EBN portions, together with their responses to enzymatic hydrolysis. The standardised post-harvest cleaning and dehydration effectively stabilise both portions by reducing moisture content to a safe range (6.92% to 15.95%) while preserving key protein functional groups [Amide I, II, and III bands in Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra]. Structurally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the corner portion possesses a more compact and heavily cemented morphological arrangement than the central portion, making it more resistant to disruption through conventional boiling due to its dense structural network. In contrast, targeted enzymatic hydrolysis using proteases like Alcalase effectively breaks down this dense protein matrix, achieving a degree of hydrolysis of up to 86.5%, and releasing beneficial bioactive peptides and sialic acid. This review also highlights a critical knowledge gap arising from the inconsistent reporting of EBN anatomical portions, which limits meaningful cross-study comparisons and hinders the development of portion-specific processing strategies. Future research should adopt portion-specific characterisation and harmonised processing protocols to facilitate the valorisation of underutilised corner EBN into high-value functional food and nutraceutical ingredients. Keywords: anatomical, corner portion, edible bird’s nest, FTIR, valorisation Themes: Food Science and Technology

SUSTAINABLE BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM PAPAYA FRUIT WASTE USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE Rahmath Abdulla1*, Nanthiny Selvarajan and Hartinie Marbawi 1BioAgriTech Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *rahmath@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT The increasing demand for sustainable energy sources has encouraged the exploration of bioethanol production from renewable and low-cost biomass resources. Agricultural waste, such as papaya fruit waste, represents a potential feedstock due to its high carbohydrate content but remains underutilized, contributing to environmental waste management issues. This study aimed to produce bioethanol from papaya fruit waste using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and optimize the fermentation parameters affecting ethanol production. Papaya peel and seed wastes were collected, dried, powdered, and subjected to pretreatment followed by dilute acid hydrolysis to release fermentable sugars. The hydrolysate was fermented using S. cerevisiae, and the effects of substrate concentration, inoculum concentration, pH, temperature, and fermentation time were investigated using the One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) approach. The reducing sugar content was determined using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay, while ethanol production was quantified after fermentation. The results showed that the optimum papaya waste formulation produced the highest fermentable sugar concentration, supporting its suitability as a bioethanol substrate. The optimized fermentation conditions resulted in a maximum ethanol concentration of 0.441 g/L under conditions of 10% (v/v) of substrate concentration, 8% (v/v) of inoculum concentration, pH 4.5, 30°C, and 48 hours of incubation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of converting papaya fruit waste into bioethanol using S. cerevisiae and highlights its potential as an alternative renewable energy resource while reducing agricultural waste. The findings contribute to the development of sustainable biofuel production from inexpensive biomass feedstocks. Keywords: bioethanol, papaya fruit waste, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fermentation, renewable energy Themes: Biotechnology

TARGETED STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING OF Scytalidium acidophilum XYLANASE FOR ENHANCED THERMOSTABILITY Zainudin II1* and Nazri N S1 1School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *iwana@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Xylanases are crucial in the animal feed industry for degrading complex non-starch polysaccharides (e.g., arabinoxylans) in plant-based diets, reducing gut viscosity, and improving nutrient absorption in monogastric animals. However, a major industrial bottleneck is the thermal denaturation of these enzymes during high-temperature feed pelleting. This study aims to rationally engineer a GH11 endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Scytalidium acidophilum for enhanced thermostability without compromising its catalytic function. The computational tool, FireProt, was used to predict structural mutation hotspots, selecting candidates with a predicted stabilizing effect of ΔΔG < -1 kcal/mol. This yielded six surface-domain single-point mutants: G120F, C53L, Q100L, G54Q, T139F, and G169Q. To ensure these mutations did not disrupt native function, structural validation and molecular docking were performed against a native xylooligosaccharide substrate. Docking results revealed that mutants Q100L, G54Q, T139F, and G169Q maintained binding affinities comparable to the wild-type enzyme (-8.3 kcal/mol). These findings suggest that targeted, single-residue substitutions on the protein surface can theoretically improve thermal resilience while preserving substrate interactions. Future molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro experimental studies will be conducted to validate the efficacy of these mutants under industrial high-temperature conditions. Keywords: Xylanase, thermostable enzyme, molecular docking, protein engineering, agriculture Themes: Biotechnology, Biomolecular science, Genetic engineering

RESTORATION OF DEGRADED MANGROVE FOREST IN KUALA LINGGI FOREST RESERVE USING AN INNOVATIVE PLANTING TECHNIQUE Abdullah S1*, Mohd Husin HI1, Husin TM1, Mohamed Mohidin FS1 and Mohamad Azmi NK1 1Forest Silvicultural Unit, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor *syaierah@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Kuala Linggi Forest Reserve is a mangrove and estuarine ecosystem located at the confluence of the Linggi and Rembau rivers. It lies along the Melaka–Negeri Sembilan border, where the Linggi River forms the natural boundary between the two states before reaching the river mouth. Approximately 3.4 ha of mangrove area has experienced significant degradation due to hydrological alteration, substrate instability, and limited natural regeneration. These disturbances have reduced important ecosystem functions, particularly coastal protection and habitat provision. As natural regeneration is limited by impaired hydrological connectivity, active rehabilitation using suitable and innovative approaches is required. In September 2024, a rehabilitation programme was implemented using Comp-Pillow and mound planting techniques, together with conventional planting as a comparative treatment. A total of 810 mangrove seedlings, comprising Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa, with 270 seedlings per species, were planted and monitored to assess survival and growth performance. After ten months, the mound planting technique recorded the highest survival rate at 85%, followed by conventional planting at 81% and the Comp-Pillow technique at 66%. In terms of species survival, R. stylosa recorded the highest survival rate at 81%, followed by R. mucronata at 79% and R. apiculata at 76%. All species showed positive growth during the monitoring period. R. mucronata demonstrated the best growth performance, with mean root collar diameter increasing from 15.41 mm to 21.36 mm and mean height from 50.94 cm to 65.74 cm. The findings indicate that mangrove rehabilitation can succeed under challenging site conditions when supported by proper planning, appropriate planting techniques and species selection. Keywords: mangrove rehabilitation, degraded mangrove forest, Kuala Linggi Forest Reserve, Comp- Pillow, mangrove growth, mangrove restoration. Themes: Environmental Science / Environmental Sustainability

GLYPHOSATE BIOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF A BACTERIAL STRAIN ISOLATED FROM AGRICULTURAL SOIL IN SABAH, MALAYSIA Rishaleni RAJAN 1, Sylvia SILVESTER 1* Mohd Yunus SHUKOR4, Jualang Azlan Gansau1,2,3, Rahmath ABDULLA1,2 and Hartinie MARBAWI 1,2, * 1Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia 2 BioAgriTech Research Group (BioATR), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia 3 Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia 4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia *hartinie@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT Glyphosate residues in agricultural soils pose a significant environmental biotechnology challenge due to the potential impact of prolonged herbicide use on soil quality, water safety, and ecosystem health. This study assessed glyphosate removal and potential biodegradation capabilities of indigenous bacterial strain A3, which was locally isolated from agricultural soil in Sabah, Malaysia. The emphasis was on developing a locally sourced biological approach for the sustainable management of herbicide-contaminated sites. Strain A3 was cultured in Minimal Salt Medium supplemented with glyphosate and its response was evaluated across various glyphosate concentrations and pH conditions. Bacterial growth was monitored by measuring optical density and expressed as estimated CFU mL⁻¹ over a period of five days. Residual glyphosate removal was determined using a colorimetric assay under selected optimum conditions. The strain exhibited optimal growth at a glyphosate concentration of 50 mg L-1, achieving a density of 5.43 × 105 CFU mL-1 by the fifth day. Growth was further enhanced at neutral pH, with the peak estimated cell density of 11.37 × 105 CFU mL-1 recorded at pH 7. This result was significantly different from the other pH levels tested (p < 0.001). Strain A3 achieved a glyphosate removal efficiency of 47.30 ± 3.58% over a period of three days when exposed to the optimal glyphosate concentrations and pH levels. These findings demonstrate that locally isolated bacteria can tolerate and reduce glyphosate concentrations under controlled laboratory conditions. Although metabolite confirmation using advanced analytical instrumentation is required to verify degradation pathways and transformation products, strain A3 represents a promising candidate for the future development of microbe-based bioremediation strategies that support sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. Keywords: Glyphosate; Indigenous bacteria; Sabah agricultural soil; Biodegradation; Bioremediation Themes: Biotechnology, Microbiology

ERADICATING ENVIRONMENTAL MDROs: A MULTI-FOCAL EVALUATION OF RAPID UVGI DISINFECTION ON CLINICAL FOMITES IN THREE HOSPITALS WITHIN KLANG VALLEY Sree Pathi Nambiar SUBASH1, Mat Isa NAURAH1*, Jumairi JULIZA2, Muhammad Khalil NURKHALIDA1, Isham Alwaddy NABILA UMAIRAH1 Hamzah MOHD YUSOF1, Hilmi FARAH FADZEHAH1, Wan Jusoh WAN NURSHAMIMI1 and Mohamad Zin NORAZIAH2 1Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies. Faculty of Health Science Universiti Kebangsaan, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *naurah@nm.gov.my ABSTRACT High-touch medical fomites serve as critical environmental reservoirs for multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Current disinfection methods suffer from poor compliance leading to cross contamination between patients and healthcare workers. This multi-focal study evaluated the deployment of rapid UVGI chambers in selected wards from three hospitals in Klang Valley in eradicating environmental bioburdens and the shifting of phenotypic resistance among the circulating pathogens. An extensive environmental surveillance study was conducted across the eight wards from those three hospitals. A total of 2166 swabs were collected from five fomites (BP cuff, stethoscopes, thermometer, glucometers and mobile phones) before and after the deployment of UVGI chambers. Technical and environmental variances were normalized using a pooled grand median method before applying Log10 transformations. Isolated pathogens were screened and identified using MALDI-ToF and subsequent flagged pathogens underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing to determine resistance profile. UVGI chambers’ deployment yielded a significant reduction in bioburden reduction up to 76.7% in critical wards. Furthermore, the intervention showed a significant reduction in detection of MDRO phenotype strains with a drop from 56% MDRO rate during baseline to just 26% during surveillance (Fischer’s Exact Test: P = 0.0028). The overall risk of someone to contact MDRO contaminated fomites dropped to less than 3 times likelihood. In conclusion, the rapid UVGI chamber deployment provides a highly effective disinfection method in addition to existing disinfection. The overall bioburden quantification and qualification of MDRO profiles before and after baseline provides a promising premise for future adaptations. Keywords: MDRO, UVGI, bioburden, wards, intervention Themes: Microbiology, Biotechnology

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS IN FOREST PLANT SPECIES USING DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, TPC, AND TFC ASSAYS Kamarazaman IS1*, Abd. Rahim NZ1, Mohamed J1 and Nik Hasan MK1 1Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia *ihsan@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Introduction: Malaysia is one of the 17 megadiverse countries, endowed with rich biodiversity and abundant natural resources with significant medicinal potential. Although many of these plants have been traditionally used for therapeutic purposes, their bioactive properties remain insufficiently studied and not fully characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of six selected forest plant species. Methodology: Twelve crude extracts (methanol and aqueous) were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant activities were assessed using DPPH, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ABTS assays. Results: The aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini leaf (SCW) exhibited the highest phenolic content (>200 mg GAE g⁻¹) and the strongest antioxidant activity, with the lowest IC₅₀ values in DPPH (10.66 μg mL⁻¹) and superoxide anion radical scavenging assay (10.72 μg mL⁻¹), as well as the highest FRAP value (~6000 μmol Fe(II) g⁻¹). The methanolic extract of Cosmos caudatus (CCM) showed the highest flavonoid content and strong free radical scavenging activity. It was followed by the methanolic (ZMM) and aquoes (ZMW) extract of Zisphus mauritiana. In contrast, Justicia gendarussa, Crinum asiaticum and Acmella uliginosa exhibited relatively weak antioxidant properties across the assays. Conclusion: The findings indicate that Ziziphus mauritiana, Syzygium cumini and Cosmos caudatus possess considerable potential as natural sources of antioxidants for future medicinal and nutraceutical applications. Keywords: Antioxidant, pytochemicals, Ziziphus mauritiana, Syzygium cumini and Cosmos caudatus Themes: Biotechnology, Food Science and Technology, Natural Resources

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Chlorella vulgaris UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS Mohammad Irwanshah NA1 and Goh LPW1* 1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *luckygoh@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT Chlorella vulgaris has gained attention as a potential feedstock for biofuel production due to its rapid growth, high lipid productivity and adaptability to environmental stress. Understanding the physiological responses of C. vulgaris under different stress conditions is essential for identifying suitable cultivation strategies that enhance lipid production. This study evaluated the physiological responses of C. vulgaris cultivated under acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 9) conditions, low (10 ppt) and high (40 ppt) salinity and nutrient limitation (50%) and enrichment (150%), with a control culture maintained under standard conditions (pH 7, 30 ppt and 100% nutrient). Growth performance was assessed using optical density (OD680 and OD750) and cell density, while three representative growth phases (initial, exponential and stationary) were selected for microscopic observation and biochemical analyses. The nutrient enrichment (150%) treatment produced the highest cell density of 3.76 x 107 cells mL-1, followed by 10 ppt salinity with 2.97 x 107 cells mL-1, whereas the nutrient limitation (50%) treatment recorded the lowest cell density of 1.19 x 107 cells mL-1. The highest chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, measuring 1.77 and 5.26 μg mL-1, respectively, were observed under the nutrient enrichment (150%) treatment at the stationary phase, while the highest total carotenoid content of 0.320 μg mL-1 was obtained in the control culture during the exponential phase. Total lipid analysis revealed that pH 9 and nutrient enrichment (150%) recorded the highest lipid content of 13.6% DW, followed by pH 5 and 10 ppt salinity with 13.2% DW, while 40 ppt salinity also exhibited relatively high lipid accumulation at 12.6% DW compared with the control, which contained 9.0% DW. Overall, the different environmental stress conditions induced distinct physiological responses in C. vulgaris, with environmental stress promoting lipid accumulation, whereas nutrient enrichment (150%) enhanced both biomass production and photosynthetic pigment content. These findings provide useful insights for optimizing cultivation conditions to enhance lipid productivity for sustainable biofuel applications. Keywords: Chlorella vulgaris; environmental stress; lipid accumulation; pigments; growth performance; biofuel Themes: Biotechnology

MELISSOPALYNOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF APIS DORSATA HONEY FROM GELAM FORESTS ECOSYSTEM IN THE EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Halim NA¹, Mamat MII¹, Wan Ismail WI¹, Mohamed NZ¹, Omar CM², Abdullah DM² and Azmi WA¹* 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2WWF-Malaysia, Setiu Wetlands Field Office, Lot 10575, Tanah Lot Kampung Pagar Besi, 21020 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia *wahizatul@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Honey authentication is essential for ensuring honey quality, safety, traceability, and accurate determination of botanical origin, particularly for wild honey harvested from tropical forest ecosystems. This study aimed to characterise the melissopalynological and physicochemical properties of Apis dorsata honey collected from the Gelam forests ecosystem in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 20 honey samples were analysed using standard melissopalynological and physicochemical methods. Melissopalynological analysis revealed approximately 40 pollen morphotypes, indicating high botanical diversity among the honey samples. Based on dominant pollen classification, 60% of the samples were dominated by Mimosa pudica, followed by Melaleuca cajuputi (25%), Elaeis guineensis (10%), and unidentified pollen types (5%). Although all samples were collected from Gelam forests ecosystem, only a subset was dominated by Melaleuca cajuputi pollen, suggesting that the botanical origin of Apis dorsata honey is influenced by bee foraging behaviour and floral availability, rather than the surrounding vegetation alone. Physicochemical analysis showed a mean moisture content of 27.32 ± 1.52%, pH of 3.53 ± 0.17, and ash content of 0.33 ± 0.08%, while 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was not detected in any of the analysed samples, indicating freshness and absence of heat-related degradation. Sugar profiling revealed that fructose (36.96 ± 2.88%) and glucose (31.20 ± 2.75%) were the predominant sugars. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Apis dorsata honey from Gelam forests ecosystem possesses distinct botanical and physicochemical characteristics. These findings highlight the importance of integrating pollen and physicochemical analyses for the authentication, quality evaluation and botanical classification of tropical wild honey. Keywords: Apis dorsata; Gelam forest ecosystem; melissopalynology; physicochemical properties; botanical origin. Themes: Food Science and Technology; Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources; Insect Studies.

EFFECT OF PRETREATMENT METHODS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, RESISTANT STARCH CONTENT, AND DOUGHNUT QUALITY OF BREADFRUIT FLOUR Roslan MH1, Abdul Rahman N1,2 and Buslima NA1* 1Department of Agro-Based Industry, Faculty of Agro-based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia 2Institute for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia *amira.b@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT There has been an increased demand for gluten-free products due to celiac disease and gluten intolerance. However, most gluten-free products are still poor in texture, high in oil absorption, and weak in frying performance. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of various pretreatments (physical, chemical, and combination) on the powder properties, resistant starch content, and doughnut quality of breadfruit flour. Breadfruit flour was subjected to different physical (hydrothermal pre-gelatinisation), chemical (citric acid), and combination pretreatments, while the flour without pretreatment was used as a control. Combination pretreatment presented the highest swelling index (2.07 ± 0.31 gg-1 powder), the lowest moisture content (9.63 ± 0.32%), the highest doughnut volume expansion (9.37 ± 3.07%), and imparted the softest texture on doughnuts (822.0 ± 199.2 g). The physical pretreatment provided the highest resistant starch content (15.43 ± 0.47%), while the chemical pretreatment gave the lowest oil absorption upon frying (48.80 ± 0.21%). Based on overall functional and frying performance, the combination pretreatment was identified as the most effective method, despite compromises in resistant starch and oil absorption. Modified breadfruit flour shows strong potential as a sustainable gluten-free ingredient for bakery applications. Further refinement of the pretreatment method is recommended, with emphasis on improving resistant starch content and reducing oil absorption to support healthier gluten-free product development. Keywords: Breadfruit flour, pretreatment, resistant starch, gluten-free doughnut Themes: Food Science and Technology, Food Chemistry and Technology

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE-PRODUCING BACTERIA WITH POTENTIAL FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION Zainal Abidin H¹, Abu Bakar F¹ and Mustapa Kamal SM² ¹Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia ²Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ab_fauziah@upm.edu.my ABSTRACT The increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has intensified the need for sustainable carbon capture technologies. Microbial carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme that play an essential role in the capture of CO₂ through the rapid reaction with bicarbonate ions. This study aims to isolate and characterize CA-producing bacteria from mangroves ecosystems and evaluate their potential for carbon capture and utilization. Environmental samples were collected from mangroves habitats, followed by bacterial isolation and screening for CA production using the p-Nitrophenyl Acetate (p-NPA) hydrolysis assay. Promising isolates were subjected to molecular identification through PCR amplification and sequencing of CA-related genes. Crude enzyme extracts were prepared, and protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford Assay. Preliminary results demonstrated the successful isolation of CA- producing bacteria from mangrove samples. Molecular identification revealed that all selected isolates were closely related to Bacillus altitudinis, exhibiting sequence similarities ranging from 94.77% up to 99.60%. PCR amplification confirmed the presence of CA-related genes, while protein quantification identified isolates S5 and S18 as possessing the highest protein concentration, indicating their potential for further enzymatic characterization. These findings suggest that mangrove-derived Bacillus altitudinis represents a promising microbial resource for sustainable CO₂ sequestration. Keywords: Bacillus altitudinis, Biocatalyst, Carbonic anhydrase, Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU), Carbon dioxide, Mangrove bacteria Themes: Biotechnology, Microbiology, Green Chemistry Applications

IMPACT OF CHITOSAN SEED TREATMENT ON SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE OF PLANT- MEDIATED MICROBIOME MODULATION Othman SMIS1*, Suptian MFM2, Bakar FA1 and Zain CRCM3 1Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak (UPMS), 97000 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia 2Climate Change Programme, Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, MARDI Headquarter, Persiaran MARDI- UPM, 43900 Serdang, Malaysia 3Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *muhammadiqbal@upm.edu.my, cradziah@ukm.edu.my ABSTRACT The application of chitosan in agriculture as an environmentally friendly bio-input has steadily increased for seed treatment, organic fertilisation, and enhancing plant resilience. However, its effects on soil microbial communities remain insufficiently understood. Given its biostimulant properties and antimicrobial activity, chitosan may influence soil microbial composition, raising questions regarding its long-term implications for soil fertility and agricultural sustainability. Therefore, this study investigated the taxonomic responses of soil microbial communities following chitosan seed treatment prior to germination and subsequent planting, focusing on microbial relative abundance and diversity using soil metagenomic sequencing analysis. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in microbial relative abundance at the phylum level between the control and chitosan-seed-treated soils. Similarly, microbial diversity showed only a marginal reduction in the treated soil with 2,927 species detected compared with 3,002 species in the control, consistent with the Shannon (3.28) and Simpson (0.96) diversity indices. Notably, the relative abundance of several beneficial rhizosphere-associated bacterial phyla increased following chitosan treatment, including Chloroflexi (2.126%), Actinomycetota (6.088%), Acidobacteriota (0.154%), and Planctomycetota (0.668%). These findings indicate that chitosan seed treatment maintains overall soil microbial community structure while selectively enriching bacterial groups commonly associated with nutrient cycling and plant growth promotion. Overall, this study provides new insights into chitosan-microbiome interactions and supports the potential of chitosan as a microbiome-safe, sustainable agricultural bio-input for improving soil ecosystem function while maintaining microbial community stability. Keywords: Chitosan, Metagenomic, Microbial diversity, Rhizosphere, Sustainable agriculture Themes: Plant science, biotechnology, biodiversity

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF FRESH AND DRIED AZADIRACHTA EXCELSA LEAF EXTRACTS IN CONTROLLING INSECT POPULATIONS ON HOPEA ODORATA SEEDLINGS Chubo JK1* and Celestine Keling RN1 1Department of Forestry Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia *johnkeen@upm.edu.my ABSTRACT Seedlings in a plant nursery are susceptible to insect attack. Biopesticide from Azadirachta excelsa is a fascinating plant-based products to control insect populations in a forest nursery. Biopesticides are eco- friendly, effective, and have minimal risk to human health and the environment. The objectives of this study were to: (i) study the effectiveness of crude A. excelsa leaf extract as an insect repellent in controlling insect population on Hopea odorata seedlings located in a forest nursery and (ii) compare the effect of A. excelsa leaf extract derived from fresh and dried leaf samples as a biopesticide. The study was conducted in a Forest Nursery of Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak. Hopea odorata seedlings were arranged in complete randomised design with three replicates. The three treatments were A. excelsa crude extracts from fresh leaf samples, dried leaf samples, and a control. Blue sticky traps were set up 10 cm above the centre of each replicate. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Tukey’s HSD at 5% level of significance. Results showed that the total number of insects captured after the experiment were reduced by 12.70% and 30.95% when treated with fresh leaf extract (T1) and dried leaf extract (T2) respectively. The highest reduction in the order Diptera were recorded 26.96% reduction in T1 and 39.28% in T2 while Hymenoptera recorded a reduction of 14.77% for T1 and 27.03% for T2 when compared to the control (T3). Only Diptera showed significant differences in calculated insect number designated by day when treated with A. excelsa crude extract. In conclusion, dried leaf extract of A. excelsa has great potential as an insect repellent to control insect populations in a Hopea odorata seedlings propagated in a forest nursery. Keywords: Azadirachta excelsa, biopesticide, Hopea odorata, leaf extract, forest nursery Themes: Insects Studies

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM CURCUMA LONGA AND ZINGIBER ZERUMBET Ibrahim MA1*, Shahidan MS1 and Zakaria NH2 1Department of Plant Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang. 2Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *maizatulakma@iium.edu.my ABSTRACT Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, prompting continuous exploration of natural products as alternative therapeutic agents. This study investigated the antioxidant, total phenolic content, and anticancer activities of ethanolic rhizome extracts of Curcuma longa (turmeric), Zingiber zerumbet (bitter ginger), and their combination against the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The rhizomes were extracted using Soxhlet extraction with ethanol. Antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, total phenolic content (TPC) was quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. All extracts exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. C. longa demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity (79.48 ± 0.75%) at 480 μg/mL with a DPPH IC₅₀ value of 239.88 μg/mL, while Z. zerumbet showed comparatively lower antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 284.96 μg/mL). The total phenolic content recorded in Z. zerumbet (3942.8 ± 25.5 mg GAE/g) was higher than C. longa (2411.7 ± 1.7 mg GAE/g). The combined extract exhibited substantially lower phenolic content than the individual extracts. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that Z. zerumbet possessed stronger antiproliferative activity with the IC₅₀ value at 204.86 μg/mL compared to C. longa. However, the combined extract produced the lowest MCF-7 cell viability (9.66 ± 0.12%) at the highest concentration tested (480 μg/mL), indicating enhanced growth inhibition at elevated concentrations. These findings suggest that the combined use of both medicinal plants may offer complementary anticancer effects and warrants further investigation to elucidate their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Keywords: Curcuma longa, Zingiber zerumbet, phenolic compounds, MCF-7, antioxidant, anticancer. Themes: Plant Science, Biotechnology

FABRICATION OF PINEAPPLE LEAF-DERIVED CELLULOSE ACETATE/POLYETHYLENE OXIDE ELECTROSPUN FIBERS AS A POTENTIAL WOUND DRESSING MATERIAL Zainudin NH¹, Saidin S², Saidina Amin NA³ and Mohd Bohari SP1,4* 1Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia 2Department of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science, Faculty of Electrical, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia 3Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemicals and Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia 4Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia *pauliena@utm.my ABSTRACT Pineapple leaf is recognised as a sustainable source of cellulose and one of the most abundant agricultural biomasses wastes in Malaysia. Often discarded post‑harvest, these residues pose environmental concerns but offer potential for biomaterial development. Hydrogels, decellularized porcine dermal matrix, and freeze‑dried materials are used in skin wound healing, but often fail to mimic native extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture. In contrast, electrospinning has ability to produce biomimetic nanofibrous structures, providing a favourable environment for cell adhesion and tissue regeneration. There is growing interest in replacing synthetic polymers with biomass-derived materials, positioning cellulose from agricultural waste as a green and cost-effective alternative. However, cellulose is difficult to electrospin due to strong hydrogen bonding, resulting in poor solubility and hindering uniform nanofiber formation. Additionally, the application of pineapple leaf-derived cellulose for fabricating cellulose acetate (CA) electrospun mats has not yet been reported. Blending CA with polyethylene oxide (PEO) improves fibre formation and electrospinnability, as PEO enhances viscosity and promotes chain entanglement. This study investigated the feasibility of using CA derived from pineapple leaf cellulose for the fabrication of electrospun CA/PEO nanofibrous mats for potential wound dressing applications. Cellulose extracted from pineapple leaves was converted into CA via chemical acetylation and blended with PEO prior to electrospinning. The resulting mats were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Fibres exhibited diameters ranging from 238.95–683.24 nm (443.90 ± 101.27 nm), consistent with nanoscale dimensions suitable for ECM mimicry. FTIR confirmed successful CA formation and incorporation of PEO. These findings demonstrate that CA/PEO nanofibrous mats derived from pineapple leaf cellulose show potential as biomimetic wound dressing scaffolds, while also offering a cost‑effective approach for biomaterial production. Keywords: Pineapple leaf cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyethylene oxide, electrospinning, wound dressing Themes: Biotechnology

EARLY NURSERY PERFORMANCE OF MATERNAL HALF-SIB FAMILIES OF EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA FOR PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF SUPERIOR MOTHER TREES MA Farah Fazwa, AR Nurul Eliza Natasha, K Sures, W Nor Fadhilah, SB Syafiqah Nabilah, Z Noor Syahirah amd AS Aini Izzati 1Forest Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia *farah@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) is one of Malaysia's most valuable medicinal tree species, yet the availability of genetically superior planting materials remains limited for large-scale cultivation and conservation programmes. Early evaluation of maternal families provides an effective approach for identifying elite mother trees with desirable nursery performance before field establishment. This study aimed to evaluate germination and early seedling growth among maternal half-sib families of E. longifolia as part of the Forest Tree Improvement Programme. Seeds were collected from ten selected mother trees (TACG1–TACG10) located at Chegar Perah, Pahang. Each maternal family produced different numbers of germinated seedlings, reflecting variation in seed viability and reproductive performance. Seedlings were monitored over a three-month nursery period, during which germination percentage and selected seedling growth traits, including height and collar diameter, were recorded to assess family variation. The Chegar Perah population represents the first population evaluated under this programme, with additional populations from other geographical locations planned for subsequent assessment to capture wider genetic diversity and identify superior breeding materials across natural populations. The evaluation was conducted to determine the extent of genetic variation expressed during the early nursery stage and to identify families with superior initial growth performance. Preliminary observations indicated noticeable differences among maternal half-sib families in both germination success and seedling growth, suggesting that genetic background influences early establishment. The findings demonstrate that nursery-stage assessment can serve as an efficient preliminary screening tool for selecting promising mother trees prior to long-term field evaluation. This early selection strategy has the potential to accelerate breeding efforts, improve the production of high-quality planting materials, and strengthen conservation and domestication programmes for E. longifolia in Malaysia. Keywords: Eurycoma longifolia; maternal half-sib family; germination; tree improvement; breeding programme; nursery evaluation Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

SOIL GEOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIAL BIOMARKERS FOR HYDROCARBON MICROSEEPAGE DETECTION IN SABAH Chang ALAN WAI KIEN1, BABA MUSTA1, Gansau JUALANG AZLAN1, Salim NUR QISTINA2, Manap ARIF AZHAR ABDUL2, W Zainudin W NUR SAFAWATI2, Chee SHEAU CHIEN2 and Goh LUCKY POH WAH1, * 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2 Petronas Research Sdn Bhd, Petronas Research & Scientitic, Jln Ayer Hitam, Bangi Government and Private Training Centre Area, 43000 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor *luckygoh@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT Hydrocarbon microseepage is the upward migration of thermogenic light hydrocarbons from subsurface petroleum reservoirs. This process produces measurable surface alterations in soil geochemistry and microbial community composition. Conventional hydrocarbon exploration primarily relies on geological and geophysical methods, which may overlook subtle surface geochemical and microbial signatures associated with subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations. This study aimed to identify integrated geochemical and microbial biomarkers for hydrocarbon microseepage detection in Sabah. Soil samples were collected from a 30 cm depth and analysed for pH, soil texture, total organic carbon (TOC), CHNS elemental composition, mineralogy (XRD), elemental composition (XRF), functional groups (FTIR), and bacterial community composition using Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis. Geochemical analyses revealed elevated TOC (14%) and highest carbon content (21.7%) at the sampling site ,indicative of hydrocarbon influenced soil conditions. Microbial profiling revealed distinct bacterial communities enriched in hydrocarbon associated, sulphur oxidizing, and iron- oxidizing taxa, including Petrotoga, Deferribacteraceae, Sulfuricurvum, and Halothiobacillus. These microbial signatures corresponded with geochemical anomalies and were supported by high-quality sequencing data (Q20 >98%; >300,000 reads per sample). The combined geochemical and microbial evidence supports the presence of hydrocarbon microseepage and demonstrates the value of integrating geochemical, mineralogical and molecular microbiological methods as complementary surface prospecting tools for hydrocarbon exploration in Sabah's petroleum basins. Keywords: hydrocarbon microseepage; soil microbial communities; 16S rRNA sequencing; geochemistry; Sabah Themes: Biotechnology, Microbiology

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE LOCAL COMMUNITY IN TIOMAN ISLAND, PAHANG, MALAYSIA Mohd-Rusli N1, Mustapha NM1, Zahri KNM1, Muhammad Nawi M1, Baharuddin IN1, Kamarulzaman F1, Jamaluddin F1, Zainodin SN, Mat Yussof MR1, Sait MA1, Bah Azmi A1, Zubir ALH, Wan Sahidallah WNN and Shariffuddin Shah MAM1 1Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor *nurshahidah@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants reflects the intimate relationship between local communities and their surrounding ecosystems, representing an important component of biocultural diversity. Island communities, in particular, often possess unique ethnobotanical knowledge that remains insufficiently documented despite its relevance to conservation and sustainable resource management. Therefore, documentation on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Tioman Island, Pahang, was carried out. Prior informed consent (PIC) was obtained from four traditional medicine practitioners in Kampung Juara and Kampung Mukut before conducting semi-structured interviews and guided field surveys. Ethnobotanical information such as plant’s local name, parts used for medication, preparation methods, mode of application and type of ailments was recorded, and plant specimens were collected for taxonomic identification, herbarium preparation, and ex situ conservation. A total of 45 medicinal plant species, 49 genera and 37 families were documented. The recorded medicinal plants were traditionally used to treat a wide range of ailments, including general health maintenance, postpartum care and women's health, fever, digestive disorders, cough and common cold, musculoskeletal conditions, wound care, and various other health conditions. Field surveys resulted in the collection of 59 medicinal plant samples, from which 169 herbarium specimens were prepared for scientific reference. In addition, 97 living accessions, including seedlings, stem cuttings, rhizomes, and seeds, were collected and established for ex situ conservation at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). This study highlights the rich traditional knowledge of medicinal plants retained by the local community of Tioman Island and demonstrates the importance of integrating ethnobotanical documentation with conservation initiatives. The findings provide valuable baseline information for safeguarding Malaysia's medicinal plant diversity, preserving traditional knowledge, and supporting future ethnopharmacological research and sustainable utilization. Keywords: traditional knowledge, medicinal plants, ethnobotanical information, ex-situ conservation, ethnopharmacological research Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE PREBIOTIC POTENTIAL OF FREEZE- DRIED INSOLUBLE DIETARY FIBRES FROM FRUITS AND VEGETABLES USING Lactobacillus pentosus A6 Zulkifley NS1, Mohd Roslan NFS1 and Jawan R1* 1Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *roslinaj@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT Dietary fibres (DFs), classified as soluble (SDF) and insoluble (IDF), contribute to human health beyond their nutritional value. Although SDFs are well established as prebiotics, the prebiotic potential of freeze- dried IDFs remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the fermentability and prebiotic potential of freeze-dried IDFs derived from winter melon, white guava, spinach, and potato using Lactobacillus pentosus A6. Whole fruits and vegetables were freeze-dried, ground into powders, and incorporated into glucose-free de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium at concentrations of 1.0–2.5% (w/v). In vitro batch fermentation was performed, and bacterial viability, pH, titratable acidity, and elemental composition were determined. White guava at 2.5% (w/v) exhibited the highest fermentability, increasing viable cell counts from 1.84 × 10⁷ to 1.95 × 10⁹ CFU/mL after 24 h, indicating efficient utilisation of its insoluble fibre by L. pentosus A6. Potato also supported substantial bacterial growth, reaching 1.77 × 10⁹ CFU/mL, followed by winter melon (1.67 × 10⁹ CFU/mL) and spinach (9.50 × 10⁸ CFU/mL), whereas the control MRS medium recorded 1.59 × 10⁹ CFU/mL. The comparable viable cell counts observed with potato, winter melon, and white guava suggest that these IDFs effectively supported probiotic growth during fermentation. Enhanced bacterial proliferation was accompanied by a marked reduction in pH and increased titratable acidity, reflecting active carbohydrate metabolism and organic acid production. White guava produced the greatest acidification (1.98 pH units), indicating superior stimulation of probiotic metabolic activity. X-ray fluorescence analysis identified potassium as the predominant mineral, together with appreciable calcium and magnesium in all samples. Overall, freeze-dried IDFs, particularly from white guava, demonstrated promising prebiotic properties, supporting their potential application as sustainable functional food ingredients and nutraceutical substrates for promoting probiotic growth. Keywords: Insoluble dietary fibre, prebiotic, lactic acid bacteria. gut microbiota, fermentation, functional foods Themes: Biotechnology

EVALUATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENT POTENTIAL AND TECHNO-FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF FRUIT BY-PRODUCT POWDERS Saimen E1, Marbawi H1 and Jawan R1* 1Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS 88400 Kota Kinabalu *roslinaj@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT Fruit processing generates substantial amounts of by-products that are frequently underutilised or discarded. Valorising these by-products as functional food ingredients supports a more sustainable and circular food system. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and techno-functional properties of four (4) fruit by-products (FBPs): banana peel (BP), coconut husk (CH), dragon fruit peel (DP), and sugarcane bagasse (SB). The FBPs were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC) via the Folin- Ciocalteu method, total flavonoid content (TFC) using the AlCl3 assay, radical scavenging activity using DPPH assay (IC50), and reducing efficiency through the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Physical techno functional parameters including water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and water solubility were also quantified. Phytochemical and antioxidant assays revealed that coconut husk possessed the highest phenolic content 0.268 ± 0.002 μg GAE/g and the strongest antioxidant capacity, demonstrating a superior IC50 value of 15.910 ± 0.515 μg/mL and a FRAP value of 1.544 ± 0.056 μg Fe2+ E/g compared to the other samples. Conversely, dragon fruit peel exhibited the highest flavonoid accumulation 0.038 ± 0.001 μgQE/g. In terms of techno functional properties, dragon fruit peel demonstrated outstanding physical capacities yielding a significantly higher WHC of 9.49 ± 0.18 g/g and OHC of 4.39 ± 0.19 g/g than all other treatments. Banana peel achieved the highest water solubility 47.97 ± 0.35%, whereas sugarcane bagasse exhibited the lowest with 32.24 ± 1.38%. Each agricultural by-product exhibited unique functional properties with distinct industrial applications. Coconut husk showed potential as a source of antioxidant-rich bioactive ingredients, whereas dragon fruit peel demonstrated excellent texturizing properties for fibre-enriched food products. Furthermore, their high dietary fibre content indicates their potential use as prebiotic substrates for the fermentation and growth of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Overall, these findings support targeted upcycling strategies for converting agricultural waste into value-added functional food ingredients for sustainable food applications. Keywords: Fruit by-products, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, water holding capacity, upcycling Themes: Biotechnology

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA FROM DECOMPOSED FRUITS AS POTENTIAL CELL WALL-DEGRADING AGENTS FOR MICROALGAL BIOPROCESSING Salihin NA1, Japar AS2, Abd Rahman H2 and Jawan R1* 1Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS 88400 Kota Kinabalu 2PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB), Lot 3288 & 3289, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia *roslinaj@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT The recalcitrant nature of microalgal cell walls remains a major challenge for efficient biomass processing and lipid recovery, necessitating the discovery of effective biological agents capable of degrading structural polysaccharides. This study aimed to isolate and characterise cellulolytic bacteria from naturally decomposed fruits as potential producers of cell wall-degrading enzymes for future microalgal applications. Rotten fruit samples, including orange, liposu, yellow chili, turkey berry, canistel, passion fruit, tangkol, sweet lime, kaffir lime, and sour eggplant, were enriched in Luria–Bertani (LB) broth supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), followed by isolation on LB agar supplemented with CMC. A total of 79 bacterial isolates were obtained and characterised based on colony morphology and cellulolytic activity. Qualitative screening using the Congo red assay identified four cellulolytic isolates (C1, C2, C3, and LU3) that produced distinct hydrolysis zones on LB agar supplemented with CMC, while the remaining isolates showed no detectable cellulase activity. The cellulolytic index ranged from 1.56 ± 0.04 to 2.56 ± 0.14, with isolate C1 exhibiting the highest extracellular cellulolytic index. Quantitative evaluation using the 3,5- dinitrosalicylic acid assay confirmed cellulase production by all four isolates, with isolate C2 demonstrating the highest enzyme activity (0.0259 U mL⁻¹), followed by LU3 (0.0164 U mL⁻¹), C1 (0.0160 U mL⁻¹), and C3 (0.0133 U mL⁻¹). The results indicate that decomposed fruits constitute a valuable reservoir of cellulolytic bacteria capable of producing extracellular cellulases. The identified isolates provide promising biocatalysts for future optimisation of enzyme production and investigation of their efficacy in enzymatic degradation of microalgal cell walls, with the ultimate aim of improving biomass processing and lipid recovery. Keywords: Cellulolytic bacteria, cell wall-degrading enzymes, cellulase, microalgae, Congo red assay, bacterial isolation Themes: Biotechnology

DETECTION OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS IN WILD BOAR (Sus scrofa) FOR DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN KENYIR, TERENGGANU Muhammad Zikri Hakim Mohd Zaid1, Suzana Misbah2*, Nor Zalipah Mohamed2, Melynda Cheok3 and Chong Ju Lian2 1Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Panthera Wild Cat Conservation Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Kampung Basong, 21700 Kuala Berang, Terengganu, Malaysia *suzana_m@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease caused by infection with the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The disease is highly contagious and associated with high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boar. The continued spread of ASF has resulted in substantial economic losses to the swine industry and poses significant challenges to wildlife conservation and disease management. This study aimed to investigate ASFV infection in wild boar populations in Kenyir, Terengganu, as part of an ongoing disease surveillance initiative. Camera traps deployed at multiple sites by MPTN-PERHILITAN-NBS-Panthera were used to monitor wild boar distribution, while captured images were analysed using QGIS to estimate population density. Tissue samples collected from the wild boars were subsequently screened for ASFV using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The estimated wild boar density in Kenyir was 0.8867 individuals km⁻², indicating a relatively low population density compared with previous years. Molecular and serological analyses detected ASFV-positive cases in two wild boar samples collected from Kenyir, whereas samples obtained from Kuala Terengganu tested negative. These findings provide evidence of ASFV circulation among wild boar populations in the Kenyir region and highlight the importance of continuous surveillance to support early detection and effective disease mitigation. Integrating wild boar population assessments with pathogen surveillance is crucial for improving ASF risk management and supporting effective disease control and conservation efforts. Keywords: African Swine Fever virus, Sus scrofa, disease surveillance, wildlife conservation Themes: Microbiology/Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

WASTE TO WEALTH POTENTIAL OF DRY LEAVES FOR SUSTAINABLE PAPER BAG PRODUCTION Noor Hazmira M1* and Latifah J2 1Economic & Strategic Analysis Programme, Research Planning Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia 2 Wood Chemistry & Non-Wood Utilisation Programme, Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia *noorhazmira@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Growing awareness of environmental challenges related to waste management and plastic use has increased interest in green materials. This study evaluates the potential of dry leaves as a sustainable raw material for paper production, with emphasis on their availability across multiple study locations and their conversion efficiency into paper products. Data collection on the availability of dry leaves was conducted at six locations including Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) main campus in Kepong, two selected FRIM research stations located at Segamat, Johor and Selandar, Melaka, and three selected urban parks under Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL). The availability of dry leaves was assessed through systematic field data collection and estimation methods. The collected dry leaves were converted into pulp through mechanical and chemical treatments in laboratory-scale production of handmade paper and paper bag prototypes. The results found that the total estimated annual availability of about 280 tonnes of dry leaves across all study locations. However, experimental results show a constrained conversion rate, with one kilogram of dry leaves yielding only about 122.5 g of pulp (the fibrous material used to make paper). From this limited amount, approximately 10 small, 80 GSM (grams per square meter) paper bags (12 g each) can be produced. While the low yield poses a challenge, the laboratory scale production of pulp and paper prototypes indicates a basic technical feasibility of this material. The findings suggest that dry leaves which are usually managed as landscape waste warrant further exploration for niche, value-added applications rather than large scale paper production. This can improve waste management, enhance resource efficiency, and support eco-friendly product innovation. Keywords: dry leaves, eco-friendly, green materials, handmade paper, product innovation, value-added products Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources & Material Science

TARGETING POST-PRANDIAL HYPERGLYCEMIA: MOLECULAR DOCKING AND IN VITRO EVIDENCE OF Curculigo latifolia ROOT EXTRACTS IN AMELIORATING TYPE 2 DIABETES Zabidi NA1, Ishak NA1,2* and Hamid M3 1Natural Medicine and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Centre for Foundation Studies in Science of Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Molecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *nur_akmal@upm.edu.my ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by post-prandial hyperglycemia, often managed through inhibition of key enzymes such as α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). This study evaluated the inhibitory potential of plant-derived compounds against α-glucosidase and DPP-IV, alongside effects on glucose uptake and insulin secretion. Active compounds identified via Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) screening were assessed using in vitro enzyme inhibition assays, 2-(N-(7- Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) Amino (2-NBDG) uptake and insulin secretion studies. Molecular docking was performed to explore binding interactions with α-glucosidase, DPP-IV, and insulin receptor (IR). Root extracts demonstrated stronger α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 2.72 ± 0.32) compared to fruit extracts (IC50 3.87 ± 0.32). Root extracts also enhanced DPP-IV inhibition, insulin secretion, and glucose uptake. Docking analysis revealed phlorizin as a key compound, showing strong binding affinity with α- glucosidase, DPP-IV, and IR. Root-derived compounds, particularly phlorizin, exhibit promising potential in modulating glucose metabolism through enzyme inhibition and insulin activity, supporting their role in managing post-prandial hyperglycemia in T2DM. Keywords: α-glucosidase, Curculigo latifolia, DPP (IV), molecular docking, type 2 diabetes Themes: Biotechnology, Food Science and Technology

INNOVATIVE FUNCTIONAL SNACK MADE FROM SUSTAINABLE EDIBLE CRICKET (ACHETA DOMESTICUS) Law K.X1, Tan F.A1 and Chye F.Y. 1* 1Food Security Research Laboratory, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia *fychye@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT Edible insects have emerged as a promising food for future due to their highly compatible nutrients, essential for human health and low carbon footprint production schemes. Despite insects are rich in quality protein, essential amino acids, minerals and B vitamins, consumer acceptance remains limited by psychological barriers and cultural perceptions of whole insects. In addition, most processed snacks are high in sugar, sodium and unhealthy fats. Thus, this study was carried out to develop a healthy snack bar by incorporating powder of house cricket (Acheta domesticus) with other ingredients such as rolled oats, puffed rice, pumpkin seeds and fruits. Six formulations of cricket-based snack bars (F1-F6) were developed with different proportions of cooked rolled oat (24-28%) and puffed rice (10-14%). Sensory attributes including colour, aroma, texture, taste, and overall acceptability were evaluated using hedonic scales. Physical properties including water activity, colour and texture profile were performed, while proximate composition and total energy were determined using standard methods. All snack formulations seem to have a consistently moisture content (21%) and water activity (0.8) due to the controlled baking conditions. The texture (hardness) of the snack bars increased significantly (p<0.05) with the increasing puffed rice in the formulation. Similarly, the colour of the bar darkens (L* value decreased) despite no significance difference was observed. F3 with the highest overall sensory acceptance (p<0.05) and better physical properties has been selected as the final product for the cricket-based snack bar. Additionally, the cricket snack could be claimed as high protein (>10 g/100g) and high fiber (>6 g/100g) food complied to the latest Malaysian Food Regulations on nutritional labelling. Thus, insect-based snacks offer a sustainable, nutrient-dense option for health-conscious consumers. Keywords: edible insect, cricket, healthy snack, protein alternative, sustainable. Themes: Food Science and Technology

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF SOFT CHEESE PRODUCED USING LACTOBACILLUS BREVIS STRAINS FROM STINGLESS BEE HONEY Nor Hazwani Hasali1, Amir Izzwan Zamri1*, Mohd Nizam Lani1, Muhammad Hariz Hasali1, Aidilla Mubarak1, Muhammad Nur Shazwan Jamzuri1,2, Fisal Ahmad1 and Ahmad Tarmezee Talib1 1Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor *amir@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT The application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from natural sources as starter cultures has gained interest due to their potential contribution to food fermentation and the development of value-added products. Stingless bee honey represents a unique source of beneficial microorganisms, including LAB, which may have potential applications in dairy fermentation. This study evaluated the potential of Lactobacillus brevis strains isolated from stingless bee honey as starter cultures for soft cheese production. To optimise cheese yield, soft cheese was produced using a standard formulation with modifications in processing conditions, including incubation time (60 or 180 min) and temperature (33°C or 37°C), using two L. brevis strains in skim milk. The highest cheese yield (18.8%) was achieved using L. brevis strain NJ42 with an incubation time of 180 min at 37°C. The optimised cheese contained 56.1 ± 0.4% moisture, 1.3 ± 0.4% fat, 20.4 ± 0.3% protein, and had a pH of 6.18 ± 0.1. Physicochemical analysis confirmed that the product met standard cheese composition requirements. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that cheese produced using L. brevis strain NJ42 received higher acceptance scores compared to commercially produced cheese. These findings suggest that L. brevis strains isolated from stingless bee honey have potential as starter cultures for soft cheese production and may contribute to the development of innovative fermented dairy products. Keywords: Lactobacillus brevis, stingless bee honey, lactic acid bacteria, soft cheese, starter culture; dairy fermentation. Themes: Food Science and Technology

ANTIBACTERIAL FACE FOAM CLEANSER USING ETHANOLIC LEAVE EXTRACT OF Plectranthus amboinicus Zulkifli AZ1, Balan T1 and Nagalingam SV1* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia *sree.vaneesa@unikl.edu.my ABSTRACT The increasing concern over the use of synthetic antibacterial agents in skincare products has led to growing interest in natural alternatives. Plectranthus amboinicus is a medicinal plant known for its antibacterial properties and has been traditionally used to treat various skin-related conditions. This study aimed to utilize the ethanolic leave extract of P. amboinicus into antibacterial face foam cleanser formulation. Ethanol solvent extraction was carried out using cold maceration and soxhlet extraction methods. The leave extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method. The formulated face foam cleanser is tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The total yield obtained from cold maceration and soxhlet extraction technique were 5.12% and 16.09% respectively. The leave extract at concentration of 400 mg/ml treated against S. aureus results revealed that the cold maceration extract exhibited inhibitory zone of 13.70 ± 1.51 mm compared to the soxhlet extract inhibitory zone of 10.40 ± 0.36 mm. Three face foam cleanser formulation F1, F2 and F3 containing different concentrations P. amboinicus leave ethanolic extract were successfully developed and evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, foaming ability, spreadability and antibacterial efficacy. All formulation demonstrated acceptable physical characteristics and pH suitable for facial skin application. The comparison of the antibacterial activity developed F1, F2 and F3 face foam cleanser with marketed product were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The data results were statistically significant (p<0.0001). In conclusion. P. amboinicus cold maceration ethanolic leave extract shows potential as a natural antibacterial ingredient for face foam cleanser formulations and may serve as an alternative to synthetic antibacterial agents in skin care products. Keywords: Antibacterial agent, Ethanolic extract, Face foam cleanser, P.amboinicus, S. aureus Themes: Microbiology

IMPROVED FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF ORANGE-FLESHED SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas L.) FLOUR THROUGH MICROWAVE BLANCHING FOR INSTANT NOODLE PRODUCTION Ramli NA 1 and Mohamad NJ1* 1 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Agrotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia *niezaju@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of steam and microwave blanching on the properties of orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) flour and its application in instant noodles. The flours produced by the blanching methods were assessed in terms of browning index, colour, pasting, and microstructure. The resulting flours also were incorporated into instant noodles at 15%, 30% and 55%, producing three formulations of instant noodles from steam-blanched flour, three formulations form microwave blanched flour and a control (100% wheat flour). The properties of the noodles were analysed in terms of colour, cooking loss, water absorption capacity, texture and sensory analysis. Results indicated that microwave blanching significantly reduced the browning index due to rapid enzyme inactivation and minimised structural degradation, as revealed by microstructure analysis. The microwave blanched flour also demonstrated superior pasting properties, including higher peak viscosity, and exhibited a lighter colour (higher L* value) with reduced redness (a* value) compared to steam-blanched and non-blanched flour. Instant noodles incorporating 30% microwave-blanched sweet potato flour emerged as the best formulation, offering an optimal balance of texture, colour, and cooking properties such as lower cooking loss and higher water absorption. Sensory evaluations further confirmed its acceptability, with higher scores for taste, texture, and overall preference compared to other formulations. These findings establish microwave blanching as an effective method to enhance the quality of orange-fleshed sweet potato flour and its application in healthier, nutrient-enriched instant noodles. Keywords: Orange-fleshed sweet potato, microwave blanching, steam blanching, sustainable food processing, instant noodles Themes: Food Science and Technology

INFLUENCE OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF CALAMUS MANAN AND KORTHALSIA RIGIDA Syauqina MY1, Nordahlia AS1, Asniza, M1 Alia Syahirah Y2, Ong CB1 and Anwar UMK1 1Deparment of Forest Product, Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 2Department of Research, Pre-commercialization and Publication, Forest Research Institute Malaysia. *nursyauqina@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT This study compared the anatomical characteristics, fiber morphology, physical and mechanical properties of two commercially important rattan genera: Calamus and Korthalsia, specifically utilizing Calamus manan and Korthalsia rigida as representative species. For anatomical and physical characterization, 5–7 cm samples were extracted from the mid-portion of mature stem internodes. Mechanical evaluation, including Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and compression strength was conducted with 30 replicates per test in accordance with BS 373 standards. Anatomically, distinct identification markers were observed, notably the presence of a 'yellow-cap' in K. rigida, alongside variations in vascular bundle types and ground tissue matrix. While C. manan exhibited slightly higher density (649 kg/m³) and moisture content (16.8%) compared to K. rigida (621 kg/m³ and 15.3%, respectively) but K. rigida displayed superior fiber morphology. Consequently, mechanical testing demonstrated that K. rigida outperforms C. manan in MOR (56.23 N/mm² vs. 55.92 N/mm²), MOE (4496.65 N/mm² vs. 3242.83 N/mm²), and compressive strength (28.20 N/mm² vs. 26.57 N/mm²). Although Calamus is traditionally preferred in the commercial market due to its perceived superior strength, these findings reveal that Korthalsia possesses greater mechanical rigidity and load-bearing capacity. This comparative baseline provides crucial data to expand the utilization of under-exploited rattan genera for furniture, structural, and craft applications. Keywords: commercial rattan, Calamus, Korthalsia, MOR, MOE, compressive test. Themes: Bringing Knowledge and Practice: Applied Science for a Sustainable Future: Plant and animal science

CLOUD-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF OIL PALM PLANTING AGE GROUPS USING SENTINEL-2 VEGETATION INDICES AND RANDOM FOREST WITH GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE AND GOOGLE COLAB Bahrom E, Anuar MI, Abd Aziz N and Murdi AA Agronomy & Geospatial Technology Unit, Biology & Sustainable Research Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institut, 43000 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor *ezzati.bahrom@mpob.gov.my ABSTRACT Accurate information on oil palm planting year is important for plantation management, yield forecasting and replanting planning. However, conventional mapping methods often rely on historical records or manual interpretation of satellite imagery, making the process time-consuming and labour-intensive, especially for large plantation areas. This study investigates the potential of combining Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery with the Random Forest algorithm to classify oil palm planting year classes at the MPOB Keratong Research Station, Pahang, Malaysia. Ten Sentinel-2 spectral bands, namely Blue (B2), Green (B3), Red (B4), Red Edge 1 (B5), Red Edge 2 (B6), Red Edge 3 (B7), Near-Infrared (B8), Narrow Near-Infrared (B8A), Shortwave Infrared 1 (B11) and Shortwave Infrared 2 (B12), together with three vegetation indices (NDVI, NDMI, and NBR), were used as input variables for the Random Forest classifier. A total of 53,260 labelled pixels were extracted from polygon-based training data representing five planting year classes. The dataset was randomly divided into 70% for model training and 30% for validation, and a Random Forest classifier with 500 decision trees was developed. The model achieved an overall accuracy of 85.47%, indicating that Sentinel-2 imagery can effectively distinguish oil palm planting year classes. These findings highlight the value of combining Sentinel-2 spectral information with Random Forest as a practical and efficient approach for oil palm planting year classification, with potential applications in plantation inventory, replanting planning and sustainable plantation management. Keywords: Google Earth Engine, Sentinel-2, oil palm monitoring, Random Forest classification, vegetation indices, precision agriculture Themes: Artificial Intelligence in Biology

MICROBIAL EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM Pichia kudriavzevii USM- YB02 AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES TO CONVENTIONAL FIBRES Mohammed Zulkhifli NA1 and Bustami Y1* 1School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia *ybustami@usm.my ABSTRACT Conventional fibres such as cotton demand extensive land, water, and pesticides, while synthetic fibres are non-biodegradable and contribute to plastic waste. To provide a sustainable alternative, this study investigates microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) synthesized by Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YB02 as a potential replacement for conventional fibres. The objectives were to screen cultivation conditions for EPS bioproduction, characterize the biopolymer, and assess its potential for fibre fabrication. The yeast strain was activated in nutrient broth overnight, with growth monitored. Cells at stationary phase were inoculated into Hestrin Schramm medium for EPS production in shake flask systems with different parameters. The yield of EPS was quantified, and characterization was performed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Dissolution studies were carried out with different solvent systems, and preliminary electrospinning trials evaluated fibre formation. The results showed that growth curve analysis exhibited a lag phase up to 6 h, exponential growth between 6–15 h and a stationary phase at 15–18 h. In addition, continuous agitation at 200 rpm, pH 5, and 7% inoculum size with sugarcane molasses 20 (g L⁻¹) and peptone (8 g L⁻¹) produced the highest EPS yield of 12.24 g L⁻¹. Characterization under TEM revealed uniform nanofiber morphology, while FTIR spectra displayed characteristic absorption bands of polysaccharide functional groups. Dissolution tests showed NaOH with urea and thiourea mixtures produced EPS dopes with stable viscosity, and electrospinning trials successfully fabricated continuous fibres. In conclusion, EPS synthesized by P. kudriavzevii demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable raw material to replace conventional fibres, offering an alternative that reduces environmental impact and supports innovation in fibre development. Keywords: exopolysaccharides, Pichia kudriavzevii, bioproduction, fibre, electrospinning Themes: Biotechnology, Microbiology

OPTIMISATION AND ANTI-BIOFILM EVALUATION OF Syzygium cumini AND Psidium guajava LEAF EXTRACTS FOR ORAL HEALTH APPLICATIONS Saidin SH1*, Nurhanan MY2, Mokhtar M2, Mat Amin ND2, Jamil M1, Mohamed Noor R1 and Ismail N2 1Herbal Quality Control Programme, 2Bioprospecting Programme, Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong Selangor *saidatul@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT This study screened the phytochemicals and investigated the anti-biofilm activity of FR319 (Syzygium cumini) and FR519 (Psidium guajava) for oral health applications. The leaves of FR319 and FR519 were harvested from Raub, Pahang, and Sekinchan, Selangor, respectively. The samples were dried and ground before extraction. Two types of extraction methods using deionised water were carried out: 1) hot reflux and 2) cold maceration via horizontal shaking at 100 rpm for 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, and 48 hours. Then followed by freeze-drying for concentration. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins and flavonoids in both species; however, FR319 further exhibited saponins, whereas FR519 contained steroids. Chromatographic fingerprinting via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) identified 13 distinct peaks for FR319 and 9 peaks for FR519. Anti-biofilm assays demonstrated that FR319-Hot-12h achieved optimal inhibition against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (70.05%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (43.24%), while FR519-Cold-48h reached 65.92% inhibition against MRSA and 15.41% against P. aeruginosa. These results showed that temperature and time durations of extraction maximize the anti-biofilm properties of these extracts. The presence of tannins and flavonoids in both species provides a significant natural defense for future antimicrobial applications in oral care. Keywords: oral health, phytochemical, anti biofilm Themes: Biotechnology

EFFECTS OF DIETARY SPIRULINA PLATENSIS AND BROMELAIN ON OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN BIGHEAD CATFISH (CLARIAS MACROCEPHALUS) Mansor FN1*, Othman R1, Suliman NA1, Mohd Zan MS2, Ramu S1, A Ghani IF1, Mohtar SH1, Hazman SAH1, Zulperi Z3 and Md Yasin IS3 1Department of Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala Pilah Campus, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *farrah_nazuha@unisel.edu.my ABSTRACT Declining broodstock reproductive performance can constrain the sustainable culture and conservation of bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus), highlighting the need for nutritional strategies that promote ovarian maturation. This study evaluated the effects of dietary bromelain, Spirulina platensis, and their combination on the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and ovarian development in female C. macrocephalus. Fish (n = 6 per treatment) were fed control, bromelain-supplemented, S. platensis-supplemented, and combination bromelain-S.platensis diets for 4 months. Results demonstrated a significant improvement in reproductive performance (p < 0.05), with GSI increasing from 5.13 ± 0.8% in the control group to 10.02 ± 0.77% in the combination group, nearly doubling. Histological analysis revealed a marked shift in oocyte development, the proportion of vitellogenic oocytes increased from approximately 26.00 ± 1.73% in the control group to 56.00 ± 2.52% in the combination group, while mature oocytes increased from about 11.33 ± 0.88% to 25.67 ± 3.91%. In contrast, early-stage oocytes (primary and cortical) decreased substantially from about 48.67 ± 1.20% in the control group to 15.00 ± 1.53%, and atresia was reduced from 14.00 ± 1.53% to as low as 3.33 ± 0.3%. These changes indicate enhanced vitellogenesis, improved ovarian maturation, and reduced oocyte degeneration. The combined bromelain and S.platensis treatment consistently outperformed the individual supplements, suggesting a synergistic effect from improved nutrient utilization and antioxidant support. Overall, this study demonstrates that combined dietary supplementation significantly enhances reproductive efficiency in C. macrocephalus and offers a promising strategy for improving broodstock performance in aquaculture. Keywords: Bromelain, Spirulina platensis, ovarian development, Clarias macrocephalus, gonadosomatic index Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

FUNCTIONAL FEED SUPPLEMENTATION WITH Spirulina platensis AND BROMELAIN IMPROVES LIVER HEALTH IN Clarias macrocephalus Nur Akmal Suliman1, Roshani Othman1*, Farrah Nazuha Mansor1, Mohd Syahril Mohd Zan2, Sandya Ramu1, Intan Faraha A Ghani1, Siti Hasmah Mohtar1, Hazmin Mansor1, Zarirah Zulperi3 and Ina Salwany Md Yasin3 1Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala Pilah Campus, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia *roshani@unisel.edu.my ABSTRACT Functional feed additives such as Spirulina platensis and bromelain have emerged as promising strategies to enhance fish health by modulating metabolic and hepatic functions. However, their combined effects on liver physiology remain poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of dietary supplementation with bromelain, S. platensis, and their combination on liver function using integrated biochemical and histological assessments. Fish were assigned to four dietary groups, and serum biomarkers, digestive enzyme activity, liver histology, and water quality were evaluated. Bromelain supplementation markedly reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (approximately 59%) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, indicating strong hepatocellular protection, while S. platensis significantly decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), reflecting improved biliary function. Notably, the combination group exhibited the lowest AST levels, suggesting a synergistic hepatoprotective effect. Protein markers (total protein and albumin) remained stable across treatments, confirming preserved hepatic synthetic capacity. Metabolic responses varied, with bromelain reducing glucose levels, while the combination increased glucose and triglycerides, indicating altered energy metabolism. Increased amylase activity in the S. platensis and combination groups suggests enhanced digestive efficiency. Histological analysis supported these findings, revealing improved hepatic architecture with reduced cellular degeneration and inflammation. These findings demonstrate that bromelain and S. platensis exert complementary hepatoprotective effects, with combination supplementation providing enhanced functional benefits for liver health. Keywords: Bromelain, Spirulina platensis, Hepatoprotection, Liver histology, Aquaculture nutrition Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

ETHNOBOTANICAL DOCUMENTATION OF USEFUL WILD PLANTS IN AN URBAN FOREST: A CASE STUDY OF TAMAN HUTAN BANDAR JELI, KELANTAN, MALAYSIA Shamsul M1 1Fakulti Industri Asas Tani, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kampus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan *shamsul.m@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT Urban forests are increasingly recognised as multifunctional landscapes that support biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and the preservation of traditional ecological knowledge. This study documents the ethnobotanical diversity of useful wild plants in Taman Hutan Bandar Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia, and analyses their functional distribution within an ethnopharmacological and sustainability framework. Systematic field surveys and literature triangulation identified 56 plant species representing diverse botanical families and growth forms. The documented species were classified into four functional categories: medicinal (35.7%), food and ulam (25.0%), ornamental (23.2%), and special traditional utilitarian plants (16.1%). The predominance of medicinal species indicates a health-oriented ethnobotanical pattern, reflecting the continued relevance of plant-based remedies in semi-urban communities. Several edible species further demonstrate the intersection between nutrition and therapy, highlighting potential nutraceutical value. The findings underscore the multifunctional character of urban forest biodiversity, which supports cultural heritage, ecological stability, and potential bioresource development. A conceptual pathway is proposed linking urban forest biodiversity to ethnobotanical knowledge systems, bioactive phytochemical potential, biochemical validation, and sustainable conservation outcomes. This study contributes to urban ethnobotany and sustainability discourse by positioning urban forests as living laboratories that integrate biodiversity documentation, traditional knowledge preservation, and translational research potential. Keywords: Ethnobotany; Urban Forest; Ethnopharmacology; Functional Food; Biodiversity; Sustainability. Themes: Biodiversity and conservation of natural resources

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH IN TWO KENYIR LAKE TRIBUTARIES USING PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Samsuri N1 and Redzuan NS1* 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *nurulshahida@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Anthropogenic development in the Kenyir Lake catchment drives excessive sedimentation, altering water quality and potentially disrupting foundational phytoplankton communities. Because these sensitive primary producers are excellent bioindicators, a one-off sampling was set out to investigate phytoplankton diversity and structure in two Kenyir Lake main tributaries, the lentic Petang River and lotic Saok Waterfall to assess their ecosystem health. In five replicates, phytoplankton samples were obtained using a 30 μm wire mesh plankton net. Alongside, physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen) were also recorded in situ. In the laboratory, phytoplankton samples were concentrated by centrifugation, permanently mounted on glass slides with naphrax. Phytoplankton cells were then morphologically identified and enumerated using microscope. A total of 77 (ϒ diversity) phytoplankton species were recorded across both study sites. Species richness was notably higher in the Petang River (58 species) (α diversity) compared to the Saok Waterfall (40 species) (α diversity). Despite this difference, the dinoflagellate Peridinium sp. emerged as the dominant taxon in both ecosystems. Conversely, despite the higher species richness in Petang River, the diversity indices revealed that the Saok Waterfall harboured a more equitable and diverse community structure (H' = 3.191; Simpson’s, 1-D = 0.9128; Pielou’s, J = 0.7507) than the Petang River (H' = 1.739; 1-D = 0.6386; J = 0.4448). Pronounced dominance of the Peridinium potentially is a critical bioindicator of compromised water quality and lowered overall ecosystem health. However, a more comprehensive sampling strategy with higher spatial and temporal frequency is required to further conclude the stated finding. Keywords: Phytoplankton, diversity, community structure, Peridinium sp. (maximum 6 words) Themes: Biodiversity and conservation of natural resources

EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND ANTIGENICITY EVALUATION OF A RECOMBINANT RABIES VIRUS NUCLEOPROTEIN C- TERMINAL FRAGMENT IN Escherichia coli Chin N.N. 1, Sum M.S.H. 1 and Andrew A. 2* 1Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2 Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak *aanna@unimas.my ABSTRACT Rabies is a fatal neurological disease caused by rabies virus (RABV), primarily transmitted to humans through infected canines. In Malaysia, Sarawak experiences a high prevalence of rabies cases with limited diagnostic surveillance, posing a significant public health threat. The RABV nucleoprotein (N protein) is a key antigenic target suitable for diagnostic development. This study aimed to express and purify a recombinant C-terminal fragment of the RABV N protein. The target gene fragment was amplified using specific primers, sequenced, and cloned for expression in bacterial host Escherichia coli (E.coli). The recombinant protein (~25 kDa) was purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) under denaturing conditions and validated by Western blot analysis. Immunological characterization demonstrated that the purified recombinant N protein was specifically recognized by antibodies in positive dog and anti-RABV rabbit sera. These findings confirm the antigenicity of the recombinant N protein fragment, highlighting its potential utility in assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or lateral flow assay for rabies diagnosis and surveillance. Keywords: Rabies virus, Nucleoprotein, Expression, Purification Themes: Biotechnology, Microbiology

EFFECTS OF N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON BACTERIAL CELLULOSE YIELD, MORPHOLOGY, AND TENSILE STRENGTH Hairi HN1, Othman NI1, Ismady ANT1, Effendy N1, Ahmad A1 and Adnan A1* 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *azila.adnan@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a renewable biopolymer with high purity, biocompatibility, and excellent mechanical properties, making it promising for diverse material applications. However, its broader utilization is constrained by low production and the need for improved mechanical performance. While conventional carbon sources have been widely investigated for BC production, the influence of amino sugars such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on BC production and material properties remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of GlcNAc supplementation on the production, tensile strength, and morphology of BC produced using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). BC was produced under static fermentation with 0% (control), 0.5%, and 1.0% (w/v) GlcNAc. The resulting BC pellicles were purified, oven-dried, and evaluated for dry weight, tensile strength, and surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA at p < 0.05. GlcNAc significantly reduced BC dry weight from 1.96 g in the control to 1.19 and 1.03 g at 0.5% and 1.0% GlcNAc, respectively. Conversely, 0.5% GlcNAc produced the highest tensile strength (6.34 MPa), compared with 1.21 MPa in the control, while 1.0% GlcNAc showed intermediate mechanical performance. SEM revealed a porous fibrillar network in the control, a dense and compact structure at 0.5% GlcNAc, and a heterogeneous structure at 1.0% GlcNAc. Overall, GlcNAc affected BC differently depending on its concentration, reducing BC production but improving its mechanical strength. The best tensile strength was achieved with 0.5% (w/v) GlcNAc. Keywords: bacterial cellulose, N-acetylglucosamine, SCOBY, tensile strength, dry weight, morphology Themes: Biotechnology

IMBIBITION CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG-TERM CHILLED PRESERVED LAGENARIA SICERARIA SEEDS Nadiah MA1* 1Programme of Resource Utilisation and Agrobiodiversity Conservation, Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Center, MARDI Jerangau Station, Terengganu. *nadiaharis@mardi.gov.my ABSTRACT Cucurbit seed imbibition provides valuable information on the seed's physiological quality and their capacity to resume metabolic activity required for germination. Prolonged storage may alter seed physiological performance. However, information on the imbibition behaviour of long-term preserved Lagenaria siceraria germplasm remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the imbibition characteristics of traditional Lagenaria siceraria seeds preserved for more than five years at -4 °C and compared them with fresh seeds obtained from the World Vegetable Center in Taiwan. The Phase 1 imbibition rate, total water absorption, and Phase 2 imbibition rate were evaluated using three replicates of 10 seeds each. The chilled-preserved seeds showed a slower Phase 1 rate, with a mean of 0.716 g g-1 h-1 compared with 0.825 g g-1 h-1 for fresh Taiwan seeds, but the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). In phase 2, the imbibition rate of the chilled Lagenaria siceraria seeds was significantly slower (p < 0.05) than the fresh seeds (9.4 mg g-1 h-1 versus 28.7 mg g-1 h-1). The chilled seeds absorbed a significantly lower (p < 0.05) amount of water than fresh seeds for imbibition (97.3% versus 152% of seed weight). The sluggish imbibition of the chilled seeds may likely be due to physiological deterioration, probably involving impaired membrane integrity and reorganisation, oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation, and reduced metabolic recovery following rehydration. The differences in genotype and initial seed quality may also contribute to the differences in the observed responses. These findings highlight that the cucurbit seeds’ imbibition characteristics are a valuable complementary indicator for monitoring the physiological quality of Lagenaria siceraria germplasm subjected to long-term preservation. Keywords: Lagenaria siceraria, cucurbits, imbibition Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

GAMMA-INDUCED IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC VARIATION IN BENTONG GINGER (Zingiber officinale Rosc. cv. BENTONG) USING INTER-SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT (ISSR) MARKERS Khalid NSS1, Akil M2, Yunus MF1, Meenakshi Sundram TM1,3* and Mat Hussin MH1 1Department of Plant Science, Kulliyah of Science, IIUM Kuantan Campus 2Agrotechnology and Biosciences Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi 3Sustainable Agriculture and Green Technology (AG-Tech) Research Unit, IIUM Kuantan Campus *tamil@iium.edu.my ABSTRACT Bentong ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc. cv. Bentong) is a spice crop of immense culinary, medicinal, and industrial importance, commanding high market demand in Malaysia owing to its rich bioactive compounds. The increasing need for disease-free, uniform planting material, together with the limitations of conventional rhizome propagation, has driven the extensive application of in vitro tissue culture approaches. Furthermore, biotechnological interventions such as induced mutagenesis via in vitro regeneration technology may accelerate crop improvement, offering opportunities for enhanced shoot regeneration and secondary metabolite production. This study aimed to evaluate the survival, growth, morphology as well as genetic variation of Gamma irradiated in vitro ginger plantlets. The irradiation treatments ranging (5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 Gy) were evaluated, and 10 Gy was identified as the optimum irradiation dose based on the LD50 response. Irradiated in vitro plantlets regenerated a significantly higher mean number of shoots (4.08 ± 0.44) compared with the control and exhibited lower survival rate 57.78% after 16 weeks of culture. However, the non-irradiated resulted in significantly higher in the mean number of leaves per shoot (3.24 ± 0.56) and length of shoot (cm) (11.33 ± 0.70) compared to 10 Gy. At the M1V4 generation (16 weeks), 10 Gy in vitro irradiated plantlets showed 96.15% rooting, and disease-free growth. Young leaves of acclimatized plantlets after 2 weeks were extracted for ISSR analysis using 10 UBC primers. A total of 109 bands were generated, of which 62 were polymorphic, corresponding to an average of 56% polymorphic. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.6400 to 0.9029, reflecting the level of genetic variation between irradiated and non-irradiated plantlets. In summary, Gamma irradiation affected the survival and growth of Bentong ginger plantlets, and ISSR markers revealed the occurrence of genetic variation during shoot regeneration, suggesting the potential to produce new variants through in vitro mutagenesis for crop improvement. Keywords: Bentong ginger, In vitro tissue culture, mutation induction, genetic variation, polymorphism Themes: Biotechnology, Plant and Animal Science

EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF NATIVE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES FOR BIOFILM FORMATION AND TREATMENT OF POLLUTED RIVER WATER USING MACROCOMPOSITE Mohd Suhaimi MAS1, Shahir S1*, Abdul Wahab MF1, Ibrahim Z1, Mohamed Najib MZ2 and Mohd Amin MF3 1Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia 2Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia 3Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia *shafinazshahir@utm.my ABSTRACT Cementitious macrocomposites may offer both an attachment surface for native microorganisms and adsorptive capacity for pollutant retention, yet their ability to support river biofilms remains poorly characterised. This study evaluated whether a cementitious macrocomposite could support native biofilm development during 30 days of exposure to polluted river water. The macrocomposite surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water quality compared at days 0 and 30, and the day- 30 biofilm community profiled by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. SEM showed irregular particles, interparticle spaces, fissures and needle-like projections, a heterogeneous morphology that may provide attachment areas and sheltered sites for colonisation. Ammoniacal nitrogen decreased from 5.9 to <0.1 mg L-1 (>98.3%), total suspended solids from 37 to 3 mg L-1 (91.9%), chemical oxygen demand from 22 to <3 mg L-1 (>86.4%), five-day biochemical oxygen demand from 4.01 to <3.0 mg L-1 (>25.2%), and colour from 157 to 24 ADMI (84.7%), while dissolved oxygen rose from 7.32 to 8.04 mg L-1 and pH from 7.24 to 8.39. The biofilm showed descriptively higher Shannon diversity (7.99 versus 6.99) and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (42.69 versus 33.94) than the raw river water. Lineages associated with nitrogen cycling and attached growth, including Nitrospira, Caldilineaceae and Hyphomicrobium, were prominent in the biofilm but minor in the river water, whereas faecal-associated genera abundant in the water were poorly represented in the biofilm. This contrast is consistent with selective colonisation rather than passive retention of suspended cells, suggesting a community composition relevant to biofilm-mediated biodegradation. The macrocomposite therefore supported a diverse native biofilm alongside improved water quality, justifying controlled studies of its potential as a multifunctional treatment medium integrating biofilm processes and adsorption. Keywords: macrocomposite, biofilm, cementitious composite, adsorption, biodegradation Themes: Microbiology, Environmental Chemistry, Biotechnology

EFFECT OF Moringa oleifera OIL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HISTOLOGICAL ALTERATION OF INTESTINE OF Clarias gariepinus Mohamed So’adi NA¹ and Hassan NH²* ¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ²Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *nadiahafiza@upm.edu.my ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera oil has potential as a plant-derived feed additive in aquaculture due to its potential nutritional and bioactive properties. However, its effects on growth performance, feed utilization and intestinal histology in Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) remain limited. This study evaluated the effects of dietary M. oleifera oil on growth performance, feed utilization and intestinal morphology of juvenile C. gariepinus. A 42-day feeding trial was conducted using 180 juveniles (124.50 ± 10.35 g) allocated to four dietary treatments with three replicates: a control diet without M. oleifera oil and diets supplemented with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% M. oleifera oil. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survival were determined, while intestinal tissues were examined histologically and villus height was measured. Weight gain, specific growth rate and survival did not differ significantly among treatments (p > 0.05). However, feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by dietary treatment (p = 0.028), with lower values observed in fish receiving 0.1% and 1.0% M. oleifera oil compared with the control. Intestinal villus height also differed significantly (p < 0.001), increasing from 15.7 ± 0.46 μm in the control to 19.7 ± 0.60 μm at 0.5% supplementation, before declining to 14.6 ± 0.40 μm at 1.0%. These findings suggest that M. oleifera oil may improve feed utilization and influence the intestinal morphology in juvenile C. gariepinus. While 0.1% and 1.0% supplementation resulted in improved feed conversion ratios, the highest intestinal villus height was observed at 0.5%, indicating that the response to M. oleifera oil may vary depending on the inclusion level and the parameter evaluated. Further studies are warranted to determine the optimal inclusion level and assess the longer-term effects of M. oleifera oil on fish health, growth performance, and feed utilization. Keywords: feed utilization, intestinal morphology, hepatotoxicity, aquaculture Themes: Aquaculture, Animal Nutrition, Applied Biological Sciences

EVALUATION OF SUGAR MUD AS AN ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENT IN DUCK FEED FORMULATION Mohd Najib Razali1*, Nur Firzanah A. Othman1, Dayana Insyirah Zaidi1, Harris Mikael Hafizul Azli1, Rasyida Adlina Azli2 and Siti Zulaiha Zailani2 1Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al- Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia 2MNR Multitech Sdn. Bhd., Pahang, Malaysia *najibrazali@umpsa.edu.my ABSTRACT The increasing cost of conventional feed ingredients has created the need to explore alternative agro- industrial by-products for sustainable and cost-effective duck feed formulation. Sugar mud, also known as sugarcane press mud, is a by-product of sugarcane processing that may contain useful nutrients and mineral- related compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of sugar mud as an alternative ingredient in duck feed by formulating a duck feed containing 10% sugar mud and comparing its nutritional and chemical characteristics with two industrial duck feeds. The formulated feed was prepared using corn, soybean meal, fish meal, oil, DIY Unggas and sugar mud. Proximate analysis was conducted to determine ash, moisture, crude protein, carbohydrate, crude fibre and crude fat contents, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify major functional groups related to carbonate and phosphate compounds. The duck feed containing 10% sugar mud recorded the highest moisture content at 11.8% and the highest crude protein content at 23.8%. However, it showed the lowest ash content at 12.5%, carbohydrate content at 45.5%, crude fibre content at 2.6% and crude fat content at 2.65%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed carbonate-related peaks at approximately 1410–1460 cm⁻¹ and 860–875 cm⁻¹, suggesting the possible presence of CaCO3. Phosphate-related peaks around 1000–1100 cm⁻¹ also indicated possible phosphate-containing compounds. These findings suggest that 10% sugar mud duck feed has potential as a protein-rich alternative formulation, although further mineral analysis and feeding trials are required to confirm its practical suitability. Keywords: Duck feed, sugar mud, feed formulation, proximate analysis, FTIR Themes: Plant & Animal Science

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, AND EGG TURNING FREQUENCY ON HATCHABILITY AND DUCKLING VIABILITY IN SMALL-SCALE INCUBATION SYSTEMS Mohd Najib Razali1*, Muhammad Amirul Haziq Nizam1, Masrizal Masadi2, Najmuddin Mohd Ramli2 and Siti Zulaiha Zailani2 1Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al- Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia 2MNR Multitech Sdn. Bhd., Pahang, Malaysia *najibrazali@umpsa.edu.my ABSTRACT Artificial incubation has become an important technique for improving duckling production by providing controlled environmental conditions that support embryo development and hatchability. However, maintaining optimum incubation parameters remains a major challenge in small-scale manual incubation systems, where fluctuations in temperature, relative humidity, and egg-turning practices can reduce hatching performance and duckling viability. This study evaluated the combined effects of incubation temperature, relative humidity, and egg-turning frequency on embryo development, hatchability, and duckling viability using two manual incubation designs. 60 Khaki Campbell duck eggs were equally distributed into two incubation designs. The first design was maintained at 37.8°C with 80 - 85% relative humidity and eggs were turned once daily, whereas the second design operated at 37.5°C with 75 - 80% relative humidity and eggs were turned twice daily. Embryo development was monitored throughout the 30 day incubation period using egg candling, while hatchability and duckling viability were evaluated after hatching. The second incubation design achieved higher embryo development 80.00% and hatchability 66.67% compared with the first design, which recorded 76.67% and 60.00%, respectively. However, despite its higher hatchability, the second design exhibited greater post-hatch mortality, suggesting that post-hatch management and environmental conditions remain critical determinants of duckling survival. Overall, the findings indicate that maintaining an incubation temperature of 37.5°C, relative humidity of 75–80%, and more frequent egg turning provides a more favourable incubation environment for enhancing embryo development and hatchability in small-scale manual incubation systems. These findings provide practical recommendations for improving duck production efficiency, particularly for small-scale poultry farmers operating under resource-limited conditions. Keywords: artificial incubation, duck eggs, incubator, temperature, humidity, egg turning Themes: Plant & Animal Science

EVALUATING BIOCHAR-ENRICHED SPENT COFFEE COMPOST AND Streptomyces sp. CO-APPLICATION FOR ENHANCED RHIZOSPHERE MORPHOLOGY IN MAIZE Abdul Rahim N1,2*, Karam DS1, Adenan NH 3, Zulperi D4, Kasim S1 and Abdu A5 1Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Pekan Parit Tinggi, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 4Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 5Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia *syaznirahim@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Rapidly accumulating spent coffee grounds (SCG) contain phytotoxic caffeine that inhibits plant growth, necessitating biological waste valorization to develop sustainable soil amendments. This study evaluate how SCG composts co-formulated with agro-industrial biochars (rice husk or palm kernel shell) and empty fruit bunches (EFB), combined with or without the plant growth-promoting actinobacterium Streptomyces sp. strain PU-MM66 (soil-drenched at 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹), influence maize (Zea mays L.) root development. A greenhouse bioassay using a completely randomized design evaluated ten treatment regimes in 20 kg polybags across five replications. Quantitative root scanning using WinRHIZO at day 80 demonstrated significant multivariate biological responses in root morphology (Wilks' Lambda = 0.0979, F(18, 78) = 9.52, p < 0.001). Inoculation with Streptomyces sp. alone yielded the maximum root length (20088.08 ± 2141.71 cm) and surface area (3854.12 ± 514.62 cm²), significantly outperforming the control. While uninoculated composts induced moderate structural shifts, co-applying biochar-enriched composts with actinobacteria exerted synergistic bio-stimulation specifically, the SCG, rice husk biochar, EFB, and Streptomyces sp. regime stimulated root expansion comparable to the microbial control. These findings show that combining helpful soil bacteria with composted waste improves plant root growth and nutrient uptake, supporting sustainable, eco-friendly agriculture. Keyword: Biochar-enriched compost, maize root, spent coffee ground, biochar application, waste management Themes: Plant Science

IMPLEMENTATION AND VALIDATION OF A CRE-LOXP RECOMBINATION SYSTEM FOR PYRG SELECTABLE MARKER RECYCLING IN ASPERGILLUS NIGER Kamaruddin N1*, Abu Bakar FD2 and Abdul Murad AM2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia. 2Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *nurhaida@fsmt.upsi.edu.my ABSTRACT The scarcity of selectable marker options causes an obstacle in implementing gene modifications sequentially in filamentous fungi. To solve this problem, the study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of a Cre-loxP site-specific recombination system to recycle the bidirectional pyrG selection marker (orotidine- 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase) in Aspergillus niger. Previously, the auxotrophic parental strain, PY11, was engineered into a uracil/uridine prototroph deletion mutant, AnΔprtT, using a deletion cassette with 34-bp loxP recognition sites flanking the pyrG marker. To catalyse excision of the pyrG marker, the mutant strain AnΔprtT was transformed with ANEp-Cre-ptrA, an episomal vector that expresses Cre recombinase under the control of the inducible xlnA promoter. Putative transformants were obtained after PEG-mediated spheroplast transformation and screening on 0.1 mgl-1 pyrithiamine. Expression of Cre recombinase was induced in xylose-containing media, and pyrG marker removal was confirmed by selecting transformants on minimal media plates containing 2.0 mgml-1 5-fluoroorotic acid. The stable recombinant was successfully isolated and designated AnΔprtT (pyrG-). The deletion of the loxP-pyrG-loxP fragment (3.5 kb) was verified by PCR analysis using specific primers. The complete reversal of the mutant to uracil/uridine auxotrophy indicates that the Cre-loxP system is functional in A. niger for marker recycling. Keywords: Aspergillus niger; pyrG marker; Cre-loxP recombination; marker recycling; uridine auxotrophy Themes: Biotechnology

GENETIC VARIATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS Ajmain NK1, Seow EK1,2,3*, Teh LK4, Rahman THA5, Ghani RA5, Nor NM6,7 and Seow LJ8 1 Food Science and Technology Program, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Integrated Nutrition Science and Therapy Research Group (INSPiRE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia .3 Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (Ipromise), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 4 Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 5 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor Branch, 47000 Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. 6 Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 7 Integrated Nutrition Science and Therapy Research Group (INSPiRE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 8 Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. *ekseow@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Obesity is a multifactorial disorder influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Numerous genetic variants have been investigated for their contribution to obesity susceptibility, but findings remain inconsistent across studies and populations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence and identify genetic variants consistently associated with obesity. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify studies investigating genetic variants associated with obesity and obesity-related phenotypes. Eligible studies were selected using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data on study characteristics, populations, genetic variants, and effect estimates were extracted. The methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using assessment tools. Where sufficient comparable data were available, meta-analysis was conducted to estimate pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals, while heterogeneity and potential publication bias were evaluated. The review identified multiple genetic variants in genes involved in appetite regulation, energy homeostasis, lipid metabolism, glucose regulation, and other obesity-related pathways. Meta-analysis demonstrated significant associations between selected genetic variants and obesity risk, although effect sizes varied across studies and populations. Overall, these findings provide a synthesis of genetic variations associated with obesity and a foundation for genetic investigations and obesity risk assessment. Keywords: obesity, genetic variation, genetic variants, meta-analysis, systematic review Themes: Food Science and Technology

DNA BARCODING REVEALS SPECIES DIVERSITY AND GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF QUEENFISHES (Scomberoides Spp.) IN MALAYSIAN WATERS. Hamal NA1 and Mohammed Akib NA1* 1School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia *adelyna@usm.my ABSTRACT Queenfish of the genus Scomberoides are commercially important marine fishes in Malaysian waters, but accurate species identification can be challenging because closely related species share similar external morphological characteristics. Limited molecular reference information for Scomberoides from Malaysian waters also restricts accurate documentation of their species diversity. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Scomberoides species collected from Peninsular Malaysian waters using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA barcoding and to investigate their genetic relationships. A total of 49 specimens were collected from seven states in Peninsular Malaysia. Species identities were determined using BLAST, while genetic relationships were examined using Neighbour-Joining and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses. Genetic divergence was estimated using the Kimura 2- Parameter model. Five species were identified: S. commersonnianus, S. pelagicus, S. lysan, S. tala, and S. tol. Both phylogenetic analyses produced consistent species-specific clustering. Intraspecific genetic distances ranged from 0.0014 to 0.0116, whereas interspecific distances ranged from 0.0185 to 0.1082. The lowest interspecific distance was observed between S. commersonnianus and the recently described S. pelagicus (0.0185), nevertheless, both species consistently formed separate clades, supporting their recognition as genetically distinct taxa. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of COI DNA barcoding in resolving species diversity and genetic relationships within Scomberoides and provide useful baseline molecular information for species documentation, fisheries biodiversity assessment, and future taxonomic and conservation studies in Malaysian waters. Keywords: COI, DNA barcoding, genetic relationships, molecular identification, queenfish, Scomberoides Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

ANTI-DIABETIC AND ANTI-OBESITY ACTIVITIES OF Averrhoa bilimbi AND Solanum melongena ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS Daud D1*, Marhaidan AN1, Abdul-Malek NSB1 and Mat-Said Z2 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, 35400 Perak, Malaysia 2Center of Biodiversity and Conservation, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia *dzuls990@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Plants are enriched with essential phytochemicals that are responsible for biological activities. This study was conducted to compare phytochemical constituents, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties of Averrhoa bilimbi and Solanum melongena ethanolic extracts. Phytochemical constituents were screened using standard qualitative protocols. Anti-diabetic activity was determined by an α-glucosidase inhibition assay, and anti-obesity activity was evaluated by a pancreatic lipase inhibition assay. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and coumarins in both extracts. Only A. bilimbi confirmed the presence of terpenoids, meanwhile, only S. melongena confirmed the presence of steroids. An in-vitro inhibition assay demonstrated that A. bilimbi ethanolic extract (100 μg/ml) possesses moderate anti-diabetic (71.34±1.8%) and moderate anti-obesity (68.93±2.7%) properties. Meanwhile, S. melongena ethanolic extract (100 μg/ml) possesses moderate anti-diabetic (57.87±2.4%) and low anti-obesity (43.78±1.5%) properties. In conclusion, A. bilimbi and S. melongena ethanolic extracts showed the presence of important phytochemicals that may contribute to anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities at different levels. Among the two, A. bilimbi demonstrated significantly higher inhibitory activity compared to S. melongena, suggesting a greater potency of bioactive phytoconstituents responsible for glucose and triglyceride-lowering effects. Keywords: phytochemicals, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, antioxidant, therapeutic potential Themes: Plant and Animal Science

INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL AND AGARWOOD (Aquilaria malaccensis) TEA BASES COMBINED WITH PINEAPPLE-SPEARMINT INFUSION ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND SENSORY ACCEPTANCE OF KOMBUCHA Kwong PJ1*, Har QH1, Yassoralipour A1, Phuah ET2 and Saw SH3 1Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia; 2School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; 3Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia *kwongpj@utar.edu.my ABSTRACT Traditional kombucha is conventionally brewed using Camellia sinensis leaves. However, contemporary functional beverage innovation has driven the incorporation of alternative botanical substrates and natural fruit or herb flavouring to diversify bioactive properties and enhance consumer appeal. This study evaluated three tea substrates namely Jasmine green tea, Longjing tea and agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) tea together with the infusion of MD2 pineapple and spearmint across three sub-objectives: (i) to determine the effects of tea substrate on pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, ethanol content and antioxidant properties during primary fermentation (Day 0-7); (ii) to assess the changes in these parameters following fruit-herb infusion during the secondary fermentations (Day 7-10) and (iii) to evaluate consumer sensory acceptance. Kombucha prepared with 14 g/L tea and 7 g/L brown sugar was fermented for 7 d, then SCOBY was removed prior infused with a 20 % (v/v) of pineapple juice and 1.4 g of spearmint for another 3 d of secondary fermentation. During primary fermentation, pH for all the kombucha decreased to 3.72-4.17, with agarwood kombucha exhibiting the greatest reduction in pH from Day 0 to Day 7 (6.67 to 3.72). The titratable acidity increased to approximately 1.6 g/L with no significant differences (p > 0.05) among tea substrates. Longjing and Jasmine green tea kombuchas exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity than agarwood kombucha. The ethanol content in agarwood kombucha was the lowest (0.23±0.02%) among the formulations. Following secondary fermentation, ethanol concentration increased across all three formulations, ranging from 0.36-0.56% (v/v) with agarwood kombucha exhibiting the lowest ethanol concentration. The pH remained acidic across all formulations and DPPH radical scavenging activity remained high at 80.58-81.85%. Sensory evaluation revealed that Jasmine green tea kombucha infused with pineapple and mint achieved the highest overall acceptability score (7.52±0.13) in the 9 point hedonic scale. The secondary fermentation with infusion of pineapple and mint improved the overall acceptability score of agarwood kombucha. In conclusion, Jasmine green tea kombucha with pineapple and spearmint represents the optimal overall formulation as it achieved the highest sensory preference, while agarwood kombucha served as an ideal low-alcohol, caffeine-free alternative. Keywords: Kombucha, Agarwood tea, Functional beverage, Pineapple-spearmint infusion, Antioxidant, Ethanol content, Sensory acceptance Themes: Food Science and Technology

IN SILICO EVALUATION OF A NOVEL PEPTIDE AS A POTENTIAL INHIBITOR OF KPC-2. Noor Adzahar IH1 and Ahmad Latiffi A1* 1School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia *wati448@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Carbapenem is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic used as a last-resort treatment against aggressive multidrug-resistant bacteria when other antibiotics fail. Its overuse has led to a growing bacterial resistance threat, posing a significant global health concern. The clinical importance of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2) lies in its ability to hydrolyse carbapenems; the enzyme is produced by carbapenem-resistant bacteria. In this study, the sequence of 6BRK2, a 16-amino-acid peptide was derived from the 6B peptide sequence. The parental 6B peptide was originally identified from the skin secretion of a local frog found in Pelangai Forest Reserve. In silico analyses were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory action of 6BRK2 against KPC-2. Structural prediction via AlphaFold Colab revealed that 6BRK2 adopts a helical conformation. Molecular docking using ClusPro 2.0 identified a binding pose (Pose 2) that overlaps with the catalytic site of KPC-2. Interface analysis using PDBePISA indicated that several catalytic residues (S70, E166, N170, T237) exhibited high buried surface area percentages (>30%), suggesting their substantial involvement in the KPC-2:6BRK2 interaction. PRODIGY binding energy predictions confirmed that Pose 2 exhibits significantly stronger and more favourable binding affinity than the other poses. Structural analysis of the KPC-2:6BRK2 complex demonstrated that 6BRK2 completely obstructs the catalytic site, leaving no available site for substrate binding. In conclusion, these findings suggest that 6BRK2 interacts strongly with the catalytic region of KPC-2, potentially inhibiting carbapenem hydrolysis. Nevertheless, molecular dynamics simulations and experimental validation are required to confirm its inhibitory potential. Keywords: KPC-2, inhibitor, peptide, in silico, docking, PRODIGY Themes: Biomolecular Sciences, Biotechnology

SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THE EVENT OF MASS FLOWERING AND FRUITING AT FRIM, KEPONG SELANGOR Zakaria NF1*, Noor Azman NZ1, Shaari MA1, Lee SL1, Mohd Ariffin MI1, Mustapa NR1, Rasli AFN1, Marhani Y1, Suterisno SE1, Wook NF1, Alias N1, Ho WM1, Law TD1, Muniandi SK1, Nazri NS1, Hashim SS1 1Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia *nurulfarhanah@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Mass flowering and fruiting are rare, large‑scale reproductive events in tropical forests, where numerous tree species synchronize their cycles. In August 2025, such a phenomenon was extensively triggered at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor—a rehabilitated forest ecosystem established on ex‑tin‑mine land. Comprehensive phenological observations were undertaken to document species diversity, reproductive timing, and fruiting dynamics. Mature fruits were systematically collected and distributed for research, seedling propagation, and conservation programs, including forest plantation and rehabilitation initiatives. Dipterocarps, the dominant family of Southeast Asian rainforests, were prioritized due to their infrequent reproductive cycles and high conservation value. Across the FRIM site, 36 families comprising 80 genera and 151 species were recorded. Within Dipterocarpaceae, 10 genera and 67 species were identified, with IUCN assessments listing three as critically endangered, 11 as endangered, and 17 as vulnerable. From this event, 262 kg of mature fruits were collected, representing 45 species, 40 of which were dipterocarps. This mass reproductive episode provided an exceptional opportunity to secure seeds of rare and threatened taxa and strengthen ex-situ conservation. Beyond its immediate outcomes, the event underscores the importance of long‑term phenological monitoring and coordinated seed collection in sustaining biodiversity and guiding evidence‑based conservation strategies for tropical forest ecosystems. Keywords: Dipterocarp, reproductive, tropical forest, seed collection, IUCN, endangered Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

OPTIMISATION OF SYNTHETIC SEED ENCAPSULATION FOR KOOMPASSIA EXCELSA (TUALANG) SHOOTS Noor Azman NZ1 and Mustapa NR1 1Forest Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia *nashatul@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Encapsulating shoot tips with sodium alginate is a promising strategy for developing synthetic seeds and conserving tropical forest tree species in vitro. The effectiveness of this method depends heavily on sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentrations, which influence the matrix's physical properties and the viability of encapsulated explants. This study aimed to optimise sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentrations for encapsulating Koompassia excelsa shoot tips. Shoot tips were encapsulated using sodium alginate at concentrations of 2, 3, and 4% and calcium chloride at 50, 75, 100, and 125 mM. Capsule formation, physical characteristics, and viability were evaluated to determine the most suitable encapsulation treatment. The results indicated that 4% alginate and 50 mM calcium chloride produced spherical, fully encapsulated explants. The optimised encapsulation protocol establishes a foundation for synthetic seed production and supports alternative methods for propagating and conserving K. excelsa in vitro. This technique may also facilitate the long-term management and utilisation of valuable genetic resources in tropical forest tree species. Keywords: Koompassia excelsa, artificial seeds, encapsulation matrix Themes: Applied Biology

ADVANCING AGRICULTURAL LAND MONITORING IN KELANTAN: CROP CLASSIFICATION USING LANDSAT 8 IMAGERY AND GIS- BASED SUPERVISED TECHNIQUES Azhar MMD1, Daliman S1,2*, Rendra PPR3 and Sukiyah E4 1Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, 17600 Kelantan, Malaysia 2Tropical Climate Resilience Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, 17600 Kelantan, Malaysia 3Applied Geology Department, Faculty of Geological Engineering, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia 4Science Geology Department, Faculty of Geological Engineering, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia *shaparas@umk.edu.my ABSTRACT Agricultural land monitoring is critical for sustainable resource management, particularly in regions where traditional data collection remains limited. This study presents a geospatial methodology for crop classification and agricultural land mapping in Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia, using Landsat 8 satellite imagery (2024) integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Image pre-processing included atmospheric and radiometric corrections, followed by vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) to enhance crop health assessment. Supervised classification methods which are Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and Minimum Distance Classification (MDC) were applied and validated against ground-truth data from 10 reference points. Results demonstrated that MLC achieved superior performance with 94.25% overall accuracy and a Kappa coefficient of 0.8646, compared to MDC’s 77.19% accuracy and 0.5597 Kappa. Land use analysis revealed that 64.30% of Jeli is forested, while 31.81% is agricultural land, dominated by oil palm, rubber and mixed cropping systems. The findings highlight the scalability of cost- effective approach for continuous crop monitoring, land-use planning and policy development. By bridging remote sensing technology with practical agricultural applications, this research contributes to sustainable farming strategies and supports evidence-based decision-making for regional development. Keywords: agricultural land mapping, crop classification, GIS, sustainable agriculture Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources

ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY OF AN EPIGENETIC MODIFIER-TREATED ARCTIC FUNGAL EXTRACT AGAINST ORAL BACTERIA Mohd Zaid MS1,2, Syed Mohamad SA1,2, Mohd Sarmin NI1,3, Kamarozaman AS1,4 and Sadiran SH1,2* 1Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 3Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia 4Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor Branch, Dengkil Campus, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia *hajarsadiran@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Oral biofilms are structured microbial communities that adhere to the tooth surface and play a significant role in the development of chronic oral diseases, particularly dental caries. The extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix produced during biofilm development creates a highly acidic microenvironment that promotes tooth demineralisation. Arctic fungi constitute an underexplored source of bioactive secondary metabolites due to their adaptation to the harsh environmental conditions. This study investigated the potential of epigenetic modifiers to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters and enhance the production of antibiofilm metabolites in an Arctic fungus, E3CD1. This fungus was isolated from a soil sample collected in the Svalbard Islands, Norway. The fungus was treated with the epigenetic modifiers valproic acid and 5- azacytidine, then incubated at 10°C and extracted with ethyl acetate. The resulting extracts were then evaluated for antibiofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans (NCTC 10449), Streptococcus oralis (NCTC 11427), Actinomyces oris (ATCC 27044) and Actinomyces viscosus (NCTC 10951) using a crystal violet microtiter plate assay. The 5-azacytidine-treated fungal extract exhibited greater antibiofilm activity, with an inhibitory concentration of 361 μg/mL, than the control and valproic acid-treated extract. These findings highlight the potential of Arctic fungi treated with epigenetic modifiers as promising sources of bioactive metabolites for therapeutic applications against oral biofilm-associated diseases. Keywords: Arctic fungi, epigenetic modifiers, oral biofilm Themes: Microbiology, Biotechnology

SUSTAINABLE CULTIVATION OF BENEFICIAL SOIL BACTERIUM USING AGRICULTURAL WASTE-DERIVED MEDIA Jumari AA1,2, Ahmad Jamal INN1,2, Gunentharan A1,2 and Ahmad Kamarudin NH1,3* 1Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Molecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Centre for Foundation Studies in Science of Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *hafizah_kamar@upm.edu.my ABSTRACT Beneficial soil microorganisms play an important role in sustainable agriculture by improving nutrient availability, enhancing soil fertility and promoting plant growth. Their potential as biofertilizers has driven growing interest in developing microbial-based products alternatives to synthetic fertilizers. However, the large-scale production of beneficial microorganisms is often constrained by the high cost of conventional growth media which limits their economic feasibility for agricultural practices. Agricultural wastes which are nutrient-rich, abundant and frequently underutilized, offer a promising alternative source for developing low-cost microbial growth media. This study explores the potential of agricultural waste-derived substrates as sustainable media for the cultivation of beneficial microorganisms. Locally isolated nutrient solubilizing bacteria were identified and the most effective isolate was selected for growth optimization study. Agricultural wastes and byproducts were screened and evaluated for potential substitutes of carbon and nitrogen sources to support the bacterial growth. The growth performance was assessed in comparison with conventional medium, nutrient broth. The results indicate that the newly formulated medium is a promising alternative for bacterial cultivation. This approach presents a potential strategy for developing cost-effective and sustainable cultivation method to support large-scale production of beneficial microorganisms and simultaneously address agricultural waste management. Keywords: beneficial microorganisms, agricultural waste, low-cost medium Themes: Microbiology, Biotechnology

AUTHENTICATION OF LABISIA PUMILA (BLUME) FERN.-VILL PRODUCTS IN THE MALAYSIAN MARKET USING MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE Badron UH1*, Sabki NM1, Abdullah Z1, Abdullah F1, Mohamed Adib A1, Tan AL1, Azahar MS1, Ab’llah NA1, Che Saad MN1, Abdullah MHH1, Bani HI1 1Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong Selangor *ummuhani@frim.gov.my ABSTRACT Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) is a traditional medicinal plant in Malaysia and an important ingredient in herbal products. The increasing availability of L. pumila products in the Malaysian market highlights the need for reliable authentication methods to ensure the identity and quality of raw materials. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic microscopic characteristics of L. pumila and authenticate its commercial products available in the Malaysian market. Eighteen commercial products, comprising powders, dried raw materials, teas, and capsules, were purchased from selected sources and subjected to pharmacognostic evaluation. Powdered samples were examined microscopically following suitable preparation and staining procedures. Diagnostic microscopic characteristics observed in authenticated L. pumila reference material were used as criteria for comparison with commercial samples. These characteristics included adaxial epidermal cells with straight to curved anticlinal walls; abaxial epidermal cells with straight to wavy anticlinal walls; anisocytic and staurocytic stomata; annular, spiral, scalariform, and pitted vessels; fibres; starch granules; solitary and druse calcium oxalate crystals; parenchyma cells; stellate and simple unicellular trichomes; and brachysclereid cells. Variations in the presence, abundance, and integrity of these diagnostic characteristics were observed among the commercial samples. Twelve samples were consistent with L. pumila, whereas the remaining samples exhibited limited or inconsistent diagnostic features, suggesting possible differences in plant material composition, processing, or substitution. The findings demonstrate that powder microscopy can provide morphological evidence for the preliminary authentication and quality assessment of commercial L. pumila products, particularly those containing identifiable plant materials. However, its applicability is limited for extracts, majun, tablets, and beverages. These microscopic characteristics may serve as diagnostic features for assessing the authenticity and quality of L. pumila-derived products in the Malaysian herbal market. Keywords: Labisia pumila, microscopic, products, authentication, quality Themes: Plant and Animal Science

COLOR PREFERENCE OF NOCTURNAL INSECTS ON MULTI-CHROMATIC STICKY TRAPS Hasmi NA1*, Wan Ahmad Fauzi WNA1, Abdul Mubarak NS1, Ismail R1, Musa NN1 and Mahfodz Z1 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, 35400 Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia * nuratirah@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT This study investigated the influence of color stimuli under artificial lighting on nocturnal insect preference toward sticky traps in a semi-urban forest environment at UiTM Tapah. The primary objectives were to evaluate trap color effectiveness for total insect abundance, determine taxonomic diversity at the Order and Family levels, and assess the specific preference of the dominant insect order and Diptera under artificial light stimuli. Eight replicates of a pentagon-shaped sticky trap featuring five colored faces (white, yellow, red, blue, and black) and a central light source were deployed along a forest fringe. A total of 488 arthropods across 11 orders and 15 families were captured. White sticky traps captured the highest total abundance (133 individuals, 27.25%) and overall order diversity, acting as a broad-spectrum high-contrast beacon. However, Diptera represented the dominant order (62.09% of total captures, 303 individuals) and demonstrated a distinct preference for yellow traps (79 individuals), indicating specialized visual tuning to yellow-green wavelengths. Conversely, black and red traps yielded lower capture rates due to reduced spectral reflectance. These findings demonstrate that combining specific color stimuli with artificial light optimizes trap efficiency for targeted pest monitoring and non-chemical integrated pest management strategies. Keywords: Diptera; Sticky traps; Color preference; Nocturnal insects; Visual ecology. Themes: Applied Biology, Insect Studies

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS (EM) MUDBALL REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FOR CADMIUM (CD) AND CHROMIUM (CR) IN ARTIFICIAL LAKES: A CASE STUDY AT UITM TAPAH Nur Athirah Hanim Azlan1, Nur Jawahir Zulkiflee1, Sofie Aisyah Mohd Faizal1, Mimi Sophia Sarbandi 1* and Siti Norhayati Mohamad Tarmizi1 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, Perak, Malaysia *mimis988@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT This preliminary study investigated the effectiveness of Effective Microorganisms (EM) mudballs in removing cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) from three artificial lakes (Alpha, Gamma, and Zeta) at UiTM Tapah. Surface water samples (0–30 cm) were collected in triplicate and treated with 6 g of EM mudballs per 4 L of water for 24 hours under laboratory conditions. Physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Initial Cd levels were high in all lakes (0.037–0.066 mg/L), while the highest Cr level was found in Zeta Lake (0.134 mg/L). After treatment, Zeta Lake showed the highest Cd removal (8.1%), while Alpha Lake showed the highest Cr reduction (77.8%). However, the reductions were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Turbidity increased, while dissolved oxygen decreased after treatment. Overall, 24 hours was insufficient for effective heavy metal removal, suggesting that a longer treatment period is needed. Keywords: Adsorption; Heavy metal removal; Effective Microorganisms; Water quality; Artificial lakes. Themes: Applied Biology

COMPARATIVE ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF LADYBIRDS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) ACROSS AGRICULTURAL AND HUMAN-MODIFIED HABITATS IN PERAK, MALAYSIA Siti Nurazwani Aina Mohamad Khaijuhari1, Nurul Ainaa Shamsul Bahri1, Qistina Balqis Zainul Ariffin1 & Nadia Nisha Musa1* 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Technology MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, 35400 Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia *nadianisha@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are important beneficial insects that contribute to natural pest control and ecosystem stability. This study aimed to identify ladybird species and compare their abundance and diversity between agricultural and human-modified habitats. Ladybird specimens were collected through random and active sampling using a sweep net from three selected habitats, comprising two agricultural habitats represented by a Napier grass plantation and a paddy field, and one human-modified habitat represented by the UiTM Tapah Campus. The collected specimens were identified based on morphological characteristics, while the abundance, species richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity index, and evenness were used to assess community characteristics. A total of 213 individuals representing four species were recorded, namely Micraspis discolor, Coccinella transversalis, Henosepilachna pusillanima, and Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. The agricultural paddy field recorded the highest abundance, with 133 individuals, while Napier grass recorded the highest Shannon–Wiener diversity index and evenness. Overall, the findings indicate that ladybird abundance and diversity varied among the three habitat types, highlighting differences in ladybird communities across agricultural and human-modified environments. Keywords: Coleoptera, beneficial insects, habitats, species composition

SPATIAL DETERMINANTS OF ARTHROPODS BIODIVERSITY ACROSS CAMPUS MICROHABITATS Alleya Mysarrah Binti Muhamad Fairuz1, Khadijah Farhana Binti Mohd Yusra1, Ikhmal Hisham Bin Mohd Ridzuan1, Siti Sarah Binti Azman1 and Zulfadli Bin Mahfodz1* 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, 35400 Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia *zulfa2015@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT University campuses comprise fine-scale mosaics of built and vegetated habitats that can determine the abundance of arthropods. Hence, this study examined spatial differences in arthropod abundance, order richness, diversity, and trap among four microhabitats at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Tapah Campus. Alpha, Beta, Gamma and the Library Garden were surveyed for three consecutive days using sticky and pitfall traps, with an 8-h sampling period each day. All specimens were photographed, captured and identified at order level. In total, 1,205 individuals from 10 orders were recorded. Gamma yielded the largest number of specimens (n=447; 37%) and the highest order richness (n=9). The Library Garden showed the opposite pattern: it had the smallest number of specimens (n = 219; 18%) but the highest Shannon-Wiener (H' = 0.749) and Simpson diversity (1-D = 0.366). Alpha and Beta each contained only three orders and were strongly dominated by Diptera. Sticky traps accounted for most of the catch, whereas pitfall traps added ground-active orders. The survey therefore separated two features that are easily confused in rapid biodiversity assessments which are the number of individuals present and how those individuals are distributed among orders. At UiTM Tapah Campus, the site with the largest specimens found was not the site with the highest diversity. Keywords: arthropods; biodiversity; campus ecology; microhabitats; Themes: Applied Biology

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CONDITION FOR Bisphenol A (BPA) REMOVAL USING Fe(III)-TAML/H₂O₂ SYSTEM AND THE TOXICITY STUDIES OF THE BY PRODUCT Ismail N1*, Md Salim NS2, Mahassan NK3 and Ariffin MA4 1,2Faculty Science and Marine Environment, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 4UiTM Cawangan Terengganu, Kampus Bukit Besi, 23200 Dungun, Terengganu *nabilah.i@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread endocrine-disrupting compound frequently detected in aquatic environments, posing severe ecological and human health risks. This study investigates the homogeneous catalytic degradation of BPA using the Fe(III)TAML/H2O2 system, focusing on process optimization and effluent safety. The research was conducted in two phases: first, the catalytic system was optimized through kinetic studies and Response Surface Methodology (RSM); second, these optimized conditions were applied to BPA degradation experiments. Spectrophotometric analysis monitored the degradation process, while a zebrafish embryo assay assessed the toxicity of the resulting by-products. System optimization revealed that the degradation followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, achieving a maximum reaction rate constant of 0.997\Lmg-1min-1 and a peak degradation efficiency of 95.28%. RSM identified the optimum operational parameters as pH 9.5, a pollutant ratio of 66.3, and a stirring speed of 500 rpm. Applying these conditions yielded excellent treatment performance. Crucially, the zebrafish toxicity assay indicated that the degradation by-products were relatively harmless, demonstrating a significant reduction in environmental risk following catalytic treatment. Overall, these findings highlight the Fe(III)TAML/H2O2 system as a highly effective, optimized, and environmentally sustainable approach for the remediation of BPA-contaminated water. Keywords: Bisphenol A; Fe(III)TAML; oxidation process ;zebrafish assay ;response surface methodology. Themes: Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry, Green Chemistry application.

A REVIEW ON EPOXIDATION PATHWAYS, FATTY ACID BEHAVIOUR, AND KINETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN VEGETABLE OIL TRANSFORMATION Ismail Md Rasib1, Muhammad Amirul Aiman Haiqal Mohd Tajudin1 and Mohd Jumain Jalil1 1Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang mjumain0686@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Vegetable oils and their constituent fatty acids play a central role in the production of value-added bio- based materials through epoxidation processes. As rich sources of unsaturated fatty acids, plant oils undergo epoxidation primarily via in situ peracid formation, where performic or peracetic acids act as the active oxidizing species in the presence of mineral acid catalysts. This review outlines the fundamental characteristics of vegetable oils and fatty acids, including their structural variations, functional behaviour, and relevance to epoxide formation. The epoxidation process is discussed in relation to peroxyacid generation, catalytic enhancement, reaction kinetics, and potential side reactions such as ring opening. Analytical techniques—particularly FTIR spectroscopy—are highlighted for identifying key functional groups and monitoring epoxide formation. The review also emphasizes reaction rate constants, Arrhenius behaviour, and the use of computational tools such as genetic algorithms to predict optimum conditions. Collectively, this work provides an integrated overview of the chemical principles, reaction mechanisms, and modelling approaches underlying epoxidation of vegetable oils. Keywords: Epoxidation, biomass conversion, palm oil Themes: Analytical Chemistry

AN OVERVIEW OF KINETIC MODELS FOR THE EPOXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACID Abdullah S1, Yeap SP2, Alias NH3, Jalil MJ1 and Azmi IS1* 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia 2Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *intansuhada@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly from palm oil derivatives, has gained significant attention due to its potential for producing bio-based, environmentally friendly epoxides. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the kinetic models applied in the epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, highlighting the underlying reaction mechanisms and factors influencing the reaction rate. The epoxidation process, often involving performic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and formic acid, proceeds via the transformation of carbon-carbon double bonds into oxirane rings. The formation and degradation of epoxides are affected by variables such as catalyst type, temperature, reactant concentrations, and reaction medium. Notably, kinetic modelling is essential for optimizing these parameters and predicting epoxide yield, with the Arrhenius equation and rate constant determinations being key tools. This review also discusses ring-opening side reactions and the importance of selecting appropriate reaction conditions to minimize unwanted degradation. By understanding and modelling the kinetics of epoxidation, researchers can enhance the efficiency and selectivity of epoxide production from renewable feedstocks. Keywords: epoxidation, unsaturated fatty acid, kinetic modelling, epoxides, selectivity Themes: Materials chemistry, green chemistry applications, polymer chemistry and applications

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Garcinia atroviridis (GUTTIFERAE) FRUIT EXTRACTS AGAINST SELECTED MICROBIAL STRAINS Ariffin F1,3, Rozaime NAS1, Asari A1,2, Maulidiani M1,2, Syamsumir DF4 and Abdul Wahab NH1,2* 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia 2Advanced Nano Materials (ANoMa) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia 3Biological Security and Sustainability (Bioses) Research Interest Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia 4Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia *nhuda@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT The growing demand for natural antimicrobial agents has intensified the exploration of medicinal plants as alternatives to synthetic drugs. Garcinia atroviridis, a plant widely used in traditional medicine, is known to contain diverse bioactive compounds. However, systematic evaluation of its extracts using solvents of varying polarity remains limited. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antimicrobial activity of Garcinia atroviridis fruit extracts. The fruit extracts were prepared using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted to identify major bioactive groups, while TPC and TFC were quantified using standard spectrophotometric methods. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using established assays. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, proteins, and steroids/terpenoids in all extracts. The hexane extract exhibited the highest TPC (69.97 ± 3.03 mg GAE/g) and TFC (582.33 ± 17.11 mg QE/g). Despite this, it showed no antimicrobial activity, suggesting that the compounds responsible for high phenolic and flavonoid content may not contribute directly to antibacterial effects. In contrast, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In conclusion, semi-polar and polar extracts of Garcinia atroviridis exhibit stronger antimicrobial potential compared to non-polar extracts. These findings highlight the importance of solvent polarity in extracting bioactive compounds and support the potential of this plant as a source of natural antibacterial agents. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterize the active constituents for pharmaceutical applications. Keywords: Garcinia atroviridis, Phytochemical screening, Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, antimicrobial activity Themes: Organic Chemistry

SYNTHESIS OF CINNAMIC ACID AMIDE BY CARBODIIMIDE COUPLING REAGENT Asari A,1* and Yusoff NM1 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *asnu@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT Cinnamic acid, especially in the amide form is a compound known for their wide range of pharmacological activity. Various protocols of amide coupling reaction have been developed over the past decade. However, most current amidation reactions are associated with toxic and highly reactive reagents, as well as procedural complexity, laborious workflows, and low product yields. In this study, a direct N-amidation reaction of cinnamic acid and p-anisidine was optimised using a carbodiimide reagent under different conditions (reaction solvent, temperature, concentration of reagent and reaction time), to provide an efficient method for amide bond synthesis. The optimal reaction conditions were achieved using carbodiimide EDC·HCl in anhydrous THF at 60 °C, with a 1:1:1.5 molar ratio of cinnamic acid, p-anisidine, and EDC·HCl, over a reaction time of 150 minutes. Under these optimized conditions, the amide product was obtained in a yield of 93.1%. The structure of the synthesised compound, N-(4- methoxyphenyl)cinnamamide was characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The use of single coupling reagent EDC.HCl made the reaction more efficient and simplified the work-up with less waste produced and high product yield. These findings may contribute to improving amidation reactions of carboxylic acids for more sustainable applications. Keywords: synthesis, cinnamic acid, amidation, carbodiimide Themes: Organic Chemistry

OVERVIEW OF BANANA STEM–WOOD DUST PARTICLE BOARD BONDED WITH PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE Mohd Azril R1, AB Aziz MY2 and Mohd Jumain J1* 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, 81000, Sri Alam, Malaysia 2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, 81000, Sri Alam, Malaysia *jumain.jalil@gmail.com ABSTRACT This study investigates the development and mechanical performance of hybrid particleboard panels fabricated from banana pseudostem (BPS) and wood dust (WD) using phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. Three formulations 100:0, 70:30 and 50:50 BPS–WD were produced at a target density of 0.5 g/cm³ and synthesised through controlled cold-pressing followed by a four-stage hot-pressing cycle. Mechanical testing, comprising tensile, flexural, shear and compression evaluations, was conducted to assess load- bearing capacity and bonding behaviour. The results show a consistent performance trend of 50:50 > 70:30 > 100:0 across all mechanical tests, attributed to improved resin distribution, reduced void formation and enhanced fibre–matrix adhesion at higher WD content. SEM analysis corroborates these findings, revealing that the 50:50 panel exhibits the densest microstructure with continuous resin bridges, whereas the 100% BPS panel shows porous morphology and weak interfacial bonding. While FTIR analysis indicates variations in chemical interactions among the different formulations, the overall mechanical performance and SEM morphology consistently identify the 50:50 BPS–WD formulation as exhibiting the most favourable structural integrity and load-bearing capability. Accordingly, FTIR findings are interpreted as supportive chemical evidence rather than the primary determinant of composite performance. Keywords: banana pseudostem, wood dust, phenol-formaldehyde, hybrid particleboard, mechanical properties, SEM. Themes: Materials Science, Sustainable Technology, Engineering and Applied Sciences.

RECENT ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE OIL EPOXIDATION: FEEDSTOCK POTENTIAL, REACTION MECHANISM AND KINETIC MODELLING OPTIMIZATION Azmi Mohd Noor1, Siti Nadzirah Abd Manaf1, Muhammad Zafran Zulkarnain1 and Mohd Jumain Jalil1* 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, 81750, Masai, Johor, Malaysia * mjumain0686@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT The increasing demand for sustainable materials has driven significant research interest in epoxidized vegetable oils as renewable alternatives to petroleum-based epoxides. This review highlights recent advances in vegetable oil epoxidation with a focus on rice bran oil and corn oil as promising feedstocks due to their high unsaturated fatty acid content. The fundamental in-situ peracid epoxidation mechanism, catalytic systems and process challenges are discussed. In addition, recent developments in kinetic modelling using advanced optimization techniques such as Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Simulated Annealing and Surrogate Optimization are reviewed. This work provides an overview of current progress and future perspectives for efficient and sustainable epoxide production. Keywords: Epoxidation, oxirane ring, kinetic model Themes: Renewable Energy

AN OVERVIEW OF REACTION PATHWAYS, OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES, AND CHARACTERIZATION METHODS Danial Nuruddin Azlan Raofuddin1, Ismail Md Rasib1, Alyaa Maisarah Abd Malek1 and Mohd Jumain Jalil1* 1Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang *mjumain0686@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT Castor oil is a renewable vegetable oil rich in ricinoleic acid, making it a valuable precursor for producing epoxidized derivatives used in polymers, coatings, lubricants, and bioplastic applications. This review summarizes current developments in the epoxidation of castor oil, emphasizing the in situ formation of peracids and their role as effective oxidizing agents. Key parameters influencing reaction performance including molar ratios, catalyst amount, hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, and reaction time are discussed alongside the application of the Taguchi design method for systematic process optimization. The review also outlines kinetic modelling approaches that employ MATLAB simulations to predict reaction behaviour and identify optimal operating conditions. Methods for evaluating epoxidized castor oil, particularly oxirane oxygen content (OOC), relative conversion to oxirane (RCO), and FTIR spectroscopy for functional group identification, are highlighted. Overall, the paper provides a consolidated perspective on optimizing epoxidation efficiency and ensuring accurate characterization of epoxidized castor oil Themes: Green Chemistry

ETHANOLAMINE-FUNCTIONALISED MAGNETIC ACTIVATED CARBON TABLETS FOR EFFICIENT MICRO-SCALE EXTRACTION OF SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS FROM AQUEOUS SAMPLES Ahmad Sidi NS1, Raveendran K1, LOH SH1, AB Rahman SK2,3 and Wan Mohd Khalik WMA1,4 1 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2 Research and Innovation Division, National Sports Institute Kompleks Sukan Negara, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3 Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 4 Water Analysis Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *wan.afiq@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT The widespread occurrence of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in aquatic systems has intensified the demand for sustainable and sensitive analytical approaches for environmental monitoring. In this study, a magnetically recoverable biomass-based adsorbent was developed for the rapid extraction and determination of pharmaceutical residues in water samples. Magnetic activated carbon was prepared from peanut shell waste through alkaline activation and Fe₃O₄ incorporation, followed by ethanolamine functionalization to enhance adsorption performance. Characterization using XRD, BET, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and TGA confirmed successful magnetization, mesoporous structure (2–50 nm), high surface functionality enriched with nitrogen (10.46%) and oxygen groups (20.35%), and improved thermal stability with minimal mass loss (~5%). The combined effects of mesoporosity and functional groups promoted adsorption through π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction. Key extraction variables were optimized using a Plackett–Burman design and a Central Composite Design to maximize efficiency while reducing the number of experimental runs. Under optimum conditions (45 °C, pH 9, 7 min extraction time, and 0.75 g adsorbent dosage), the HPLC method achieved detection limits of 0.01 μg/L, recoveries of up to 94%, and RSD values below 10%. Compared with conventional solid-phase extraction, the proposed method offers lower solvent consumption, simpler magnetic separation, and improved environmental sustainability, supported by favorable green analytical metrics (AGREE 0.65, BAGI 70.0, and SPMS 7.16). Overall, this study presents a scalable and eco-friendly strategy for the preconcentration and analysis of antidepressant residues in environmental waters. Keywords: biomass sorbent; functionalized materials; microextraction; greenness profile Themes: Analytical Chemistry

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN PLEUROTUS PULMONARIUS SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE (SMS) EXTRACTED BY DIFFERENT SOLVENTS THROUGH MECHANICAL AGITATION Mohd Anuar MA, Nordin R1* and Madzuki IN1 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), UNICITI Alam Campus, 02100 Sg. Chucuh, Padang Besar, Perlis *rumaisa@unimap.edu.my ABSTRACT Pleurotus pulmonarius is an edible mushroom rich in bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics and flavonoids, which contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study, bioactive compounds from the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of P. pulmonarius were extracted under constant mechanical agitation using different solvents and temperatures, including low- and high-temperature aqueous and ethanol extractions. Extraction yield was influenced by solvent polarity and temperature, ranging from 17.83 ± 0.05% to 20.15 ± 0.21%, with ethanol and higher-temperature treatments producing higher yields. Analysis of phenolic composition showed that high-temperature aqueous and low- temperature ethanol extracts exhibited the highest bioactive concentrations, with the Et Low extract showing the highest total phenolic (≈0.10 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (≈0.027 mg CE/g). Antioxidant assays revealed strong radical scavenging activities, where Aq High showed greater ABTS activity (IC50 = 0.75 ± 0.11 mg/mL) and Et Low exhibited stronger DPPH scavenging (IC50 = 2.12 ± 1.13 mg/mL). Antimicrobial evaluation showed slightly higher inhibition by low-temperature ethanol extracts, particularly against Escherichia coli (29.0%), compared to aqueous extracts. Overall, high-temperature aqueous and low-temperature ethanol extractions were the most effective in preserving phenolic compounds and enhancing the bioactive properties of P. pulmonarius SMS, indicating their potential as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Keywords: Pleurotus pulmonarius, spent mushroom substrate, bioactive compounds, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity Themes: Food Science and Technology

SHORT-TERM TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN A TROPICAL RIVER Mohajir QA 1 and Abu Bakar AA1,2* 1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2Integrated Water Engineering and Sustainable Environment (IWESE), Research Interest Group (RIG), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *azinoor@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT This study investigates the short-term temporal variation of selected physicochemical and microbial parameters in a tropical river to evaluate the relationship between organic pollution indicators and microbial contamination. River water samples were collected over three consecutive months from April to June and analysed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and total coliform. The assessment was conducted to identify changes in water quality characteristics and potential pollution influences during the monitoring period. The results revealed noticeable temporal variations in both physicochemical and microbial parameters throughout the study. Elevated BOD and COD concentrations were observed during certain months, indicating increased organic pollution loading within the river system. Ammonia nitrogen concentrations also fluctuated during the sampling period, suggesting possible influences from domestic discharge, surface runoff, or organic matter decomposition. In contrast, dissolved oxygen levels remained relatively high throughout the monitoring period, indicating that the river retained some capacity for natural aeration and self-purification. Microbial analysis showed the persistent presence of E. coli and coliform bacteria in all sampling months, reflecting continuous microbial contamination within the river environment. Higher microbial counts were generally associated with increased concentrations of organic pollution indicators, particularly BOD and COD, suggesting a close relationship between organic matter enrichment and bacterial contamination. The findings indicate that anthropogenic activities may contribute significantly to the deterioration of river water quality during the study period. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of integrating physicochemical and microbial assessments in tropical river water quality investigations. The observed short-term temporal variations provide useful information for understanding pollution behavior and supporting effective river water management and environmental monitoring strategies in tropical environments. Keywords: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Escherichia coli (E- coli), tropical river water, water pollution Themes: Environmental chemistry

SUSTAINABLE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF CETYL PALMITATE OPTIMIZED BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY Mohd Azmi NA1, Mat Radzi S1*, Mohd Amin NA1, Mohd Rehan M1 and Abdul Rahman NJ 2 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia 2 Tamhidi Centre, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia *salina@usim.edu.my ABSTRACT Cetyl palmitate is a valuable wax ester widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to its excellent emollient and thickening properties. In this study, cetyl palmitate was synthesized through the direct esterification of palmitic acid and cetyl alcohol using Novozym 435 as the biocatalyst in hexane medium. The synthesized product was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which confirmed successful esterification through the presence of the characteristic ester carbonyl (C=O) peak at 1732.67 cm⁻¹ and C–O ester linkage peaks within the range of 1100–1300 cm⁻¹, indicating the successful formation of cetyl palmitate with high purity. To improve the efficiency and sustainability of the process, reaction parameters were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The effects of reaction time, temperature, solvent volume, and shaking speed on ester conversion were investigated. Statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the quadratic model was highly significant (p < 0.0001) with an R² value of 0.9351, indicating that 93.51% of the variability in the experimental data was explained by the model. Reaction temperature was identified as the most influential parameter affecting esterification efficiency. The optimum conditions were determined as a reaction time of 6.48 h, temperature of 56.44°C, solvent volume of 7.90 mL, and shaking speed of 100.46 rpm. Experimental validation under these optimized conditions produced a conversion yield of 94.66%, which closely agreed with the predicted value of 97.31%. Overall, this study demonstrates a sustainable and efficient enzymatic approach for the production of high-purity cetyl palmitate with high conversion efficiency. Keywords: Cetyl palmitate, Novozym 435, enzymatic esterification, Response Surface Methodology; sustainable synthesis, wax ester Themes: Green Chemistry Applications

EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC AND HEAT TREATMENT ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF YOGHURT SUPPLEMENTED WITH POMELO (Citrus maxima) PEEL POWDER Julmohammad NORLIZA1,2* and A/P Chandran LOCCHANA2 1Food Security Research Laboratory, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *norliza@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT This study investigated the physicochemical and functional properties of an innovative pomelo peel powder (PPP)-supplemented yoghurt developed as a functional dairy product. Eight formulations were prepared, comprising four heat-treated (HT0–HT3) and four ultrasound-treated (US0–US3) samples, to investigate the effects of PPP incorporation and processing method on yoghurt properties. Physicochemical properties, including pH, titratable acidity, protein, fat, total solids, and ash content, differed significantly among formulations. Based on the physicochemical characteristics, four formulations (HT0, HT2, US0, and US2) were selected for further evaluation of functional properties. Among the selected formulations, US2 exhibited the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity (58.35 ± 1.48%) and viscosity (3890 ± 90 cP), while HT2 showed moderate values for these properties. Ultrasound-treated formulations generally exhibited higher antioxidant activity and viscosity than their heat-treated counterparts. In contrast, water- holding capacity (WHC) was highest in US0 (70.46 ± 17.43%), whereas US2 showed a significantly lower WHC of 43.04 ± 1.91%. These findings indicate that PPP incorporation, particularly when combined with ultrasound processing, can improve selected functional properties of yoghurt, notably antioxidant activity and viscosity, although its effect on WHC was dependent on the processing treatment. The utilisation of PPP in yoghurt demonstrates potential for valorising citrus by-products while developing value-added dairy products. Keywords: Citrus maxima; pomelo peel powder; probiotic yoghurt; ultrasonication; functional properties; antioxidant activity Themes: Food Science and Technology, Biotechnology, Environmental Sustainability, Bio- Industrial Technology, Renewable Energy

TFORM USING SMMA FUNCTIONALIZE WITH GOLD–SILVER FOR SENSITIVE MOLECULAR ANALYSIS Kassim S1,2, Hamid NAMS1, Jew LO1and Zakaria R3 1 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2 Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa) Research Group, Nano Research Team, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3 Photonic Research Centre, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *syara.kassim@umt.edu.my ABSTRACT This study introduces an innovative surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate utilising a styrene-methyl methacrylate (SMMA) copolymer combined with gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Au- Ag NPs), aimed at facilitating sensitive molecule identification. The objective was to develop a cost- efficient, scalable, and highly responsive platform capable of enhancing Raman signals at trace levels. The hybrid substrate was created by integrating SMMA, produced through emulsifier-free emulsion polymerisation, with Au-Ag nanoparticles synthesised via a straightforward tri-sodium citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇), reduction technique. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilised for the comprehensive characterisation of SMMA. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and SEM were employed for Au-Ag nanoparticles, while UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were applied to SMMA@Au-Ag, confirming successful integration and uniform distribution of nanoparticles. The SERS efficacy of the SMMA@Au-Ag substrate, assessed with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) and malathion as probe molecules, exhibited significant signal amplification and great repeatability across numerous experiments. These findings underscore the promise of SMMA@Au-Ag as an intelligent and environmentally sustainable SERS platform, facilitating dependable, practical applications in environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics. Keywords: Styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, Gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles, Surface- enhanced Raman scattering substrate, Sensitive molecular detection Themes: Bringing Knowledge and Practice: Applied Science for a Sustainable Future

EVALUATION OF Salvinia Cucullata AS A BIOSORBENT FOR CHROMIUM (VI) REMOVAL Zailan SNF1 and Amin INHM1* 1Section of Chemical Engineering Technology (Process), UniKL MICET, Lot 1988 Kaw. Perindustrian Bdr. Vendor, Taboh Naning, Malaysia. *nurulhasyimah@unikl.edu.my ABSTRACT Chromium is a hazardous and toxic heavy metal that poses serious environmental and health risks due to its persistence and carcinogenic effects. This study investigates the potential of Salvinia cucullata as a low- cost and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was prepared using ultrasound-assisted chemical activation with sulphuric acid to enhance its adsorption performance. Compared to conventional activation methods, ultrasound treatment can create a more porous structure with a greater number of active adsorption sites. Characterization of the prepared adsorbent was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), pH analysis, and point of zero charge (PZC) determination. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of important functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), and carboxyl (-COOH), which contribute to the adsorption process. The PZC value of the adsorbent was found to be 5.27, indicating that the adsorbent surface becomes negatively charged at pH values below 5.27. This condition enhances the adsorption of negatively charged Cr(VI) ions through electrostatic attraction. The optimum adsorption conditions were achieved at pH 3, with a contact time of 90 minutes and an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 10 mg/L. Under these conditions, the adsorbent achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 90%, suggesting that chemisorption plays an important role in the adsorption mechanism. Overall, the findings demonstrate that ultrasound-assisted chemically activated Salvinia cucullata has strong potential as a sustainable, cost-effective, and efficient biosorbent for industrial wastewater treatment applications. Keywords: Adsorption, chromium, chemical modification, ultrasound-assisted, Salvinia cucullata Themes: Materials Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry

ACCUMULATION AND PARTITIONING OF HEAVY METALS IN Catharanthus roseus TREATED WITH VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF LEACHATE Nur FAR1*, Chuah TS1 and Khairun NK1 1Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. *nurfirdaus@uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT The management of heavy metal-contaminated agricultural soils is crucial for sustainable agriculture. Phytoremediation offers an eco-friendly approach, but the partitioning of heavy metals within plant tissues must be understood. This study evaluated the accumulation and partitioning of Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) in the soil, leachate, roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Catharanthus roseus exposed to varying concentrations of treated leachates. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments: Control, Low Concentration, Medium Concentration, and High Concentration (n=4 to 5 per group). Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post Hoc tests. Interestingly, heavy metal concentrations in the residual soil did not differ significantly across treatments (p > 0.05). However, significant dose-dependent accumulation was observed in the plant tissues. Roots exhibited substantial uptake of Fe (up to 5570.20 mg/kg), Zn (603.68 mg/kg), and Cu (30.36 mg/kg) under high concentrations (p < 0.001). Heavy metals were highly translocated to the aerial parts, with leaves accumulating massive amounts of Fe (959.24 mg/kg), Zn (672.06 mg/kg), and Mn (312.58 mg/kg) under high treatment. Leachate analysis showed significant Zn leaching at high concentrations (15.32 mg/L) compared to the control (3.02 mg/L). Catharanthus roseus demonstrates significant capacity for heavy metal uptake, particularly Fe and Zn, which are prominently partitioned into roots and leaves. These findings highlight its potential utility in sustainable phytoremediation strategies. Keywords: Heavy metals; accumulation; phytoremediation; Catharanthus roseus; leachate Themes: Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Chemistry, Green Chemistry Applications

OPTIMISATION OF SOXHLET EXTRACTION PARAMETERS FOR Α- MANGOSTIN RECOVERY FROM Garcinia mangostana L. PERICARP USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY Susanti D1*, Amran NA1 and Taher M2 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. *deny@iium.edu.my ABSTRACT Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae), commonly known as mangosteen, is a rich source of α-mangostin, a bioactive xanthone associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, neuroprotective, hypoglycaemic, and anti-obesity activities. Owing to its increasing applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, efficient extraction methods are required to maximise α-mangostin recovery. Although advanced extraction techniques have been developed, Soxhlet extraction remains a widely accepted benchmark method due to its simplicity, reproducibility, and suitability for comparison with emerging technologies. This study aimed to optimise Soxhlet extraction conditions for α-mangostin recovery from dried mangosteen pericarp using statistical experimental design. The effects of particle size, solvent-to- solid ratio, and extraction time on α-mangostin yield were initially screened using a two-level full factorial design and subsequently optimised through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employing a Central Composite Design (CCD). The developed model was statistically significant (p <0.05) and demonstrated good predictive capability with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.91. Among the investigated variables, solvent-to-solid ratio and extraction time exerted the greatest influence on α-mangostin recovery. The optimisation analysis predicted that the maximum α-mangostin yield could be achieved at a solvent- to-solid ratio of 180:10 (mL/g) and an extraction time of 4h. Under these conditions, an α-mangostin yield of 9.8862% (w/w) based on dried mangosteen pericarp was obtained. Furthermore, the experimental response fell within the corresponding 95% prediction interval, confirming the adequacy and reliability of the developed model. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of RSM in optimising Soxhlet extraction and provide a reliable baseline for future studies involving advanced extraction technologies. The optimised conditions established in this study may facilitate the efficient utilisation of mangosteen pericarp as a valuable source of α-mangostin for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Keywords: a-Mangostin; Garcinia mangostana, Soxhlet extraction, Response Surface Methodology (RSM); Optimisation Themes: Applied Chemistry (Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry Application)

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY FROM Alpinia glabra Ridl. Robert, A.1, Salleh, W.M.N.H.W.1*, Salihu, A.S.2, Ghani, N.A.3,4, Arzmi, M.H.5 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia 2Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina, Nigeria 3Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia 4Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 5Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kuliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *wmnhakimi@fsmt.upsi.edu.my ABSTRACT Alpinia glabra Ridl. (Zingiberaceae) is an underexplored medicinal plant with potential as a source of bioactive natural products. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the rhizomes of A. glabra. Phytochemical investigation of the rhizome extracts through chromatographic separation and spectroscopic analyses led to the isolation and identification of nine compounds: 7-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-hept-4-en-3-one, trans-p-coumaryl diacetate, chavicol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, trans-p-hydroxycinnamyl acetate, 3,5-dihydroxy-7,4′- dimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-1,7-diphenylheptan-3-one, 5-methoxyfurfural, and 1,7-diphenylhept-4-en- 3-one. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and isolated compounds was evaluated against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans using the broth microdilution method. Among the extracts, the n-hexane extract exhibited the strongest antifungal activity against C. albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 μg/mL. Among the isolated compounds, 3,5-dihydroxy-7,4′- dimethoxyflavone demonstrated the most potent antibacterial activity against S. mutans, with an MIC value of 62.5 μg/mL. The results highlight the antimicrobial potential of A. glabra rhizomes and suggest that this species represents a promising source of bioactive compounds for the development of natural antimicrobial agents. Keywords: Alpinia glabra; Zingiberaceae; phytochemical constituents; antimicrobial activity; natural products; rhizome extracts Themes: Applied Chemistry – Organic Chemistry; Applied Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry; Applied Biology – Microbiology.