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THE FIRST UNIT MAGAZINE"ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"BAC 2027 MISS.ANFALﺔﻴﺑدﻷا ﺐﻌﺸﻟاIDEAS & VOCABULARY GRAMMAIRE & EXERCISES
PART 1:VOCABULARY & IDEASالرصيد اللغوي والأفكار
Ancient civilizationsالحضارات القديمةcivilization:civilization:civilization:IT IS THE WAY OF LIFE AND PEOPLE'S DEVELOPMENT IN CERTAIN TIME AND PLACE THE ART OF LIVING IN CITIES ﮲ ں﮵ ﻌﻣ اكنﻣ ة وﺮ﮴ ﮲ ﮵ ﻰ ﮲ سﺎ﮲ ﻟر اﻮﻄ﮴ ة وﺎ﮵ ﺣ ﺔ ﮴ ﮵ ﺮﻃ ﮵ ﻰﻫ نﺪﻤﻟا ﮵ ﻰ ﮲ ﺶ﮵ ﻌﻟا ﮲ ں ﮲ why do we learn about civilizations:why do we learn about civilizations:why do we learn about civilizations: TO EXPLORE / TO KNOW ABOUT ANCIENT PEOPLE 'S LIVES AND EXPERIENCES ﮵ ﻰﻣاﺪ ﮴ ﻟس اﺎ﮲ ﻟرب اﺎ ﮳ﺤ﮴ و ﺶ﮵ ﻋ ﺔ ﮴ ﮵ ﺮﻃ فﺎ ﮶ﺴ﮴ ﻛﻻ TO KNOW THE BEGINNING OF MODERN COUNTRIES SUCH EGYPT, ITALY, LEBANON نﺎ﮲ ﮳ ﻟ و ﺎ﮵ ﻟﺎﻄ﮵ ا ﺮﺼﻤﻛ ﺔ﮶ ﮵ ﺪﺤﻟول اﺪﻟا ﺔ﮵ اﺪ﮳ ﺔ ﮲ ﺮﻌﻤﻟ
TO KNOW THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF EACH FAMOUS CIVILIZATION IN SCIENCE, POLITICS,philosophy TO DISCOVER THE LIFE STYLE, BELIEFS, CUSTOMS, MYTHS AND LAWS OF THOSE CIVILIZATION راتﺎ ﮲ﺼﺤﻟه اﺬﻫ ﮲ ں﮵ ﮲ اﻮ ﮴ ت وﺎ ﮲ اﺮ ﮲ﺣ دات وﺎﻋ اتﺪ ﮴ ﮴ ﻌﻣ ةﺎ﮵ ﺣ بﻮﻠﺳف اﺎ ﮶ﺴ﮴ ﻛﻻ HOW WAS THE END OF THOSE CIVILIZATION AND WHAT DID THEY BECOME ﻪ﮵ ﻟا ﻮﻟي آﺬﻟا ﺎﻣ و ﻢﻬ﮴ ﮵ ﺎﻬ﮲ ﺖ﮲ اك ﻒ﮵ ﻛﺔ ﮲ ﺴﻠ ﮲ ﻟوا ﺔﺳﺎ﮵ ﺴﻟم ، اﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﮵ ﻰ ﮲ ﻪ﮴ زاﺎ ﮳ﺤ﮲ ٕا ﺔ ﮲ ﺮﻌﻤﻟSome examples of civilization :Some examples of civilization :Some examples of civilization : MESOPOTAMAIN (SUMERIAN) THE INDUS_VALLEY EGYPTIAN GREEK CHINESE ROMAN ISLAMIC MAYA INCA
conditions of constitute a civilisation :conditions of constitute a civilisation :conditions of constitute a civilisation :شروط بناء الحضارةالحضارة بناء شروطشروط بناء الحضارة THE PERSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE ﺔ ﮲ ﺮﻌﻤﻟب اﺎﺴ﮴ ﻛوراء ا ﮵ ﻰﻌﺴﻟا ECONOMIC PROVISION دﺎﺼ﮴ ﮴ ﻻا ﺮ ﮲ ﻮ﮴ MORAL AND RELGION VALUES ﺔ﮵ ﮲ ﮵ ﺪﻟا ﻢ﮵ ﮴ ﻟق واﻼ ﮲ﺣﻻا POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ﺔ﮵ ﺳﺎﺴﻟت اﺎﻤ﮵ ﻈ﮲ ﮴ ﻟاphases of civilizations:phases of civilizations:phases of civilizations: APPEARANCE = RISE = BEGAN=START = EMERGE = ORIGINATE = رﻮﻬ ﮲ﻃ EXPAND / ﻊﺳﻮ﮴ EVOLOVE / رﻮﻄ﮴ MATURE / ﻮﻤ﮲ FLOURISH / رﺎﻫازد SPREAD / رﺎ ﮶ﺴ﮴ ﮲ ا / BLOOM ﺮﻫد ﮲ﺮ﮵ FALL INTO / ﻂ ﮴ ﺴ﮵ DECAY / ﻚﻜ ﮲ ﮴ RUIN / ﺮﻣﺪ﮴ DECLINE / رﻮﻫﺪ﮴ COLLAPSE طﻮ ﮴ ﺳ VANISH = DISAPPEAR ﮵ ﻰ ﮶ﺳﻼ﮴
EVERY CIVILIZATION FROM A CERTAIN ERA SETTELED IN A SPECIFIC REGION AND THEN IT GRADUALLY DEVELLOPED IN ALL FIELDS OF LIFE, UNTIL IT REACHED THE ZENITH OF THE DEVELOPMENT THEN IT BEGAN TO DISINTEGRATE FOR SEVERAL REASONS ﮵ ﻰ ﮲ ﺎ﮵ ﮳ﺤ﮵ رﺪ﮴ رﻮﻄ﮴ ﮴ ﻢ﮶ ﺔ﮲ ﮵ ﻌﻣ ﺔ ﮴ ﻄ﮲ ﻣ ﮵ ﻰ ﮲ ﺮ ﮴ ﮴ ﺴ﮴ ﮲ ں﮵ ﻌﻣ ﺮﺼﻋ ﮲ ںﻣ رةﺎ ﮲ﺼﺣ لك ﻚﻜ ﮲ ﮴ ﻟا ﮵ ﻰ ﮲ أتﺪ﮳ ﻢ﮶ رﻮﻄ﮴ ﻟذروة ا ﻰﻟٕا ﺖﻠﺻو ﻰ﮴ ﺣ ةﺎ﮵ ﺤﻟت اﻻﺎ ﮳ﺤﻣ ﺔ ﮲ اك بﺎ﮳ ﺳة أﺪﻌﻟAchivments:Achivments:Achivments:WRITING ﺔ﮳ ﺎ﮴ ﻜﻟا LITERATURE دبﻻا IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM ﮵ ﻰﺤﺼﻟف اﺮﺼﻟي واﺮﻟم اﺎﻈ﮲ MATHIMATHICS تﺎ﮵ ﮲ﺻﺎ﮵ ر CULTURE .ﺔ ﮲ ﺎ ﮴ ﮶ ARCHITECTURE ﺔﺳﺪ﮲ ﻬﻟا ART AND CRAFTS فﺮﺤﻟو ا ﮲ ں ﮲ ﻟا MEDICINE ﺐﻄﻟا ASTRONOMY ﻚﻠ ﮲ ﻟا ﻢﻠﻋ
why did civilisation collapse?:why did civilisation collapse?:why did civilisation collapse?:CLIMATE CHANGE (FLOODS / EARTHQUAKES ) خﺎ﮲ ﻤﻟا ﺮ﮵ ﮲ﻌ﮴ زلﻻ ﮲ﺮﻟت اﺎ﮲ ﺎ ﮲ﺻﺎ﮵ ﮲ ﻟا EXTERNAL CONQUEST ﮵ ﻰ ﮳ﺣرﺎ ﮲ﺤﻟو ا ﮲ ﺮ ﮲ﻌﻟا INTERNAL CONFLICTS ﺔ﮵ ﻠ ﮲ﺣاﺪﻟت اﺎﻋاﺮﺼﻟا LACK OF FOOD SUPPLY ﺔ﮲ وﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﻠ ﮴ MORAL DECAY ﮵ ﻰ ﮴ ﻼ ﮲ﺣر اﻮﻫﺪ﮴ EPEDIMICS .ﺔٔ ﮳ أو ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE ﺔ﮵ دﺎﺼ﮴ ﮴ ﻻا ﺔ﮵ ﻌ﮳ ﮴ ﻟاseven world heritage sites of Algeria:seven world heritage sites of Algeria:seven world heritage sites of Algeria: CASBAH TIMGAD TASSILI N'AJJER TIPAZA BANU HAMADAS DJEMILA MIZAB VALLEY
WHEN/WHERE DID IT START: 7 CENTURY AD STARTED IN MECCA AND MEDINA, SPREAD ALL OVER THE WORLD ACHIEVEMENTS: TRANSLATED GREEKS AND ROMANS BOOKS THE FIRST DETAILLED WORLD MAP BY EL EDRISI BUILT THE FIRST OBSERVATORY AND ASTROLABE THE MUSLIMS DEVELOPPED THEORIES IN MATH AND PHYSICS DEVELEPED THE FIELD OF ALGEBRA BY EL KHAWARIZMI IBN EL HAYTHEM LED THE FOUNDATION OF CAMERA IBN SINA INVENTED CURABLE MEDICINES FOR MANY DISEASES BUILD ROYAL CASTLES IN BEGHDAD AND SPAINBC and ADBC and ADBC and AD BC: BEFORE CHRIST (BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST) AD: ANNO DOMINI IN THE YEAR OF LORD EVENTS AFTER JESUS' BIRTH NOT AFTER DEATH1. the islamic civilization:1. the islamic civilization:1. the islamic civilization:
2. The sumerian civilisation :2. The sumerian civilisation :2. The sumerian civilisation :3500 BC, FLOURISHED ON THE BANKS OF TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS IN MESOPOTAMIA INVENTED THE FIRST FORM OF WRITING DEVELOPED NEW SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE DIVIDES THE WEEKS INTO 7 DAYS BUILT GREAT TEMPLES AND PLACES DEVELOPED THE FIRST WHEEL FROM WOOD THEY ARE GOOD AT COMMERCE THEY BUILT LARGE SHIPS TRAVELLED ACROSS RIVERS3.the EGYPTIAN CIV3.the EGYPTIAN CIV3.the EGYPTIAN CIV 3000 BC BASED ALONG THE NILE VALLEY DEVELOPED THE FIRST FORM OF WRITING MADE FROM PICTURES (HEIROGLYPHICS) BUILT PYRAMIDS SOLAR CALENDER OF 365 DAYS THEY ARE GOOD AT GEOMETRY AND ASTRONOMY BUILT LARGE CITIES THEY GAVE MUCH IMPORTANCE TO AGRICULTURE AND FARMING THEY USED TO WIN ALL BATTLES THEY INVADED MANY OTHER NATIONS
4. the GREEK CIV4. the GREEK CIV4. the GREEK CIV2600 BC IN WHAT IS KNOW TODY GREECE DEVELOPED THE CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY DEVELOED THE OLYMPIC GAMES FAMOUS FOR MAKING SCULPTURES THEY BUILT SCHOOLS UNIVERSITIES AND THEATERS THEY WERE GOOD AT MATH AND GEOMETRY5. the CHINESE CIV5. the CHINESE CIV5. the CHINESE CIV 2060 BC IN CHINA THEY BUILT THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA INVENTED THE PAPER AND INK DEVELOPED NEW SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION MADE SILK INVENTED THE COMPASS THEY WHERE GOOD AT TRADING THEY BUILT BIG SHIPS THE FIRST WHO DEVELOPED GUN POWER
6. the PHOENICIAN CIV6. the PHOENICIAN CIV6. the PHOENICIAN CIV1500BC WHAT IS KNOWN TODAY LEBANON THEY WHERE GREAT SAILORS AND TRADERS THEY BROUGHT US THE ALPHABET7. the INCA CIV7. the INCA CIV7. the INCA CIV 1438 AD_1532 AD ECWADOR AND CHILE LARGE EMPIRE IN SOUTH AMERICA8. the ROMAN CIV8. the ROMAN CIV8. the ROMAN CIV 550BC_450AD ROME THE MOST POWERFUL CIVILIZATION9. the INDUS CIV9. the INDUS CIV9. the INDUS CIV 3300BC_1900BC NORTHEAST AFGHANISTAN ONE OF THE MOST WIDESPREAD CIV COVERING 1.25 MILLION KM
VocabularyVocabularyVocabulary• Civilization= رةﺎ ﮲ﺼﺣ. • To civilize (verb) =to educate (verb ) •Ancient = old = antique ﻢ﮵ ﺪ ﮴ . •New = modern ﺪ﮵ ﺪ ﮳ﺣ • Society= ﻊﻤ﮴ ﮳ﺤﻣ. • Religion= ﺔ﮲ ﺎ﮵ د • Temple = ﺪ﮳ ﻌﻣ. • GODS = Deities ﺔﻬﻟٓﻻا • Invasion= Conquest و ﮲ ﺮ ﮲ﻌﻟا. • Internal= ﮵ ﻰﻠ ﮲ﺣدا • External= ﮵ ﻰ ﮳ﺣرﺎ ﮲ﺣ. • Empire = ﺔ﮵ رﻮﻃاﺮ﮳ ﻣٕا • Government= ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا. • Battle = ﺔﻛﺮﻌﻣ • War = بﺮﺣ. • Conflicts= struggles تﺎﻋا ﮲ﺮ﮲ ﻟا • Crise =a big problem ﺔﺼ﮵ ﻮﻋ ﺔلك ﮶ﺴﻣ. • Raw materials= ﺔ﮵ ﻟؤﻻاد اﻮﻤﻟا • Dangers= Threats = Risks = Pitfalls ﺮﻃﺎ ﮲ﺤﻤﻟا. • Achievement= Contributions زاتﺎ ﮳ﺤ﮲ ٕﻻا • Natural disasters= ﺔ﮵ ﻌ﮵ ﮳ ﻄﻟارث اﻮﻜﻟا. • Earthquakes = زلﻻ ﮲ﺮﻟا • Volcanoes = ﮲ ں﮵ ﻛاﺮ﮳ ﻟا. • Floods= تﺎ﮲ ﺎ ﮲ﺻﺎ﮵ ﮲ ﻟا • Drought= فﺎ ﮲ ﮳ﺤﻟا. • Climate change= خﺎ﮲ ﻤﻟا ﺮ﮵ ﮲ﻌ﮴ • Weather= ﻮ ﮳ﺤﻟا. • Desert= اءﺮﺤﺼﻟا • Valley= واد. • River = ﺮﻬ﮲ •Trade = رةﺎ ﮳ﺤ﮴ ﻟا. •Agriculture = ﺔﻋرا ﮲ﺮﻟا •Industry = ﺔﻋﺎ﮲ ﺼﻟا. •Economy = دﺎﺼ﮴ ﮴ ٕﻻا9. the MAYA CIV9. the MAYA CIV9. the MAYA CIV 2600BC_900AD MEXICO COMPLEX UNDERSTANDING OF ASTRONOMY
PART 2 :GRAMMARالقواعد
Used to / Had to / (was / were) able to. Using After/Befor/ Until Expressing Concession Quantifieres: Few/little. Gomparative and superlatives of quantiflers ☆ Morphology: Final "ed". Suffixes. Number of syllables. stressed.PROGRAM:
To express a past habit : ﮵ ﻰ ﮲ﺻﺎﻤﻟا ﮵ ﻰ ﮲ دةﺎﻋ Example: She played basketball when she was young. =>She used to play basketball when she was young. (Used to+ verb stem) She had the habit to play basketball when she was young . =>She used to play basketball when she was young. Had the habit to = used to Negative form: Didn't use to + stem She didn't use to play basketball when she was young. Didn't have the habit+stem She didn't have the habit to play basketball when she was young.habit , obligation , ability in the past:habit , obligation , ability in the past:habit , obligation , ability in the past:11..Used to + stemUsed to + stem1.Used to + stem
To express a past obligation: Had to+stem Had to = was/were obliged to. Example: They had to imprort raw materials. =>They were obliged to import raw materials. Negative form: Didn't + have +stem They didn't have to import raw materials Was/were + not obliged to+stem They were not obliged to import raw materials. 2.Had to+ stem2.Had to+ stem2.Had to+ stem
To express a past ability: She didn't manage to win the match. You were able to win the match. Was/were able to = managed to = had the ability Ex: She managed to win the match. She had the ability to win the match. Negative form: Was not + able to+ stem Were not + able to + stem She wasn't able to win the match. You weren't able to win the match. Managed to+stem => didn't manage to +stem She managed to win the match. She didn't manage to win the match. Had the ability to+stem => didn't have the ability+stem She had the ability to win the match.. She didn't have the ability to win the match.3. Was / were able to + stem3. Was / were able to + stem3. Was / were able to + stem
Exercise:Exercise:Exercise: Suggests a sentence that expresses a past habit / obligation / ability. Past ability: The Egyptians were able to build the Pyramids. Past obligation: The Phoenicians were obliged to leave their land. Past habit: Our ancestors used to be craftsmen
The Rule: After + past perfect (action 1) => Past simple (action 2) past simple (action 2) => after + past perfect (action 1) Example: After the Chinese had suffered from invaders, they built the Great Wall. =>The Chinese built the Great Wall after they had suffered from invaders. when/As soon as : When the Chinese had suffered from invaders, they built the Great Wall. The Chinese built the Great Wall when they had suffered from invaders. As soon as the Chinese had suffered from invaders, they built the Great Wall. The Chinese built the Great Wall as soon as they had suffered from invaders.using after / Before/ untilusing after / Before/ untilusing after / Before/ until 1. after:1. after: ﺪﻌ﮳ ﺪﻌ﮳ 1. after: ﺪﻌ﮳
2. Before :2. Before : ﻞ﮳ ﮴ ﻞ﮳ ﮴ 2. Before : ﻞ﮳ ﮴ The rule: Before + past simple (action 2) => Past perfect (action 1) past perfect (action 1) =>before+ past simple (action 2) Exemple: Before the Chinese built the Great Wall, they had suffered from invaders. The Chinese had suffered from invaders before they built the Great Wall. 3.until :3.until : ﻰ﮴ ﺣﻰ﮴ ﺣ3.until : ﻰ﮴ ﺣ past simple....until.....past perfect past simple (negative form)..until......past perfect past perfect.....until......past simple Example: Maria invited her friend. / She made a lunch. =>Maria didn't invite her friend until she had made a lunch. The Romans stayed in Greece./ The Germans invaded it. =>The Romans had stayed inGreece untilthe Germans invaded it.
Exercise:Exercise:Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences using the connector giving (make any necessary changes) 1/I bought a ticket / I went to Paris . (After) 2/ I revised a lot for the exam/ I passed the exam. (Before) 3/ The Egyptians worked so hard / The Egyptians made great achievements.(AFTER) 4/ Ancient Egyptians mummified the bodies of the dead. They put the mummies in tombs (Before) 5/ Ancient Egyptians mummified the bodies of the dead. They put the mummies in tombs (Until)
(Eventhough/Although/Despite/ Inspite of ) Example: They had a strong army / They lost the battle =>They had a strong army, but they lost the battle. Even though/Although: Although they had a strong army, they lost the battle. Even though they had a strong army, they lost the battle. Despite/Inspite of: (Despite/inspiteof+ Noun or Gerund (verb +ING) Despite the strength of their army, they lost the battle. Inspite of the strength of their army, they lost the battle. Despite having a strong army, they lost the battle. Inspite of having a strong army, they lost the battle. Despite the fact that/Inspite of the fact that : Inspite of the fact that they had a strong army, they lost the battle. Despite the fact that they had a strong army, they lost the battle.expressing concession :expressing concession : ﺾ ﮴ ﺎ﮲ ﮴ ﻟاﺾ ﮴ ﺎ﮲ ﮴ ﻟاexpressing concession : ﺾ ﮴ ﺎ﮲ ﮴ ﻟا
Exercise:Exercise:Exercise: People know about the bad effects of fast foods. People still crave for fast foods.(although) People know about the bad effects of fast foods. People still crave for fast foods.(Despite) Space exploration is costly.Space exploration has many benefits. (Despite) The Egyptians were able to achieve a lot. The Egyptians faced many problems. (Inspite of )
QuantifiersQuantifiersQuantifiersQuantifiers are words we use to show how much or how many of something there is.Countable = ودﺪﻌﻣ uncountable = ﺮ﮵ ﮲ﻋ ودﺪﻌﻣA LIST OF COMMON UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: water, milk, sugar, salt, butter, rice, cheese, tea, coffee, juice, oil, air, wood, metal, gold, silver, glass, sand,,advice, information, knowledge, education, love, happiness, patience, news, homework, money...etc
quantifiers comparative form superlative form many more the most much more the most little less the least few fewer the fewest comparative & superlative formscomparative & superlative forms of quantifiersof quantifiers comparative & superlative forms of quantifiersEG: My sister has got more books than I My friend's school has the fewest boy students
One vowel a syllable /Cat/(a): one syllable * Two vowels or more /Does/ (oe): one syllable [Final es (iz)] 1 syllable Changes: 2 syllables Chan ges (ge + s/iz/) [Final ed (id)] 1 syllable needed 2 syllables needed/id/) [Consonant+le] one syllable: (Fle / ble...) Table: two syllables Ta ble (b "consonant" + le) Tale one syllable Tale (a "vowel" + le) Words of two syllables: Adj/noun: stress on the first syllable Happy / Doctor Verb: Stress on the second syllable Protect Words that end in: ic, -sion--ial, or- tion: (number of syllables -1) Obligation: 4-1=3 Obligation Words that end in: ity-ment-ical (number of syllables -2) Economical (5-2-3) Economical Word of 3 syllables ends with ly Stress on the first syllable Ex :family syllabes :syllabes :syllabes : Stressed syllabes :Stressed syllabes :Stressed syllabes :
Exercise:Exercise:Exercise: Government/present (v)/ goes / Ethics / Business/safety/ Education/Lion / Biology/manipulation/Civilization / saved / wanted /food/ international. How many syllables are in these words? Where is the stressed syllable in each word?
/S/ /z/ /iz/ P+S = lips k+s = looks T+ S= cats Ph(f) + S = graphs Gh(f) + Slaughs Th (=)+S months W+S = cows. D+S = sends M+S=games. L+S=rules Oe+ S = Does. V+S=Loves Y+S= boys. ie+s = authorities G(ڤ)+S= Dogs. N+S= pens R+S= flowers. B+S SS+ S = misses Ch+S = Watches Sh+S= washes X+S= fixes ZZ+S =Buzzes ge+S =Oranges C (s) +s= Lances Z+s =apologizes S(s/z)=uses Final /s/Final /s/Final /s/ Final /ed/Final /ed/Final /ed/ /d/ /T/ /id/ L+ ed: called M+Ed: dreamed N+Ed: cleaned V+ Ed: loved W+Ed: showed Z+ Ed: apologi S (z) + Ed: used Y+Ed: played R+ Ed/G+Ed/J+Ed/B+ Ed SS+ED: STRESSED P+ED :STOPPED C+ED:LANCED K+ED :Looked X+ Ed: Mixed Sh+ Ed :Washed Ch+ Ed :Watched Ph (f)+ Ed :graphed Gh (f) +Ed :Laughed T+ed: wanted D+ed: needed
Affixes :Affixes :Affixes : Prefixes Suffixes ir-im-in-il- Un-dis-mis Over - super- multi - Pre- de. Ed-ing - ion-ive - ment - ous-er or-en-less-ful-est-ly-y ic al-ance- ence - ity - ness Exercise:Exercise:Exercise: 1/Classify the following words according to the pronunciation of their final "S": (Dogs/heads/chances/opportunities/ studies/leaves/lips/pets/documents/sisters/Watches/goes/means/tens es/lessons/ wishes) 2/ Classify the following words according to the pronunciation of their final "Ed". (Wanted/ watched/touched/lanced/betrayed/loved/liked/moved/apologized /played/missed/mixed/needed). 3/ Devide the following words into prefix, root, suffix. Wonderful/impossible / illegal/ unethical/creativity/misunderstanding/hopelessness/ignorance/elemen t/words/multiusing/creative/courageous / destructive/corruption/hopefully/inactive
Notes:Notes:Notes:
Notes:Notes:Notes:
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