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CLIMATIC INTERVENTION AND STRATEGIES IN LANDSLIDE-PRONE AREAS FIFTH YEAR B. ARCH DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture of the University of Calicut SUBMITTED BY ANSHULA BGAVEBC026 Under the supervision of Ar. Kiran Kumar Global Institute of Architecture Palakkad, Kerala 2021-2026
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work contained in the dharamshala titled CLIMATIC INTERVENTION AND STRATEGIES IN LANDSLIDE-PRONE AREAS submitted by ANSHULA (BGAVEBC026) for the award of degree of Bachelor of Architecture to the University of Calicut is a bonafide work carried out by her/him. Prof. Ar. Kiran Kumar Dissertaton Guide Ar. Gopika Krishnakumar Dissertation Co-Ordinator (2021-26 Batch)
CERTIFICATE Certified that the dissertation entitled CLIMATIC INTERVENTION AND STRATEGIES IN LANDSLIDE-PRONE AREAS submitted by ANSHULA (BGAVEBC026) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture of the Calicut University was presented for the External Jury conducted on 2025. Internal Examiner External Examiner _________________________ ___________________________ Prof. Ar. Gopika krishnakumar Dissertation Co-Ordinator (2021-26 Batch)
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 3 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 3 1.2 Problem and Need of the Study ................................................... 3 1.3 Aim ................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Objectives ......................................................................................... 4 1.5 Methodology .................................................................................... 4 1.6 Scope of the Study ......................................................................... 5 1.7 Limitations ....................................................................................... 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 6 2.1 Landslide Incidence and Distribution in India ............................ 8 2.2 Major Landslide Events and Their Impact .................................. 9 2.3 Causes of Landslides in India ..................................................... 9 2.4 Regional Focus .............................................................................. 10 2.5 Problems and Need for Climatic Intervention ......................... 10 3. CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................. 13 3.1 Uttarakhand ................................................................................... 13 3.2 Himachal Pradesh ........................................................................ 25 4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 40 5. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................. 43 6. BIBILIOGRAPHY.................................................. 47
DECLARATION I do hereby declare that the dissertation entitled CLIMATIC INTERVENTION AND STRATEGIES IN LANDSLIDE-PRONE AREASis an original work of the study and design done by me independently during the 10th semester, B. Arch degree course in the Global Institute of Architecture, Palakkad and the thesis has not previously been submitted in part or full for a B. Arch degree or any other degree whatsoever. Place: Signature Date: Name : Anshula N
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to extend my sincere gratitude to all those who have shared their knowledge and efforts to help me in the completion of this dissertation. I would like to thank my teachers; my guides who have continuously helped me with their guidance and brainstorming ideas. I would like to thank my guide Prof. Ar. Kiran Kumar for his patient guidance and support in this endeavour, also helped me in giving useful insights into the subject. I extend my sincere thanks to all the faculty members, whose encouragement, support and guidance have played a crucial role in the completion of my research. I would like to thank my friends and family members who have supported me and to all those whose names I couldn’t mention here.
ABSTRACT Landslides are among the most destructive natural hazards in India’s hilly regions, causing severe social, economic, and environmental impacts. This study explores the relationship between climate and terrain instability to develop effective strategies for mitigating landslide risks. It focuses on understanding how climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature variations, and soil moisture influence slope stability, along with the role of human activities in increasing vulnerability. The research aims to integrate climatic understanding with planning and design approaches to create sustainable solutions for landslide-prone areas. Through analytical and comparative methods, the study emphasizes the importance of climate-responsive planning, ecological balance, and community participation in reducing disaster risks. The findings contribute to formulating resilient and adaptive strategies that can guide future development in mountainous and sensitive regions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AP News. (2025). Himachal Pradesh landslide kills at least 15 people after heavy rains. Retrieved from https://apnews.com EOS. (2025). Landslide disaster in Dharali, Uttarakhand. Retrieved from https://eos.org Forest Survey of India (FSI). (2025). India State of Forest Report 2025. Government of India. Geological Survey of India (GSI). (2025). Landslide Hazard Zonation Atlas of India. Ministry of Mines, Government of India. Himachal Pradesh State Climate Centre (HPSCC). (2025). Annual Climate Report 2025. Himachal Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (HPSDMA). (2025). Annual Landslide Report. Government of Himachal Pradesh. India Meteorological Department (IMD). (2024–2025). Monsoon Report and Rainfall Data. Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS). (2025). Glacier and Snowmelt Analysis in the Western Himalayas. ISRO. Lotus Arise. (n.d.). Physical Map of Uttarakhand. Retrieved from https://lotusarise.com National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). (2025). Guidelines on Landslide Hazard Management. Government of India.
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC). (2025). Soil Moisture and Erosion Data for Himachal Pradesh. ISRO. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Landslide Hazard Zonation Map of India, Soil and Radiation Maps of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net Reuters. (2025). Heavy rains trigger deadly landslides in West Bengal. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com Springer. (2025). Climatic and Human-Induced Factors of Landslides in India. Times of India. (2025). Monsoon surplus and rainfall variability in Uttarakhand. Retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). (2023). Types of Landslides. Retrieved from https://www.usgs.gov Wikipedia. (2024). 2024 Wayanad landslides and floods. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org