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1 How does daily screen time on image-based apps directly affect a teenager’s self- esteem? 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. A lifestyle account shows only carefully selected achievements and removes ordinary moments. The account is best described as .......... a. balanced b. curated c. private d. unrelated 2. Hind begins to judge her ordinary school day against influencers’ holiday photographs. This is an example of .......... a. social comparison b. mindful consumption c. structural support d. personal agency 3. Which sentence is the most neutral? a. Anyone who rests is lazy. b. This routine is absolutely perfect for everyone. c. Some students may find an early routine helpful. d. Only unsuccessful people miss a workout. 4. Which persuasive technique is used in “Can any teenager realistically maintain this routine every day?” a. An intensifier b. A rhetorical question c. An absolute word d. A relative clause 2- Find the words or phrases that could meaningfully replace the words below. Many users share carefully selected photographs that present only their happiest moments. This may create a tendency to show only the best moments, causing viewers to compare their ordinary lives with selected online experiences. Some posts also contain one-sidedness, using language that strongly supports one point of view. Writers may use an emphasis word, such as “extremely,” to make an opinion sound stronger. They may also ask a question for effect rather than an answer to influence readers without expecting a direct answer. 1. rhetorical question: “ask a question for effect rather than an answer” 2. bias: “one-sidedness, using language that strongly supports one point of view” 3. curated: “carefully selected (photographs)” 4. the highlight-reel effect: “a tendency to show only the best moments” 5. intensifier: “an emphasis word, such as ‘extremely’” A. In today’s fast-changing world, social media plays a major role in shaping how teenagers think, feel, and see themselves, while creating unrealistic expectations and pressure. 1 Social media platforms have no impact on how teenagers view themselves or handle daily pressures. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage states social media plays a major role in shaping how teenagers think, feel, and see themselves, so it clearly does have an impact. B. Excessive use of addictive social media applications often leads to passive scrolling, reduced attention spans, and increased feelings of social isolation among users. 1 Addictive social media applications actively enhance user attention spans and eliminate feelings of isolation. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage says excessive use leads to reduced attention spans and increased feelings of isolation — the opposite of what the statement claims.
2 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Doctors recommend regular exercise to counter the effects of a/an .......... routine. a. active b. energetic c. sedentary d. mindful 2. Health experts recommend combining a/an .......... lifestyle with physical activity to combat the risks of a sedentary routine. a. biased b. underestimated c. balanced d. mindless 3. Mindful consumption includes being aware of .......... a. only the amount of food on a plate b. food, media, products, and information we take in c. only the number of hours spent studying d. competitive sports results 4. Based on the context, what does “well-being” mean? a. The ability to succeed in difficult tasks b. A state of being healthy, comfortable, and happy c. The habit of following a strict daily routine d. A feeling of excitement caused by achievement 2- Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer. 1. a. Students who sleep regularly often concentrate more effectively. b. Students slept regularly often concentrate more effectively. c. Students sleeping regularly often concentrate more effectively. d. Sleeping regularly, concentration improves the students. 2. a. Choosing balanced meals, teenagers can support steady energy levels. b. Chosen balanced meals, teenagers can support steady energy levels. c. Teenagers choosing balanced meals, they can support steady energy levels. d. Choosing balanced meals, steady energy supports teenagers. 3. a. The habits, that reduce stress are different for each person. b. The habits which reduce stress can be practiced daily. c. The habits reducing stress, they can be practiced daily. d. The habits which reducing stress can be practiced daily. 4. a. Supported by family members, many teenagers maintain healthier routines. b. Supporting by family members, many teenagers maintain healthier routines. c. Supported family members, many teenagers, maintain healthier routines. d. Many teenagers supported by family members, they maintain healthier routines. Complete the following text with the appropriate structure. Teenagers (1) __________ (follow) regular sleep routines often concentrate better. (2) __________ (choose) balanced meals, they support steady energy throughout the day. Students (3) __________ (encourage) by their families may maintain healthier habits. A bedtime routine (4) __________ (reduce) late-night screen use can improve sleep quality. People (5) __________ (practice) mindfulness often manage stress more effectively. 1. who follow 2. Choosing 3. encouraged 4. that reduces / reducing 5. who practice
3 A. Choose the correct answer: 1. A post showing only perfect moments is .......... a. curated b. sedentary c. structural d. measurable 2. Comparing ordinary life with influencers’ best moments is .......... a. social comparison b. mindfulness c. agency d. nutrition B. Choose the correct form: 1. Students ................ regularly often concentrate better. .......... a. sleep b. sleeping c. slept d. sleeps 2. ................ balanced meals, teenagers can support steady energy. a. Choosing b. Chosen c. Choose d. Chose C. Read and answer. Mona follows accounts that show perfect routines. She now limits screen time and reminds herself that posts show selected moments. Why might these accounts affect her self-image? What shows that she is becoming a mindful user? 1 These accounts might affect Mona’s self-image because they show only perfect, carefully curated routines, which can make her compare her real life unfavourably with an unrealistic standard (social comparison / the highlight-reel effect). - She is becoming a mindful user because she now limits her screen time and consciously reminds herself that the posts show only selected, not complete, moments — a sign of self-awareness and critical thinking about media content. D. JRE. Should teenagers be fully responsible for protecting their own well-being online? State a judgment, give a reason, and support it with one relevant detail. 1 Judgment: No, teenagers should not be fully responsible on their own. 1 Reasoning: Teenagers are still developing judgment and self-control, and online platforms are deliberately designed to be engaging, so families, schools, and platforms should share responsibility for guiding safe use. 1 Evidence: For example, a family that reminds a teenager to limit late-night screen use, or a school programme that teaches media literacy, helps a teenager build the mindful habits described in the text, such as recognizing curated content and bias. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Paying careful attention to the present moment is .......... a. mindfulness b. bias c. agency d. pressure 2. A lifestyle with very little movement is .......... a. sedentary b. curated c. mindful d. balanced B. Choose the correct form: 1. Teenagers ................ by supportive families may maintain healthier habits. a. encouraged b. encouraging c. encourage d. encourages 2. The habits ................ reduce stress can be practiced daily. a. which b. where c. when d. whose C. Read and answer. Omar sleeps five hours because he stays online late, but he walks to school and plays football twice a week. Identify one harmful habit and one positive habit. Explain one likely effect of each. 1 Harmful habit: sleeping only five hours because he stays online late — this can affect his concentration, mood, and overall health.
4 1 Positive habit: walking to school and playing football twice a week — regular physical activity that supports fitness and reduces the risks of a sedentary lifestyle. D. JRE. Which is more important for everyday well-being: balanced habits or online self- control? State a judgment, reason, and evidence/example. 1 Judgment: Balanced habits are more important overall. 1 Reasoning: Balanced habits (sleep, nutrition, exercise) form the foundation of physical and mental health, and online self-control is really just one part of maintaining that balance. 1 Evidence: For instance, a teenager who exercises and sleeps well, like Omar with football, is better equipped to handle the pressures of social media even without perfect online self-control. A. Choose the correct answer: 1. Language that strongly favors one side shows .......... a. bias b. resilience c. mindfulness d. nutrition 2. Food that provides the body with what it needs supports good .......... a. nutrition b. comparison c. advertising d. isolation B. Choose the correct form: 1. People ................ regularly may improve physical and mental well-being. .......... a. exercising b. exercised c. exercise d. exercises 2. ................ by family members, many teenagers maintain healthier routines. a. Supported b. Supporting c. Support d. Supports C. Read and answer. Salma prepares healthy snacks and practices ten minutes of slow breathing before tests. She also spends late nights checking messages. Identify two supportive habits and one habit she should change. Explain briefly. 1 Supportive habits: preparing healthy snacks, and practicing ten minutes of slow breathing before tests — these support good nutrition and stress management. 1 Habit to change: spending late nights checking messages, which can reduce sleep quality and increase screen-related stress. D. JRE. Can social media support well-being and also create pressure at the same time? State a judgment, reasoning, and one supporting example. 1 Judgment: Yes, it can do both simultaneously. 1 Reasoning: Social media can offer connection, information, and support, but the same features (constant comparison, curated content) can create pressure and unrealistic expectations. 1 Evidence: For example, a fitness account might motivate healthy habits (support) while also making a teenager compare their body or routine unfavourably to others (pressure). 1 - Find the word or phrase from the text that could meaningfully replace the words below. People’s health is influenced by both personal choices and their surroundings. The ability to make one’s own decisions and take action helps individuals improve their lives. People with confidence in their ability to succeed believe that they can achieve their goals and make positive changes. However, obstacles in their environment, such as expensive sports facilities or unsafe neighborhoods, may limit their choices. Facing such difficulties can help people develop the ability to recover and adapt. Governments and schools may also introduce a gentle push, such as placing healthy food in easy-to- see places, to encourage better choices without removing freedom.
5 1. agency: “the ability to make one’s own decisions and take action” 2. nudge: “a gentle push” 3. resilience: “the ability to recover and adapt” 4. self-efficacy: “confidence in their ability to succeed” 5. structural barriers: “obstacles in their environment, such as expensive sports facilities or unsafe neighborhoods” 2- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. “Actions can improve health, even if change takes time.” This belief best shows .......... a. self-efficacy b. social comparison c. highlight-reel effect d. sedentary behavior 2. Which situation is a structural barrier? a. A student chooses not to bring sneakers. b. A neighborhood has no safe pavement or affordable sports facility. c. A teenager prefers reading to football. d. A family reminds a child to sleep earlier. 3. Which example is a nudge? a. Banning every drink except water. b. Placing free water stations beside school entrances. c. Punishing students who buy snacks. d. Removing all choice from the cafeteria. 4. Agency refers to a person’s ability to .......... a. make choices and take independent action b. copy the behavior of influencers c. avoid all social expectations d. control other people’s decisions Your local community plans to introduce one project that will make healthy choices easier for young people. Possible projects include opening school playgrounds after classes, providing affordable healthy meals, or creating safe walking and cycling areas. Write a 150–180 word analytical essay explaining which project should be chosen and who should be responsible for making it successful. Analytical essay (150–180 words): Which project should be chosen — school playgrounds after classes, affordable healthy meals, or safe walking/cycling areas — and who should be responsible? Among the three proposed projects, creating safe walking and cycling areas would have the greatest impact on young people’s health. Unlike opening playgrounds after classes or providing affordable meals, safe streets remove a structural barrier that affects every teenager every day, not only those who already choose to be active. Many young people would like to walk or cycle to school, but unsafe pavements and heavy traffic discourage them, forcing a sedentary routine on them regardless of their personal motivation. Building safe, well-lit paths acts as a nudge: it makes the healthy choice the easy choice without removing anyone’s freedom to decide. Responsibility for the project’s success should be shared. Local government must provide funding and proper infrastructure, such as pavements, cycle lanes, and crossings. Schools can support the change by encouraging students and organizing walking groups, while families can reinforce the habit at home. When structural support, institutional encouragement, and personal agency work together, teenagers are far more likely to build lasting, healthy routines that improve both physical fitness and overall well-being. (≈180 words) 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Which factor is most likely to weaken a claim based on a school survey? a. A clearly described sample b. A very small or unrepresentative sample c. A question about stress d. A table showing percentages
6 2. Why might access to counselling affect mental health outcomes? a. Support is useful only for top-performing students. b. Students cannot manage stress in any other way. c. Students need a realistic opportunity to seek guidance when problems arise. d. Counselling removes all academic demands. 3. The word “sedentary” means “ .......... ”. a. energetic b. active c. inactive d. mindful 4. A .......... is a health expert who gives advice on diet and nutrition. a. nutritionist b. curator c. representative d. psychologist 5. The workshop aims to .......... students to take control of their financial future. a. weaken b. empower c. restrain d. deprive 2- Read the information, then decide whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). Justify your answer. A. Modern teenagers are experiencing pressure from multiple aspects of daily life. Academic demands, social expectations, and consistent exposure to digital media significantly affect how teenagers think, feel, and behave. 1 Teenagers experience zero stress from academic demands or social expectations. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage states that academic demands, social expectations, and digital media significantly affect how teenagers think, feel, and behave — meaning they clearly do experience stress from these sources. B. The school health survey data reveals critical insights into adolescent well-being. The findings indicate that academic exam periods are primary triggers for high stress levels reported among teenagers. 1 Exam periods have no impact on the stress levels reported by students in the survey. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The survey findings indicate that academic exam periods are primary triggers for high stress levels reported among teenagers, so exam periods clearly do have an impact. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Our school is considering a peer-support program. If trained students (1) __________ (meet) younger students weekly, some learners may feel less isolated. If the school (2) __________ (provide) a private room, more students would probably ask for help. Last year, several students struggled alone; if support (3) __________ (be) available earlier, they might have managed the pressure more effectively. If the program begins next month, teachers (4) __________ (collect) anonymous feedback. The results would be more reliable if a larger number of students (5) __________ (take) part. 1. met . 2. provided . 3. had been . 4. will collect . 5. took. A. Choose the correct answer 1. The power to make choices and act independently is .......... a. agency b. bias c. nutrition d. isolation 2. A barrier in the environment that limits genuine choice is a.......... a. structural barrier b. highlight reel c. rhetorical question d. intensifier
7 B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. If schools ................ counselling, more students may ask for help. (offer) 1 offer 2. If support had been available earlier, some students ................ pressure better. (manage) 1 would have manage. C. A school survey on stress questioned only twelve students from one class, then claimed all teenagers experience the same level of stress. Identify the weakness and explain why the conclusion should be treated cautiously. 1 The weakness is an unrepresentative, very small sample size (only twelve students from one class). Because the sample is so small and not diverse, the conclusion that “all teenagers experience the same level of stress” cannot be generalized reliably to the wider teenage population, so it should be treated cautiously. D. JRE. Should schools share responsibility for students’ mental well-being? .Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence/example 1 Judgment: Yes, schools should share this responsibility. 1 Reasoning: Schools are where much of the academic and social pressure originates, and they are well placed to offer structured, accessible support such as counselling. 1 Evidence: For example, a school peer-support program that lets trained students meet younger learners weekly could help reduce feelings of isolation, as described in the passage. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Belief in one’s ability to succeed is .......... a. self-efficacy b. social comparison c. sedentary behavior d. bias 2. The ability to recover after difficulty is .......... a. resilience b. curation c. nutrition d. pressure B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. If teenagers exercise regularly, they ................ less stressed. (feel) 1 feel 2. If the survey ................ a larger sample, its results would be more reliable. (include)12 1 included C. Nour wants fresh food, but shops near her home mainly sell processed products. Her school has started offering healthier lunches. Identify the structural barrier and explain how the school action increases genuine choice. 1 The structural barrier is the lack of fresh food near Nour’s home (shops mainly sell processed products). The school’s action of offering healthier lunches increases genuine choice because it removes an environmental obstacle, giving Nour access to a healthy option she could not easily get otherwise. D. JRE. Are healthy outcomes determined only by personal responsibility? Give judgment, reasoning, and one relevant example. 1 Judgment: No, healthy outcomes are not determined only by personal responsibility. 1 Reasoning: Structural barriers, such as a lack of safe spaces or affordable healthy food, can limit people’s choices no matter how motivated they are. 1 Evidence: For example, Nour wants fresh food but only processed food is sold nearby — her personal wish alone cannot overcome this barrier until the school or community provides better options. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A gentle policy that encourages a choice without forcing it is a .......... a. nudge b. bias c. comparison d. claim
8 2. A health expert who advises about diet is a .......... a. nutritionist b. curator c. representative d. journalist B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. If students ................ access to guidance, they may seek help earlier. (have) 1 have. 2. If more students had taken part, the findings ................ more convincing. (be) 1 would have been. C. A school reports that counselling reduced stress, but gives no information about the number of students surveyed or how they were selected. What evidence is missing, and how does this affect the claim? 1 Missing evidence: the number of students surveyed and how they were selected (sample size and sampling method). Without this information, it is impossible to judge whether the claim that “counselling reduced stress” is reliable or representative, which weakens the claim’s credibility. D. JRE. Which is more effective for student well-being: personal coping habits or school support? Justify with reasoning and one example. 1 Judgment: A combination is most effective, though personal coping habits provide the everyday foundation. 1 Reasoning: Personal habits like exercise and mindfulness give students constant, immediate tools to manage stress, while school support provides structured help for problems students cannot solve alone. 1 Evidence: For example, a student who exercises regularly may already feel less stressed, but if problems become serious, school counselling offers the guidance that personal habits alone cannot provide. 1. Explain how Gladys’s idea of courage changes Malone’s plans for his future. 1 Gladys tells Malone that true courage should come from character, not from a wish to impress others — this makes Malone feel that his current, safe journalism is not enough to prove himself, so he decides to seek a genuinely dangerous assignment to show real courage and win her admiration. 2. Why does Malone ask Mr McArdle to give him a dangerous assignment? 1 He wants to prove his courage and prove himself worthy of Gladys, who values real bravery; an ordinary, safe reporting job will not satisfy this desire for adventure and self- proof. 3. Explain why Malone writes to Professor Challenger as if he understands Challenger’s scientific work. 1 Malone knows that Challenger is hostile to journalists and has attacked reporters before, so he pretends to be a genuine student of science in order to gain Challenger’s trust and secure an interview he could not get by admitting he is a journalist. 4. Analyze what Mr McArdle’s reaction to Malone’s request reveals about Malone’s attitude to danger. 1 McArdle’s surprised, almost amused reaction shows that Malone’s eagerness for a dangerous assignment is unusual and reckless even by a newspaper editor’s standards — it reveals that Malone is impulsive and driven more by a desire for adventure and impression than by caution.
9 JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Which part of Gladys’s definition of courage most strongly shapes Malone’s decision, and why? 1 Justify: The idea that true courage comes from character, not from a desire to impress others, most strongly shapes Malone’s decision. 1 Reasoning: Explain how. This definition makes Malone feel that his ordinary reporting work does not reflect genuine bravery, pushing him to seek real danger to prove his character rather than simply to look impressive. 1 Evidence: Support your answer with at least two details from the chapter. Malone asks McArdle for a dangerous assignment immediately after this conversation, and he goes on to deceive Challenger to get his story — both actions show he is chasing proof of character, inspired directly by Gladys’s words. 1. How do Mrs Challenger’s warning and Challenger’s first appearance build suspense at the end of the chapter? 1 Mrs Challenger’s warning that her husband is dangerous when provoked creates tension and makes the reader expect trouble, and Challenger’s sudden, physically imposing, and aggressive appearance immediately confirms that danger, building suspense about what will happen next between him and Malone. 2. Evaluate Malone’s decision to use deception in order to get an interview with Challenger. Was his method acceptable? Give reasons. 1 Malone’s deception was understandable but not fully acceptable: Challenger had a genuine reason to distrust journalists, and Malone’s dishonesty risked provoking exactly the violent reaction it caused. While his motive (getting the story) is understandable for a journalist, deceiving a source is ethically questionable and shows Malone valuing ambition over honesty. 3. Evaluate Malone’s desire for adventure at this stage. Does it show maturity, impulsiveness, or both? Explain. 1 It shows both. His willingness to face a known risk (Challenger’s temper) for a story shows a certain courage and determination, which could be seen as maturing ambition; but his reckless use of deception without considering the consequences shows impulsiveness and a lack of full maturity. JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Is Malone truly ready for the kind of adventure he is seeking by the end of this chapter? 1 Justify: State your judgment. No, Malone is not yet fully ready for real adventure. 1 Reasoning: Explain what his actions reveal about his readiness. His actions so far show enthusiasm and courage, but also impulsiveness and a tendency to act without thinking through consequences, which are dangerous traits for the serious expedition he hopes to join.
10 1 Evidence: Use evidence from his behavior with McArdle, Tarp Henry, or Challenger. His willingness to challenge McArdle for a dangerous assignment, and his risky decision to deceive Challenger (which nearly leads to violence), both show that his eagerness currently outweighs his judgment. A. Choose the correct answer 1. The phrase “highlight-reel effect” is closest in meaning to.......... a. curated reality b. complete picture c. honest d. real image 2. Malone asks McArdle for a dangerous assignment mainly because he wants .......... a. a real challenge b. a quiet job c. to avoid reporting d. to study zoology B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. Supportive relationships can strengthen a young person’s ................ (resilient). 1 resilience 2. The new ramp improved the ................ (accessible) of the community sports center. 1 accessibility C. Story evidence. Give one detail showing that Malone is willing to take risks. Why does he pretend to be a science student when writing to Challenger? 1 Story evidence: Malone shows he is willing to take risks by directly asking McArdle for a dangerous assignment instead of an ordinary safe one. He pretends to be a science student when writing to Challenger because he knows Challenger despises journalists and would refuse to see one, so deception is his only way to secure the interview. D. JRE. Is Malone’s desire for adventure mature, impulsive, or both? Give judgment, reasoning, and one detail from Chapter 1. 1 Judgment: Both. 1 Reasoning: His determination to seek a real challenge shows maturing courage, but his willingness to deceive Challenger without considering the danger shows impulsiveness. 1 Evidence: Asking McArdle for a dangerous assignment despite having no experience of real danger is a clear detail of his impulsive, adventure-seeking nature from Chapter 1. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A person confident in the ability to succeed has high .......... a. self-efficacy b. bias c. social comparison d. curation 2. Gladys says true courage should come from .......... a. character b. a wish to impress others c. fear d. social status B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. If teenagers ................ (exercise) regularly, they may feel less stressed. (exercise) 2. Students ................ (encouraged) by supportive families may maintain healthier habits. (encourage) C. Story evidence. What does McArdle’s reaction suggest about Malone’s attitude to danger? Why is Malone’s letter to Challenger a risky plan? 1 McArdle’s surprised reaction suggests that Malone’s request is unusually bold and reckless, showing Malone has a fearless, even careless, attitude to danger. Malone’s letter to Challenger is a risky plan because Challenger is known to be violent toward journalists, so pretending to be a student could provoke a dangerous reaction once discovered. D. JRE. Is Gladys a positive influence on Malone at the beginning of the story? Give judgment, reasoning, and one supporting detail. 1 Judgment: She is a mixed influence — mostly positive in intention but risky in effect.
11 1 Reasoning: She inspires Malone to seek meaning and courage rather than settle for an ordinary life, which is positive, but her idealized definition of courage pushes him toward reckless risk-taking. 1 Evidence: Malone’s immediate decision to seek a dangerous assignment right after speaking with her shows how strongly, and perhaps unwisely, her words motivate his actions. A. Choose the correct answer 1. The ability to recover after difficulty is .......... a. resilience b. bias c. nutrition d. agency 2. Challenger is known as brilliant but extremely .......... a. difficult b. shy c. careless d. ordinary B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. ................ (choose) balanced meals, students support steady energy throughout the day. 1 Choosing 2. The habits ................ reduce stress can be practiced daily. (which) 1 which C. Story evidence. Why does Malone want to get inside Challenger’s study? Give one detail that makes Challenger seem intimidating when Malone first sees him. 1 Malone wants to get inside Challenger’s study because he hopes to uncover proof of Challenger’s secret scientific discoveries for his story. One detail that makes Challenger seem intimidating is his large, powerfully built appearance and aggressive manner when he first confronts Malone. D. JRE. Was Malone justified in using deception to obtain the interview? Give judgment, reasoning, and one supporting detail from the chapter. 1 Judgment: No, not fully justified. 1 Reasoning: Although journalists sometimes take risks to get a story, deceiving a source about his identity is dishonest and shows disrespect for Challenger’s right to know who he is speaking to. 1 Evidence: Challenger’s furious reaction when the deception is revealed shows the real harm this dishonesty causes and how it nearly turns the interview violent.
12 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Leila has decided not to use a phone during meals or before bed. These rules are screen-time .......... a. rehearsals b. boundaries c. comparisons d. achievements 2. A game that creates a very strong need to continue playing may be described as .......... a. addictive b. mindful c. fulfilling d. authentic 3. Which sentence is the most neutral? a. Screens always destroy teenagers’ social lives. b. Every young person must completely avoid gaming for good. c. A teenager may benefit from setting regular screen breaks. d. Only irresponsible students spend time online chatting carelessly. 4. Which persuasive technique is used in “Do we really want screens to replace every face-to-face experience?” a. An intensifier b. A rhetorical question c. A hedging word d. A word family 5. “A mindful student thinks before sharing photos online.” The word “mindful” has an antonymous meaning to .......... a. attentive b. aware c. thoughtful d. careless 2- Find the word or phrase from the text that could meaningfully replace the words below. Some online games are hard to stop using, especially when they reward players continuously. Being fully aware of this effect can help people make deliberate choices. A clear limit, such as putting a phone outside the bedroom, can protect sleep and family time. Leisure time is most valuable when it feels rewarding and gives people a real sense of achievement. When a digital activity begins to affect sleep or relationships, it may be sensible to take a break from it for a while. 1. fulfilling: “gives people a real sense of achievement” 2. mindful: “being fully aware of this effect” 3. withdraw: “take a break from it for a while” 4. addictive: “hard to stop using” 5. boundary: “a clear limit” Read the information, then decide whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). Justify your answer. A. This research report explores how screen time affects teenagers’ mental health, self- image, and daily life. It examines the benefits of taking breaks from screens and finding a healthy balance between online and offline activities. 1 The research report concludes that screens have zero impact on adolescent mental health or daily life. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The report explores how screen time affects teenagers’ mental health, self- image, and daily life — meaning it recognizes real effects, not zero impact. B. Research consistently shows that taking regular breaks from screens can improve mood, concentration, and sleep quality. Outdoor activities and creative hobbies offer additional wellness benefits. 1 Taking regular breaks from screens leads to decreased concentration and poorer sleep quality.
13 True: ____ False: 1 Justification: Research shows the opposite — that regular breaks from screens can improve mood, concentration, and sleep quality. 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Ali has become completely absorbed in chess. This means Ali .......... a. is ignoring chess to focus on tennis b. is giving all his attention to chess c. is forced to play chess d. rarely plays chess 2. A practice session held before a public performance is called a .......... a. rehearsal b. boundary c. pedal stroke d. comparison 3. Which meaning best matches “authentic” as used here? a. genuine and true to its original character or source b. modern and changed to suit current popular tastes c. unusual and difficult for most people to recognize d. valuable mainly because it is expensive or difficult to find 4. The ability to adjust ideas and try different solutions is called .......... a. cognitive flexibility b. social comparison c. withdrawal d. screen dependence 2- Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer. 1. a. Students enjoy to create art in their free time. b. Students enjoy creating art in their free time. c. Students enjoy create art in their free time. d. Students enjoying art in their free time. 2. a. Nour decided joining the school orchestra. b. Nour decided to join the school orchestra. c. Nour decided join the school orchestra. d. Nour decided to joining the school orchestra. 3. a. Lina remembered bringing her violin to the rehearsal. b. Lina remembered to bring her violin to the rehearsal. d. Lina remembered to bringing her violin to the rehearsal. Read the post, then answer the questions. Maya sketches for an hour or two on several evenings each week and attends a school drama rehearsal every Thursday. She often becomes completely absorbed in both activities. She also enjoys writing short stories, but she frequently compares her work with other students’ work and sometimes gives up when her first idea is not successful. 1. Identify two habits that support Maya’s creative development and explain how each one may help her. 1 Two habits that support Maya’s creative development: (1) sketching for an hour or two several evenings a week, which builds regular practice and technical skill; (2) attending weekly drama rehearsals, which develops performance confidence and teamwork through consistent, structured practice. 2. Which of Maya’s habits is most likely to help her enter a state of flow? Explain using one detail. 1 Sketching (or drama rehearsal) is most likely to help her enter a state of flow, because she “often becomes completely absorbed” in it — this deep, effortless concentration is the defining feature of flow.
14 A. Choose the correct answer 1. A clear limit on device use is a .......... a. boundary b. c. achievement d. comparison 2. Complete absorption in a meaningful activity is .......... a. flow b. withdrawal c. screen dependence d. boundary B. Karim plays an online game every evening. He has started setting a one-hour limit and spends the rest of his leisure time learning guitar. Explain how the limit may help him and why learning guitar could be a fulfilling activity. 1 The one-hour limit may help Karim by preventing the game’s addictive design from taking over his leisure time and protecting time for other activities. Learning guitar could be fulfilling because it is a skill-building creative activity that can give him a genuine sense of achievement and absorption (flow), rather than passive screen dependence. A. Choose the correct answer 1- A game that creates a strong need to keep playing may be .......... a. addictive b. authentic c. mindful d. fulfilling 2- A practice before a performance is a .......... a. rehearsal b. boundary c. comparison d. withdrawal B. Read the post, then answer the questions. Maya sketches for an hour or two on several evenings each week and attends a school drama rehearsal every Thursday. She often becomes completely absorbed in both activities. She also enjoys writing short stories, but she frequently compares her work with other students’ work and sometimes gives up when her first idea is not successful. 1. Identify two habits that support Maya’s creative development and explain how each one may help her. 1 (same passage as above) Two supporting habits: sketching regularly (builds steady technical skill) and attending weekly drama rehearsal (builds structured, absorbing practice) — both give Maya regular, focused creative engagement that develops her abilities over time. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Being fully aware and deliberate is .......... a. mindful b. addictive c. careless d. passive 2. The ability to adjust ideas and try new solutions is .......... a. cognitive flexibility b. screen dependence c. withdrawal d. comparison B. Read and answer. Mariam writes stories and attends drama rehearsals, but she often compares her work with classmates and gives up after mistakes. Identify two strengths and recommend one change, using evidence from the profile. 1 Two strengths: Mariam writes stories and attends drama rehearsals regularly, both of which build creative and performance skills. One recommended change: she should stop comparing her work with classmates and instead focus on her own progress, since comparing herself to others is likely what causes her to give up after mistakes — building self-efficacy rather than seeking external comparison would help her persist.
15 1- Find the word or phrase from the text that could meaningfully replace the words below. At the end of the day, family members may play cards, prepare dinner together, or take a short walk. These activities provide a break from a sedentary routine. They can bring mental-health benefits, especially after a stressful day. Sharing tasks also develops practical skills, such as planning, cooperating, and solving small problems. However, the right to enter safe places to walk and do affordable activities is unequal across areas. For many families, pleasure is the most important reason for spending this time together. 1. access: “the right to enter safe places to walk and do affordable activities” 2. enjoyment: “pleasure” 3. inactive: “a sedentary routine” 4. life skills: “planning, cooperating, and solving small problems” 5. psychological benefits: “mental-health benefits” 2- Read the information, then decide whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). Justify your answer. A. Sport is one of the most beneficial leisure activities for young people. It improves physical health and mental well-being while building lifelong habits. 1 Sport has zero impact on physical health or mental well-being. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage says sport is one of the most beneficial leisure activities, improving physical health and mental well-being — so it clearly has a strong, positive impact. B. Many teenagers today become less active due to excessive screen time and rising academic pressures, creating a modern movement crisis. 1 Screen time and academic pressures encourage teenagers to become much more physically active. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage states the opposite: excessive screen time and academic pressures make teenagers less active, creating a “modern movement crisis.” 3- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. A teenager who spends most of the day sitting and does very little exercise is described as .......... a. inactive b. flexible c. fulfilling d. competitive 2. What does “access” mean in this context? a. the opportunity or right to use something b. the responsibility for taking care of something c. the ability to repair or improve something d. the ownership or possession of something 3. Which situation is an access barrier to sport? a. A student prefers swimming to basketball. b. A student prefers exercising at a different time. c. A student cannot afford the club fee and has no safe transport to the sports centre. d. A family encourages regular movement. 4- Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. Regular exercise has a ................ (significance) effect on teenagers’ mental health. 1 significant
16 2. Schools should encourage every student to ................ (participation) in physical activity. 1 participate 3. The final match was highly ................ (compete) until the final whistle. 1 competitive Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. In the phrase “as the morning wore on”, the words “wore on” mean .......... a. became more enjoyable b. passed gradually c. ended suddenly d. shone brightly 2. At sunset, the river shimmered as the breeze moved across the water. Which situation best illustrates the same effect? a. A glass bowl stayed completely clear... b. Silver threads in a curtain seemed to brighten and fade as the fabric moved in the breeze. c. A torch sent one steady beam... d. A painted plate looked exactly the same... 3. “With each pedal stroke, Hady pushed the bicycle farther up the steep road.” What does “pedal stroke” mean in this context? a. a sudden turn of the bicycle handlebars b. a quick use of the bicycle brake c. a complete journey made on a bicycle d. a single push of a bicycle pedal 4. Which feature is most appropriate in a diary entry about a difficult leisure experience? a. A personal reflection on what the writer learned b. A list of sources and references c. Instructions written in the passive voice d. Only factual information with no feelings Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Last Saturday, Mariam went on a long cycling trip. By the time she (1) __________ (reach) the river, the sun (2) __________ (rise). While she (3) __________ (cycle) beside the Nile, the heat grew stronger and she began to feel exhausted. She almost stopped, but her friend (4) __________ (encourage) her to continue. After she (5) __________ (finish) the trip, she felt a powerful sense of achievement. 1. reached 2. had risen 3. was cycling 4. encouraged 5. had finished. Your school plans to introduce one project to encourage physical activity. Possible projects include free after-school sports clubs, activity sessions during breaks, a school fitness challenge, or comfortable walking and cycling routes. Write an analytical essay of (150 -180) words explaining which project should be chosen and who should be responsible for making it successful. Analytical essay (150–180 words): which project (free after-school sports clubs / activity sessions during breaks / a school fitness challenge / comfortable walking and cycling routes) should be chosen, and who should be responsible? Of the four options, free after-school sports clubs would be the most effective project for encouraging physical activity among students. Unlike short activity sessions during breaks, clubs give students sustained, regular practice in a sport they enjoy, which builds the sense of absorption and achievement that keeps people engaged in the long term. Because the
17 clubs are free, they also remove the access barrier of cost that stops many students from joining sports outside school, making participation possible for everyone regardless of family income. Responsibility for the project’s success should be shared between the school administration and the PE department. The school must provide funding, safe facilities, and a reliable weekly schedule, while PE teachers should organize and supervise the sessions to keep students motivated and safe. Students themselves also share responsibility by attending consistently and encouraging their friends to join. When institutional support and personal commitment work together, a free sports club can genuinely help students build lifelong habits of physical activity and improved well-being. (≈180 words) A. Choose the correct answer 1. The opportunity or right to use a facility is.......... a. access b. enjoyment c. flow d. withdrawal 2. “Wore on” means .......... a. passed gradually b. ended suddenly c. shone brightly d. became easier B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. Regular activity has a ................ effect on health. (significance) 1 significant 2. By the time Hady reached the river, the sun ................ (rise) 1 had risen C. Read and answer. A student wants to join a sports club, but it is expensive and far from home. He starts using a safe walking route near school instead. Identify the access barrier and explain why the alternative may support long-term participation. 1 Access barrier: the club is expensive and far from home. Using the safe walking route instead may support long-term participation because it removes both the cost and distance barriers, making regular activity realistically sustainable for him. D. JRE. Is enjoyment more important than competition for keeping teenagers physically active? Give judgment, reasoning, and one example. 1 Judgment: Yes, enjoyment is generally more important. 1 Reasoning: Activities people enjoy are more likely to be repeated consistently, while competition alone can discourage those who dislike pressure or losing. 1 Evidence: For example, Omar prefers walking with friends over competitive football and does it regularly, showing that enjoyment sustains long-term participation better than competition. A. Choose the correct answer 1. “Psychological” is closest in meaning to .......... a. mental b. physical c. material d. bodily 2. A single push of a bicycle pedal is a .......... a. pedal stroke b. rehearsal c. boundary d. comparison B. Word formation / Grammar: 1. Schools should encourage students to ................ in physical activity. (participation) 1 participate 2. While Mariam ................ beside the Nile, the heat grew stronger. (cycle) 1 was cycling
18 C. Read and answer. Nour enjoys cycling, but there are no safe routes near her home. Her school offers a free after- school walking club. Explain the structural access problem and how the school program may help. 1 The structural access problem is the lack of safe cycling routes near Nour’s home. The free after-school walking club may help because it gives her a supervised, safe alternative way to be physically active despite the missing infrastructure. D. JRE. Should schools invest in making physical leisure activities more accessible? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence/example. 1 Judgment: Yes, schools should invest in this. 1 Reasoning: Many students face access barriers such as cost or distance that have nothing to do with motivation, so school investment directly removes these obstacles for everyone. 1 Evidence: For example, a free after-school walking club can give a student like Nour, who has no safe cycling route nearby, a genuine, accessible way to stay active. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A person who does very little exercise is .......... a. inactive b. competitive c. fulfilling d. flexible 2. A diary about a difficult leisure experience should include .......... a. personal reflection b. only facts c. references d. passive instructions B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. The teams played ................ until the final whistle. (competitive) 1 competitively 2. After Mariam ................ the trip, she felt a sense of achievement. (finish) 1 had finished C. Omar joins a free football club but dislikes constant competition. He enjoys walking with friends much more and does it regularly. What does this suggest about enjoyment and long-term participation? 1 This suggests that enjoyment, not competition, is the stronger driver of long-term participation — Omar keeps up the activity he genuinely enjoys (walking) rather than the competitive one he dislikes (football), even though the football club is free. D. JRE. Can a difficult physical leisure experience still be meaningful? Give judgment, reasoning, and one relevant example. 1 Judgment: Yes, it can. 1 Reasoning: Overcoming a physical challenge often brings a strong sense of achievement and personal growth, even if the experience itself was uncomfortable at the time. 1 Evidence: For example, Mariam’s exhausting cycling trip beside the Nile left her with “a powerful sense of achievement” once she finished, showing that difficulty and meaning can go together. 1. Why does Challenger invite Malone back into the house after their fight? 1 Challenger is impressed by Malone’s courage and refusal to run away or report him to the police after the physical fight, and this earns Challenger’s respect, making him willing to show Malone his evidence. 2. Explain how Maple White’s sketchbook, the damaged photograph, and the wing fragment support Challenger’s claim. 1 Each piece of evidence independently suggests the existence of prehistoric creatures on the plateau (a sketch of a strange animal, a blurred photo, and a physical wing sample);
19 together they corroborate one another, making it far harder to dismiss the claim as a single fake or mistake. 3. Explain Challenger’s theory about how prehistoric animals could survive on the isolated plateau. 1 Challenger theorizes that the plateau’s extreme isolation — cut off by steep, inaccessible cliffs — protected it from outside change for millions of years, allowing ancient species to survive there undisturbed while they died out everywhere else in the world. 4. Analyze how Challenger’s difficult personality may make people doubt a story that may actually be true. 1 Because Challenger is rude, aggressive, and defensive, people naturally distrust him personally, and this personal dislike leads them to dismiss his claims without fairly evaluating the evidence itself — his manner overshadows the substance of his findings. JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Is Malone justified in believing Challenger by the end of the chapter? 1 Justify: State your judgment. Yes, Malone becomes reasonably justified in believing him. 1 Reasoning: Explain why the evidence changes, or fails to change, Malone’s view. Although his first impression of Challenger was negative, the accumulation of specific, tangible evidence gradually outweighs his initial skepticism. 1 Evidence: Use specific evidence Challenger shows Malone. Challenger shows Malone Maple White’s sketchbook, a damaged photograph, and a physical wing fragment — three independent forms of evidence that together are far more convincing than Challenger’s word alone. 1. Analyze how Malone’s attitude changes from skepticism to growing belief during the chapter. 1 Malone begins doubting Challenger as an eccentric, possibly dishonest man, but as Challenger methodically presents each piece of physical evidence, Malone’s doubt gradually gives way to genuine curiosity and belief, showing that solid evidence can overcome a poor first impression. 2. Why are the different pieces of evidence more convincing together than any one piece would be alone? 1 A single piece of evidence, such as one sketch, could be dismissed as a mistake or a fake; but when a sketchbook, a photograph, and a physical wing fragment all point to the same conclusion independently, it becomes far more difficult to explain them all away as coincidence. 3. Evaluate Challenger’s decision to keep the exact location of the plateau secret. Was he justified? Give reasons. 1 His decision is understandable, since revealing the location could let rivals steal credit for the discovery or let unprepared people endanger themselves; however, it is not fully justified because the secrecy also prevents proper scientific verification, which is part of why people doubt him. 4. Evaluate the effect of Challenger’s violent behavior on his scientific credibility. Does it weaken his case? Explain. 1 Yes, it weakens his case in the eyes of the public and scientific community, because people tend to judge a scientist’s credibility partly on his conduct; however, it should not
20 logically weaken the objective evidence itself, since personality and evidence are two separate things. JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Can Challenger be considered a trustworthy scientist despite his rude and aggressive behavior? 1 Justify: State your judgment. Yes, his scientific credibility can be considered separately from his personal conduct. 1 Reasoning: Separate his personality from the quality of his evidence. A scientist’s evidence should be judged on its own merit, not on his manners; Challenger’s aggressive personality is a character flaw, but it does not logically disprove his findings. 1 Evidence: Support your answer with at least two details from the chapter. A scientist’s evidence should be judged on its own merit, not on his manners; Challenger’s aggressive personality is a character flaw, but it does not logically disprove his findings. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A state of deep absorption and loss of awareness of time is .......... a. flow b. access c. withdrawal d. boundary 2. Challenger’s evidence includes a sketchbook, a damaged photograph, and .......... a. a wing fragment b. a newspaper c. a map of London d. a fossil collection from a museum B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. Young people can build balanced leisure habits. They may enjoy ................ screens, but should avoid ................ online activities to replace all offline experiences. (use / allow) using / allowing 2. By the time Challenger showed the evidence, Malone ................ more willing to listen. (become) had become C. Why does Challenger respect Malone after the fight? Explain why the sketchbook, photograph, and wing fragment are stronger together than separately. 1 Challenger respects Malone after the fight because Malone stood his ground bravely instead of running away or going to the police. The sketchbook, photograph, and wing fragment are stronger together because each independently supports the same conclusion, making coincidence or fraud far less likely than if there were only one piece of evidence. D. JRE. Was Challenger justified in keeping the exact location of 1 Judgment: Partially justified. 1 Reasoning: Protecting a major discovery from being stolen or exploited is reasonable, but excessive secrecy undermines scientific credibility because it prevents independent verification. 1 Evidence: Challenger’s refusal to reveal the location is part of why other scientists and the public remain skeptical of his claims, even though his physical evidence is compelling. A. Choose the correct answer 1. The ability to adjust ideas and try different solutions is .......... a. cognitive flexibility b. screen dependence c. access d. competition
21 2. Maple White’s drawing resembles a prehistoric .......... a. stegosaurus b. bird c. bat d. fish B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. Students should remember ................ clear boundaries. (set) 1 to set 2. Challenger said the plateau ................ isolated for a very long time. (remain) 1 had remained C. How does Malone’s attitude change during the chapter? Give two details Challenger shows him that contribute to this change. 1 Malone’s attitude changes from doubt to growing belief as Challenger presents evidence. Two details that contribute: the sketchbook showing an unfamiliar prehistoric- looking creature, and the physical wing fragment that Malone cannot easily explain away. D. JRE. Can Challenger be a trustworthy scientist despite his aggressive behavior? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence from the chapter. 1 Judgment: Yes. 1 Reasoning: Trustworthiness in science should rest on the quality and consistency of evidence, not on personal temperament. 1 Evidence: Despite his aggression toward Malone, Challenger produces three independent, mutually supporting pieces of physical evidence, which is the hallmark of a credible scientific claim. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Personal pleasure is an important predictor of long-term sports .......... a. participation b. isolation c. withdrawal d. screen dependence 2. Challenger believes prehistoric animals survived because the plateau was .......... a. isolated b. crowded c. underwater d. recently formed B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form 1. Teenagers may stop ................ their leisure choices with others. (compare) 1 comparing 2. If one piece of evidence were considered alone, it ................ easier to dismiss. (be) 1 would be C. How does Challenger’s secrecy affect the way other scientists evaluate his evidence? 1 Challenger’s secrecy makes other scientists more skeptical, because without the exact location, they cannot travel to verify his claims for themselves, so they must rely solely on the evidence he chooses to present. D. JRE. Was Challenger justified in keeping the location secret? Give judgment, reasoning, and one supporting detail from Chapter 2. 1 Judgment: Only partially justified. 1 Reasoning: While secrecy protects his discovery from being claimed by rivals, it comes at the cost of scientific transparency and verification, which fuels public doubt. 1 Evidence: His refusal to share the plateau’s location, despite having a sketchbook, photograph, and wing fragment as evidence, is a key reason critics still question his claims in Chapter 2.
22 1. Choose the correct translation from a, b, c, or d. ١.. a. Clear screen-time boundaries may help teenagers protect their sleep without completely preventing them from benefiting from technology. b. Clear screens prevent teenagers from sleeping and using technology. c. Teenagers must avoid all technology in order to protect their sleep. d. Screen-time boundaries are useful only when teenagers stop using devices permanently. 2. “A structural barrier may limit a young person’s choices even when that person is highly motivated to live healthily.” — choose the correct Arabic translation: a b. c. d. 2. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. A school places free water stations beside entrances while keeping other drinks available. This is best described as .......... a. a structural barrier b. a nudge c. social comparison d. withdrawal 2. Which statement is the most defensible analytical claim? a. Exercise solves every mental-health problem. b. No teenager can manage screen time independently. c. Regular physical activity can support well-being, although access and personal circumstances also matter. d. Creative hobbies are always better than digital leisure. 3. A student wants to join a sports club, but membership is expensive and there is no safe route from home. The strongest interpretation is that .......... a. the student lacks resilience b. the student faces structural barriers to participation c. the student should simply become more competitive d. the student is experiencing the highlight-reel effect 4. Which evidence would most weaken the claim “all teenagers benefit equally from one fixed morning routine”? a. A large survey showing different sleep needs and family schedules b. One influencer repeating the routine online c. A photograph of a tidy desk d. A slogan describing discipline as important 5. A teenager loses track of time while painting, feels challenged but capable, and finishes feeling satisfied. This most clearly illustrates .......... a. flow b. withdrawal c. bias d. sedentary behavior 3. Find the word or phrase from the text that could meaningfully replace the words in the box. Teenagers do not make health and leisure choices in a vacuum. A young person may have the confidence to change a habit and the power to make independent decisions, yet still face obstacles created by cost, distance, or unsafe facilities. Small changes in the environment can gently encourage healthier choices without removing freedom. In leisure time, an activity that is deeply rewarding can hold a person’s full attention, while clear limits on device use can protect sleep and relationships. 1. belief in one’s ability to succeed: “the confidence to change a habit” (self-efficacy)
23 2. ability to choose and act independently: “the power to make independent decisions” (agency) 3. barriers created by surrounding conditions: “obstacles created by cost, distance, or unsafe facilities” (structural barriers) 4. a gentle change that encourages a choice: “small changes in the environment can gently encourage healthier choices” (a nudge) 5. completely absorbing and rewarding: “an activity that is deeply rewarding can hold a person’s full attention” (flow) 4. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. Support from family and friends can strengthen a teenager’s ................ after setbacks. (resilient) 1 resilience. 2. Affordable facilities improve the ................ of physical activity for young people. (accessible) 1 accessibility 3. A school art club can be highly ................ when students develop skills and confidence. (fulfil) 1 fulfilling 4. Clear information can ................ students to make more independent health choices. (power) 1 empower 5. Read the information, then decide whether each statement is True (T) or False (F). Justify your answer with evidence. 1. Social-media posts often show selected moments rather than a complete picture. Repeated exposure may encourage viewers to compare ordinary life with idealized images. 1 Statement: A curated account can affect self-image even if every individual post is factually true. True: False: 1 Justification: Even factually true posts show only selected, idealized moments rather than a complete picture, and repeated exposure to such curated content can still encourage unhealthy comparison and affect self-image. 2. Enjoyment is described as an important predictor of long-term participation in physical activity. Access, cost, and safe facilities can also influence whether teenagers remain active. 1 Statement: If a teenager stops attending an expensive sports club, the only reasonable explanation is lack of motivation. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: Cost and access to safe facilities can also affect participation, so lack of motivation is not the only possible explanation — a structural barrier such as expense could equally be the cause. 6. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer. 1. a. Students who set realistic boundaries often manage screen time more effectively. b. Students which set realistic boundaries often manages screen time more effectively. c. Setting realistic boundaries, screen time is managed the students more effectively. d. Students set realistic boundaries often managing screen time more effectively. 2. a. Choosing a fulfilling activity, teenagers may develop confidence and resilience. b. Chosen a fulfilling activity, teenagers may develop confidence and resilience.s
24 c. Teenagers choosing a fulfilling activity, they may develops confidence. (double subject + agreement error) d. Choosing a fulfilling activity, confidence may develop teenagers. (dangling participle — illogical subject) 3. a. If schools provided more affordable clubs, more students would be able to participate. (correct 2nd conditional) b. If schools would provide... (“would” in if-clause is non-standard) c. If schools provided..., more students will able to participate. (missing “be” + tense mismatch) d. If schools provide..., more students would participated. (mixed conditional / wrong verb form) 7. Story — The Lost World (Chapters 1–2) 1. Analyze how Gladys’s definition of courage influences Malone’s decision to seek danger. Does her influence encourage genuine growth, reckless behavior, or both? 1 Gladys’s idea that true courage comes from character rather than a wish to impress others pushes Malone to abandon his safe routine and seek real risk; this influence is both — it encourages genuine personal growth by motivating him toward meaningful action, but it also encourages reckless behavior since Malone pursues danger somewhat blindly, without full regard for the consequences. 2. Why is Malone’s deception in his letter to Challenger more than a simple lie? Explain how it reveals both resourcefulness and risk-taking. 1 It is more than a simple lie because Malone carefully constructs a false identity as a science student specifically to overcome Challenger’s known hostility toward journalists — this shows resourcefulness in solving a real problem, but also serious risk-taking, since deceiving a man known for violent reactions could easily backfire, as it nearly does. 3. Challenger’s personality is aggressive, but his evidence becomes increasingly persuasive. Explain why a reader should separate the scientist’s behavior from the quality of his evidence. 1 A person’s manners and their factual claims are logically independent — being rude does not make someone’s evidence false, just as being polite does not make evidence true. Readers should evaluate the sketchbook, photograph, and wing fragment on their own merits rather than dismissing them simply because Challenger is unpleasant, or they risk making an unfair, illogical judgment. JRE - Justify, Reasoning & Evidence By the end of Chapter 2, is Malone justified in believing Challenger? State your judgment, explain your reasoning, and support it with at least TWO specific pieces of evidence from the story. 1 Justify: Yes, Malone is justified in believing him. 1 Reasoning: Malone starts from a position of professional skepticism, but changes his mind only after being shown multiple, independent, physical pieces of evidence — a reasonable and logical basis for belief, not blind trust. 1 Evidence: (1) Maple White’s sketchbook contains detailed drawings of an unfamiliar prehistoric-looking creature; (2) the damaged photograph and physical wing fragment provide separate, tangible confirmation that corroborates the sketchbook rather than merely repeating the same claim. 8 . Write a 150–180-word analytical essay answering the following question”: “To what extent should schools and families help teenagers build healthy digital and leisure habits?” Discuss personal responsibility as well as structural support. Use relevant ideas from Units 1 and 2 and include a clear judgment. Schools and families should play a significant, though not exclusive, role in helping teenagers build healthy digital and leisure habits. Teenagers do have personal responsibility: setting their own screen-time boundaries, choosing fulfilling hobbies such as art or sport, and
25 practicing mindful, deliberate use of technology all depend on individual decisions and self- efficacy. However, personal responsibility alone is not enough, because structural conditions often limit what teenagers can realistically choose. Families can support healthy habits through simple boundaries, such as removing phones at bedtime, while schools can offer structural support like affordable clubs, safe leisure spaces, and guidance on mindful media use — nudges that make the healthy choice the easy choice. Without this support, teenagers facing barriers such as expensive facilities or constant digital pressure may struggle no matter how motivated they are. In conclusion, healthy habits are best built through a partnership: teenagers must exercise personal agency, while schools and families provide the structural support and gentle nudges that make sustainable, balanced choices genuinely achievable for everyone. (≈175 words)
26 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. A historical place that preserves shared experiences and collective identity can be described as a .......... a. digital archive b. site of memory c. viral claim d. news report 2. What is the antonym of “massive”? a. enormous b. tiny c. impressive d. ancient 3. Which situation best reflects the meaning of “encoded”? a. A student copies notes from the board... b. A computer changes information into a special form that can be stored or read electronically. c. A teacher arranges books on a shelf... d. A photographer prints several pictures... 4. Which sentence uses a prepositional phrase of time correctly? a. ...changed at the reigns... b. ...changed on the reigns... c. Karnak Temple changed during the reigns of several pharaohs. d. ...changed along the reigns... 2- Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. Over the years, the continuous ................ (accumulate) of sand completely covered the ancient ruins. 1 accumulation 2. The pharaoh’s grand tomb was covered with detailed ................ (inscribe) telling the story of his reign. 1 inscriptions 3. Showing absolute ................ (devoted) to his family, Saad works day and night to provide them with everything they need. 1 devotion 4. The large stone statues are a powerful................ (represent) of the wealth and strength of the ancient kingdom. 1 representation Write a 150–180-word analytical paragraph. Choose an Egyptian historical site. Describe where it is, explain its historical significance and the memory it preserves, and explain why it still matters today. Use at least THREE prepositional phrases of place and time. The Karnak Temple Complex, located on the eastern bank of the Nile near modern-day Luxor, stands as one of Egypt’s most significant sites of memory. Built and expanded during the reigns of several pharaohs, over centuries, its massive Hypostyle Hall of towering columns preserves the collective religious and political identity of ancient Thebes. Inside the temple, detailed inscriptions record royal achievements, allowing archaeologists and visitors today to trace how devotion to the god Amun shaped Egyptian civilization for generations. Karnak still matters today because it connects modern Egyptians and visitors from around the world to a shared historical identity that stretches back thousands of years. Beyond the temple walls, the site continues to attract researchers studying ancient architecture and religion, while within the local community, it remains a powerful symbol of national heritage. As a lasting representation of Egypt’s ancient strength and spirituality, Karnak preserves not
27 just stone and inscriptions, but a living memory of an entire civilization. (≈165 words, contains prepositional phrases of place/time: “on the eastern bank,” “near modern-day Luxor,” “during the reigns,” “for generations,” “within the local community”) 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. A person who selects, organizes, and explains objects in a museum is a .......... a. representative b. curator c. journalist d. visitor 2. Objects arranged according to the order in which events happened are displayed in .......... order. a. selective b. chronological c. remarkable d. accessible 3. Which word describes something that is available in several different languages? a. multilingual b. colossal c. interactive d. breathtaking 4. Which expression is most suitable for introducing an opposite perspective in a discursive paragraph? a. In my opinion, b. On the other hand, c. In conclusion, d. For example, 2- Complete the text with the correct concession connectors in brackets. (1) __________ (Despite) the Grand Egyptian Museum is modern, it presents thousands of years of Egyptian history. (2) __________ (But) its enormous size, visitors can follow a clear journey through the displays. (3) __________ (However) one museum cannot tell every story from Egypt’s past, the GEM presents a remarkable selection of artifacts. (4) __________ (Although), some visitors may prefer smaller museums. (5) __________ (However) the museum is still developing, its educational value is already clear. 1. Although. 2. Despite. 3. Although. 4. However. 5. Although. Find the word or phrase in the text that could meaningfully replace the words below. Every year, thousands of visitors arrive at the museum eager to explore its remarkable collection of ancient relics and treasures. The keeper of the collection makes careful decisions about which objects to display and how to arrange them. Time-ordered displays help visitors trace the rise and fall of successive ruling families. Captions appear in many languages so the experience is welcoming and easy to use for everyone. Thanks to years of careful safeguarding, these national treasures will survive for future generations. 1. artifact: “ancient relics and treasures” 2. curator: “The keeper of the collection” 3. dynasty: “successive ruling families” 4. conservation: “careful safeguarding” 5. accessible: “welcoming and easy to use for everyone” 6. chronological: “Time-ordered (displays)” A. Choose the correct answer 1. A place preserving shared identity is a .......... a. site of memory b. viral claim c. archive post d. report 2. A person who selects museum objects is a .......... a. curator b. journalist c. visitor d. representative
28 3. Karnak changed ................ the reigns of several pharaohs. .......... a. during b. at c. on d. along B. Read and answer. A museum arranges objects by date, provides labels in several languages, and protects fragile pieces in special cases. Identify two features that help the museum tell history clearly and explain why. 1 Two features: arranging objects by date (chronological order) helps visitors follow history logically as it unfolded; providing labels in several languages makes the story accessible to a wider, international audience — both features help visitors understand the historical narrative clearly rather than seeing disconnected objects. C. JRE. Do museums preserve identity as well as objects? Give a judgment, reasoning, and one relevant example. 1 Judgment: Yes. 1 Reasoning: Museums do not just store physical items; by arranging and explaining them, curators construct a narrative that reflects a community’s shared history and collective identity. 1 Evidence: For example, a museum that displays a nation’s artifacts in chronological order, with explanations of their cultural significance, helps visitors understand not just what an object is, but what it means to the people’s identity. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Objects arranged by time are in .......... order. a. chronological b. selective c. remarkable d. accessible 2. “Massive” is opposite in meaning to .......... a. tiny b. enormous c. ancient d. impressive 3. ................ its large size, the museum can guide visitors through a clear story. .......... a.Despite b. Although c. But d. However B. Read and answer. A historical site contains inscriptions from several periods. Guides explain how the site changed over centuries and why local people still value it. What makes it a site of memory? Give two details. 1 Two details: inscriptions from several periods show how the site changed and developed over centuries, and the fact that local people still value it shows it carries living, present- day meaning — both features make it a genuine site of memory, not just an old ruin. C. JRE. Is chronological display the best way for a museum to tell a historical story? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence/example. 1 Judgment: Generally yes, though not the only valid method. 1 Reasoning: Chronological order helps visitors naturally understand cause and development over time, which supports clearer learning than a random arrangement. 1 Evidence: For example, a museum tracing a dynasty’s rise and fall in chronological order helps visitors grasp historical change far more clearly than scattered, undated displays. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Labels in several languages are .......... a. multilingual b. colossal c. selective d. fragile 2. Safeguarding objects for the future is .......... a. conservation b. accumulation c. framing d. excavation 3. .......... some visitors prefer smaller museums, large museums can offer wider collections. a. lthough b. Despite c. But d. However B. Read and answer. A museum displays ancient objects but gives no dates, explanations, or context. Explain two ways this could weaken the story visitors understand.
29 1 Without dates, explanations, or context, visitors cannot understand when objects are from, why they matter, or how they connect to each other, which could weaken understanding in two ways: it prevents visitors from placing objects within a historical timeline, and it strips objects of their cultural or symbolic meaning. C. JRE. Should historical sites be treated mainly as tourist attractions or as sites of memory? Give judgment, reasoning, and one example. 1 Judgment: Mainly as sites of memory, with tourism as a secondary benefit. 1 Reasoning: Treating a site primarily as a tourist attraction risks prioritizing entertainment over preserving its true historical and cultural meaning for future generations. 1 Evidence: For example, a temple preserved and explained as a site of memory, with accurate inscriptions and guided context, both protects the past and still attracts respectful visitors, showing the two goals can coexist. 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Which meaning best matches “claims” as used here? a. Statements that ask people to accept or support something b. statements that something is true, even without proof c. verified and scientifically proven research facts d. formal job applications submitted to a company 2. What does “significant” mean in this context? a. small and unimportant b. secret and hidden from view c. great or important enough to be noticed d. temporary and lasting for only a moment 3. The word “trivial” means .......... a. the dispute was crucial b. the dispute was serious c. the dispute was not serious or significant d. the dispute was influential 4. What does “claim” mean in the sentence given? a. A statement that something is true. b. A request for someone to take action. c. A warning about a possible problem. d. A detailed account of an event. 2- Find the word or phrase from the text that could meaningfully replace the words below. Historical statements can spread rapidly online because social media platforms often give importance to engaging content. Emotional content often attracts more attention than carefully qualified information. Media awareness helps users question sources, confirm details, and compare different perspectives. This is particularly important when false stories about the past can influence national identity. Reliable researchers work consistently and make accuracy one of their main priorities. 1. claims: “historical statements” 2. prioritize: “give importance to” 3. literacy: “media awareness” 4. verify: “confirm details” 5. significant: “particularly important” Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets. 1. Before sharing historical content, students should ................ (verificate) the source and date. 1 verify
30 2. Strong ................ (literate) helps users recognize emotional or misleading posts. 1 literacy 3. Reliable researchers work ................ (consistency) when checking historical evidence. 1 consistently 4. False historical ................ (claimed) may spread quickly when they provoke emotion. 1 claims 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. The old glass bottle was so .......... that staff carried it carefully. a. remarkable b. fragile c. submerged d. accurate 2. Photographs, maps, and notes provide .......... of discoveries. a. accuracy b. documentation c. excavation d. tradition 3. Workers started a/an .......... after buried stones were found near the temple. a. documentation b. accuracy c. tradition d. excavation 4. In the sentence given, “submerged” most nearly means: a. covered or hidden under water b. parked safely on high ground c. washed and polished until shiny d. towed away by local authorities 2- Complete the text with the correct term. selective framing – hashtag – citizen journalism – real-time documentation – digital archive A student witnessed an archaeological discovery and posted a video while it was happening. This is an example of (1) __________. Because the student was not a trained reporter, the post also illustrates (2) __________. Later, the class saved verified photos and reports in a (3) __________. The teacher warned that showing only the most dramatic images could create (4) __________. Students added a clear (5) __________ to their group posts about the discovery. 1. real-time documentation 2. citizen journalism 3. digital archive 4. selective framing 5. hashtag 3- Read the information, then decide whether the statement is true (T) or false (F). Justify your answer. A. Viral historical posts spread rapidly across social media platforms. Emotional engagement often drives this online sharing rather than historical accuracy or truth. 1 Social media platforms prioritize strict historical accuracy and truth over emotional engagement when sharing viral posts. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage states that emotional engagement often drives online sharing rather than historical accuracy or truth — the opposite of what the statement claims. Write a 150–180-word discursive essay discussing how social media is bringing Egyptian discoveries to the world. How social media is bringing Egyptian discoveries to the world. Social media plays an increasingly important role in bringing Egyptian discoveries to a global audience. Through real-time documentation, archaeologists and even ordinary witnesses can share newly found artifacts, inscriptions, or excavation sites instantly with millions of people worldwide, generating excitement and interest in Egypt’s heritage far beyond what traditional media could achieve. Citizen journalism allows anyone present at a
31 discovery to become part of the story, while digital archives preserve verified photos and reports for long-term educational use. On the other hand, this rapid sharing carries real risks. Selective framing — showing only the most dramatic images — can distort public understanding of a discovery’s true significance, and emotional, viral content often spreads faster than carefully verified, accurate information. Without clear sourcing, viral posts about ancient finds can mislead more than inform. In conclusion, social media is a powerful tool for sharing Egypt’s discoveries internationally, but its benefits depend on responsible use — verifying sources, prioritizing accuracy, and using hashtags and context to support genuine understanding rather than only viral excitement. (≈175 words) A. Choose the correct answer 1. A statement presented as true is a .......... a. claim b. priority c. decade d. construction 2. A delicate object easily damaged is .......... a. fragile b. submerged c. accurate d. remarkable 3. Saving verified reports for future use creates a .......... a. digital archive b. selective framing c. hashtag d. excavation B. Read and evaluate. A viral post about an archaeological find shows dramatic images, gives no source, and asks users to share immediately. Identify two warning signs and explain why each matters. 1 Two warning signs: the post gives no source (making it impossible to verify) and it urges immediate sharing (pressuring users to spread it before checking facts) — both matter because they are classic signs of unverified or misleading content designed to spread quickly rather than accurately. C. JRE. Can social media help preserve history while also spreading misinformation? Give judgment, reasoning, and one example. 1 Judgment: Yes, it can do both. 1 Reasoning: The same speed and reach that let social media document and archive discoveries in real time also allow false or exaggerated claims to spread just as quickly. 1 Evidence: For example, a verified digital archive created from a discovery’s real-time documentation preserves history accurately, while an unrelated viral post using dramatic, unsourced images about the same event can spread misinformation to the same audience. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A difference that is important or noticeable is .......... a. significant b. trivial c. private d. narrow 2. Photos, maps, and notes provide .......... a. documentation b. excavation c. tradition d. submersion 3. Showing only selected details to shape understanding is .......... a. selective framing b. citizen journalism c. archive d. accuracy B. Read and evaluate. A student posts a live video of a discovery before experts confirm what it is. Later, the school saves only verified information. Identify one benefit and one risk of the student’s post, and one good media-literacy action. 1 Benefit: the live video shares an exciting discovery with the public instantly. Risk: since experts haven’t confirmed what it is, the post could spread inaccurate information. Good
32 media-literacy action: the school’s approach of saving only verified information for the archive shows the value of confirming facts before treating a claim as reliable. C. JRE. Should speed or accuracy be the first priority when historical discoveries are shared online? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence/example. 1 Judgment: Accuracy should be the first priority. 1 Reasoning: A fast but incorrect claim can spread widely and be difficult to correct, causing lasting confusion, whereas a slightly delayed but accurate report protects public understanding. 1 Evidence: For example, a school that waits to verify information before archiving it, rather than immediately sharing a student’s unconfirmed live video, better protects the reliability of the historical record. A. Choose the correct answer 1. An object covered under water is .......... a. submerged b. fragile c. remarkable d. accurate 2. A discovery that is unusually impressive is .......... a. remarkable b. trivial c. selective d. private 3. A report written by an ordinary witness may be an example of .......... a. citizen journalism b. excavation c. conservation d. chronology B. Read and evaluate. Two posts describe the same historical event. One is emotional and viral; the other gives sources, dates, and several perspectives. Which is more reliable and why? Give two reasons. 1 The post with sources, dates, and several perspectives is more reliable. Two reasons: it can be independently checked and verified, unlike an emotional post with no evidence; and presenting multiple perspectives reduces the risk of bias or selective framing that a single emotional viral post might contain. C. JRE. Does popularity make a historical claim trustworthy? Give judgment, reasoning, and one relevant example. 1 Judgment: No, popularity does not make a claim trustworthy. 1 Reasoning: A claim’s truth depends on evidence and verification, not on how many people like or share it; viral spread is often driven by emotional appeal rather than accuracy. 1 Evidence: For example, an emotional but unsourced viral post about a discovery may be shared by thousands, while a carefully verified report with fewer shares remains the more reliable source. 1. Explain why Professor Summerlee agrees to test Challenger’s claims in person. 1 As a rigorous scientist, Summerlee is deeply skeptical of Challenger’s extraordinary claims and believes the only way to properly evaluate them is through firsthand, verifiable investigation, so he agrees to join an expedition to test the truth himself rather than accept or reject the claims on reputation alone. 2. How do Malone and Lord John Roxton become members of the expedition? 1 Malone volunteers publicly as a journalist eager for adventure and to prove himself to Gladys, while Lord John Roxton, an experienced adventurer and hunter, joins because of his enthusiasm for exploration and his skills, which make him a valuable and willing addition to the team.
33 3. Explain why Challenger sends a blank sheet of paper and then appears in Manaos himself. 1 Challenger sends a blank sheet to protect the secret location of the plateau from being written down and possibly discovered by rivals; he then appears in person in Manaos so he can guide the expedition directly without ever revealing the exact route on paper. 4. Analyze the contrast between Challenger and Summerlee. How might their different personalities affect the expedition? 1 Challenger is confident, aggressive, and certain of his claims, while Summerlee is cautious, skeptical, and demands proof — this contrast could create productive tension, with Summerlee’s doubt forcing rigorous verification of every discovery, but it could also cause conflict and slow decision-making during the journey. JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Was forming a team with such different personalities a wise decision? 1 Justify: State your judgment. Yes, it was a wise decision overall. 1 Reasoning: Explain how their differences could help or harm the expedition. A team combining Challenger’s boldness and expertise with Summerlee’s skepticism balances enthusiasm with caution, making the expedition both ambitious and scientifically credible, even though their clashing personalities could create tension. 1 Evidence: Refer to details about at least two team members. Challenger’s confidence and firsthand knowledge of the plateau’s location make the journey possible, while Summerlee’s demand to test the claims in person ensures the expedition’s findings will be taken seriously by the wider scientific community. 1. How do the four main members of the expedition bring different strengths to the team? 1 Challenger provides the scientific claim and knowledge of the plateau’s location; Summerlee brings rigorous, skeptical scientific verification; Lord John Roxton contributes practical adventuring and survival skills; and Malone offers energy, courage, and the ability to document and report the expedition’s discoveries to the wider world. 2. Analyze how Malone’s final conversation with Gladys before leaving England shows a change in his motivation. 1 Whereas Malone initially sought adventure mainly to impress Gladys and prove his courage to her, his final conversation reveals a shift toward genuine personal purpose and commitment to the expedition itself, suggesting his motivation is maturing from seeking approval to pursuing real discovery. 3. Evaluate Malone’s decision to volunteer publicly for the journey. Was it courageous, impulsive, or both? Explain. 1 It was both. Volunteering publicly took real courage, since it committed him irrevocably to a dangerous, unknown journey in front of witnesses; but it also shows impulsiveness, since he makes the decision quickly, driven by emotion and desire for adventure rather than careful practical planning. 4. Evaluate Challenger’s decision to hide his plan to join the expedition. Was his secrecy sensible or unnecessary? Give reasons. 1 His secrecy was largely sensible, since revealing his participation early could have let rivals or skeptics interfere with or sabotage the expedition before it began; however, it also shows his continuing pattern of excessive secrecy, which has already damaged his credibility once before.
34 JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Is Summerlee’s skepticism valuable to the expedition? 1 Justify: State your judgment. Yes, it is valuable. 1 Reasoning: Explain why questioning Challenger may help or hinder the search for truth. Healthy scientific skepticism forces claims to be tested rigorously rather than accepted on trust, which strengthens the credibility of whatever the expedition eventually discovers. 1 Evidence: Use evidence from the meeting or the preparations for the journey. Summerlee’s insistence on testing Challenger’s claims in person, rather than accepting his word, is precisely what gives the eventual expedition scientific legitimacy in the eyes of the wider world. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Choosing details to include or exclude to shape understanding is .......... a. selective framing b. conservation c. chronology d. excavation 2. Summerlee joins the expedition mainly to .......... a. test Challenger’s claims b. support Challenger without question c. write a newspaper article d. avoid scientific debate 3. Museum objects arranged by time are in .......... order. a. chronological b. selective c. fragile d. viral B. Story evidence. How do Malone and Lord John become members of the expedition? Explain one way Challenger and Summerlee’s different personalities could strengthen the search for truth. 1 Malone becomes a member by publicly volunteering as a journalist eager for adventure, while Lord John joins because of his enthusiasm and skill as an experienced adventurer. Challenger and Summerlee’s contrasting personalities could strengthen the search for truth because Challenger’s confidence drives the expedition forward while Summerlee’s skepticism ensures claims are properly tested rather than simply accepted. C. JRE. Was forming a team with such different personalities a wise decision? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence from at least two team members. 1 Judgment: Yes. 1 Reasoning: Diverse personalities bring complementary strengths — boldness, skepticism, practical skill, and communication — that together make the expedition both possible and credible. 1 Evidence: Challenger’s certainty and location knowledge combined with Summerlee’s demand for proof, plus Lord John’s adventuring skill, together cover scientific, practical, and credibility needs that no single personality could provide alone. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Protecting fragile cultural objects from damage is .......... a. conservation b. framing c. literacy d. excavation 2. Challenger sends a blank sheet because he wants to .......... a. keep the location secret b. end the expedition
35 c. prove Summerlee right d. cancel the meeting 3. A person who organizes museum collections is a.......... a. curator b. citizen journalist c. visitor d. representative B. Story evidence. What different strengths do Challenger, Summerlee, Lord John, and Malone bring to the expedition? Mention at least two members and explain. 1 Challenger brings scientific claims and secret knowledge of the plateau’s location; Summerlee brings rigorous skepticism that forces the claims to be properly tested — together, their different strengths balance ambition with scientific caution. C. JRE. Identify one moment when Summerlee’s skepticism protects scientific reasoning and one moment when it may delay agreement. 1 Protects reasoning: his insistence on personally testing Challenger’s extraordinary claims before believing them ensures the expedition is grounded in genuine verification, not blind faith. 1 May delay agreement: his continued doubt, even after seeing evidence, could slow down decisions the team needs to make quickly once in the fiel d. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A place preserving shared memories and identity is a .......... a. site of memory b. viral claim c. news report d. hashtag 2. Malone’s public volunteering can best be described as .......... a. courageous, impulsive, or both b. purely scientific c. completely cautious d. unwilling 3. An online collection of verified historical materials is a .......... a. digital archive b. excavation c. dynasty d. concession B. Story evidence. How does Malone’s final conversation with Gladys show a change in his motivation? Why might Challenger’s secrecy create both advantages and problems? 1 Malone’s final conversation with Gladys shows his motivation shifting from simply wanting to impress her toward a more genuine, personal commitment to the expedition itself. Challenger’s secrecy creates advantages (protecting the plateau’s location from rivals) and problems (continuing to fuel public distrust of his claims). C. JRE. Was Challenger’s decision to hide his plan to join the expedition sensible? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence from Chapter 3. 1 Judgment: Yes, mostly sensible. 1 Reasoning: Secrecy protected the expedition’s element of surprise and prevented others from interfering with or racing to claim the discovery first. 1 Evidence: Challenger’s sudden, dramatic appearance in Manaos after sending only a blank sheet of paper shows he deliberately withheld his plans until the last possible moment to protect the mission.
36 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Food that remains after a meal and can still be eaten is called .......... a. storage b. leftover food c. brand loyalty d. digital data 2. “Significantly” most nearly means .......... a. in an important or noticeable way b. without any change c. in a confusing way d. only for a short time 3. Which sentence uses fronting correctly to emphasize a cause? a. Bread goes bad quickly as a result of poor storage. b. As a result of poor storage, bread goes bad quickly. c. As a result poor storage, bread quickly goes bad. (missing “of”) d. Bread as a result of poor storage goes bad quickly. (awkward placement) 4. What does “generosity” mean in this context? a. Being patient when a task takes a long time b. Being willing to follow another person’s advice c. Being kind and willing to give a lot to others d. Being confident when making difficult decisions 2- Find the word or phrase in the text that could meaningfully replace the words below. Many Egyptian families want to waste less food, but there is often uncertainty about dates on packages. Some people throw away remaining food although it is still safe. Schools can help by giving students useful suggestions about shopping and storing food. With more kindness, restaurants can share extra meals with food banks. Better habits can decrease waste at home, and the results can improve noticeably within a few years. 1. confusion: “uncertainty” 2. leftover: “remaining food” 3. recommendation: “useful suggestions” 4. generosity: “kindness” 5. reduce: “decrease” 6. significantly: “noticeably” Write a 150-180 - word formal report about food waste in your school, home, or community. • Identify two main causes. • Give two realistic recommendations. • End with a clear conclusion. • Use at least one example of fronting. Report on Food Waste in Our School This report identifies the main causes of food waste in the school canteen and offers realistic recommendations to reduce it. Two main causes have been identified. Firstly, students often buy more food than they can finish during a short break. Secondly, uncertainty about “best before” labels leads staff to discard food that is still perfectly safe to eat. As a result of these habits, a significant amount of edible food is wasted every day. It is recommended that the canteen introduce smaller portion options so students can buy only what they need. It is further recommended that staff receive brief training on reading date labels correctly, to avoid discarding safe leftovers unnecessarily.
37 In conclusion, food waste in our school could be significantly reduced through simple, low-cost changes. With clearer labelling guidance and more flexible portion sizes, the school can save money and encourage more responsible habits among students. (≈150 words; fronting: “As a result of these habits, a significant amount of edible food is wasted every day.”) 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. A strong preference for repeatedly buying products from the same company is called brand .......... a. storage b. loyalty c. urgency d. consumption 2. “A brand is more than a logo.” This means it .......... a. guarantees that every product is high quality b. connects products with feelings, identity, and belonging c. always makes a product less expensive d. prevents consumers from comparing products 3. Which sentence would work best as an introduction to an opinion article about daily fitness? a. First of all, regular workouts boost endurance. b. Today, physical activity is a major public focus. c. However, keeping a workout routine is quite hard. d. In short, small habits lead to major results. 4. Which sentence provides an example supporting the first main reason why balanced diets matter? a. Overall, nutritious eating enhances daily energy levels. b. Some critics argue that organic foods are too expensive. c. For instance, eating fresh vegetables strengthens the immune system. d. Another factor is that proper hydration improves mental focus. 5. Which sentence is most suitable for beginning the second supporting Body Paragraph of an essay on fitness? a. To begin with, regular training builds physical strength. b. However, maintaining a steady gym routine can feel inconvenient. c. In conclusion, healthy choices yield lasting benefits. d. Furthermore, getting enough hours of sleep enhances daily focus. 2- Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets. 1. Many young people want to ................ (belonging) to a group through the clothes they wear. 2. Good service can make customers more ................ (loyalty) to a shop. 3. My brother ................ (preference) simple designs to clothes with large names on them. 4. It was difficult to ................ (resistance) the offer because the price was very low. 1. belong 2. loyal 3. prefers 4. resist. Write a 150–180 word opinion article on: “Do brand names influence teenagers more than product quality?” Include a short headline, a clear opinion, two reasons with examples or evidence, one concession, and a strong conclusion.
38 Brand Names: Style Over Substance? In my opinion, brand names do influence teenagers more than actual product quality, even if many would deny it. Firstly, teenagers often buy branded clothes to feel a sense of belonging with their friends — a logo can matter more than the fabric’s durability. For example, a student may choose an expensive branded T-shirt purely because classmates wear the same brand, even when a cheaper, unbranded shirt is equally well-made. Secondly, advertising deliberately connects brands with identity and status, making the name itself feel like part of a teenager’s personality. Of course, some teenagers genuinely do research quality before buying, and not every purchase is driven by branding alone. Still, for most young consumers, social pressure and the desire for belonging usually outweigh careful comparison of quality. In conclusion, while product quality should matter most, brand names currently hold stronger influence over teenage buying habits, and developing more mindful consumption habits could help teenagers make freer, more genuine choices. (≈165 words) A. Choose the correct answer 1. Food remaining after a meal is .......... a. leftover food b. storage c. digital data d. brand loyalty 2. Repeatedly choosing the same company shows brand .......... a. loyalty b. urgency c. storage d. consumption 3. Choose the correct fronting: .......... a. As a result of poor storage, bread goes bad quickly. b. As a result poor storage, bread quickly goes bad B. Read and respond. A family buys more food than it needs, misunderstands “best before” labels, and throws away safe leftovers. Identify two causes of waste and give one realistic recommendation. 1 Two causes: buying more food than needed, and misunderstanding “best before” labels (throwing away food that is still safe). Recommendation: the family could plan meals and shopping lists in advance to buy only what is needed, and learn to distinguish “best before” (quality) from “use by” (safety) dates before discarding food. C. JRE. Do brand names influence teenagers more than product quality? State your judgment, give one reason, and support it with an example. 1 Judgment: Yes, generally they do. 1 Reasoning: Brands are marketed to connect with identity, belonging, and social status, which appeals strongly to teenagers’ desire to fit in, often more powerfully than technical quality differences. 1 Evidence: For example, a teenager may choose an expensive branded item mainly because friends wear it, even when an unbranded alternative offers equal quality. A. Choose the correct answer 1. “Significantly” means .......... a. in an important or noticeable way b. without change c. confusingly d. briefly 2. A brand can connect products with feelings, identity and .......... a. belonging b. excavation c. storage d. access 3. Complete with the correct form: Good service can make customers more ................ to a shop. (loyalty) 1 loyal
39 B. Read and respond. A school canteen records large amounts of untouched food each day. Suggest two possible causes and two practical actions the school could take. 1 Two possible causes: portions may be too large for students to finish, and the menu may not match students’ actual preferences. Two practical actions: offering smaller portion sizes, and running a short survey to adjust the menu to what students actually want to eat. C. JRE. Should consumers resist brand pressure when a cheaper unbranded product has the same quality? Give judgment, reasoning, and an example. 1 Judgment: Yes, consumers should resist it. 1 Reasoning: Paying more for identical quality simply because of a logo is not a rational use of money; mindful consumption means evaluating actual value rather than image. 1 Evidence: For example, choosing an unbranded item that performs identically to a costly branded one saves money without sacrificing anything functional. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A formal report recommendation should tell readers what .......... a. should be done b. happened first c. the writer personally likes d. a logo looks like 2. The opposite of “resist” is .......... a. surrender b. loyalty c. preference d. belonging 3. Complete with the correct form My brother .......... simple designs to clothes with large names. (preference) 1 prefers B. Read and respond. A shopper chooses an expensive branded item because friends wear it, although an unbranded item is equally useful. Explain the influence of brand culture and one way to make a more mindful choice. 1 Brand culture influences the shopper by creating a desire to match what friends wear, tying the product to social belonging rather than practical need. A more mindful choice would be to compare the branded and unbranded items honestly on quality and price before deciding, rather than choosing based on peer pressure alone. C. JRE. Can mindful consumption help teenagers make freer choices? Give judgment, reasoning, and one relevant example. 1 Judgment: Yes. 1 Reasoning: Being aware of persuasive marketing and social pressure allows teenagers to evaluate purchases based on genuine need and value rather than emotional or social influence. 1 Evidence: For example, a teenager who pauses to compare an unbranded item’s quality to a branded one, instead of buying automatically, exercises real independent choice rather than being controlled by brand culture. 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Which sentence best develops a positive point in a review? a. The app has several sections. b. The app became popular last year. c. It helps users access information quickly. d. The app loads slowly on many phones. 2. Which conclusion is most suitable for a balanced review? a. Although it’s useful, it needs no improvement for users. b. Although it’s useful, it suits all users equally well. c. Although it’s useful, it should be avoided by most users. d. Although it’s useful, I recommend it only to regular users.
40 3. Don’t .......... for hours before sleeping. It may affect your rest. a. access b. notify c. concentrate d. scroll 4. I use a fitness .......... to count my steps every day. a. notification b. concentration c. app d. access 2- Read the information, then decide whether the statement is true (T) or false (F). Justify your answer. A. Setting daily time limits on social media apps helps people stay focused on their daily tasks and prevents hours from being wasted on mindless scrolling. 1 Using time limits on social media apps prevents people from wasting hours on mindless scrolling and helps them stay focused. True: False: ____ 1 Justification: The passage directly states that setting daily time limits helps people stay focused and prevents hours from being wasted on mindless scrolling, matching the statement exactly. B. Turning off non-essential phone notifications throughout the day reduces constant digital distractions and improves concentration on important work or studies. 1 Keeping all phone notifications turned on helps improve your concentration while studying or working. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage states the opposite — that turning off non-essential notifications reduces distraction and improves concentration, so keeping them all on would harm, not help, concentration. Write a 150–180-word review about a social media app or digital platform. • Name the app or platform and give your overall impression. • Describe at least two benefits, using specific examples. • Explain at least two drawbacks, including how design features may affect time or attention. • End with a clear recommendation and state who the app or platform is suitable for. App Review: A Balanced Look at [a study-planner app] Overall, this study-planner app is a genuinely useful tool for organizing schoolwork, though it is not without flaws. One major benefit is its quick access to a clear weekly schedule, which helps users plan revision efficiently. Another benefit is its reminder feature, which notifies users before deadlines, reducing the chance of forgotten assignments. However, the app also has drawbacks. Its frequent, non-essential notifications can distract users from focused studying rather than helping them, encouraging constant checking of the phone. In addition, the endless scroll-style feed of tips and updates can easily turn a quick check into a long, unproductive session. Although it’s useful, I recommend it mainly to students who are disciplined enough to turn off non-essential notifications and use the planner feature intentionally rather than browsing the feed. For anyone easily distracted, it may do more harm than good to daily focus. (≈165 words) 1- Find the words or phrases in the text that are antonyms of the words below. At the winter clearance fair, Rahma felt a deep attraction to the heavy winter coats, so she stayed awhile. Her brother reminded her that a real disadvantage is wasting money on unnecessary items, but others value clever spending and save cash gradually. Mariam chose careful planning instead of
41 impulsiveness and checked store prices thoroughly. Because of this, she sold nothing old, bought only what she budgeted for, and avoided debt. Her parents praised her smart financial choice later. 1. aversion: “attraction” (deep attraction to the coats — opposite of aversion/dislike) 2. waste: “clever spending” / “smart financial choice” 3. purchase: “sold” (sold nothing old) 2- Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer. 1. a. He has write... b. He have written... c. He has written a report for the manager. d. He has writing... 2. a. The local library have received... b. The local library has received many new books this week. c. ...has receive... d. ...has been receive... 3. a. ...have been sign... b. ...has been sign... c. ...have signed... d. The science project has been signed by the teacher. 3- Read the information, then decide whether the statement is true (T) or false (F). Justify your answer. A. Loss aversion is a psychological trick where a price drop creates the false impression of a financial loss if an unnecessary item is left unpurchased. 1 Shoppers driven by loss aversion are primarily trying to maximize their actual utility rather than avoiding perceived losses. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: By definition, loss aversion is about avoiding the false impression of a financial loss, not maximizing real utility — the statement reverses the actual psychological mechanism described. B. Retailers implement scarcity indicators, such as limited stock warnings and active countdown clocks, to bypass rational evaluation through artificial time pressure. 1 Countdown clocks are deployed primarily to give consumers adequate time to review product specifications before committing funds. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage states retailers use countdown clocks to create artificial time pressure and bypass rational evaluation, which is the opposite of giving consumers time to review products carefully. The Evolution of Retail: From Shopping Streets to the Metaverse The evolution of shopping over the last few decades reveals a massive shift in human behavior. In the past, shopping was a highly social and physical experience. Families would visit local markets and bustling department stores, where they could examine goods by hand and interact directly with merchants. Today, the landscape is radically different. E- commerce has transformed shopping into a highly convenient, yet mostly solitary, digital activity where millions of products are just a click away. Online shopping offers undeniable advantages, such as 24/7 availability, doorstep delivery, and the ability to compare global prices instantly. However, it also brings significant disadvantages. The extreme ease of online buying often leads to impulse purchasing and unexpected financial debt, while physical “main streets” suffer from the loss of local businesses. To attract and keep consumers, online retailers now rely heavily on targeted algorithms and personalized advertisements. These digital strategies are designed to create a sense of false urgency, pushing buyers to spend money quickly. Looking ahead, the future of shopping will rely even more on new technology. Experts believe that Augmented Reality (AR) will soon let customers use their phones to virtually “try on” clothes or see exactly how a new sofa looks in their living room before they pay for it. Furthermore, very fast deliveries by flying drones and smart computer programs that act as personal shoppers will become a normal part of daily life.
42 Despite these exciting advancements, financial experts highly recommend practicing mindful consumption. To protect your wallet, they advise strictly following a budget and waiting 24 hours before making any non-essential purchase to curb impulse buying. Ultimately, whether buying from a traditional local market or a futuristic global app, remaining a conscious and critical consumer is the best strategy for your financial well-being. A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d: 1. What does “24/7 availability” mean in the context of e-commerce? a. Products are usually delivered within 24 to 7 hours. b. Online stores are open and accessible at all times, day and night, without closing. c. Consumers should wait 24 hours before buying 7 different items. d. Online customer service is only available during specific days of the week. 2. Which word is the best synonym for “curb” in this context? a. Encourage b. Control c. Ignore d. Celebrate B. Answer the following questions: 1. Explain how the social aspect of shopping in the past differs from the experience of modern online shopping. 1 In the past, shopping was a social, physical activity where families visited markets and department stores, examined goods by hand, and interacted directly with merchants; modern online shopping, by contrast, is a highly convenient but largely solitary digital activity with little direct human interaction. 2. Justify why financial experts recommend a “24-hour waiting period” for non-essential items, using evidence from the text about online retail strategies. 1 Financial experts recommend waiting 24 hours because online retailers deliberately use targeted algorithms, personalized ads, and a sense of false urgency to push buyers into quick, impulsive spending; pausing for 24 hours interrupts this pressure and allows a more rational, mindful purchasing decision. 3. Give reasons why online retailers rely on “targeted algorithms and personalized advertisements.” 1 Retailers use these tools to attract and retain consumers in a highly competitive digital marketplace, tailoring offers to individual preferences and creating a sense of urgency that increases the likelihood of quick purchases, ultimately maximizing sales. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Moving through posts for a long time is to .......... a. scroll b. notify c. concentrate d. purchase 2. Fear of missing a possible benefit is .......... a. loss aversion b. brand loyalty c. food storage d. digital literacy B. Use the correct form 1. The app will ................ users when a new lesson is uploaded. (notification) 1 notify (The app will notify users when a new lesson is uploaded.) 2. Shops ................ countdown clocks for years. (use – present perfect) 1 have used (Shops have used countdown clocks for years.) C. A shopping app sends repeated alerts saying “Only two left!” and shows a countdown clock. Explain two techniques used to create pressure and one action a mindful consumer could take. 1 Techniques: repeated “Only two left!” alerts create scarcity pressure, and the countdown clock creates urgency pressure, both designed to push a quick decision without careful thought. A mindful consumer could pause and wait a set period (e.g. 24 hours) before buying, to check whether the purchase is really needed.
43 A. Choose the correct answer 1. A software program designed for a particular function is an .......... a. app b. notification c. concentration d. scroll 2. To “fall for” a message means to .......... a. be tricked by it b. verify it c. reject it d. ignore it B. Use the correct form 1. Good ................ is necessary when reading long texts online. (concentrate) 1 concentration 2. Many shoppers ................ for loss-aversion tricks at least once. (fall – present perfect) 1 have fallen (Many shoppers have fallen for loss-aversion tricks at least once.) C. A student keeps every notification on while studying and scrolls until bedtime. Identify two likely problems and recommend two realistic changes. 1 Two likely problems: constant notifications break concentration while studying, and scrolling until bedtime can reduce sleep quality. Two realistic changes: turning off non- essential notifications during study time, and setting a fixed cut-off time for screen use before bed. A. Choose the correct answer 1. “Only three left!” creates .......... a. urgency b. generosity c. belonging d. confusion 2. A balanced review should include .......... a. benefits and drawbacks b. only praise c. only complaints d. no recommendation B. Use the correct form 1. Stop ................ and finish your homework first. (scroll) 1 scrolling 2. Researchers..............that sale shoppers often spend more overall. (find – present perfect) 1 have found C. A user likes an app because it gives quick access to information, but repeated alerts waste time and break concentration. Give one benefit, two drawbacks, and a suitable recommendation. 1 Benefit: quick access to information. Two drawbacks: repeated alerts waste time, and they break concentration. Recommendation: the user should turn off non-essential alerts and check the app at set times rather than allowing constant interruptions. 1. Explain why the explorers leave the Esmeralda and continue by canoe and later on foot. 1 The river becomes too shallow, narrow, or difficult for the larger steam launch to continue, forcing the explorers to switch first to smaller canoes and then to travel on foot as the terrain grows more remote and impassable for boats. 2. Explain how the explorers use the tree on the rock tower to reach the plateau. 1 They find a tall tree growing beside the rock tower and manage to fell it so that it falls across the gap, creating a natural bridge they can walk across to cross from the rock tower onto the plateau itself. 3. Why does Gomez destroy the tree bridge after the explorers cross it? 1 Gomez destroys the bridge out of revenge, trapping the explorers on the plateau, because he blames Lord John for the earlier deaths of his relatives (Pedro Lopez’s
44 JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Does Zambo deserve to be considered one of the heroes of the expedition? 1 Justify: State your judgment. Yes, Zambo deserves to be considered a hero. 1 Reasoning: Explain what makes his actions important after the betrayal. After Gomez’s betrayal leaves the explorers trapped, Zambo remains loyal and continues to support them from below, providing supplies and assistance despite the danger and difficulty of his position. 1 Evidence: Support your answer with details from the chapter. Unlike Gomez, who abandons and endangers the group, Zambo stays behind to help the stranded explorers, showing consistent loyalty and courage at a critical, dangerous moment in the story. 1. How are Zambo and Gomez presented as contrasting examples of loyalty and betrayal? 1 Zambo remains loyal, staying to help and support the explorers even after things go wrong, while Gomez betrays them by secretly destroying the tree bridge out of revenge, trapping the party on the plateau — the two men represent opposite responses to the same difficult situation. 2. Analyze how the sighting of the strange flying creature develops the conflict between evidence and scepticism. 1 Challenger interprets the sighting as clear confirmation of a living pterodactyl, supporting his long-held claims, while Summerlee remains cautious and skeptical, unwilling to accept such an extraordinary conclusion from a single, brief sighting — this tension dramatizes the ongoing theme of evidence versus doubt. 3. Evaluate the explorers’ decision to cross the tree bridge. Was the scientific goal worth the physical risk? Give reasons. 1 The decision was risky but arguably worth it: crossing the bridge was the only way to reach the plateau and verify Challenger’s extraordinary claims, and major scientific discoveries often require real risk; however, the destruction of the bridge afterward shows how seriously that risk could have — and nearly did — backfire. JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Do Lord John’s past actions help explain Gomez’s betrayal? 1 Justify: State your judgment. Yes, they help explain it, though they do not excuse it. 1 Reasoning: Explain how Lord John’s actions against Pedro Lopez’s group may have influenced Gomez. Lord John’s earlier actions against Pedro Lopez’s group directly motivate Gomez’s desire for revenge, showing that the betrayal is rooted in a personal grievance rather than random malice. 1 Evidence: Use evidence about Pedro Lopez, Gomez, and the trapped explorers. Gomez’s connection to Pedro Lopez, and his decision to destroy the bridge specifically to trap Lord John’s party, both indicate that his betrayal is a deliberate act of revenge tied to past events.
45 A. Choose the correct answer 1. To be balanced in a discussion, you should .......... the other side. .......... a. acknowledge b. punish c. purchase d. force 2. The explorers leave the Esmeralda because the river becomes unsuitable for a .......... a. steam launch b. canoe c. footpath d. bridge B. Story evidence. Explain how the tree on the rock tower becomes a bridge. Why does the explorers’ success immediately turn into a crisis? 1 The explorers fell a tree so that it falls across the gap between the rock tower and the plateau, creating a bridge to walk across. Their success immediately turns into a crisis because, once they cross, Gomez destroys the bridge behind them, trapping them on the plateau with no way back. C. JRE. Who handles danger more responsibly during the journey: Lord John or Challenger? Justify your judgment with evidence from the chapter. 1 Judgment: Lord John handles danger more responsibly. 1 Reasoning: As an experienced adventurer, Lord John approaches risk with practical skill and caution, while Challenger’s confidence sometimes leads him to underestimate real dangers. 1 Evidence: Lord John’s hunting and survival experience proves essential once the group is trapped on the plateau, showing a level-headedness that complements Challenger’s more impulsive certainty. A. Choose the correct answer 1. The small image printed beside a company’s name is its .......... a. logo b. loyalty c. consumer d. advantage 2. Gomez destroys the tree bridge because he wants revenge connected with .......... a. Pedro Lopez b. Maple White c. Summerlee d. Zambo B. Story evidence. How are Zambo and Gomez contrasting examples of loyalty and betrayal? Give one action by each man. 1 Zambo remains loyal, staying behind to support the trapped explorers despite the danger. Gomez betrays the group by secretly destroying the tree bridge to trap and punish Lord John’s party, motivated by revenge connected to Pedro Lopez. C. JRE. Do Lord John’s past actions help explain Gomez’s betrayal? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence about Pedro Lopez and the trapped explorers. 1 Judgment: Yes. 1 Reasoning: Gomez’s action is driven by a specific personal motive rooted in the past, not random cruelty, which helps explain — though not justify — his betrayal. 1 Evidence: Gomez’s link to the deaths of Pedro Lopez’s group at Lord John’s hands directly explains why he specifically targets Lord John’s expedition for revenge, trapping the explorers on the plateau. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Wearing a club T-shirt may create a feeling of .......... a. belonging b. preference c. challenge d. logo 2. The strange flying creature creates conflict because Challenger sees a pterodactyl while Summerlee remains.......... a. sceptical b. loyal c. trapped d. generous
46 B. Story evidence. Why is crossing the tree bridge physically risky, and what does the decision reveal about the explorers’ commitment to their scientific goal? 1 Crossing the tree bridge is physically risky because it is a narrow, unstable path over a dangerous drop with no safety net; the explorers’ willingness to cross it despite this danger reveals how deeply committed they are to confirming Challenger’s scientific claims, even at real personal risk. C. JRE. Was crossing the tree bridge worth the physical risk? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence from Chapter 4. 1 Judgment: Yes, on balance it was worth it. 1 Reasoning: The expedition’s entire purpose was to verify an extraordinary scientific claim, and reaching the plateau was the only way to gather direct, firsthand evidence. 1 Evidence: The sighting of the flying creature immediately after crossing shows that the risk led directly to significant evidence supporting Challenger’s theory, even though the destroyed bridge afterward shows how dangerous the choice truly was.
47 1. Choose the correct translation from a, b, c, or d. ١.. a. We should not trust claims merely because it has gone viral; the source, date, and evidence matter more than the number of views. b. We should trust every claim once it receives enough views online. c. The number of views is stronger evidence than sources, dates, or expert comments. d. Claims become accurate automatically when people share them widely. 2. “Selective framing can influence public understanding by showing some details while leaving out evidence that might change the interpretation.” — choose the correct Arabic translation: e f . g. h. ٣.. a. Scarcity indicators and countdown clocks may push some consumers to buy before comparing prices or asking whether they actually need the product. b. Scarcity indicators always help consumers compare prices more carefully. c. Countdown clocks remove emotional pressure from purchasing decisions. d. Consumers use countdown clocks mainly to store products safely. 2- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. A video shows only dramatic close-ups of an archaeological site and omits the wider context. This is an example of .......... a. chronological order b. selective framing c. conservation d. brand loyalty 2. Which action best demonstrates media literacy? a. Sharing a claim because a friend posted it b. Checking the source, date, evidence, and other reliable accounts before reposting c. Trusting a video because it has dramatic music d. Rejecting every online source without examining it 3. A customer repeatedly buys the same brand because its logo is connected with identity and belonging. This best illustrates .......... a. brand loyalty b. excavation c. documentation d. conservation 4. “Only two left — sale ends in three minutes!” mainly attempts to create .......... a. accuracy and patience b. urgency and loss aversion c. chronological order d. conservation awareness 5. Which evidence would make a historical online claim most credible? a. Millions of views b. An anonymous caption c. Dates, expert comments, photographs, and links to a verifiable archive d. A dramatic soundtrack 3- Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. Historical reports should present evidence with ................ rather than exaggeration. (accurate) 1 accuracy. 2. Digital archives can support the long-term.........of fragile objects and records. (conserve) 1 conservation
48 3. Strong media ................ helps users question emotional or misleading claims. (literate) 1 literacy 4. Retailers often use psychological pressure to influence consumer ................ (choose) 1 choices 5. A careful shopper is less likely to make an ................ purchase under time pressure. (impulse) 1 impulse 4- Read the information, then decide whether each statement is True (T) or False (F). Justify your answer with evidence. 1. A museum report includes photographs, dates, expert comments, and links to a digital archive, while a viral video gives no source or date. 1 Statement: The viral video and the museum report provide equally strong evidence because both discuss the same site. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The museum report includes verifiable evidence (photographs, dates, expert comments, archive links), while the viral video has no source or date at all, so they are not equally strong — the report is far more reliable. 2. Loss aversion can make people feel that not buying a discounted item means losing a benefit, even when they did not need the item. 1 Statement: Loss aversion can encourage unnecessary spending by changing how a shopper perceives the decision. True: False: 1 Justification: This matches the passage directly: loss aversion makes people feel that not buying a discounted item means losing a benefit, even when they don’t actually need it, which drives unnecessary spending. 5- Story - The Lost World (Chapters 3 - 4) 1. Analyze why Summerlee joins the expedition even though he doubts Challenger. What does his decision reveal about scientific skepticism? 1 Summerlee joins precisely because he doubts Challenger — as a rigorous scientist, he believes claims should be tested firsthand rather than dismissed or accepted on faith. His decision reveals that genuine scientific skepticism is not about refusing to investigate, but about demanding direct evidence before reaching a conclusion. 2. Explain how the public meeting changes Malone’s role from observer to participant. Why is his decision to volunteer both courageous and impulsive? 1 Malone begins as a journalist merely reporting on Challenger’s claims from the outside, but by publicly volunteering for the expedition, he becomes a direct participant risking his own safety in the search for truth. This is courageous because it commits him to real danger for the sake of discovery, but impulsive because he makes the life-changing decision suddenly, in the emotion of the moment, without full practical preparation. 3. Analyze how the tree bridge turns scientific ambition into immediate physical danger. What does the episode reveal about the explorers’ priorities? 1 The tree bridge is the explorers’ only means of reaching the plateau to verify Challenger’s claims, so crossing it converts an abstract scientific goal into a concrete, life-threatening physical challenge. The episode reveals that the explorers prioritize discovery and truth above personal safety, willingly accepting extreme risk in pursuit of scientific proof. 4. Compare Zambo and Gomez as contrasting examples of loyalty and betrayal. How does each man’s action affect the expedition? 1 Zambo remains faithfully loyal, supporting the explorers from below even after things go wrong, while Gomez betrays them out of personal revenge, destroying the bridge and trapping the party on the plateau. Zambo’s loyalty becomes a lifeline that helps the
49 explorers survive their ordeal, while Gomez’s betrayal is what creates the story’s central crisis and danger. JRE — Justify, Reasoning & Evidence Was crossing the tree bridge worth the physical risk? State your judgment, explain your reasoning, and use evidence from Chapter 4. Your answer should acknowledge a reasonable opposing view before reaching a conclusion. 1 Justify: Yes, on balance, it was worth the risk. 1 Reasoning: One could reasonably argue the risk was reckless, since the explorers had no way to guarantee their safety once across and were indeed left stranded — this is a fair opposing view. However, given that the entire purpose of the expedition was to verify an extraordinary scientific claim, reaching the plateau was essential, and the risk was a calculated one taken by experienced, willing adventurers. 1 Evidence: The sighting of the flying creature immediately after crossing provided direct evidence supporting Challenger’s theory — evidence that could not have been obtained any other way, showing the risk produced a meaningful scientific reward despite the danger that followed. Writing - Write 150 - 180 words. Write a discursive essay: “People make better decisions when they slow down and verify information rather than respond to emotional pressure.” Discuss the statement using BOTH historical/media examples from Unit 3 and consumer examples from Unit 4. Give a balanced conclusion. Writing — 150–180-word discursive essay: “People make better decisions when they slow down and verify information rather than respond to emotional pressure,” using examples from Unit 3 (historical/media) and Unit 4 (consumer). The claim that people make better decisions when they slow down and verify information is strongly supported by examples from both media and consumer life. In Unit 3, viral historical claims often spread rapidly because of emotional engagement rather than accuracy; a post with dramatic images and no source may be shared thousands of times, while a carefully verified report with dates and expert comments remains far more reliable, even if it spreads more slowly. Media-literate users who check sources before sharing avoid being misled by such selective framing. Similarly, in Unit 4, techniques such as countdown clocks and “only two left” warnings are deliberately designed to bypass rational thinking through urgency and loss aversion, pushing consumers toward impulsive purchases they may not actually need. In both cases, pausing to verify — whether checking a historical source or waiting before an online purchase — clearly leads to better, more rational outcomes than reacting immediately to emotional pressure. (≈175 words)
50 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. The greenhouse effect happens when gases in the atmosphere .......... heat. a. trap b. recycle c. remove d. divide 2. The variety of plant and animal life in an area is called .......... a. intensity b. biodiversity c. fraction d. consensus 3. A general agreement among a group of people is a .......... a. consensus b. hurricane c. fraction d. bleaching 4. The process in which oceans become more acidic is called .......... a. acidification b. irrigation c. adaptation d. conservation 5. Which connector is followed by a noun phrase? a. because b. since c. due to d. therefore 2- Complete with a suitable cause-and-effect connector. 1. ................ the planet is warming, glaciers are melting faster than ever. 1 Because / Since 2. Extreme heat is increasing; ................ , crop yields are falling. 1 as a result / consequently 3. ................ changing rainfall patterns, many fertile regions are becoming increasingly arid. 1 Due to 4. Habitats are shifting and temperatures are changing. ................, many species struggle to adapt. 1 As a result / Therefore 3- Read the information, then decide whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). Justify your answer. A. Human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, releases large amounts of carbon dioxide. These emissions strengthen the greenhouse effect and raise global temperatures. 1 Burning fossil fuels has no connection with the rise in global temperatures. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage states that burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, which strengthens the greenhouse effect and directly raises global temperatures — so there is a clear, strong connection. B. Climate change can increase extreme weather, threaten food security, raise sea levels, and damage biodiversity. 1 The effects of climate change are limited to weather and do not affect ecosystems or food. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The passage states climate change can threaten food security and damage biodiversity as well as affect weather — its effects clearly go beyond weather alone. Write a 150–180-word argumentative paragraph about: “Humans are mainly responsible for climate change.” State a clear claim, support it with reasons/evidence, acknowledge an opposing view, and use at least two cause-and-effect connectors. Humans are mainly responsible for climate change, primarily through the large-scale burning of fossil fuels. Because industrial activity, transportation, and energy production
51 release enormous quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect has intensified dramatically over the past century, trapping more heat and raising global temperatures. As a result, glaciers are melting faster, sea levels are rising, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent — patterns that closely track the rise of industrialization rather than any natural cycle alone. Some argue that natural factors, such as volcanic activity or solar cycles, also influence the climate, and this is true to a limited extent. However, the speed and scale of recent warming far exceed what natural causes alone can explain, strongly pointing to human activity as the dominant driver. In conclusion, while natural factors play a minor role, the overwhelming scientific consensus confirms that human emissions are the primary cause of today’s climate crisis, making urgent human action essential. (≈165 words) 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Solar photovoltaic panels convert sunlight into .......... a. electricity b. fossil fuel c. coal d. natural gas 2. Wind turbines harness the .......... energy of wind. a. kinetic b. chemical c. nuclear d. stored 3. Which source uses the Earth’s heat? a. hydro b. solar c. geothermal d. wind 4. Which modal best gives a recommendation? a. should b. might c. could d. can 5. Which modal completes the sentence to show a weak possibility? It .......... rain later. a. might b. must c. should d. ought to 6. Which feature is essential in an informational leaflet? a. an eye-catching headline b. a long fictional plot c. dialogue between characters d. a secret ending 2- Complete with a suitable modal verb. 1. Wind farms ................ generate enough electricity when supported by proper infrastructure. (ability/capacity) 1 can/could 2. Governments ................ invest more in renewable energy. (advice/ recommendation) 1 should 3. Electric vehicles ................ become the global standard within a decade, although this is not certain. (possibility) 1 might/could 4. Governments ................ act quickly when environmental damage becomes severe. (strong necessity) 1 must 3- Read and answer. Benban Solar Park is one of Egypt’s major clean-energy projects. Solar power can reduce dependence on fossil fuels, but renewable-energy systems also require investment, infrastructure, and reliable storage. 1. Give one environmental advantage of solar power. 1 One environmental advantage of solar power: it reduces dependence on fossil fuels, which lowers greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. 2. Why may infrastructure and storage be important in the energy transition? 1 Infrastructure and storage matter because solar power is not always available (e.g. at night or on cloudy days); reliable storage and proper infrastructure are needed to ensure a steady, dependable energy supply during the transition away from fossil fuels.
52 Informational leaflet: “Power Your Future with Renewable Energy” Create the written content for an informational leaflet titled: “Power Your Future with Renewable Energy” Include: an eye-catching headline, two subheadings, concise bullet points, at least two modal verbs, and a clear call to action. Why Renewable Energy Matters 1 Fossil fuels are running out and damaging our planet — renewable sources like solar, wind, and geothermal energy offer a cleaner path forward. 1 Egypt’s Benban Solar Park shows that large-scale clean energy is already possible here at home. What You Should Know 1 Solar panels can convert sunlight directly into electricity for homes and businesses. 1 Governments should invest in infrastructure and storage to make renewable energy reliable every day, not just when the sun shines or the wind blows. 1 Take Action Today Support clean energy in your community — ask your school to consider solar panels, and choose energy-saving habits at home. Together, we can power a sustainable future. A. Choose the correct answer: 1. An area with many different kinds of plants and animals has rich ................ . a. biodiversity b. intensity c. fraction d. consensus 2. Which modal verb is most commonly used to give advice or make a recommendation? .......... a. should b. might c. can d. could 1. Rewrite using a cause connector: “The ice melts. Sea levels rise.” 1 Because the ice melts, sea levels rise. 2. Complete: Battery storage technology ................ solve intermittency, but this is not certain. 1 might C. JRE. Should governments invest urgently in renewable energy? Justify your judgment, give reasoning, and support it with evidence/example. 1 Judgment: Yes, governments should invest urgently. 1 Reasoning: Delaying investment allows greenhouse gas emissions to continue rising, worsening climate impacts that become more costly and harder to reverse over time. 1 Evidence: For example, Egypt’s Benban Solar Park demonstrates that large-scale renewable investment is achievable and can meaningfully reduce dependence on fossil fuels. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A general agreement is a.......... a. consensus b. hurricane c. fraction d. bleaching 2. Geothermal energy uses .......... a. Earth’s heat b. moving water c. sunlight d. coal B. 1. Complete: ................ the planet is warming, glaciers are melting faster. 1 Because/Since
53 2. Schools ................ consider installing solar panels. (recommendation) 1 should C. JRE. Can renewable energy significantly reduce the effects of the climate crisis? Give judgment, reasoning, and a relevant example. 1 Judgment: Yes, it can make a significant difference. 1 Reasoning: Replacing fossil fuels with clean sources directly reduces the greenhouse gas emissions that drive global warming. 1 Evidence: For example, large projects like Benban Solar Park reduce reliance on fossil fuels at scale, showing renewable energy’s real potential to cut emissions. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Ocean acidification means oceans become more .......... a. acidic b. fertile c. stable d. dry 2. A leaflet should usually include a clear.......... a. call to action b. fictional climax c. dialogue d. secret B. 1. Complete: ................ the extreme heat, crops failed. 1 Due to 2. Solar energy ................ power entire cities by 2050. (possibility/potential) 1 could/might C. JRE. Which is more important for a sustainable energy future: technology or public action? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence/example. 1 Judgment: Both are essential, though public action determines whether technology is actually adopted. 1 Reasoning: Even the best renewable technology has little impact unless governments and individuals choose to invest in and use it. 1 Evidence: For example, solar panel technology already exists and works, but its impact depends on public and government willingness to fund and install projects like Benban Solar Park. 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. The state of knowing about and understanding an issue is .......... a. awareness b. recycling c. emissions d. efficiency 2. A plan or program introduced to achieve a specific goal is an .......... a. initiative b. emission c. frequency d. argument 3. Converting waste materials into new, reusable products is .......... a. recycling b. bleaching c. consumption d. extraction 4. The ability to meet present needs without harming future generations is .......... a. sustainability b. urgency c. intensity d. loyalty 5. What does “significantly” show here? a. degree b. place c. time only d. manner only 6. “Regularly” mainly shows .......... a. frequency b. cause c. contrast d. result 2- Complete with an appropriate adverb of degree or frequency. 1. Egypt has ................ expanded several clean-energy projects. (degree) 1 significantly 2. Schools ................ organize environmental awareness activities. (frequency) 1 regularly / frequently
54 3. Recycling can ................ reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills. (degree) 1 greatly / significantly 3- JRE. To what extent does Benban Solar Park help protect the environment? 1 Justify: Benban Solar Park helps protect the environment to a considerable extent. 1 Reasoning: By generating large amounts of clean electricity, it reduces Egypt’s dependence on fossil fuels and cuts greenhouse gas emissions, contributing directly to reducing the greenhouse effect. 1 Evidence: As one of Egypt’s major clean-energy projects, its scale allows it to significantly offset the energy that would otherwise have been produced by burning fossil fuels, though its impact is limited by broader challenges of infrastructure and storage across the wider energy system. Write a 150–180 word argumentative paragraph about: “Government projects are more effective than individual actions in protecting Egypt’s environment.” Use clear claims, supporting evidence/examples from green projects in Egypt, a concession, and adverbials of degree/frequency. Government projects are generally more effective than individual actions in protecting Egypt’s environment, mainly because of their scale and resources. Large-scale initiatives such as Benban Solar Park can significantly reduce national dependence on fossil fuels in a way that no number of individual choices could match on their own, since governments have the funding and infrastructure to implement clean energy at a national level. Government policy can also regularly enforce environmental standards across entire industries, creating consistent, widespread impact. It must be conceded, however, that individual actions still matter: recycling, reducing consumption, and raising awareness frequently build the public support that makes large government projects politically possible in the first place. In conclusion, while individual efforts play a meaningful supporting role, government-led projects remain significantly more effective at protecting Egypt’s environment because of their far greater scale, funding, and long-term impact. (≈160 words) 1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. A strong will to finish a task is .......... a. determination b. communication c. innovation d. participation 2. Which action best represents eco-activism? a. organizing a community recycling campaign b. ignoring local waste c. increasing unnecessary consumption d. avoiding all teamwork 3. Which detail best shows that a project is affordable? a. It is discussed at a conference. b. It uses solar energy. c. Its materials cost less than 3000 Egyptian pounds, which is within the project’s stated budget. d. It has a memorable name. 4. Young environmental leaders can create change through .......... a. innovation and community action b. silence and isolation c. waste and overconsumption d. avoiding evidence
55 2- Find a word or phrase that could replace each word. 1. persistence → determination 2. inexpensive → affordable / low-cost 3. very well-placed → strategically located / well-positioned 4. representative → delegate / spokesperson 3- Read and answer. A group of students designs a low-cost solar device, presents it at a youth summit, and then works with volunteers to install similar devices in their community. 1. What shows that the project combines innovation and collective action? 1 What shows the project combines innovation and collective action: the students design (innovate) a low-cost solar device themselves, and then work with volunteers (collective action) to install similar devices throughout their community. 2. What evidence would you need to evaluate whether the project is successful? 1 Evidence needed to evaluate success: data such as the number of devices installed, how many households now use them, measurable energy savings, or feedback from the community on the device’s usefulness. Prepare a short proposal for a school Eco-Leaders project. 1 Include: the environmental problem, your proposed action, who will participate, evidence that the action is realistic, and how you will measure success. Proposal: School Solar-Charging Station Project 1 Environmental problem: Our school relies entirely on grid electricity, some of which comes from fossil fuels, and students frequently waste paper and plastic without a proper recycling system. 1 Proposed action: Install a small solar-panel charging station in the courtyard and launch a weekly recycling collection run by student volunteers. 1 Participants: A team of Eco-Leaders (student volunteers), supervised by a science teacher, with support from the school administration for funding and space. 1 Evidence the action is realistic: Similar low-cost solar devices have already been successfully built and installed by student groups in their communities, and basic recycling bins are inexpensive and easy to maintain. 1 Measuring success: We will track the amount of recycled material collected each month and measure the electricity generated and used by the solar station, comparing results term by term to show real, growing impact. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Converting waste into reusable products is .......... a. recycling b. emissions c. efficiency d. awareness 2. A strong will to finish a task is .......... a. determination b. communication c. participation d. fraction B. Complete the following: 1. Egypt has ................ expanded clean-energy projects. Choose an adverb of degree. 1 significantly 2. Schools ................ organize awareness activities. Choose an adverb of frequency. 1 regularly
56 C. A youth team runs a recycling campaign every month and measures how much waste is collected. Explain one strength of the project and one piece of evidence that could show its effectiveness. 1 Strength: the campaign runs consistently every month, building a sustainable habit rather than a one-off effort. Evidence of effectiveness: the measured amount of waste collected each month, especially if it shows a rising or steady trend over time. D. JRE. Are government projects more effective than individual actions in Egypt? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence/example. 1 Judgment: Government projects are generally more effective at scale, but individual actions remain valuable. 1 Reasoning: Government projects have the funding and infrastructure to create nationwide impact, while individual actions build the public support and daily habits that sustain larger change. 1 Evidence: For example, Benban Solar Park (a government-led project) has a far larger environmental impact than any single individual’s actions could achieve alone, though community recycling campaigns still meaningfully reduce local waste. A. Choose the correct answer 1. A program introduced to achieve a goal is an .......... a. initiative b. emission c. frequency d. consensus 2. Meeting present needs without harming future generations is .......... a. sustainability b. urgency c. bleaching d. loss aversion B. Complete the following: 1. Recycling can ................ reduce waste sent to landfills. Use an adverb of degree. 1 significantly/greatly 2. Volunteers ................ meet to clean the local area. Use an adverb of frequency. 1 regularly C. Students build an inexpensive solar device and train families to use it. Identify the innovation, the collective action, and one way to measure the project’s impact. 1 Innovation: the students design an inexpensive solar device themselves. Collective action: they train families in the community to use it. One way to measure impact: track how many families adopt and continue to use the device successfully over time. D. JRE. To what extent can young people lead environmental change in their communities? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence. 1 Judgment: Young people can lead meaningful, though not unlimited, environmental change. 1 Reasoning: Youth-led initiatives bring energy, innovation, and community mobilization, though they often still need adult or institutional support for funding and scale. 1 Evidence: For example, a student group that designs a low-cost solar device and works with volunteers to install it shows how youth innovation combined with collective action can produce real, tangible community impact. A. Choose the correct answer 1. Gases released into the atmosphere are .......... a. emissions b. initiatives c. efficiency d. awareness 2. Young people working together on a campaign show .......... a. participation b. isolation c. indifference d. waste B. Complete the following: 1. The city has ................ improved waste management. Use an adverb of degree. 1 significantly/greatly
57 2. Community volunteers.........plant trees in the neighborhood. Use an adverb of frequency. 1 regularly C. Read and evaluate. A city launches clean transport, recycling, and awareness projects, while residents change daily habits. Explain why both institutional and individual actions may be necessary. 1 Both are necessary because institutional projects (clean transport, recycling systems) create the large-scale infrastructure needed for real change, while individual habit changes (residents adjusting daily behavior) ensure that infrastructure is actually used effectively — neither alone is sufficient. D. JRE. Which creates more lasting environmental change: large-scale projects or repeated small actions? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence/example. 1 Judgment: Large-scale projects create more lasting structural change, but repeated small actions sustain it. 1 Reasoning: Large projects such as solar parks or public transport systems change the underlying infrastructure, while consistent small individual actions maintain and reinforce that change day to day. 1 Evidence: For example, Benban Solar Park creates a lasting reduction in fossil-fuel dependence, but this impact is reinforced by ongoing small actions like households reducing daily energy consumption. 1. Explain how the iguanodons provide strong evidence that Challenger’s story is true. 1 Seeing live, herds of iguanodons — large prehistoric creatures previously known only from fossils — gives the explorers direct, first-hand visual confirmation of exactly the kind of surviving prehistoric life Challenger had claimed existed on the plateau, moving his theory from disputed claim to observed fact. 2. What happens at the pterodactyl swamp, and why are the explorers forced to escape quickly? 1 The explorers disturb a colony (rookery) of pterodactyls at the swamp, and the creatures react aggressively, attacking the group; because the pterodactyls are large, numerous, and dangerous, the explorers must retreat quickly to avoid being seriously hurt or killed. 3. Explain what the damaged supplies at Fort Challenger suggest about another danger on the plateau. 1 The damaged supplies suggest that some other creature or unknown danger has entered the camp while the explorers were away, indicating the plateau holds additional, unseen threats beyond the animals they have already directly encountered. By this stage, has Challenger’s scientific claim been proved to the other explorers? 1 Justify: State your judgment. Yes, by this stage the claim has been effectively proved. 1 Reasoning: Explain why the discoveries are or are not enough. Direct, repeated firsthand sightings of living prehistoric creatures leave little room for reasonable doubt, unlike earlier evidence which relied on sketches or photographs that could theoretically be questioned. 1 Evidence: Use at least two discoveries from the chapter. The explorers directly witness a herd of living iguanodons and are attacked by pterodactyls at the swamp — two separate, undeniable firsthand encounters with prehistoric life that confirm Challenger’s original claim.
58 1. Analyze how Summerlee’s reaction to the prehistoric animals shows a change in his role as the expedition’s skeptic. 1 Having demanded firsthand proof before joining the expedition, Summerlee’s role shifts from doubter to witness once he directly sees the iguanodons and pterodactyls — his skepticism, rather than being abandoned, is now satisfied by genuine evidence, showing that his doubt was always open to being changed by sufficient proof. 2. How does the chapter present the lost world as both wonderful and dangerous? 1 The plateau is wonderful because it offers an extraordinary, scientifically unprecedented glimpse of surviving prehistoric life, exciting and amazing the explorers; it is dangerous because that same wildlife, such as the aggressive pterodactyls, poses a genuine, life- threatening physical risk to the team. 3. Analyze the contrast between the scientists’ excitement and Lord John’s practical response during the pterodactyl encounter. 1 Challenger and Summerlee are absorbed in scientific wonder and excitement at the discovery, while Lord John, the experienced adventurer, focuses on immediate practical safety, managing the danger and helping the group escape — the contrast JRE (Justify, Reasoning & Evidence) Is scientific curiosity shown as a strength or a danger in this chapter? 1 Justify: State your judgment. It is shown as both a strength and a danger, ultimately requiring practical judgment. 1 Reasoning: Explain how curiosity affects the explorers’ choices. Curiosity drives the explorers to seek out and confirm extraordinary discoveries, which is a real strength, but unchecked curiosity also leads them into direct danger, such as the pterodactyl attack, showing the need to balance it with caution. 1 Evidence: Use details from the iguanodons, pterodactyls, or the camp. The iguanodon sighting rewards their curiosity with proof of Challenger’s claims (a strength), while approaching the pterodactyl rookery too closely nearly gets them seriously hurt (a danger). A. Choose the stronger argumentative move: (acknowledge an opposing view and refute it / ignore every opposing view). Then write one suitable cause-andeffect connector. 1 Stronger argumentative move: acknowledge an opposing view and refute it. Suitable connector: “Although” / “As a result”. B. 1. A plan introduced to achieve a goal is an ................ (initiative) 2. A modal expressing strong necessity is ................ (must) C. Story: What do the iguanodons prove, and how does Summerlee’s reaction show that his position has changed? 1 The iguanodons prove that living prehistoric creatures genuinely exist on the plateau, directly confirming Challenger’s claims. Summerlee’s reaction shows his position has changed because, having previously demanded proof before believing Challenger, he now reacts with genuine scientific wonder upon seeing the evidence with his own eyes.
59 D. JRE. Is scientific curiosity mainly a strength or a danger in Chapter 5? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence. 1 Judgment: Both, but it functions best as a strength when balanced with caution. 1 Reasoning: Curiosity leads to genuine, valuable discovery, but without practical restraint it also leads the explorers into real physical danger. 1 Evidence: The sighting of the iguanodons rewards the explorers’ curiosity with confirmation of Challenger’s theory, while their approach to the pterodactyl rookery shows how the same curiosity nearly leads to disaster. A. Write one sentence that states a clear argumentative claim about environmental responsibility, then add one concession starter such as “Although…” or “While…”. 1 Example claim: “Individuals and institutions must share responsibility for protecting the environment.” Concession starter: “Although some argue that large-scale industry bears most of the blame, individual habits still matter.” B. 1. A person who develops a new idea, method, or product is an ______. (innovator) 2. Converting waste into reusable products is ______. (recycling) C. Story What happens at the pterodactyl swamp? Contrast the scientists’ reaction with Lord John’s practical response. 1 At the pterodactyl swamp, the explorers disturb a colony of pterodactyls, which attack aggressively, forcing a hurried escape. The scientists react with fascination and excitement at the discovery, while Lord John responds practically, focusing on getting the group to safety quickly. D. JRE. Has Challenger’s scientific claim been convincingly proved by the discoveries in Chapter 5? Give judgment, reasoning, and at least two pieces of evidence. 1 Judgment: Yes, convincingly proved. 1 Reasoning: Two separate, direct sightings of different prehistoric species provide strong, mutually reinforcing firsthand evidence that is very difficult to dismiss as coincidence or error. 1 Evidence: (1) The herd of living iguanodons seen by the whole group; (2) the aggressive encounter with the pterodactyl colony at the swamp — both independently confirm the existence of surviving prehistoric life. A. → → →Complete an argumentative structure: Claim Reason/Evidence ______ Conclusion. Then write one suitable concluding phrase. 1 A. Structure: Claim → Reason/Evidence → Counterargument/Concession → Conclusion. Concluding phrase example: “In conclusion, ...” / “Overall, this shows that...” B. 1. A general agreement is a ................ (consensus) 2. The state of knowing about and understanding a particular issue is................ (awareness) C. Story: What do the damaged supplies and the strange footprint suggest about the plateau? Explain why this creates a new kind of anger. 1 The damaged supplies and the strange footprint suggest that another dangerous creature has been near or inside Fort Challenger while the explorers were away — this creates a new kind of danger because it means threats exist even at their supposedly safe base camp, not just out in the wild plateau. D. JRE. Were the explorers careful enough when they approached the pterodactyl rookery? Give judgment, reasoning, and evidence. 1 Judgment: No, they were not careful enough.
60 1 Reasoning: Their scientific excitement seems to have overridden appropriate caution, leading them to get dangerously close to a large colony of aggressive creatures without adequate preparation for defense or retreat. 1 Evidence: The sudden, forced escape from the pterodactyl swamp shows that the explorers underestimated the danger and were caught unprepared for the creatures’ aggressive reaction. 1. Translation — Choose the correct translation from a, b, c, or d. ١. . a. Institutions can widen genuine choice by removing barriers, but individuals are still responsible for the decisions they make within those opportunities. b. Institutions are fully responsible for every personal decision once barriers are removed. c. Individuals have no responsibility when schools or governments provide support. d. Removing barriers means forcing everyone to make exactly the same choice. 2. “Renewable energy can reduce dependence on fossil fuels, although large-scale transition also requires investment, infrastructure, and reliable storage.” — choose the correct Arabic translation: a. . b.. c.. d.. 3. “Scientific curiosity can lead to important discoveries, but evidence from the story also shows that curiosity without practical caution may create serious danger.” — choose the correct Arabic translation: a. . b.. c.. d.. 2. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d. 1. Which statement best captures the idea of shared responsibility? a. Healthy outcomes depend only on willpower. b. Institutions shape opportunities while individuals also make choices within them. c. Schools should make every decision for students. d. Structural barriers disappear when people are motivated. 2. A post about climate change gives no source but uses alarming images and absolute claims. The most appropriate first response is to .......... a. share it quickly because the issue is urgent b. verify the source, evidence, date, and relevant expert information c. reject climate science completely d. judge it only by the number of views 3. A city installs solar panels, improves public transport, and runs recycling campaigns while residents change daily habits. This most strongly supports the claim that .......... a. only individual action matters b. environmental change may require both institutional and individual action
61 c. technology alone solves environmental problems d. awareness campaigns make infrastructure unnecessary 4. Which option is the strongest evidence-based conclusion? a. All digital platforms are harmful. b. Renewable energy is perfect and has no limitations. c. Different problems require evaluation of evidence, context, benefits, limitations, and responsibility. d. Popular choices are usually the most reliable choices. 5. The variety of plant and animal life in an area is called .......... a. biodiversity b. urgency c. resilience d. chronology 3. Find the word or phrase from the text that could meaningfully replace the words in the box. Balanced decision-making requires more than a quick reaction. A student may question a perfectly curated post, a museum visitor may check whether a dramatic historical claim is supported by reliable records, and a shopper may resist artificial urgency. Environmental decisions require the same discipline: people need to consider long-term sustainability, the variety of living species that may be affected, and whether proposed projects can realistically be maintained. Across these situations, informed choice depends on evidence, context, and awareness of the pressures that shape behavior. 1. carefully selected to present an ideal image: “a perfectly curated post” (curated) 2. trustworthy documented information: “reliable records” 3. false pressure to act immediately: “artificial urgency” 4. ability to continue without exhausting resources: “long-term sustainability” 5. range of plant and animal life: “the variety of living species” (biodiversity) 4. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. Community support can increase young people’s sense of ................ and participation. (belong) 1 belonging 2. Historical researchers should value ................ when presenting evidence. (accurate) 1 accuracy 3. Investment in clean transport may improve environmental ................ over time. (sustain) 1 sustainability 4. Supportive relationships can strengthen emotional ................ during difficult periods. (resilient) 1 resilience 5. Public campaigns can raise environmental ................ without removing individual choice. (aware) 1 awareness 5. Read the information, then decide whether each statement is True (T) or False (F). Justify your answer with evidence. 1. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases that strengthen the greenhouse effect and contribute to rising global temperatures. 1 Statement: Reducing fossil-fuel dependence can be relevant to climate action because emissions are connected with warming. True: False: ____ 1 Justification: The passage confirms that burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases that strengthen the greenhouse effect and raise temperatures, so reducing that dependence is directly relevant to climate action. 2. A school survey based on a very small, unrepresentative sample may not justify a broad conclusion about all teenagers. 1 Statement: A claim becomes reliable automatically if it is expressed confidently, even when the sample is weak.
62 True: ____ False: 1 Justification: A weak, unrepresentative sample does not become reliable just because a claim is stated confidently — the passage shows that a small sample may not justify a broad conclusion, regardless of how confidently it is expressed. 3. Creative hobbies may support flow and resilience, while clear screen-time boundaries can protect sleep and attention. 1 Statement: The book presents healthy leisure as a choice between completely rejecting technology and using screens without limits. True: ____ False: 1 Justification: The book actually presents a balanced middle path — creative hobbies supporting flow and resilience alongside clear screen-time boundaries — not an all-or- nothing choice between total rejection and unlimited use. 6. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer. 1. a. If support had been available earlier, some students might have managed the pressure more effectively. b. ...might managed... c. If support was available earlier, some students might have manage... d. If support had available earlier... 2. a. Despite its enormous size, the museum can guide visitors through a clear chronological route. b. Although its enormous size... c. Despite the museum is enormous... d. Although of its enormous size... a. Only after examining the evidence did the researchers revise their conclusion.) b., c., d. all have incorrect word order/inversion. 7. Complete these sentences with the correct present perfect form of the verbs between brackets. 1. Schools ................ (introduce) several programs to support student wellbeing in recent years. 1 have introduced 2. Digital platforms ................ (change) the way people receive information and advertising. 1 have changed 3. Museums ................ (develop) new ways to preserve and share historical records. 1 have developed 4. Many communities ................ (begin) investing in renewable-energy projects. 1 have begun 5. Researchers ................ (find) that evidence and context are essential when evaluating broad claims. 1 have found 8. Write 150–180 words. Write an argumentative essay: “The most effective solutions to modern problems combine informed individual choices with responsible institutional action.” Discuss this statement using relevant ideas from at least THREE units. Include a clear position, evidence/examples, a concession to an opposing view, and a concluding judgment. The most effective solutions to modern problems genuinely do combine informed individual choices with responsible institutional action, as ideas from across this book’s units demonstrate. In Unit 1, structural barriers such as unsafe neighborhoods can limit healthy choices no matter how motivated a person is, showing that institutions must remove such obstacles before individual agency can be fully effective. In Unit 3, media literacy — an
63 individual skill of verifying sources before sharing — protects against the misinformation that spreads when institutions alone cannot police every viral post. In Unit 5, large government projects like Benban Solar Park create essential infrastructure, but their success still depends on individuals adopting sustainable daily habits. Some may argue that large institutions alone can solve most modern problems through funding and policy; however, without informed, willing individuals to support and use these systems, institutional efforts often fail to achieve lasting change. In conclusion, genuine progress requires both responsible institutions and informed individuals working together, since neither alone is sufficient to solve today’s complex challenges. (≈175 words) 9. Story — The Lost World (Chapters 1–5) 1. Analyze how Malone changes from a young man seeking adventure partly to impress Gladys into a participant who must respond to genuine scientific and physical danger. 1 Malone begins the story chasing danger largely to prove his courage to Gladys, driven more by personal desire than by any real understanding of risk; by the plateau, however, he must respond to genuine, life-threatening dangers — pterodactyl attacks, being trapped by Gomez’s betrayal — that force him to develop real courage and resourcefulness independent of any wish to impress anyone, showing authentic personal growth. 2. Challenger is difficult, secretive, and sometimes violent. Evaluate whether the evidence across Chapters 2–5 nevertheless establishes his scientific credibility. 1 Despite his poor personal conduct, the cumulative physical evidence — the sketchbook, photograph, wing fragment, and finally direct sightings of living iguanodons and pterodactyls — independently and repeatedly confirms his original claims, establishing strong scientific credibility that stands apart from, and ultimately outweighs, the reader’s or other characters’ personal dislike of him. 3. Compare Summerlee’s skepticism before the expedition with his reaction to the prehistoric animals. What does this change suggest about responsible scientific doubt? 1 Before the expedition, Summerlee firmly doubted Challenger’s claims and demanded firsthand proof; once he witnesses the prehistoric animals directly, his skepticism gives way to genuine acceptance. This change suggests that responsible scientific doubt is not stubborn, permanent rejection, but a reasonable, evidence-based position that should — and does — change when sufficient direct evidence is presented. 4. Contrast Gomez’s betrayal with Zambo’s loyalty. How do their actions change the meaning of courage and responsibility in the expedition? 1 Gomez’s betrayal, driven by personal revenge, actively endangers the entire expedition by trapping them on the plateau, while Zambo’s continued loyal support from below, despite danger and difficulty, becomes essential to their survival. Together, their contrasting actions show that courage and responsibility are ultimately defined not by strength or skill, but by whether a person’s choices support or endanger others in a crisis. 5. Analyze the pterodactyl-swamp episode as a conflict between scientific curiosity and practical survival. Why is Lord John’s response important? 1 The scientists’ eager approach to the pterodactyl rookery, driven by curiosity, nearly leads to disaster when the creatures attack; Lord John’s calm, practical response — focusing on immediate safety and escape rather than continued observation — is what allows the group to survive the encounter, showing that unchecked curiosity needs to be balanced by practical judgment to avoid real harm.
64 JRE — Justify, Reasoning & Evidence By the end of Chapter 5, is scientific curiosity presented mainly as a strength, mainly as a danger, or as a quality that requires practical judgment? State your judgment, explain your reasoning, and support it with at least THREE specific details from the story. 1 Justify: Scientific curiosity is presented as a quality that requires practical judgment — valuable, but only when balanced with caution. 1 Reasoning: Throughout the story, curiosity repeatedly drives the explorers to make remarkable discoveries, but the same curiosity, when unchecked, also repeatedly places them in serious danger, showing that its value depends entirely on how responsibly it is acted upon. 1 Evidence: (1) Malone’s and Challenger’s curiosity initially drives the entire expedition and leads to genuine discovery of the plateau’s prehistoric life; (2) the scientists’ excited approach to the pterodactyl rookery, driven by curiosity, nearly gets the group seriously hurt; (3) Lord John’s practical, less purely curious response during that same encounter is what actually saves the group, showing that curiosity must be paired with caution to be a true strength rather than a liability.