TYPES OF BIG DATA 3 V’S OF BIG DATA USE OF BIG DATA IN DESIGN PHASE Site analysis using climate and environmental data Performance-based design (energy, daylight, ventilation) Parametric and data- driven form generation Clash detection and design optimization through BIM Accurate quantity take- offs and cost forecasting USE OF BIG DATA IN CONSTRUCTION PHASE Project scheduling and delay prediction Real-time monitoring using IoT sensors Productivity tracking of labor and machinery Safety monitoring and risk analysis Material management and supply chain optimization USE OF BIG DATA IN CONSTRUCTION PHASE Energy consumption monitoring and optimization Predictive maintenance of HVAC and equipment Occupancy analysis for space utilization Facility management and lifecycle cost control Performance feedback for future design improvements BENEFITS OF IoT Decision-making Reduced delays Reduced delays Improved safety Energy efficiency ADVANTAGES OF IoT DISADVANTAGES OF IoT IoT IN CONSTRUCTION – EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES USED BIG DATA AND INTERNET OF THINGS BIG DATA AND INTERNET OF THINGS MATERIALS AND METHODS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION VAJRAPU SRI VARSHINI 1BQ22AT080 8 B - BMSSAth Big Data involves the collection and analysis of vast amounts of data from construction sites, BIM models, sensors, drones, IoT devices, project schedules, cost databases, and user feedback to improve decision-making, efficiency, safety, and sustainability. STRUCTURED DATA UNSTRUCTURED DATA SEMI STRUCTURED DATA Structured data is organized data stored in predefined formats (rows and columns), making it easy to store, search, and analyze using databases. Eg. excel or SQL files Semi-structured data does not follow a strict tabular format but contains tags or markers that provide some organizational properties. Eg. Audio, Video image files Unstructured data refers to data that has no predefined format or organization, making it difficult to process using conventional tools. Eg. XML files01 Refers to the huge quantity of data generated in construction and architecture projects. This includes BIM models, drawings, cost records, sensor readings, drone images, contracts, and site reports. Large infrastructure projects generate terabytes of data throughout their lifecycle. Refers to the speed at which data is generated, transmitted, and processed. For example, IoT sensors on site continuously send real-time data about temperature, equipment usage, worker movement, and progress updates. It requires fast processing systems. It also enables real-time decision-making and quick response to issues. VOLUME02 VELOCITY03 VARIETY Refers to the different forms and formats of data used in projects. Data can be structured (cost sheets), semi-structured (BIM metadata), or unstructured (images, videos, voice recordings). It provides a comprehensive understanding of the project from multiple dimensions. The challenge faced is the integration of multiple data types. The Internet of Things (IoT) in construction refers to the use of interconnected sensors, devices, and smart equipment that collect, transmit, and analyze real-time data to improve construction efficiency, safety, and project management. COMPONENTS ACTUATORSSENSORS & DEVICES CONNECTIVITY (NETWORK LAYER) DATA PROCESSING USER INTERFACE IoT enables real-time monitoring of construction activities, improving decision-making, productivity, and overall project efficiency. It enhances worker safety through smart wearables, hazard alerts, and environmental monitoring systems. Continuous tracking of equipment, materials, and workforce reduces delays and prevents resource wastage. Predictive maintenance minimizes machinery breakdowns and downtime. IoT also supports quality control through sensors (e.g., concrete curing monitoring) and improves energy management in smart buildings. IoT requires high initial investment for sensors, devices, network infrastructure, and cloud systems. Data security and cybersecurity risks are significant due to continuous data transmission and storage. The system depends heavily on stable internet connectivity, and network failures can disrupt operations. Integration with existing construction technologies and software can be complex and time-consuming. Additionally, managing large volumes of data requires skilled professionals and technical expertise. Maintenance of devices, software updates, and potential system failures can further increase operational costs. Used for aerial surveying, site mapping, progress monitoring, and inspection of hard-to-reach areas. They save time and improve accuracy in data collection. 01. Drones Installed to monitor temperature, vibration, concrete curing, and structural health. They ensure safety, quality control, and proper construction performance. 02. Smart Sensors Provide real-time site surveillance and detect unsafe activities, improving supervision, safety compliance, and overall site security. 03. Smart Cameras Devices like smart helmets and bands t
COMPONENTS OF A CURTAIN WALL MATERIALS USED JOINERY DETAILS MATERIALS USED IN THE CASE STUDY CASE STUDY- CURTAIN WALL CASE STUDY- CURTAIN WALL MATERIALS AND METHODS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION VAJRAPU SRI VARSHINI 1BQ22AT080 8 B - BMSSAth A curtail wall refers to a short RCC wall provided at the ends of a bridge abutment or retaining structure to hold the approach embankment soil in position and prevent lateral earth movement. It is constructed using reinforced concrete, often cast in situ, and works as a supporting extension of the abutment to: 01Retain backfill material Prevent erosion and scouring02 Provide stability to the approach slab03 Improve durability of the substructure04 TYPES STICK SYSTEM UNITIZED SYSTEM SEMI-UNITIZED SYSTEM 1. Stick System: Built and glazed completely on site by assembling mullions and transoms first, then fixing glass panels. Suitable for small to medium buildings but time-consuming. 2. Unitized System: Pre-fabricated and pre-glazed panels manufactured in factory and installed as large units. Faster, high quality, ideal for high-rise buildings. 3. Semi-Unitized System: Combination system where main framing is fixed on site and glazed panels are installed later. Offers moderate speed and efficiency. 1. Glass: Transparent panel fixed within the frame that allows light and visibility while protecting from weather. 2. Mullion: Vertical framing member that supports and transfers loads to the structure. 3. Transom: Horizontal member connecting mullions and supporting glass panels. 4. Anchor: Metal connector that fixes the curtain wall to the building structure. 5. Concrete Slab / Structural Element: Main load-bearing part of the building to which the curtain wall is attached. ALUMINIUM FRAMES TOUGHENED / LAMINATED GLASS DOUBLE OR TRIPLE GLAZING STEEL FRAMING Wall Anchor: SS base plate fixed to RCC with chemical anchor bolts. Spider Arm: Stainless steel articulated connector between wall and glass; permits minor movement. Rotule Connection: SS bolt through pre-drilled glass with PTFE/neoprene bush to reduce stress. Glass Panels: 12–15 mm toughened or laminated glass with four-point fixing. Vertical Joints: 12–20 mm silicone-sealed gap for weatherproofing and thermal expansion. Bottom Support: Glass supported on neoprene; dead load not carried by spider bolts alone. LOCATION: GARUDA MALL, YELAHANKA The facade of the Garuda mall at Yelahanka New Town is designed as a point-supported structural glazing system (spider glazing) that creates a highly transparent and lightweight architectural expression. Large toughened glass panels are mechanically fixed using stainless steel spider arms anchored to the RCC structure, eliminating the need for visible mullions or transoms. The glass panels are joined with silicone-sealed vertical joints, allowing thermal expansion and movement while maintaining weather resistance. This frameless glazing system enhances visual connectivity between interior retail displays and the street, providing maximum daylight penetration and a contemporary commercial aesthetic. Glass Panels Stainless Steel Fittings Anchor Fasteners Isolation Components (PTFE & Neoprene) Setting Blocks (EPDM/Neoprene) Sealant System Joint Filler (Backer Rod)