_____________________________PortfolioARCH 225_______________________________________________________________Section 1ARCHITECTURE________________________________________________________ RAMA HMEDE Name 2024 02 18 2 ID ARCH 225 Course Prof.Graziella Abi Fares Instructor_____________________________ Content :Project 1 project 2 Project 3 Project 4 3 Assignments________________________
ProjectProjectProject 111Project 1ARCH 225April 30,2026WET CLADDINGWET CLADDING VSVS MECHANICAL CLADDINGMECHANICAL CLADDING________________________________________________________
Content:Building Description Construction System Used Stone Analysis Detialed Section & Plan________________________________________________________Part 1 : Natural stone / Wet claddingPart 2:: Artificial stone / Mechanical claddingBuilding Description Construction System Used Stone Analysis Detialed Section & Plan
1-Natural Stone, Staggered Wet Cladding Building chosen: MORA Residential Building / ADNBA Location: Bucharest, Romania Architects: ADNBA Area: 2020 m² Year: 2014 Building selection: This building was selected since the façade achieves the given requirement which is the use of stone cladding applied with a wet system. This design helped to show how natural stone like the used stone type (limestone) can be integrated with the modern residential architecture while maintaining durability, thermal mass, and aesthetic value. Making it good case study for construction details. Materials Used: 1-OUTER LAYER: Natural stone cladding – Limestone / Coursed Ashlar used for exterior finish 2-CEMENT MORTAR: used usually in wet cladding systems to fix the stone panels. 3-ANCHOR BRACKET: used above the opening only since the mora building is not very high, to provide extra support for the upper stones. 4-THERMAL INSULATION LAYER: used in this type of buildings, placed behind the cladding. 5-REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE: to provide load bearing system 6-GLASS AND ALUMINUM FRAMES: used in openings and windows. Construction System: First the stone is fixed directly to the wall using cement – based mortar, which is used in wet cladding system since water-based materials are used. Then the stones are installed in a staggered pattern - LIMESTONE COURSED ASHLAR: Where it is a premium masonry style featuring rectangular limestone block placed in a uniform horizontal layer, which is an ideal external cladding, luxurious feature walls for residential/commercial buildings like MORA. Then the anchor brackets would be placed around openings providing stability and safety, especially in the higher floors. Lastly, a backing concrete wall that supports the cladding system.
Relation with Openings: 1-Natural Stone, Staggered Wet Cladding Building chosen: MORA Residential Building / ADNBA Location: Bucharest, Romania Architects: ADNBA Area: 2020 m² Year: 2014 Stone cladding is carefully cut around the windows and doors, where the openings should have precise edge detailing to prevent water infiltration. Then we have the lintel and sills integrated with the stone and window frames to prevent cracking The Stone Used Properties: LIMESTONE/ TRAVERTINE 1-It has compressive strength, which is a good choice for façade cladding and not structure use. 2-It has medium density, which is easier to deal with and install in wet cladding 3-It has a medium water absorption rate which should have good backing layers and joints treatment to prevent moisture damage. 4-It allows good bonding with cement mortar. 5-Its workability makes it help to precise the details around openings.
LIMESTONE/ TRAVERTINE
2- Artificial Stone, Dry / Mechanical Cladding Building chosen: Ventilated Facade at Alcañiz Hospital / Gres AragónLocation: Alcaniz Architects: EACSN Estudio de Archuitectura Year: 2025 Building type: Healthcare (Hospital) Building selection: This building was selected since it clearly demonstrates a mechanical cladding system using artificial stone (ceramic panels). It includes dry fixing, air cavities and modular panels that helps in durability and energy efficiency as well with the façade performance.That’s why it was selected and compared to wet cladding. Materials Used: 1-OUTER LAYER: ceramic panels fixed mechanically – artificial stone. 2-MECHANICAL FIXING SYSTEM: clips/anchors used to connect the panels to the supporting structure without using mortar. 3-ALUMINUM SUBSTRUCTURE: transfers the load to the main wall. 4-VENTILATED AIR CAVITY: for the air circulation and moisture control. 5-THERMAL INSULATION LAYER: used in this type of buildings, placed behind the cladding. 6-WATERPROOFING LAYER 7-REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE: to provide load bearing system. 8-GLASS AND ALUMINUM FRAMES: used in openings and windows. Construction System: System Concept Unlike wet cladding, this system uses a dry mechanical fixing method with a ventilated air cavity behind the panels. Fixing Method Panels are installed using a concealed mechanical fixing system Attached with metal clips/anchors to the substructure No mortar is used, it’s a dry system Hidden fixings maintain a clean and continuous facade appearance Benefits of this System: Improve thermal insulation and energy performance Provide high durability and hygiene Require minimal maintenance over time Offer a modern and controlled architectural finish
ProjectProjectProject 222Project 2ARCH 225May, 26, 2026CURTAIN WALL AND ACPCURTAIN WALL AND ACP CLADDING SYSTEMCLADDING SYSTEM && GRC ELEMENTSGRC ELEMENTS________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________Content:Building Description ACP Properties Detials around opening Detailed Section & PlanPart 1 : ACP & Curtian WallPart 2: GRC ElemntsBuilding Description GRC analysis Installation Process Construction Process
1- Curtain Wall and ACP Cladding System Analysis Building chosen: Hotel O Sri Sai Guru Comforts Location: Sahakara Nagar / Bangalore, India Building Type: Commercial Hotel Building Building Height: 5-story commercial hotel building (G+4) Architectural style: Contemporary architecture/ Modern commercial architecture Main Exterior Materials: Curtain wall glazing with aluminum composite panels (ACP) and aluminum Framing with reflective glass. Building Description: The building uses a reinforced concrete structural frame system with a contemporary façade composed of curtain wall glazing and Aluminum Composite Panel (ACP) cladding. The curtain wall system consists of reflective green glass panels supported by aluminum mullions and transoms fixed to the structural slab edges, creating a lightweight non-structural exterior envelope. This glazing system allows natural daylight to penetrate the interior spaces while giving the building a modern commercial appearance. Surrounding the glazed areas, ACP panels are installed as exterior cladding using aluminum secondary framing and mechanical fixation systems attached to the structural wall. The ACP panels provide a smooth metallic finish, weather resistance, and lightweight façade protection. ACP properties: The exterior cladding of the building uses Aluminum Composite Panels (ACP) surrounding the curtain wall glazing and edges of the facade. ACP panels are light in weight, sturdy, and ideal for contemporary commercial structures because they offer a sleek metallic appearance and the strong weather resistance. Main Properties: Lightweight compared to stone cladding Resistant to moisture and corrosion Provides a smooth modern appearance Easy to fabricate and install Requires low maintenance
1- Curtain Wall and ACP Cladding System Analysis Building chosen: Hotel O Sri Sai Guru Comforts Location: Sahakara Nagar / Bangalore, India Building Type: Commercial Hotel Building Building Height: 5-story commercial hotel building (G+4) Architectural style: Contemporary architecture/ Modern commercial architecture Main Exterior Materials: Curtain wall glazing with aluminum composite panels (ACP) and aluminum Framing with reflective glass. ACP fixation details: The ACP panels are secured mechanically through an aluminum secondary framing system fastened to the reinforced concrete structure. Aluminum supports link the framing system to the structural wall, and the ACP panels are mounted onto the aluminum subframe. The air gap behind the panels helps with ventilation and moisture protection. ACP details around openings: Surrounding the curtain wall glazing and window openings, the ACP panels are meticulously finished with aluminum trims and sealant joint to block water leakage. The panel edges are folded inward for strength and a neat finish, while silicone sealants are applied between the ACP panels and the aluminum window frames. Flashing details are also incorporated above the openings to channel rainwater away from the facade.
__________________________________________________________________________________________AA’BB’Section cut
Note: please zoom in to see the section and curtain wall detailsSECTION A’A_________________________________________________________________Scale 1:25
PLAN B’BMullionsScale 1:25Note: please zoom in to see the section and curtain wall details
GRC Elements Building chosen: West Park Complex Location: Iraq, Kurdistan Erbil Main façade material: GRC/GFRC (fiber glass reinforced concrete) Covered Area: 2,300 m² Building Type: Commercial Complex /Office and Retail Building Architectural Style: Contemporary Commercial Architecture /Modern Curved Façade Design Building Description: The West Park Complex features one of Erbil’s most technically challenging façade designs, characterized by sweeping curves and strong vertical lines. The project uses GRC (Glass Reinforced Concrete) as the main façade cladding material to achieve the building’s smooth curved geometry and continuous modern appearance. A major feature of the project is the extensive use of GRC as the primary façade material. The GRC panels were designed to achieve the building’s curved geometry and seamless façade appearance while maintaining lightweight construction and high durability. Large prefabricated GRC panels were manufactured with precise dimensions and smooth surface quality to preserve the fluid architectural form of the building The use of GRC in this project was important because GRC is lightweight, weather resistant, durable, and capable of forming complex architectural shapes that are difficult to achieve with traditional concrete systems. The material also provides long-term façade performance and reduces structural loads compared to heavier cladding systems. Analysis of the GRC Elements The façade of West Park Complex uses prefabricated GRC panels as exterior cladding elements surrounding the glazing system and forming the curved architectural skin of the building. Main GRC Elements Used : Curved GRC façade panels Large prefabricated cladding units Vertical façade fins GRC framing elements around glazing Continuous exterior cladding surfaces Functions of the GRC Elements Create the curved modern façade geometry Reduce façade weight Improve weather resistance Provide shading and façade depth Enhance the visual identity of the project Allow smooth and continuous architectural forms
GRC PanelsGRC Panels
GRC Installation System Building chosen: West Park Complex The West Park Complex uses prefabricated GRC panels installed on a secondary support structure attached to the reinforced concrete frame. The large GRC panels, reaching approximately 6.25 meters, were carefully manufactured and installed to maintain the smooth curved geometry of the façade. Installation Steps 1.Preparation of the Structural Frame: Steel or aluminum support brackets were fixed to the reinforced concrete structure to prepare the façade support system. 2.Installation of Secondary Framing: A secondary steel framing system was installed to support and align the GRC panels accurately. 3.Lifting the GRC Panels: The prefabricated GRC panels were transported to the site and lifted using cranes because of their large size and height. 4.Mechanical Fixation: The GRC panels were mechanically fixed to the secondary framing system using anchors and connection brackets. 5.Alignment and Joint Detailing: Careful alignment was required to maintain the continuous curved façade appearance and minimize visible joints between panels. 6.Sealants and Finishing: Sealants and waterproof joint treatments were added between panels and around glazing areas to prevent water penetration and allow thermal movement.
Construction Process:Section showing a close up detailsDetail showing G.R.C roof parapet panels with mechanical fixation and waterproofing protectionGRC Panel________
Plan showing a close up detailsG.R.C panel loads are supported by stainless steel brackets and Z- profile connections.The high-density GRC panel operates as an exterior rainscreen shell, separated from the building’s thermal insulation layer by an open ventilation cavity.
NUBIN. (n.d.). West Park Complex. NUBIN GRC. Retrieved May 26, 2026, from https://www.nubingrc.com/project/West-Park-Complex Entrata. (n.d.). West Park Complex – Erbil. Entrata. Retrieved May 26, 2026, from https://entrataiq.com/westpark-complex-erbil/ NUBIN. (n.d.). NUBIN GRC & GRP façade systems. NUBIN GRC. Retrieved May 26, 2026, from https://www.nubingrc.com/ OYO Rooms. (n.d.). Hotel O Sri Sai Guru Comforts. OYO Rooms. Retrieved May 26, 2026, from https://www.oyorooms.com/37932/ Booking.com. (n.d.). Hotel O Sri Sai Guru Comforts, Bangalore. Booking.com. Retrieved May 26, 2026, from https://www.booking.com/hotel/in/oyo-15392-sri-sai-guru-comforts- bangalore1.html MakeMyTrip. (n.d.). Hotel O Sri Sai Guru Comforts, Bangalore. MakeMyTrip. Retrieved May 26, 2026, from https://www.makemytrip.com/hotels/oyo_13567_sri_sai_guru_comforts- details-bangalore.html Aludecor. (2023). A comprehensive guide: How to install an aluminium composite panel. Aludecor Blog. https://blogs.aludecor.com/a- comprehensive-guide-how-to-install-an-aluminium-composite-panel/ Archweb. (n.d.). Curtain wall installation. Archweb. Retrieved May 26, 2026, from https://www.archweb.com/en/gallery/curtain-wall- installation/ CladWise UAE. (2026). GFRC facade cladding: Complete technical guide for UAE construction. CladWise UAE. https://cladwise.ae/gfrc- uae-guide.html Some References:Some References:Some References:Some References:
ProjectProjectProject 333Project 3Content:ARCH 225Reflected Ceiling Plans Ceiling Finish Schedule Floor Finish Schedule Wall Finish Schedule Window and Opening Details Material References Material Boards Technical NotesMonday, June, 15, 2026INTERIOR FINISHESINTERIOR FINISHES________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
P lans:P lans:P lans:P lans: Ground FloorGround FloorGround FloorGround Floor Salon Kitchen Atelier WC WC Terrace ______________ __________ W2 W3 ______ D1
P lans:P lans:P lans:P lans: First FloorFirst FloorFirst FloorFirst FloorLiving RoomHallWCWCStudy cornerBedroom1Bedroom2 _______ W3
R1R2R3R4R7R5R6Ground FloorGround FloorGround FloorGround FloorSalonKitchenAtelierWCTerraceWCCeilingP lans:CeilingP lans:CeilingP lans:CeilingP lans:
CeilingP lans:CeilingP lans:CeilingP lans:CeilingP lans:First FloorFirst FloorFirst FloorFirst FloorLiving RoomHallWCWCStudy cornerBedroom2Bedroom1R8R9R10R11R12R13R14
Ceiling FinishesCeiling FinishesCeiling FinishesCeiling Finishes Part 1Part 1Part 1Part 1Content: Ceiling Plans Ceiling fishes Schedule Ceiling Design Intent Photo References
Room codeType of CeilingMateriality & FinishesHeight from FFLTypical Application12.5 mm MR gypsum boards fixed on concealed galvanized steel suspension system; smooth skim coat with premium matte off-white acrylic paint finishSuspended Moisture-Resistant Gypsum Board Ceiling (MR Board)Living rooms Salons Reception spaces BedroomsPowder-coated aluminum linear slats with integrated concealed LED channels; perimeter MR gypsum board soffit with smooth off-white paint finish.Composite Ceiling System: Aluminum Linear Slat Ceiling + Gypsum Board BulkheadKitchens Dining areas Contemporary Residential interiorsLinear PVC Panel CeilingExtruded PVC tongue-and-groove ceiling panels; high-gloss white finish; moisture and fungal resistantBathrooms Laundry rooms Humid environmentsAcoustic Perforated Gypsum Panel CeilingPerforated acoustic gypsum panels with sound-absorbing backing fleece; factory-finished matte white coatingStudios Ateliers Offices ClassroomsPVC Lay-in Grid Ceiling600 × 600 mm PVC ceiling tiles installed within exposed T-bar suspension grid; white washable finishBathroom Service rooms Wet areasSuspended Gypsum Board Ceiling with Recessed Linear LED Channels12.5 mm MR gypsum board fixed on concealed galvanized steel suspension system; smooth skim coat and premium matte off-white paint finish; integrated recessed linear LED channels and downlightsEntrance lobbies Circulation spaces Contemporary minimalist interiorsExterior Timber Slat CeilingTreated natural timber slats mounted on concealed aluminum subframe; UV-resistant matte protective coatingCovered terraces Balconies Patios Semi-outdoor spacesSuspended Gypsum Board Ceiling with Stretch Membrane InlayMR gypsum board perimeter frame with smooth matte off-white paint finish; translucent PVC stretch membrane central panelBedrooms Lounges Hospitality spaces Feature ceilingsTimber Slat Feature CeilingLinear walnut veneer MDF slats with natural matte finish mounted on concealed framework; gypsum perimeter border with painted finishLiving rooms Family rooms Lounges Feature spacesPainted Structural CeilingPlastered concrete ceiling with smooth off-white acrylic paint finishCorridors Circulation spaces Minimalist interiorsPVC Lay-in Grid Ceiling600 × 600 mm PVC ceiling tiles within exposed suspension grid; washable white finishBathrooms Wet areasR1 (Salon)R2 (Kitchen/ Dining)R3 (Bathroom)R4 (Atelier)R5 (Bathroom)R6 (Living)R7 (Terrace)R8 (Bedroom)R9 (Living Room)R10 (Corridor)R11 (Bathroom)+2.80 m FFL+2.75 m FFL+2.80 m FFL+2.80 m FFL+2.75 m FFL+3.25 m FFL+2.80 m FFL+2.80 m FFL+2.80 m FFL+3.25 m FFL+2.75 m FFL
Room codeType of CeilingMateriality & FinishesHeight from FFLTypical ApplicationPVC Lay-in Grid Ceiling600 × 600 mm PVC ceiling tiles within exposed suspension grid; washable white finishBathrooms Wet areasSuspended Gypsum Board Ceiling with Stretch Membrane InlayMR gypsum board perimeter frame with smooth matte off- white paint finish; translucent PVC stretch membrane central panelBedrooms Lounges Hospitality spaces Feature ceilingsSmooth plaster finish with premium off- white acrylic paint; exposed ceiling with suspended decorative lighting fixturesPainted Structural CeilingHalls Study areas Multipurpose spaces Contemporary interiorsCeiling Design Intent & Reference ImagesCeiling Design Intent & Reference ImagesCeiling Design Intent & Reference ImagesCeiling Design Intent & Reference Images1-R1 – SalonCeiling Type: Suspended MR Gypsum Board Ceiling Key Material:12.5 mm moisture-resistant gypsum board fixed on a concealed galvanized steel suspension system with matte off-white paint finish. Design Intent: Creates a clean ceiling plane suitable for recessed lighting and a refined living environment.Plan R1The construction process utilizes a suspended metal framing system to create a multi-level gypsum board ceiling. Rigid steel hanger rods are anchored to the upper structural soffit, suspending a primary grid of metallic channels connected via adjustable clips. A secondary grid of counter-profiles is fixed beneath it to provide a completely level framework. Finally,12.5mm gypsum boards are screwed to the profiles, with joints filled and finished using joint compound and tape to achieve a smooth, monolithic surface capable of concealing recessed fixtures and architectural light coves.Installation process:R14 (Bedroom)R13 (Bathroom)R12 (Study Corner)+3.25 m FFL+2.75 m FFL+2.80 m FFL
The PVC linear ceiling is installed by first securing a perimeter trim and a leveled supporting grid of timber battens or lightweight metal channels to the structural slab. The lightweight, hollow-core PVC panels are then mounted sequentially using their integrated tongue-and- groove interlocking system. Each panel is mechanically fastened to the framework with screws or staples driven through its hidden mounting lip before the next panel clicks into place, concealing the fixings and creating a uniform, waterproof finish.3- R3 & R5 – BathroomsCeiling Type:PVC Ceiling Systems(Linear PVC Panel Ceiling / PVC Lay-in Grid Ceiling) Key Material:Moisture-resistant PVC panels or PVC ceiling tiles with washable white finish. Design Intent:To provide a lightweight, water-resistant, and low-maintenance ceiling solution suitable for humid environments.Installation process:PlanThe aluminum linear slat ceiling is constructed using an open-plenum suspension system. First, threaded suspension rods are securely anchored to the overhead structural slab and dropped to the desired ceiling level. These rods support specialized horizontal carrier rails (or stringers) that feature pre-cut, evenly spaced attachment slots. Finally, the individual aluminum slats (baffles) are snapped directly into these carrier rails. This click-in method ensures perfect alignment and uniform spacing, while leaving an open gap between the slats to easily integrate linear LED lighting fixtures and maintain acoustic performance.Installation process:2-R2 – Kitchen/DiningCeiling Type: Composite Ceiling System: Aluminum Linear Slat Ceiling + Gypsum Board Bulkhead Key Material: Powder-coated aluminum linear slats with concealed LED channels combined with moisture-resistant gypsum board bulkheads. Design Intent: To visually define the dining zone, provide a contemporary aesthetic, and integrate concealed lighting while maintaining durability in the kitchen environment.Plan R3 - R5
Ceiling Type: Suspended Gypsum Board Ceiling with Recessed Linear LED Channels Key Material: 12.5 mm moisture-resistant gypsum board on concealed galvanized steel suspension system with matte painted finish. Design Intent: Creates a clean contemporary ceiling composition while integrating lighting within a concealed ceiling system.5-R6 – Lobby4-R4 – AtelierCeiling Type: Acoustic Perforated Gypsum Ceiling Key Material: Perforated gypsum acoustic panels with sound-absorbing backing fleece and matte white finish. Design Intent: To improve acoustic comfort by reducing sound reflection and reverberation within the workspace. suitable for atelier.The acoustic ceiling is installed by securing a level metal or timber support grid directly beneath the structural ceiling. Sound-absorbing insulation boards are placed within the grid cavity, and the perforated panels are then mechanically screwed to the framework along their solid border edges. The panels are configured into two distinct floating rafts, separated by a central recessed linear light trough to maintain a clean, high-performance architectural finish.Installation process:A galvanized steel suspension framework is fixed below the structural slab. Gypsum boards are installed, joints are treated and finished, and recessed LED channels and downlights are integrated before painting.Installation process:Plan R4Plan
Ceiling Type: Exterior Timber Slat Ceiling Key Material: Treated timber slats mounted on a concealed aluminum support frame with UV-resistant matte coating. Design Intent: To introduce warmth and natural texture while providing durability in a semi-outdoor environment. 6-R7 – Entrance/Outdoor Terrace Plan The timber slat ceiling is installed by anchoring a black-masked structural grid or timber framework to the overhead slab to conceal the plenum. Prefabricated linear wood modules—consisting of solid timber slats spaced uniformly and joined by rear acoustic felt or dowels—are then mechanically fixed to the support profiles with hidden screws or clips. This creates a highly textured, continuous linear aesthetic that seamlessly integrates lighting while providing excellent acoustic diffusion. Installation process: 7-R8 & R14 – Bedrooms Ceiling Type: Gypsum Board Ceiling with Stretch Membrane Inlay Key Material: MR gypsum board perimeter ceiling combined with a translucent PVC stretch membrane panel. Design Intent: To create a decorative ceiling feature that enhances visual comfort and provides soft ambient illumination. Plan R8 Plan R14
Ceiling Type: Timber Slat Feature Ceiling with gypsum board Key Material: Walnut veneer MDF slats with natural matte finish and painted gypsum border. Design Intent: To create a warm focal element that enriches the character of the living space.Installation process:The stretch membrane ceiling is installed by first securing a continuous aluminum or PVC track profile along the perimeter walls at the desired height. The room is then heated using specialized air blowers to approximately 40°C–50°C, making the lightweight polymer membrane elastic enough to be stretched across the space. The edges of the membrane are securely tucked and locked into the perimeter tracks using specialized spatulas, and as the room cools down, the material tightens to form a perfectly flat, monolithic, and wrinkle-free surface.8- R9 – Living RoomA concealed support framework is installed, followed by the fixing and alignment of timber slats. The perimeter gypsum border is then finished and painted.Installation process:9-R10 & R12 – Corridor / Hall / Study AreaCeiling Type: Painted Plaster Ceiling (No False Ceiling) Key Material: Smooth plaster finish with premium off-white acrylic paint. Design Intent: To maintain spatial openness and flexibility while supporting decorative and track lighting installations.Plan R9Plan R10 - R12
10-R11 & R13 – Bathrooms Ceiling Type: PVC Lay-in Grid Ceiling Key Material: 600 × 600 mm PVC ceiling tiles installed within an exposed suspension grid. Design Intent: To provide moisture resistance, ease of maintenance, and accessibility to concealed services. The lay-in grid ceiling is installed by securing a perimeter L-angle trim to the walls and suspending a network of main runners and cross T-profiles from the overhead slab using galvanized hanger wires to form a modular 60 × 60 cm grid framework. Lightweight PVC or mineral fiber panels are then simply lifted through the grid openings and laid flat into place, resting on the profile flanges for an easily accessible, modular finish. Installation process: Plan R11 Plan R13 Ceiling Height CalculationCeiling Height CalculationCeiling Height CalculationCeiling Height Calculation Total floor-to-floor height = 3.25 mStandard Suspended Gypsum Board Ceiling 3.25 m − 0.35 m (service void and suspension system) − 0.10 m (ceiling build-up and floor finish allowance) = 2.80 m Composite Ceiling System (Kitchen and Living Areas) 3.25 m − 0.35 m (MEP services and suspension zone) − 0.10 m (ceiling assembly and floor finish) = 2.80 m PVC Ceiling Systems (Bathrooms) 3.25 m − 0.55 m (service space and suspended grid system) − 0.10 m (floor finish allowance) = 2.60 m Exposed Structural Ceiling (No False Ceiling) 3.25 m − 0.05 m (plaster skim coat and paint finish) = 3.20 m Exterior Timber Slat Ceiling 3.25 m − 0.25 m (support framework and ceiling assembly) − 0.10 m (floor finish allowance) = 2.90 m
FloorFinishesFloorFinishesFloorFinishesFloorFinishes Part 2Part 2Part 2Part 2Content:Floor fishes Schedule Material Board Photo References
Room codeFloor Finish TypeMaterial SpecificationColor & FinishTile/Plank SizeLarge-Format Porcelain TileFull-body rectified porcelain tileLight beige, matte finish1200 × 600 mmColumbia White Matte Porcelain TileSkirting Material and HeightRectified porcelain tileWhite with subtle veining; matte finish1200 × 600 mmAnti-Slip Ceramic Floor TileCeramic tile (R10 slip resistance)Light gray, matte textured finish600 × 600 mmPolished Concrete-Effect Porcelain TileFull-body porcelain tileConcrete gray, satin finish1200 × 600 mmAnti-Slip Ceramic Floor TileCeramic tile (R10 slip resistance)Light gray, matte textured finish600 × 600 mmNatural Stone Floor FinishHoned limestone flooringCream beige, honed finish600 × 600 mmExterior Porcelain PaversOutdoor-grade porcelain paving tilesNatural stone appearance, textured finish600 × 600 mmEngineered Oak Parquet FlooringMulti-layer engineered oak planksNatural oak, matte finish180 × 1200 mm planksEngineered Oak Parquet FlooringMulti-layer engineered oak planksNatural oak, matte finish180 × 1200 mm planksLarge-Format Porcelain TileRectified porcelain tileLight beige, matte finish1200 × 600 mmCeramic tile (R10 slip resistance)Anti-Slip Ceramic Floor TileLight gray, matte textured finish600 × 600 mmLarge-Format Porcelain Tileivory, matte finishRectified porcelain tile24" x 24"Matching porcelain tile skirting, 100 mm height, matte finishMatching porcelain tile skirting, 100 mm height, matte finish, water-resistant grout jointsMatching ceramic skirting, 80 mm height, anti-slip and moisture-resistant finishMatching concrete- effect porcelain skirting, 100 mm height, matte textured finishMatching ceramic skirting, 80 mm height, anti-slip and moisture-resistant finishMatching limestone skirting, 100 mm height, honed finish, sealed stone protectionNo skirting / flush floor-to-wall detail with waterproof membrane upstand (external condition detailing)Oak veneer MDF skirting, 100 mm height, natural matte finishOak veneer MDF skirting, 100 mm height, natural matte finishMatching porcelain tile skirting, 100 mm height, matte finishMatching ceramic skirting, 80 mm height, moisture-resistant finishMatching porcelain tile skirting, 100 mm height, matte finishR1 (Salon)R2 (Kitchen/ Dining)R3 (Bathroom)R4 (Atelier)R5 (Bathroom)R6 (Living)R7 (Terrace)R8 (Bedroom)R9 (Living Room)R10 (Corridor)R11 (Bathroom)R12 (Study Corner)
Room codeFloor Finish TypeMaterial SpecificationColor & FinishTile/Plank SizeAnti-Slip Ceramic Floor TileCeramic tile (R10 slip resistance)Light gray, matte textured finish600 × 600 mmEngineered Oak Parquet FlooringMulti-layer engineered oak planksNatural oak, matte finish180 × 1200 mm planksMaterial Board / P hoto ReferencesMaterial Board / P hoto ReferencesMaterial Board / P hoto ReferencesMaterial Board / P hoto ReferencesR1 – Salon R10 – CorridorPlan R1Plan R10Material Specification: Material Specification Rectified full-body porcelain tile. Double-fired, high-density ceramic body. Water absorption ≤ 0.5% (ISO 13006 Group BIa). PEI Class IV abrasion resistance. Frost-resistant. Suitable for medium- to high-traffic residential spaces. Color & Finish: Light beige, matte finish Tile Size: 1200 × 600 mm Joint Width: 2–3 mm. Adhesive: C2TE polymer-modified cementitious adhesive. Grout: Flexible cementitious grout, color-matched.Description: Large-format porcelain tiles are characterized by their low porosity, high mechanical strength, and excellent resistance to scratches and stains. The reduced number of joints contributes to a seamless appearance and facilitates cleaning and maintenance.1. LARGE-FORMAT PORCELAIN TILE – LIGHT BEIGETechnical Justification / Design Intent: Selected for the salon and circulation areas to create a sense of visual continuity and spaciousness. The light beige tone contributes to a bright and welcoming atmosphere in the salon while providing a durable surface capable of withstanding frequent movement in transitional spaces. The reduced grout joints enhance the elegance and perceived scale of the interior.Skirting Material and HeightMatching ceramic skirting, 80 mm height, moisture-resistant finishOak veneer MDF skirting, 100 mm height, natural matte finishR14 (Bedroom)R13 (Bathroom)
2.2. LARGE-FORMAT PORCELAIN TILE – COLUMBIA WHITE MATT Material Specification: Rectified glazed porcelain tile. High-density porcelain body. Water absorption ≤ 0.5%. Resistant to stains, chemicals, and household cleaning agents. PEI Class IV wear resistance. Suitable for heavy residential use. Color & Finish: Columbia White. Matte finish. Tile Size: 1200 × 600 mm Thickness:9–10 mm. Joint Width: 2 mm. R2 – Kitchen & DiningPlan R2 Installation System: Installed using polymer-modified thin-set mortar over a leveled screed base. Description: Large-format rectified porcelain tile characterized by low water absorption, stain resistance, and high durability. The matte surface provides a refined appearance while reducing glare and facilitating maintenance. Technical Justification / Design Intent: Specified for the kitchen and dining area due to its excellent resistance to stains, moisture, and daily wear. The light color enhances brightness and contributes to a clean and inviting atmosphere suitable for food preparation and dining activities. The large-format modules minimize grout joints, creating a seamless and contemporary appearance that visually enlarges the space.
V2 shade variation Water absorption 0.1% 16 number of facesDescription: The smooth matte surface offers a subtle texture and improved slip resistance while reflecting natural light and contributing to a brighter interior atmosphere.Technical Justification / Design Intent: Chosen to provide a bright and calm atmosphere that promotes concentration and comfort within the study area. The soft ivory finish enhances natural light reflection and contributes to the openness and versatility of the hall, making it suitable for both circulation and daily activities.3. LARGE-FORMAT PORCELAIN TILE – IVORYDescription Create a refined and cohesive look in any room with the MS International Sande Ivory 24" x 24" Porcelain Tile. Its subtle linear pattern adds texture while maintaining a neutral ivory tone that complements various design styles. Ideal for floors, walls, shower surrounds, and countertops, this tile offers durable and easy-care elegance. - Size: 24" x 24" - Material: Porcelain - Color: Ivory - Pattern: Understated linear design - Finish: Polished surface This versatile tile is perfect for enhancing both residential and commercial spaces with a timeless, sophisticated appearance.– R12 Hall & Study CornerPlan R12
4. ANTI-SLIP CERAMIC FLOOR TILE – GRAY Rooms: R3 – Bathroom R5 – Bathroom R11 – Bathroom R13 – BathroomPlan R11Plan R13Plan R3Plan R5 Material Specification ceramic floor tile. R10 slip-resistance classification. Water-resistant surface. Resistant to mold and humidity. PEI Class III abrasion resistance. Color & Finish Light gray. Matte textured finish. Tile Size: 600 × 600 mm. Thickness: 8–9 mm. Joint Width: 3 mm. Description: Anti slip Ceramic tiles possess excellent water resistance and are easy to clean and maintain. The textured surface improves slip resistance and provides additional safety in wet environments. Technical Justification / Design Intent: Specified for bathroom spaces where safety, hygiene, and moisture resistance are essential. The textured surface minimizes the risk of slipping, while the neutral gray tone contributes to a clean and contemporary appearance appropriate for wet areas.
Plan R9Installation Method: Floating installation with acoustic underlay Technical Justification / Design Intent: Selected to enhance the warmth and comfort of private and family spaces. The natural wood texture creates a relaxing and cozy atmosphere within the bedrooms while reinforcing the welcoming character of the living room. In addition, the parquet finish visually complements the timber ceiling feature and contributes to improved acoustic comfort. Description: Engineered oak flooring consists of multiple layers that improve dimensional stability and reduce deformation caused by humidity variations. The natural wood grain provides warmth and enhances the residential character of the interior. 5. ENGINEERED OAK PARQUET FLOORING – NATURAL OAK Rooms: R8 – Bedroom R9 – Living Room R14 – BedroomPlan R8Plan R14 Material Specification: Multi-layer engineered wood flooring. Top wear layer: natural oak veneer (3–4 mm). Core layer: cross-laminated plywood or HDF. UV-cured protective coating. Color & Finish: Natural oak. Matte finish. Plank Size: 180 × 1200 mm. Thickness: 14–15 mm.
6. CLINQUER GREY POLISHED CONCRETE-EFFECT PORCELAIN TILE R4 – Atelier Material Specification: Rectified full-body porcelain tile. High mechanical strength. Scratch and abrasion resistant. Water absorption ≤ 0.5%. PEI Class IV. Color & Finish: Concrete gray. Satin finish. Tile Size: 600 × 1200 mm. Thickness: 9–10 mm.Plan R4 Technical Justification / Design Intent: Chosen to support the functional requirements of the atelier by providing a durable and scratch- resistant surface capable of withstanding intensive daily activities. The concrete-inspired finish reinforces the creative and contemporary identity of the workspace while offering ease of maintenance. Description: Concrete-look porcelain combines the appearance of exposed concrete with the durability and low maintenance of porcelain. It is resistant to scratches, impacts, and heavy use.
Material Specification: Outdoor-grade porcelain pavers. Frost-resistant. UV-resistant. Water absorption ≤ 0.5%. R11 slip-resistance classification. Color & Finish: Natural stone appearance. Textured finish. Tile Size: 600 × 600 mm. Thickness: 20 mm. Description: Engineered for exterior conditions and capable of resisting moisture, weathering, and temperature fluctuations.Material Specification: Natural limestone slabs. Honed surface finish. Sealed with penetrating stone sealer. Moderate porosity requiring periodic maintenance. Color & Finish: Cream beige. Honed finish. Tile Size: 600 × 600 mm. Thickness: 20 mm. Description: Provides a refined natural appearance and establishes a distinguished entrance experience.7. HONED LIMESTONE FLOORING – CREAM BEIGER6 – Lobby8. EXTERIOR PORCELAIN PAVERSR7 – TerracePlan R6Plan R7Typical Floor Build-Up: Floor finish tile (9–10 mm) laid with C2TE polymer-modified adhesive (3–5 mm) over a cement-sand screed bed (40–50 mm), followed by reinforced concrete slab structure.ADDITIONL NOTEADDITIONL NOTEADDITIONL NOTEADDITIONL NOTENo skirting / flush floor-to-wall detail with waterproof membrane upstand (external condition detailing)
WallFinishesWallFinishesWallFinishesWallFinishes Part 3Part 3Part 3Part 3Content:Wall fishes Schedule Material Board Photo References
Room codeWall Finish SystemMaterial SpecificationColor & FinishWall System / Construction TypePartitions / FeaturesR1 (Salon)R2 (Kitchen/ Dining)R3 (Bathroom)R4 (Atelier)R5 (Bathroom)R6 (Living)R7 (Terrace)R8 (Bedroom)R9 (Living Room)R10 (Corridor)R11 (Bathroom)R12 (Study Corner)Painted Plaster Wall FinishWashable Kitchen Wall FinishFull Ceramic Wall CladdingAcoustic Wall PANELSCement plaster + acrylic paint systemCeramic wall tiles (backsplash zone) + painted plaster elsewhereMarshmallo, matte finishGlossy white ceramic tiles +soft Warm White matte/eggshell finishMasonry wall system (blockwork + plaster finish)Solid masonry partitionsMasonry wall with tiled wet-zone claddingKitchen backsplash partitionsGlazed ceramic tilesLight grey, matte finishMasonry wet-area wall system with waterproof tile finishWet partitionsGlazed ceramic tilesLight grey, matte finishMasonry wet-area wall system with waterproof tile finishWet partitionsGlazed ceramic tilesLight grey, matte finishMasonry wet-area wall system with waterproof tile finishWet partitionsFull Ceramic Wall CladdingPlaster + acoustic treatmentgrey oak, matte finishLightweight gypsum partition system (or masonry plastered wall)Light internal partitionsFeature Wall + Painted PlasterPainted plaster + optional stone accent wallCream white, matte finishMasonry wall system with decorative finish layerSolid entrance partition wallExterior Wall FinishCement render + weather-resistant paintBeige / sand tone, textured finishExternal masonry wall system with façade renderExterior boundary wallsPainted Plaster Wall FinishGypsum plaster + acrylic paintLightweight gypsum partition systemInternal bedroom partitionsFull Ceramic Wall CladdingFeature Wall + Painted FinishPainted plaster + optional timber/accent wallNeutral beige / warm whiteMixed system (gypsum partition + feature cladding wall)Partition wallsPainted Plaster Wall FinishCement plaster + acrylic paintOff-white, matte finishMasonry wall systemCirculation partitionsPainted Plaster Wall FinishGypsum plaster + acrylic paintSoft ivory, matte finishLightweight gypsum partition systemInternal partitionsMarshmallo, matte finishDIM: 240 × 32 cm
Room codeWall Finish SystemMaterial SpecificationColor & FinishWall System / Construction TypePartitions / FeaturesR14 (Bedroom)R13 (Bathroom)Glazed ceramic tilesLight grey, matte finishMasonry wet-area wall system with waterproof tile finishWet partitionsFull Ceramic Wall CladdingPainted Plaster Wall FinishGypsum plaster + acrylic paintLightweight gypsum partition systemInternal bedroom partitionsMaterial Board / P hoto ReferencesRooms: R1 – Salon R8 – Bedroom R14 – Bedroom1. MARSHMALLO MATTE PAINTED PLASTER WALLSTechnical Justification / Design Intent: Specified for circulation areas to improve brightness and visual continuity between adjacent spaces. The smooth painted finish provides good resistance to everyday wear while maintaining a clean and unobtrusive appearance suitable for transitional zones.Section R1Section R8Marshmallo, matte finish
Technical Justification / Design Intent: Selected to maximize light reflectance and create a bright environment conducive to concentration and daily activities. The light-toned finish enhances the perception of spaciousness and provides a calm backdrop appropriate for multifunctional spaces.Technical Justification / Design Intent: Selected to maximize light reflectance and create a bright environment conducive to concentration and daily activities. The light-toned finish enhances the perception of spaciousness and provides a calm backdrop appropriate for multifunctional spaces.2. SOFT IVORY MATTE PAINTED PLASTER WALLSR12 – Hall & Study CornerPlan R123. OFF-WHITE MATTE PAINTED PLASTER WALLSR10 – Corridor R6 – LobbyPlan R10
4. LIGHT GREY MATTE CERAMIC WALL CLADDINGRooms R3 – Bathroom R5 – Bathroom R11 – Bathroom R13 – BathroomTechnical Justification / Design Intent: Selected for wet areas due to its impermeability, moisture resistance, and ease of cleaning. Full-height ceramic cladding protects the substrate from water penetration and contributes to maintaining hygienic conditions while ensuring long-term durability in humid environments.Section5. WHITE CERAMIC TILE + WARM OFF-WHITE PAINTR2 – Kitchen & DiningBacksplash Tile: Glossy White Ceramic/Porcelain Kit-Kat Tiles (also known as finger or slender mosaic tiles) laid out in a vertical stacked bond pattern. The vertical orientation draws the eye upward, making the ceiling feel higher. Tile Texture: A slightly uneven, handmade/zellij-style rippled finish. This glossy, undulating surface catches the natural light beautifully, adding organic texture to an otherwise crisp, clean design. Grout: A matching ultra-thin white or soft off-white grout joint, maintaining a clean, monolithic look that prevents the narrow grid lines from feeling too busy. Wall Paint: A soft Warm White matte/eggshell finish on the adjacent plaster wall, which softens the starkness of the bright white glossy tile and complements the light timber undertones.Section R2
6.GREY OAK ACOUSTIC WALL PANELS R4 – Atelier Installation Summary: The vertical stacked kit-kat tiles are installed by prepping a flat, moisture-resistant drywall or backer board base. A high-bond thin-set tile adhesive is combed onto the wall, and the mesh-backed tile sheets are carefully aligned to ensure perfectly straight vertical and horizontal grid lines. Once cured, a non-sanded grout is packed into the narrow joints and wiped clean, followed by a flexible silicone sealant bead applied along the intersection where the tile meets the solid surface countertop to accommodate slight movement. Feature Wall: Vertical Timber Slat Paneling (often referred to as acoustic panels). It features light oak superimposed over a dark charcoal or black felt backing fabric. The high-contrast vertical alignment provides strong linear texturing and visually elongates the room's height.Plan R4 Remarks / Design Intent Chosen to support concentration and creative work by improving acoustic performance while reinforcing the contemporary identity of the atelier. 8. EXTERIOR TEXTURED RENDER FINISH R7 – Covered Terrace Material Cement render with weather-resistant exterior coating Color & Finish Sand beige textured finish Description Exterior-grade render system designed to withstand moisture, UV exposure, and temperature variations. Remarks / Design Intent Selected to provide durability under outdoor conditions while maintaining harmony with the natural tones of the terrace and landscape. DIM OF PANELS: 240 × 32 cm 2 FACES COATING
Openings ScheduleOpenings ScheduleOpenings ScheduleOpenings Schedule Part 4Part 4Part 4Part 4Content: Elevations Openings Dimentions and detials Discription Construction Process
Elevations:Elevations:Elevations:Elevations:North ElevationNorth ElevationNorth ElevationNorth ElevationSouth ElevationSouth ElevationSouth ElevationSouth ElevationW1W2D1
Window W1: First and second floor (Bedroom+ Atelier)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________2.40 m2.20 m1.10 m1.10 m______0.10 m_______________________________1.80m__0.40 m0.20 m__________0.25 mArched head________________________________________Double-glazed tempered glass____________________Central mullion____________________Decorative stone keystonePowder-coated aluminum frame____________________Type: Double-leaf arched casement window Operation: Side-hinged outward-opening casement panels (2 leaves) Frame Material: Powder-coated thermally broken aluminum frame Glazing: Double-glazed tempered clear glass 6 mm tempered glass 12 mm air gap 6 mm tempered glass Finish: Matt black powder-coated finish Weatherproofing: Silicone sealant and EPDM rubber gasketsConstruction Layers External frame: 50×100 mm thermally broken aluminum section Mullion: 100 mm aluminum reinforced mullion Sealant: Exterior-grade silicone sealant Glazing beads: Snap-in aluminum glazing beads Drainage: Concealed weep holes integrated into frameArched Double Casement Window______________________________________________________________2.40 m1.60 m_______________________________1.80m____0.40 m0.40 m________________________________________6 mm tempered glassOperable casement panel____________________Powder-coated aluminum frameType: Triple-panel window with central fixed louvered panel and side casement lights Operation: Central panel: Fixed louvered screen Side panels:Side-hinged casement windows (operable) Frame Material: Powder-coated aluminum frame Glazing: 6 mm clear tempered glass Finish Matt black powder-coated finish Weatherproofing :EPDM rubber gaskets and silicone sealant jointsWindow W2: First floor (Salon)Combination Casement Window with Fixed Louvered PanelOpenings ScheduleOpenings ScheduleOpenings ScheduleOpenings Schedule
_______________Powder-coated aluminum frame____________________ Sliding sash_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.80 m 1.50 m 0.90 m0.90 m____________________ 6 mm tempered glass_________ Window sill____________________ Central meeting stile Window W3: Second floor (Salon) Sliding Window (2-Panel Sliding Window) Type: Two-Panel Sliding Window Operation: Two horizontally sliding sashes. One panel slides behind the other along aluminum tracks. Frame Material: Powder-coated aluminum frame Glazing: 6 mm clear tempered glass Finish: Matt black powder-coated finish Weatherproofing: EPDM rubber gaskets and silicone sealant joints________________________________________________________________ 2m 1m1m_______________________________2.20 m____________________ Timber door frame____________________ Tempered glass panel____________________ Wooden door leaf Type: Double-leaf hinged wooden door Operation: Two side-hinged leaves opening from the center (one active, one fixed) Frame Material: Solid hardwood / engineered timber frame Frame Thickness: 0.10 m Frame Depth: 0.15 – 0.20 m Material: Solid timber / engineered wood door with timber frame Panel Configuration: Upper glazed panel (~0.90 m) + lower solid panel (~0.70 m) Glazing: Decorative tempered glass (6–10 mm) Finish: Natural varnish or painted finish Hardware: Butt hinges, mortise lock, handles, flush bolts Weatherproofing: Rubber gaskets and silicone sealant joints Door D1: First floor (Entrance) Double-leaf hinged wooden door with glazed upper panels
Some References:Some References:Some References:Some References:Ching, F. D. K. (2020). Building construction illustrated (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2019). Fundamentals of building construction: Materials and methods (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Ching, F. D. K., & Binggeli, C. (2018). Interior design illustrated (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Neufert, E., Neufert, P., & Kister, J. (2012). Architects' data (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.Pile, J. F., & Gura, J. (2014). A history of interior design (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.National Tile Contractors Association. (2023). NTCA reference manual. National Tile Contractors Association.
ProjectProjectProject 444Project 4Content:ARCH 225Part 1 Natural stone cladding with pitched roof Analysis of brick, ridge and gutter Detailed section & plan Part 2 Green roof analysis Detailed section Part 3 Electromechanical System analysisJune, 28,2026NATURAL STONE CLADDINGNATURAL STONE CLADDING WITH PITCHED ROOFWITH PITCHED ROOF && GREEN ROOFGREEN ROOF && ELECTROMECHANICALELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMSYSTEM________________________________________________________
Part 1Part 1Part 1Part 1 Natural Stone & Pitched RoofNatural Stone & Pitched RoofContent: Building Description Construction Material Analysis Roof Construction Architectural Drawings Detailed Section & Plan References
Natural Stone with Pitched Roof Building chosen: The Sister Houses Location: Sistelo, Viana do Castelo District, Portugal Year of Completion: 2024 Architect: oitoo Built Area: 320 m² Number of Stories: Two stories BuildingDescription: The Sister Houses is a residential renovation and extension project located in the village of Sistelo, Portugal. Designed by the architectural studio oitoo, the project transforms two abandoned granite ruins into two contemporary two-story houses while preserving their historical character. The houses are situated on a hillside overlooking the Vez River valley within the Peneda-Gerês National Park. The design respects the traditional architecture of the village by maintaining the existing granite stone walls and using locally familiar materials such as natural stone, timber, and clay roof tiles. At the same time, contemporary architectural elements are carefully integrated to improve functionality and comfort without compromising the original appearance of the buildings. This balance between preservation and modern construction makes the project an excellent example of adaptive reuse in residential architecture. Main Construction Materials: Natural granite stone Clay (brick) roof tiles Reinforced concrete (structural elements where required) Metal gutter system Construction Overview The project combines traditional Portuguese construction techniques with modern building methods. Existing granite masonry walls were preserved wherever possible, while new structural and architectural elements were added to strengthen the buildings and improve their performance. The main construction elements include: Natural granite stone cladding and masonry walls. A pitched roof covered with clay (brick) roof tiles. Ridge tiles installed along the roof peak to provide weather protection. A metal gutter system for collecting and directing rainwater. Timber roof framing supporting the roof covering. Modern insulation and waterproofing layers integrated within the roof system. These materials were selected because they are durable, suitable for the local climate, and visually consistent with the traditional buildings found throughout Sistelo.
Why This Building Was Selected ? This building was selected because it fulfills all the construction requirements of the project. It includes: A residential building with two stories. Natural granite stone exterior walls. A pitched roof. Clay (brick) roof tiles. A roof ridge system. A rainwater gutter system. Clear construction details that can be analyzed and illustrated through section drawings. Contians a balcony for the requirment in section. In addition, the project demonstrates how traditional construction materials can be successfully combined with modern building techniques while preserving the cultural identity of the site. Construction Material AnalysisConstruction Material AnalysisConstruction Material Analysis The exterior walls of the Sister Houses are constructed using natural granite stone, preserving the original masonry of the existing ruins. Granite was selected because it is a traditional building material in northern Portugal and blends naturally with the surrounding landscape. Existing stone walls were carefully restored and reinforced where necessary, allowing the buildings to maintain their historical character while meeting modern construction requirements. Provides a durable and long-lasting exterior finish. Protects the building from weathering and moisture. Offers high compressive strength. Requires minimal maintenance. Preserves the traditional appearance of the village. Acts as thermal mass, helping to regulate indoor temperature. 1. Natural Granite Stone Cladding Functions of the Granite Stone 2. Brick Roof Tile System The Sister Houses use a pitched roof finished with traditional clay (brick) roof tiles, a roofing system commonly found in Portuguese vernacular architecture. The roof follows the local architectural style while providing effective protection against rainfall and changing weather conditions. The clay tiles are installed over a timber roof structure with waterproofing and insulation layers beneath them, ensuring both durability and thermal performance. Although the architects do not publish the exact tile manufacturer, the roof clearly follows the traditional Portuguese clay-tile construction system.
Main Components of the Roof Clay (brick) roof tiles Timber rafters and roof framing Roof battens supporting the tiles Waterproof membrane beneath the tiles Thermal insulation layer Ridge tiles at the roof peak Metal gutter fixed along the roof edge Construction of the Roof Tile System The roof tiles are laid in overlapping rows on timber battens fixed to the roof structure. Beneath the battens, a waterproof membrane protects the building from water penetration while allowing moisture vapor to escape. Thermal insulation is installed below the waterproof membrane to improve energy efficiency. The overlapping arrangement ensures that rainwater flows down the roof surface toward the gutters without entering the building.During the construction of the sister houses by oitoo 3. Roof Ridge System The ridge is the highest horizontal line where the two sloping roof surfaces meet. To protect this joint, specially shaped ridge tiles are installed along the roof peak. These ridge tiles overlap one another and are securely fixed to provide a continuous weatherproof seal while maintaining ventilation beneath the roof covering. In the Sister Houses, the ridge system follows the same traditional appearance as the clay roof tiles, creating a consistent roof finish that respects the local architectural character. Functions of the Roof Ridge Seals the junction between the two roof slopes. Prevents rainwater from entering the roof. Protects the roof against wind uplift. Improves roof durability. Allows controlled roof ventilation. Creates a clean and finished appearance along the roof peak.
Ridge Installation The ridge tiles are installed after the main roof tiles have been completed. They overlap each other along the roof peak and are fixed using mortar or a modern dry ridge fixing system, depending on the construction method. This installation provides a watertight connection while accommodating slight movement caused by temperature changes. 4 Gutter System The pitched roof is equipped with a metal gutter system positioned along the lower roof edges. The gutters collect rainwater flowing from the roof tiles and direct it toward downpipes, preventing uncontrolled water runoff around the building. This system protects the stone walls, foundations, and surrounding landscape from water damage and erosion. Functions of the Gutter Collects rainwater from the roof. Directs water safely to the drainage system. Protects exterior stone walls from water staining. Prevents soil erosion around the building. Reduces moisture around the foundations. Extends the lifespan of the building envelope. Gutter Installation The gutter is fixed to the fascia board along the roof edge using metal brackets. It is installed with a slight slope so that rainwater flows naturally toward the downpipe. The downpipe then carries the collected water safely to the ground drainage system. Proper alignment and sealing of the gutter joints are essential to prevent water leakage and ensure efficient drainage.
Forms the finished interior surface of the roof.Support the entire roof structure and transfer loads to the walls.Reduces heat transfer and improves indoor comfort.Prevents rainwater from penetrating into the roof structure.Support and secure the clay roof tiles while creating a ventilation gap.Form the external weatherproof covering and protect the building from rain and sunlight.Seal the highest point of the roof where both slopes meet.Collects rainwater and directs it toward the drainage system.Roof Components (From Inside toRoof Components (From Inside to Outside)Outside) Roof Components (From Inside to Outside)ComponentFunctionInterior ceiling finishTimber roof raftersThermal insulationWaterproof membraneTimber battensClay (brick) roof tilesRidge tilesMetal gutter Advantages of the Construction System The construction system used in the Sister Houses offers several technical and environmental advantages. By combining traditional materials with modern construction methods, the project achieves both durability and energy efficiency while preserving the historic identity of the site. Advantages Preserves the original granite masonry and local architectural heritage. Uses durable natural materials with long service life. The pitched roof allows rapid rainwater drainage. Clay roof tiles provide excellent weather resistance and natural ventilation. The ridge system improves waterproofing and roof stability. The gutter system protects the walls and foundations from rainwater damage. Thermal insulation improves indoor comfort and reduces energy consumption. The construction materials require relatively low maintenance over time.
Additional Plans & SectionsAdditional Plans & SectionsAdditional Plans & Sections P lans : Ground Floor First Floor Sections Balcony Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Elevations : Top View :
Some References:Some References:Some References:Some References:ArchDaily. (2024, November 6). The Sister Houses / oitoo. hing, F. D. K. (2020). Building construction illustrated (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.oitoo. (2024). The Sister Houses. Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2019). Fundamentals of building construction: Materials and methods (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Ching, F. D. K. (2020). Building Construction Illustrated (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.International Code Council. (2021). International Residential Code for One- and Two-Family Dwellings (IRC). ICC.
Part 2 Green Roofs ContentGeneral Information Environmental Impact Technical Details Architectural Section Analysis Material Layer Breakdown
General InformationProject Name: The JacobK. Javits ConventionCenter Expansion Roof Location: 429 11th Avenue, Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City, USA Date Built/ CompletedMay 2021 (The rooftop officially opened in September 2021) Building Type: Commercial Convention Center / Public Infrastructure Owner: New York Convention Center Development Corporation (a subsidiary of Empire State Development) Architects (Expansion Design-Build Team): TVS (Lead Architect) alongside Moody Nolan and WXY (Note: The older 2014 main roof retrofit was handled by FXCollaborative Expansion Area: 1.2 million square feet of total facility expansion Green Roof Size (Expansion Only): 1.2 acres of intensive rooftop space (Combined with the original 2014 extensive sedum roof, the entire campus boasts over 6.75 acres of green roofing). The expansion roof of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, finished in 2021, signifies a groundbreaking advancement in sustainable infrastructure in urban settings. Through the use of a high-performance American Hydrotech Garden Roof Assembly, the design-build team effectively converted a typical roof surface into a dynamic, multi-layered environmental resource. To obtain its LEED Gold certification, the 1.2 million-square-foot expansion incorporated a comprehensive rooftop area that serves as both a public space and an efficient landscape. Created alongside a varied group of architects, the roof includes a 1-acre functional city farm and a 10,000-square-foot rooftop orchard brimming with fruit-producing apple and pear trees. Managed by urban agriculture experts (Brooklyn Grange), the farm utilizes specially designed lightweight soils (Naturcycle, LLC) aimed at optimizing high-yield farming results. This agricultural system operates on a closed-loop cycle that is efficient and sustainable, yielding as much as 40,000 pounds of fresh produce each year, which is then sent directly to the convention center’s commercial kitchens for on-site farm-to-table catering. In addition to active farming, the infrastructure actively addresses significant urban and environmental challenges. The design includes a large underground cistern with a capacity of 344,000 gallons intended to collect and repurpose rainwater runoff (Adaptive Green), greatly minimizing the amount of stormwater that flows into New York City's overloaded sewer systems. Additionally, serving as a dense, insulated barrier, the living growing medium controls temperature fluctuations (American Hydrotech, Inc.), significantly reducing internal mechanical cooling demands, alleviating the urban heat island effect in the surrounding area, and functioning as an essential wildlife refuge for numerous migratory bird species (NYC Bird Alliance).
The environmental infrastructure of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center green roof network functions as a highly quantitative ecological engine, heavily altering the microclimate performance of its dense, heavily built Manhattan district. Evaluated continuously through field instrumentation managed by Drexel University and The Cooper Union, the environmental benefits span three distinct urban metrics: stormwater redirection, macro- thermal stabilization, and localized habitat conservation. Environmental Impact Stormwater Mitigation and Runoff Prevention Heavy precipitation frequently causes municipal sewer system surcharges in a metropolitan area where about 72% of surfaces are completely impermeable. This urban limitation is directly addressed by the living roof network: Absorption Performance: According to field observations, the vegetated landscape matrix actively absorbs and retains around 81% of the annual rainfall that strikes its surfaces. Runoff Reduction: An estimated 6.8 to 7 million gallons of rainwater runoff are successfully diverted from New York City's overburdened storm sewer grid annually by this performance. Retention Mechanisms: Accelerated plant evapotranspiration, which safely releases water back into the atmosphere as vapor, and subsurface continuous substrate detention work together to reduce runoff. The green roof network modifies the thermal characteristics of the building envelope by substituting an active living matrix for traditional, heat-absorbing black tar and roofing surfaces: Surface Temperature Reductions: Compared to typical black top roofs, infrared and climate sensor arrays have shown a sharp 30°F (about 16.6°C) decline in roof deck surface temperature. Impact at the Street Level: Constant plant evapotranspiration produces cooling that spreads downhill, improving the local street-level microclimates by up to 18°F (10°C). Energy Demand Reductions: The facility's overall yearly energy consumption has decreased by 26% thanks in large part to this targeted thermal shielding, which keeps ambient air close to HVAC intake mechanical components much colder. By eliminating the release of more than 4,600 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, this lowers the facility's carbon footprint. Thermal Efficiency and Urban Heat Island Mitigation
The Javits Center's enormous glass top and exterior served as one of the city's worst bird collision dangers before its ecological improvements. Today, the NYC Bird Alliance's methodical multi-year monitoring data demonstrates its drastic change into a prosperous urban wildlife sanctuary: Avian Diversity: Over 65 distinct bird species have been documented utilizing the roof as a critical foraging, resting, and nesting ground along the Atlantic flyway migratory corridor. Collision Reduction: The installation of the green roof landscape, along with improvements to bird- safe fritted glass, led to a startling 90% decrease in local bird fatality rates. Mammalian and Insect Colonization: Five distinct bat species, hundreds of arthropod classes, and five active, well-maintained honeybee hives are all supported by the dense vegetative cover. Nesting Colonies: The roof is home to a significant, protected Herring Gull breeding colony, which serves as an indispensable outdoor urban laboratory for studies on wildlife interactions and population control. Avian Habitats and Urban Wildlife ConservationTechnical Details The assemblymust switch froma conventionalplan toahigh-performance Protected Membrane Roof (PMR) design in order to implement an intense green roof that can sustain an active urban farm, orchard, and public venue. Below is the technical breakdown of how these layers are built, moving from the structural base up to the living substrate. The main structure must be designed to support both live loads (people and moving machinery) and large dead loads (the permanent weight of the materials, soil, and plants) before any finishes or soil can be added. The Problem: An intense agricultural roof with wet soil and trees might weigh more than 80 to 150 feet, but a typical extensive sedum roof weighs about 15 to 30 pounds per square foot. The solution is to cast in place a thick, reinforced structural concrete slab foundation. The stiff, deflection-resistant base needed to securely transfer these enormous structural loads to the building's main columns is provided by this deck.Structural Engineering & Dead Load Capacity
Architectural Section AnalysisSectionRendered Section
Step-by-Step Material Layer BreakdownReinforced Structural Concrete Slab Foundation Technical Function: Acts as the main load-bearing structural deck and is designed to withstand deflection under high, constant pressure. Detailed Description: A high-strength concrete slab that is cast in place and can sustain enormous dead loads more than 7.18KPa The concrete mix and internal rebar grid are specially designed to minimize structural drooping and micro-cracking over extended spans since intensive green roofs retain enormous amounts of water in the soil. Root-Resistant Waterproofing Membrane Technical Function: Prevents chemical and biological damage to the concrete while forming an unbreakable, continuous hydrological barrier immediately on the structural deck. Detailed Description: This layer uses the American Hydrotech Monolithic Membrane 6125® method, which is a thick, fabric-reinforced rubberized asphalt membrane placed with hot fluid. In order to prevent aggressive plant and tree roots from anchoring into the concrete pores, micro- fissures, or construction joints, it is created with specific chemical additives that hinder roots. This prevents structural fracturing and serious leaks over time.
Water Retention & Continuous Drainage Core (Dimple Mat) Technical Function: This dual-purpose layer is intended to quickly divert catastrophic stormwater surges while storing a baseline reservoir of hydration for the crops. Detailed Description: As part of the American Hydrotech Garden Roof Assembly, a molded, heavy-duty, high-impact plastic sheet is vacuum- formed into a matrix of deep, cup-shaped dimples. By retaining a specific amount of precipitation, the top-facing "cups" function as a tiny network of reservoirs that naturally hydrate the soil through capillary action. In order to minimize soil oversaturation and floods, any excess rainfall that overflows these cups pours over into the open channels beneath the mat, forming a high-capacity drainage plane that quickly directs water to the roof drains. High-Density Rigid XPS Thermal Insulation Technical Function: Serves as the building's main thermal envelope, controlling interior temperatures and shielding the waterproofing layer beneath it. Detailed Description: The insulation is positioned above the waterproofing layer since this is an inverted or Protected Membrane Roof (PMR) system. Heavy-duty, closed-cell Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) boards make up this structure. Because of its remarkable compressive strength to support enormous agricultural loads and its closed-cell structure, which guarantees that it absorbs almost no water, XPS is specified. This allows it to keep its full thermal resistance (R-value) even when fully submerged in moving groundwater.
Water-Permeable Geotextile Filter FabricTechnical Function: Serves as a mechanical barrier for separation that keeps the growing substrate firmly in place while allowing clean hydrological flow. Detailed Description: The dimpled drainage core is directly covered by a sheet of non-woven, needle-punched polypropylene fabric. It has tiny pore openings designed to allow water to pass through without building up pressure. Most importantly, it serves as a filter to prevent silt, organic debris, and small soil particles from washing out of the soil layer. This stops erosion and keeps sediment from clogging municipal storm drains and drainage channels. Mechanical Metal L-Profile (Hardscape-Softscape Transition Zone) Technical Function: Creates a strong, structural barrier that clearly separates deep agricultural soil zones from plazas, maintenance walks, and pedestrian pathways. Detailed Description: An L-shaped bracket made of stainless steel or heavy- gauge, corrosion- resistant aluminum that is firmly fastened above the drainage core. The heavy, deep farming dirt is held back by the "L"'s vertical leg. In order to prevent water from becoming caught behind the metal edge, the profile's horizontal foot is crucially entirely perforated or slotted to allow subterranean stormwater to flow continuously and horizontally through the boundary beneath the farm and the pathways.
Custom-Engineered Intensive Substrate (LiteTop Soil Mix) Technical Function: Provides the nutrient-dense, lightweight, highly aerated growth matrix needed to support orchard tree root networks and large agricultural productivity. Detailed Description: This customized layer was created by soil scientists at Naturcycle, LLC using urban agriculture blends and specially formulated "LiteTop Intensive" green roof media. This is a lightweight designed medium, unlike regular landscape topsoil, that is blended using a specific mixture of premium organic compost and porous, expanded aggregate. In addition to delivering the precise nutrient cycling required for high-yield farming, this structural composition guarantees that the soil never compacts over time, maintains an optimal ratio of air-to-water pockets for root health, and significantly lowers the structural dead load on the building frame.Images &Illustrations
Part 3ElectromechanicalsystemContentDescription HVAC Fire fighting Lighting system BMS Vertical transportation Parking & ventillation Electrical Power Plumbing & Water Management
Architectural concept Instead of a traditional horizontal layout, Assima Mall utilizes a vertical circulation strategy, connecting seven levels of retail via a grand central atrium void. The Microclimate Challenge: While the massive open atrium visually unifies the public spaces, it introduces mechanical complexity. The vertical volume creates a potential Stack Effect (thermal stratification), where warm air naturally migrates upward toward the skylight. This requires advanced air balancing to ensure uniform comfort from the ground floor to the upper entertainment levels. Functional Stacking & Thermal Zoning: Following the "city inside a building" concept, high-occupancy zones (restaurants, cinemas, retail) are stacked alongside lower- occupancy thoroughfares. Because these spaces have drastically different heat loads and ventilation requirements, the building's mechanical design must utilize highly responsive, separate HVAC zoning to optimize energy efficiency in Kuwait's extreme climate. Project Name: Assima Mall & Tower Complex Location: Sharq District, Kuwait City, Kuwait Opening Date: November 8, 2021 Building Type: Mixed-use commercial mega-complex (Podium Retail + Entertainment + F&B + Commercial Office Tower) Owner/Developer: Salhia Real Estate Company Scale: 7-level retail podium integrated with a 65-story commercial tower (~380,000 m² total built area)Description : Atrium Void &Stratification:The openvolumecausesthermal stratification (hot air rising). The HVAC handles this via Micro-Zoning, cooling only the occupied zones (2 meters above floor slabs) instead of the entire empty vertical space. Skylight & Solar Load: The grand glass roof introduces intense solar heat gain. High- velocity Jet Nozzle Diffusers on high bulkheads blow a "cold air blanket" right under the glass, blocking radiant heat from reaching shoppers below. Open Zoning & Pressure: High-occupancy and restaurant zones open directly onto circulation paths. To keep food odors and intense heat from spilling into the public Spatial Organization & Design Strategies : atrium,thesezones arekeptundernegativeairpressureto pullair inward.
Materials & Architectural expression :Polished stone flooring and wall finishes Glass balustrades for transparency and openness Metal accents for modern detailing Warm indirect lighting to create a premium retail atmosphere The façade is designed with a modern geometric language, using glass and solid surfaces to create a balanced, elegant urban presence. Theinteriorandexteriordesignusesarefinedmaterialpalettethatreinforces a luxury identity:HVAC SYSTEMThe hvac system : centralized high-efficiency pla The Energy Source (Level 7 Central Plant): Assima Mall does not use a basic chiller. It features a massive central plant room on Level 7 running high-efficiency water-cooled rotary-screw glycol chillers. Thermal Energy Storage (ICE TES): To handle Kuwait's extreme summer weather, the plant integrates an innovative ice-storage system. It freezes water at night (when electricity demand and outdoor temperatures are low) and melts the ice during peak daytime hours to boost cooling performance. The Public Distribution Scale: This central plant manages an incredible network of 327 Air Handling Units (AHUs) and 55 Fresh Air Handling Units (FAHUs) to pump perfectly cooled air across the entire multi-level public retail space The heavy machinery (Chillers, Ice Storage, and primary pumps) is intentionally hidden away from public view in the Level 7 central plant room and rooftop podiums to isolate mechanical noise and vibration from the retail experience below.
Chiller PlantProduces chilled water (cold energy source) Air Handling Units (AHUs)Take cooled water and cool large air volumes Air Distribution DuctsCarry cooled air across floors and zones Diffusers (Ceiling outlets)Release cool air into public spaces Return Air SystemPulls warm air back to be cooled againThe system works in a closed loop:HVAC SYSTEM1.Chiller Plant ( centeral cooling source )The system starts in the chiller plant room Water is cooled down to very low temperature This is called chilled water production The heavy machinery (Chillers, Ice Storage, and primary pumps) is intentionally hidden away from public view in the Level 7 central plant room and rooftop podiums to isolate mechanical noise and vibration from the retail experience below. Transition to next system: Cold water is pumped through insulated pipes.It is sent to different zones of the mall2.Air Handling Units (AHUs) = Air transformation zone Warmair from mall spaces is pulled back into AHUs - Air passes through: Filters (clean dust) Cooling coils (chilled water absorbs heat) Air becomes cold + clean According to project information, the system includes 327 AHUs and 55 FAHUs which are distributed across the mall, tucked into heavily insulated mechanical service closets directly adjacent to the public corridors. This keeps the physical equipment completely invisible while shortening the distance the cooled air has to travel to reach the shoppers.
HVAC SYSTEM3. Air Distribution System (DUCTS → Diffusers : Air becomes warm after absorbing heat Heat sources include: crowds of people lighting systems electronic devices sunlight through glass Hot air naturally rises (important in atrium design) Air is sucked back into AHUs Some air is: recycled or partially exhausted outside Warm air is collected through return air vents The system becomes visible to the public via Linear Slot Diffusers (the thin dark lines outlining the ceiling curves) and high-velocity Jet Nozzles placed discreetly on high architectural bulkheads to target the glass skylight. Cold air travels through hidden ducts above ceilings Air reaches different zones: Shops Corridors Restaurants Atrium edges Air is released through diffusers (ceiling vents) Invisible Infrastructure: Massive horizontal supply and return ducts are entirely concealed above the organic, curved white gypsum ceilings. Transition to next system : Once air is released, it absorbs heat from: people, lighting, equipment, sunlight 4. Air picks up heat (comfort zone in space)
FIRE FIGHTING & LIFE SAFETYA-DetectionSystem : Inside Assima Mall,the firedetection system is integrated into the ceiling design of public areas. Visitors can notice small ceiling-mounted smoke detectors, alarm devices, and sensors that continuously monitor the environment without disturbing the interior appearance. B- Alarm & Warning System (How people are informed) The alarm system is distributed throughout the mall using ceiling speakers and visual warning devices. During an emergency, visitors are alerted through sound announcements, flashing lights, and illuminated exit signs that direct them toward safe routes. C- Smoke Control System : AssimaMallcontainslarge open atrium spaces, smoke management is integrated into the upper ceiling areas. Visitors mainly see the open atrium volume, ceiling openings, and ventilation grilles, while the extraction fans and mechanical equipment remain hidden above. D- Sprinkler System Integration Sprinkler pipes are concealed above ceilings, while only sprinkler heads are visible in public spaces.They are distributed regularly throughout corridors, shops, and common areas, ready to release water automatically when high temperatures are detected. E- Emergency Exits & Evacuation Paths Emergencyexits areintegrated intothecirculationdesign of the mall through clearly marked doors, illuminated exit signs, and emergency lighting. The wide corridors and open atrium layout help visitors understand movement direction and reach safe exits efficiently.
LIGHTING SYSTEM (ELECTRICAL + ARCHITECTURAL)The main lighting layer provides continuous illumination throughout corridors, entrances, and common areas using ceiling-mounted LED fixtures and recessed lights. These lights are distributed evenly to ensure visibility, comfort, and safe movement for visitors across different levels. Architectural & Decorative Lighting (Enhancing the building design Architectural lighting is used to emphasize Assima Mall’s atrium, curves, materials, and vertical spaces. Indirect lighting, illuminated ceilings, and feature lights create visual focus points while enhancing the luxury atmosphere of the interior. Natural Light Integration (Daylight strategy) The mall uses large glazed surfaces and open atrium spaces to allow daylight to enter deep into the interior. Natural light reduces dependence on artificial lighting during daytime while creating a more open and connected atmosphere.Thelightingsystem inAssimaMallcombinesfunctional lightingandarchitecturallighting to create a comfortable shopping environment while highlighting the building’s design features. The system uses artificial lighting integrated with natural daylight from glass surfaces and open atrium areas to illuminate public spaces.The lighting system receives power from electrical distribution panels, which divide electricity into different lighting zones controlled by sensors and BMS.General Ambient Lighting (Main illumination system)
LIGHTING SYSTEM (ELECTRICAL + ARCHITECTURAL)Emergency Lighting System (Safety function) Emergency lighting operates separately from the normal lighting system and activates during power failure or emergencies. Visitors see illuminated exit signs, backup lights, and pathway lighting that maintain safe movement toward evacuation routes.Lighting & Circulation (Guiding people through the mall) Lighting works together with the circulation system by highlighting walkways, escalators, entrances, and important destinations. Brighter areas and feature lighting naturally attract visitors toward main routes, stores, and central gathering spaces. Retail & Display Lighting (Supporting commercial spaces) Retail lighting is integrated with individual stores to highlight products and create attractive storefronts. Different lighting intensities and colors help each brand create its own identity while remaining part of the overall mall environment.Electricity enters the building through the main electrical distribution system and is delivered to lighting control panels throughout the mall. From there, power is distributed to LED fixtures, decorative lighting, emergency lighting, and retail lighting zones. Lighting sensors and the Building Management System (BMS) can control operating hours, brightness levels, and energy consumption. During daytime, natural light reduces artificial lighting demand, while at night the system adjusts lighting levels to maintain comfort and create the desired atmosphere.How the Lighting System Works Together (System Flow):
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)The BMS controls different lighting zones according to time schedules, occupancy, and daylight availability. In public spaces, this allows the mall to maintain appropriate lighting levels while reducing unnecessary energy use.The BMS continuously monitors temperature, humidity, and air quality throughout Assima Mall using sensors distributed in public areas and mechanical zones. When conditions change, it adjusts HVAC equipment such as air handling units and cooling systems to maintain comfortable indoor conditions. Lighting Control (Managing electrical consumption)TheBuildingManagementSystem (BMS)isthe centralcontrol system that monitors and coordinates the different electromechanical systems inside Assima Mall. It works like the “brain” of the building, collecting information from HVAC, lighting, electrical, and safety systems and allowing operators to control their performance. HVAC Monitoring & Control (Managing indoor comfort)
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)Electrical System Monitoring (Energy management)Vertical Transportation Monitoring (Elevators & Escalators) The BMS can monitor the operational status of vertical transportation systems, including elevators and escalators. This allows maintenance teams to detect faults, track performance, and ensure continuous movement for visitors.Fire & Safety System Integration (Emergency coordination)The BMSmonitorselectricalconsumption,equipmentstatus,and energy performance throughout the building. It helps operators identify unusual energy use, improve efficiency, and maintain reliable operation of all electrical systems.The BMS receives signals from safety systems such as fire alarms and emergency equipment to provide real-time information about building conditions. During emergencies, it helps coordinate responses by monitoring alarms and supporting actions such as smoke control and equipment shutdown.he BMS works by collecting information from sensors that monitor temperature, occupancy, lighting, and equipment status. This data is sent to the BMS control center, which automatically adjusts building systems to maintain comfort, safety, and efficiency. Sensors → Controllers → BMS Control Center → System Adjustment → Improved Performance
How BMS in Assima Mall is seen to public Unlikelighting,escalators,orfire equipment,theBMSismostlyinvisibletovisitorsBUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)because it is located in control rooms and technical spaces. However, people experience its results through stable temperature, automatic lighting changes, smooth escalator operation, clean air quality, and quick responses during emergencies. In Assima Mall, the Building Management System acts as the connecting layer between all electromechanical systems. Although visitors rarely see the BMS itself, they experience its effects throughout the building through thermal comfort, lighting quality, safety responses, and efficient circulation. It allows the mall to operate as one coordinated smart building rather than as separate mechanical systems.
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATIO SYSTEM The vertical transportation system in AssimaMallconnectsthe differentlevels ofthe building and allows visitors to move efficiently between retail, entertainment, and office areas. Because Assima Mall is a vertical mixed-use development, escalators and elevators become a major part of the public experience and architectural design.Elevators provide controlled vertical movement for visitors, staff, and service operations throughout Assima Mall. Unlike escalators, elevators provide direct transportation between selected floors and are essential for accessibility, elderly visitors, people with disabilities, and transporting goods.Elevator System (Controlled Vertical Access)Elevators operate through an electric traction system where a motor rotates a pulley that moves cables connected to the elevator cabin and counterweight. The counterweight reduces the energy required to move the cabin, while sensors and control systems manage stopping accuracy, speed, and passenger safety. The process works as: Electrical Power → Elevator Controller → Motor → Cabin Movement → Floor
The escalator system starts with an electric motor located inside the escalator structure. The motor transfers power to gears and chains that rotate the steps continuously around the upper and lower tracks. Safety sensors monitor movement, detecting problems such as obstruction, excessive speed, or emergency situations, allowing the system to stop automatically when needed. The process works as: Electrical Power → Motor → Gear System → Moving Steps → Passenger Movement Escalators are the main visible transportation system used by visitors inside Assima Mall. They are positioned around the atrium to create continuous movement between floors while keeping visual connections between different levels. The escalators operate using electric motors that drive a continuous chain mechanism, moving steps in a loop while sensors control speed, safety, and operation. How Escalators Work (System Flow) Visitors mainly experience the visible parts of the system: moving escalators, elevator doors, elevator cabins, control buttons, and floor indicators. The mechanical parts such as motors, control panels, cables, and drive systems remain hidden inside shafts and technical areas.VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMEscalatorSystem(MainPublicMovement)
PARKING & VENTILATION SYSTEMSThe parkingandventilationsystem in AssimaMallisdesignedtomaintainasafe and comfortable environment in enclosed parking areas. Since underground parking spaces have limited natural airflow, mechanical ventilation systems are required to remove vehicle emissions, supply fresh air, and control air quality.Fresh air is introduced into the parking areas through mechanical fans and air supply ducts connected to the building ventilation network. This continuous airflow replaces polluted air and ensures that visitors and staff have a safe breathing environment while using the parking facilities. When vehicles enter and leave the parking area, they produce gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and other pollutants. Exhaust fans collect and remove this contaminated air through duct systems, preventing dangerous concentrations from building up inside enclosed spaces. CO₂ / Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System (Automatic Control)The ventilation system can use air quality sensors to monitor pollution levels inside the parking area. When carbon monoxide levels increase, the system automatically increases fan operation, reducing energy use while maintaining safety.Fresh Air Supply System (Bringing Clean Air Inside)
PARKING & VENTILATION SYSTEMSThe parking ventilation system also supports fire safety by operating as a smoke extraction system during emergencies. In case of fire, special fans remove smoke and help maintain safer evacuation conditions for occupants and firefighters.Thesystembeginswhenfreshairenters theparkingareathroughsupplyfans. As vehicles operate, pollutants accumulate in the air, and sensors detect changes in air quality. The control system then activates exhaust fans that remove polluted air and discharge it outside the building. The complete flow works as: Fresh Air Intake → Parking Area Air Circulation → Pollution Detection → Exhaust Fans → Contaminated Air Removal Integration With Fire Safety SystemVisitors mainly notice ventilation grilles, ceiling-mounted fans, parking signs, lighting systems, and air outlets throughout the parking levels. The main mechanical equipment, such as large fans, ducts, and control systems, remains hidden in service areas and mechanical rooms.
ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM The electrical system in Assima Mall is the main energy network that supplies power to all building operations. Electricity enters through the main utility connection, passes through transformers and distribution panels, then reaches different systems throughout the building.The electrical system is the main energy network that supports all electromechanical systems in Assima Mall. Electricity enters from the main grid through transformers and distribution panels, then is supplied to HVAC systems, lighting, elevators, escalators, fire protection systems, and retail areas. Power Flow: Utility Grid → Transformer → Main Distribution Board → Local Panels → Building Systems In public spaces, visitors do not see the electrical infrastructure itself, but they experience its operation through visible elements such as lighting fixtures, escalators, elevators, digital screens, automatic doors, and emergency systems.Main Electrical Intake & Transformer System (Receiving power)
Public Space IntegrationFood & Beverage AreasHidden Supporting InfrastructurePublic Restrooms (Main Visible Application)Water Supply Points :Drinking fountains and service outlets provide visitor access to the building’s water system. Drainage Elements: Floor drains and concealed drainage channels prevent water accumulation in wet areas.Kitchen Plumbing Connections: Restaurants require visible water supply points, sinks, floor drains, and grease management systems to handle food waste.Storage tanks, pumps, and piping networks remain concealed in mechanical areas but support all visible plumbing elements.Plumbing & Water ManagementWater Fixtures: Sensor-operated faucets, toilets, urinals, and water-efficient fittings reducewater consumption and improve hygiene. Sanitary Systems: Visible sinks, drainage grilles, and plumbing fixtures connect to hidden wastewater networks behind walls and below floors. Accessibility Features: Accessible toilets include grab bars, emergency buttons, and specially designed fixtures.
AssignmentsAssignmentsAssignmentsAssignmentsContent:ARCH 225Corrugated Sheets Stair Section Assignment Roof Section & Balcony Assignment________________________________________________________
1- Corrugated Sheets : 11 MAY , 2026
Landing First floorslabMid-LandingFloor finishes 10cmTile coverNosingSectionHand railFloor finishes 10cm PLANNosingMid-Landing Hand rail Stair Detailed Section 1 JUNE , 2026
Pitched Roof & Balcony 17 , JUNE , 2026
thankyouRama Hmede